Environmental risk management at the enterprise level. Typical risk decision algorithms

Every year, environmental problems and risks become more and more relevant not only for society as a whole, but also for individual organizations that are objects of administrative management. These organizations fall into two main groups. The first group includes various bodies of state power, regional and local self-government. The structure of the second includes large enterprises of various forms of ownership.

Organizations that form the first and second groups are directly related to environmental risks. Moreover, the subjects of the first group act more as controlling and restraining bodies, and the enterprises of the second group - as potential sources of environmental hazards and threats. Nevertheless, for both of them, the rational management of environmental risks that they face in their activities is of great importance.

We will try to highlight the main features and ways of managing environmental risks. To do this, you must first define the very concept of "environmental risk". Unfortunately, there is no such definition in the modern scientific literature. However, based on the main features and distinctive features of the environmental risk category, this gap can be eliminated.

If we consider environmental risk as the mathematical expectation of a loss function when finding estimates of the parameters of a mathematical model or its structure, then its essence can be determined by at least six particularly important components:

1) the fact of the release of pollutants into the environment or unplanned depletion of natural resources;

2) the volume of the incoming harmful substance;

3) type of pollutant;

4) the duration of the polluting impact;

5) season;

6) the degree of environmental hazard of this chemical or physical element.

Summarizing the above characteristics, we can formulate the concept of environmental risk. Under environmental risk the potential for environmental damage through accidental release of pollutants or unplanned pathological depletion of natural resources should be understood.

Both the accidental release of pollutants and the unplanned depletion of natural resources can be defined by the term "environmental catastrophe".

The essence of environmental risk management is, on the one hand, in the prevention of environmental disasters, on the other hand, in minimizing their negative consequences.

Prevention of the occurrence of environmental disasters is carried out mainly through:

♦ accurate forecasting of environmental consequences of projects planned for implementation;

♦ development and implementation of environmentally friendly and resource-saving technologies;

♦ economic incentives for economic entities that take care of the environment;

♦ administrative and legal containment of unscrupulous entrepreneurs;

♦ Increasing use of environmental education and advocacy.

Minimization of the negative consequences of environmental disasters can be carried out through the use of environmental insurance. In foreign practice, this concept most often means insurance of civil liability of owners of potentially dangerous objects in connection with the need to compensate for damage to third parties caused by a technological accident or catastrophe. Its broader interpretation includes a comprehensive general liability, which provides for the protection of the insured in the event of any claim brought against him, demanding compensation for losses resulting from damage to property. The obligation (of a private law nature) of the insured to compensate for the damage caused to society, as well as legal and natural persons as a result of the impact of harmful substances on land, air, water and other natural resources, is insured. Property losses resulting from violation of property rights, the right to equipment and production activities and the right to use water space or a certificate of use thereof are insured.

Pollution damage property liability insurance originated in the 1960s when policies were designed to provide coverage for accidents and contingencies, defined as an event involving prolonged or repeated exposure to conditions that cause personal or property damage and are unexpected and unintentional on the part of the insured. These policies were effectively a license to pollute.

In the domestic literature, a slightly different idea of environmental insurance has developed. Its definition should be given on the basis of the characteristics of the features inherent both in processes that occur in the natural environment under the influence of harmful substances entering it, and in property and liability insurance operations.

Accidental environmental pollution insurance focuses on risks, the origin of which often cannot be identified, and therefore assessed and adequately quantified. It will probably never be possible to build an integral indicator of the consequences of accidental pollution that reliably reflects the level of economic losses, and there is no such need. It is necessary to create an acceptable method for users (in our case, for insurers and policyholders) to assess the losses caused to them.

The specificity of accidental pollution or depletion lies in the fact that its consequences and the so-called constant anthropogenic pressure on nature are not comparable. At the same time, the continuous release of harmful substances into the environment in volumes significantly exceeding the temporarily permissible ones can be qualified as accidental pollution according to its negative results. This gives grounds to talk about methods for determining the qualitative and numerical characteristics of emergency environmental pollution. However, the probability of a situation in which the impact on natural components fits into the outlined framework cannot be calculated on the basis of the information available today.

Accident statistics with recorded environmental effects are not available, or perhaps not yet available (which is unlikely). This is primarily due to the lack of a clear concept of an environmental accident. There are enough examples of accidents and man-made disasters, even the frequency of their occurrence, but there is no methodology for assessing the environmental hazard of a particular production that meets the requirements of environmental insurance.

Insurance environmental auditing should become the main thing in the methodology for assessing the environmental hazard of enterprises and industries. It is intended to answer only two, but very important questions:

1) what is the probability of an environmental accident at a specific facility included in the environmental insurance system;

2) what is the amount of losses that can be caused by an environmental accident.

There are several methodological approaches to the problem of insurance environmental auditing in its current form.

The danger of industrial production, firstly, is identified by the list of harmful chemicals used in this production in critical quantities, secondly, it is determined by a multiple excess of the maximum environmental impact standards, thirdly, it is identified based on the calculated values of the risk of pollution and the hypothetical damage they cause.

The methodology of environmental insurance is characterized by the dissimilarity of the views of foreign and domestic researchers on its role in the economic life of society. For the former, it is associated and carried out (rarely) within the framework of property insurance. If it is carried out in the process of liability insurance, then the damage caused to the owner of the property or his health as a result of pollution, and not necessarily emergency, is compensated by the insurance organization. She does this either on the basis of a previously concluded insurance contract, which provides for regular insurance premiums, or at the expense of the culprit, established in court. In both cases, the amount of loss is determined by traditional methods for assessing property losses and lost profits.

In environmental insurance, losses are considered to be losses caused by the release of a certain amount (in emergency volume) of a harmful substance into the environment from one source and the formation of negative effects in specific recipients. In liability insurance for accidental pollution, the person who causes harm and the recipient is personified. In property pollution insurance, the contribution of an individual polluter is not singled out. It follows that the financial coverage of insurance amounts is provided not only from different sources, but also the received insurance premium is used by the insurer for different targeted areas.

So, environmental insurance, carried out as insurance of liability for accidental pollution of the environment, is aimed at ensuring environmental safety and compensation for losses of third parties (of course, subject to the commercial interests of the insured), and property insurance is aimed only at compensating the losses of the insured.

In this it differs from other types of insurance, such as medical, although it would seem that it covers the same circle of persons called "third parties" in insurance as the latter. Losses, expressed, say, in the loss of public health, are determined in environmental insurance on completely different principles than in medical insurance. In the ecological field, it is necessary to identify the sources of harm and recipients with maximum reliability, and, depending on this, determine the tariff and compensation policy. Health insurance proceeds from other assumptions: every enterprise that pays wages to its employees bears the financial burden of eliminating the losses associated with the incidence of the population, regardless of whether this enterprise causes harm. The definition of environmental insurance as liability insurance for enterprises that are sources of increased environmental hazard and the property interests of insurers arising from accidental pollution of the environment, providing the possibility of compensating for part of the losses caused by pollution and creating additional sources of financing for environmental protection measures, focuses precisely on the methodological basis, which is described here was talking. Its main task is additional financial support for environmental safety, while respecting the interests of all parties: insurers, policyholders and third parties.

If for property insurance operations there is a fairly rich range of regulatory and methodological documentation, then for insurance of liability for accidental pollution of the environment, it has yet to be developed.

It is understandable that the need to find new sources of financing for environmental protection activities is more urgent than ever, as well as the fact that only private capital has real additional financial reserves. Finding attractive investment opportunities for him is another function of environmental insurance in the sense in which we understand it.

There is a point of view that the adoption of the Federal Law "On Environmental Insurance" will oblige polluting enterprises to be included in environmental insurance. A duty that is not supported by economic expediency will remain an empty phrase. The law should fit into economic relations, take into account the realities of the insurance business and the environmental activities of insurers.

Currently, there are several legislative acts that outline the boundaries of the liability of an environmental polluter and the role of insurance in this area.

In Art. 23 of the Law "On Environmental Protection" states that "the Russian Federation provides ... environmental insurance for enterprises, institutions, organizations, as well as citizens, their property and income in the event of environmental and natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes." Insurance serves not only to make profit, but also to prevent, eliminate and compensate for harm (the term “damage” is used in environmental economics, and “loss” in legal practice) caused to victims. Economic damage here is understood as the sum of costs for preventing the impact of a polluted environment on recipients (in cases where such prevention, partial or complete, is technically possible) and the costs caused by exposure to a polluted environment. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation legitimizes: “Losses are understood to be expenses that a person whose right has been violated has made or will have to make to restore the violated right, loss or damage to his property (actual damage), as well as lost income that this person would have received under normal conditions of civil circulation, if his right had not been violated (lost profit).If the person who violated the right received income as a result, the person whose right was violated may demand compensation, along with other losses, for lost profit in an amount not less than such income.

Thus, theoretically, the sum insured consists of the costs of preventing accidental pollution and assessing the impact of the polluted environment on the recipient. For the policyholder, the first represents additional expenses that are unjustified in case of absence during the period of validity of the environmental insurance contract. For the company and third parties, in whose favor the liability insurance contract for accidental pollution of the environment is concluded, such costs are part of the potential losses. Realizing this and evaluating the possible insurance compensation, the insurer either allocates funds for the prevention of accidents, or compels (economically stimulates) the insured to take environmental measures. They can either be carried out or taken into account in the calculation of the sum insured.

The second component of the sum insured is losses resulting from the impact of harmful substances released into the environment on recipients. Unlike the first type of losses, they also appear in third parties. In both cases, environmental insurance acts as liability insurance for accidental pollution of the environment by sources of increased environmental hazard.

Losses from accidental pollution are incurred not only by recipients - third parties in whose interests liability insurance is carried out, but also by the insurers themselves - sources of pollution, who are also recipients. Both can be insurers.

In this regard, it was said above about the differentiation of the compensation policy of insurers. Thus, by compensating the losses of the source of accidental pollution within the framework of property insurance, the insurer does not create an interest for the insured in preventing pollution. Compensating the losses of recipients - third parties, it releases the insured - the emitter of pollution - from the need to eliminate the consequences and prevent a future accident.

A special role in controlling the behavior of the insured is given to tariff rates for environmental insurance. They cannot be established uniformly, not only, for example, by branches of production of insurers, but even by individual enterprises. The same applies to the limits of liability for the risks of environmental pollution assumed by the insurer.

The theoretical aspects of the relationship between insurers and policyholders in such situations require the modeling of possible situational solutions and the development of an appropriate methodological framework.

The insurance process itself rewards those who minimize future risks and costs to society. As a result, the private market mechanism becomes a regulatory and risk management tool with the potential to significantly reduce environmental damage. The use of such a direct economic incentive can be an effective addition to the traditional methods of economic and legal regulation of the relationship between society and nature. So, let's single out four blocks of fundamental problems in the development of environmental insurance. The first one, which determines the essence, place and role of environmental insurance in the economy, gives it, as an element of ensuring the country's environmental security, national significance. This factor is the basis of the concept of introduction of compulsory environmental insurance.

The second block represents the fundamental provisions of insurance environmental auditing, which makes it possible to solve the problem of attributing objects of the insurance field (to assess the degree of environmental hazard of enterprises and industries, the amount of possible losses, etc.).

The third forms the legal space for environmental insurance. In Russia, unlike a number of Western countries, there is a real opportunity to create a coherent legal framework for the development of environmental insurance. The basis will be the Federal Law "On Environmental Insurance" and the relevant methodological and instructive documents, which make up the fourth block.

Environmental risk management at the enterprise level.

Real environmental risk it is customary to call the possibility (threats) of exceeding a given (including mandatory environmental standards or certain goals of an enterprise) emission level. He turns into economic risk when there is an excess of emissions by the enterprise of a level that is socially accepted and fixed in the standards. From the side of the controlling structures, economically sensitive sanctions appear for the enterprise, including the closure of the enterprise, the increase in costs due to increased taxation or the imposition of fines, a decrease in income, etc., which is a prerequisite for economic risk as the likelihood of sanctions due to exceeding the accepted level of environmental safety. Real environmental risk and arising from it economic risk, which together reflect a high degree of uncertainty, are called the environmental risk of the firm in the literature (see Figure 6.1.).

Exist two main situations under which the enterprise has environmental risks.

First- when both the occurrence of environmental damage and its consequences are not defined.

Second- when environmental damage has already occurred, but its economic consequences for the enterprise are not defined.

If the first situation is characterized by the presence of both environmental and economic risks, then the second by the presence of only economic risk. The first situation corresponds to potential environmental damage, the second - actual.

Rice. 6.1. Relationship between ecological and economic

enterprise risk

This distinction is significant, as these two situations require different strategies and tools for managing environmental risks.

At the root of environmental risk management at the enterprise level is the relationship between the basic types of risks and the corresponding damages (see Figure 6.2.).

Rice. 6.2. The relationship between the main types of risks and the corresponding damages as the basis of enterprise risk management(Pakhomova N.V., Richter K.K., 2006)

A prerequisite for effective risk management in an enterprise is also the presence of a well-functioning information system in the form of environmental balance sheets, scenario analysis, methods for studying the consequences of technologies, environmental audit data, EIA, etc. At the same time, appropriate training of the entire organization and personnel of the enterprise is also important.

Features of risk management in relation to the presented (see Fig. 6.2.) Classification of environmental risks are presented in Fig. 6.3.

Rice. 6.3. Main varieties and features

risk management

(according to Pakhomova N.V., Richter K.K., 2006)

Risk management in different situations can be carried out as follows (according to Fig. 6.2.) (according to Pakhomova N.V., Richter K.K. Environmental economics and environmental management, 2006 ᴦ.)

Risk management for case A2. In this case, we are dealing with scientifically measured potential environmental damage. The enterprise has the following options for risk management. It is important to note that for the case of the current production avoidance or reduction of possible risk(when transporting radioactive waste, this is achievable by avoiding the transport itself, ᴛ.ᴇ. either by processing the waste at the place of its generation, or by increasing the level of safety and reliability of the means of transport, or by using clean technologies that exclude the formation of the waste itself, etc.).

Also possible redistribution of environmental risks between the enterprise itself and stakeholders (for example, by forming protective zones around a potentially hazardous facility) or concluding agreements with firms specializing in the performance of production and technological operations associated with significant risks. Wherein stakeholders individuals or legal entities can be considered that, on the one hand, have the ability, in the process of implementing their goals, to influence the economic entity, and on the other hand, they themselves experience the impact of the decisions made by the entity.

Risk management for case A1. Subjectively presented potential environmental risks, in principle, arise as a result of an asymmetric distribution of information between an economic entity and stakeholders. For this reason, the main task is to overcome (reduce) this asymmetry. According to O.I. Williamson (see: ), the means of solving this problem are signaling and related improving the company's reputation.

Under signaling it is customary to understand the behavior of an economic entity͵ opposite to opportunistic (ᴛ.ᴇ. pursuing selfish interests), ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ allows to convince stakeholders of the company's real readiness to solve its environmental problems. Examples signaling there are:

Verifiable self-limitations or environmental obligations;

Long-term environmental investments that bind the economic entity (for example, in the construction of water protection facilities);

Environmental sponsoring (financial support for environmental organizations and initiatives);

Conditional contracts (for example, a commitment by a car company to re-engineer cars if a country introduces more stringent exhaust gas standards).

All of these signals should confirm the seriousness of the environmental intentions and actions of the company and thereby influence the public's perception of the environmental risks associated with its activities.

The reputation improvement strategy includes as one of the possibilities signaling, as well as various forms ʼʼPublicRelationʼʼ.Another means of improving the environmental reputation of an economic entity is the purchase by it of the so-called sustainable portfolio, for example, the purchase by an energy company of shares in a company engaged in recycling or waste processing.

Risk management for cases B1 and B2. Here, damage that either has occurred or is highly likely to occur is considered as actual. This type of risk management is mainly based on use and formation of adequate institutions to regulate the relationship between the enterprise and stakeholders and, in particular, to regulate the exchange process occurring within these relations. Thus, through the conclusion of labor contracts between the administration and the personnel of the company, it is possible to provide compensation in the form of bonuses to wages for the impact on the health of unfavorable working conditions, and thereby reduce or eliminate the uncertainty for the business entity ͵ associated with the possibility of labor requirements arising from compensation for damage caused) to their health. In a similar way, the institutions that regulate the relationship of the firm with its political and administrative external environment also function. An example is the licenses (permits) issued to an enterprise for pollution (within certain limits) of the natural environment. A similar role is played by EIA and environmental impact assessment of projects. The latter, including both state and public evaluation of the project and confirming the feasibility (from the economic, social and environmental aspects) of its implementation, also acts as a means of regulating relations between the investor and the relevant stakeholders and managing the corresponding risks. The risk management tool in this sense is the certification of EM systems for their compliance with ISO 14 000 (or EMAS).

Along with fairly well-established institutions that make it possible to manage this type of environmental risk, there is a large group of stakeholders with whom relations do not have such a degree of certainty (for example, various kinds of informal environmental organizations, local communities, etc.). To regulate relations with them, it is necessary to develop innovative institutions. In this case, we are talking about the formation of bilateral and multilateral transactional relations. Bilateral transactions cover the contractual relationship between an economic entity and its various stakeholders. At the same time, the design of contracts is determined by the economic entity and stakeholders independently, without direct connection with the formalized institutions existing in society (environmental licenses, certificates, standards, etc.).

An example of multilateral transactions is the institution of informal discussions, where representatives of various public bodies and firms exchange their positions (views) to develop agreed perspectives for solving a particular environmental problem.

Environmental risk management at the enterprise level. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Environmental risk management at the enterprise level." 2017, 2018.

The management of environmental risks of an industrial enterprise should be carried out within the framework of the environmental management system at the stages of planning, organization and implementation of environmental actions and activities, contributing to the optimization of management decisions.

The objective basis for building an environmental risk management system at an enterprise is the concept of acceptable risk. The content of this concept is based on three different levels of environmental risk:

· initial level of environmental risk, i.e. the level of risk of an idea, a plan for the development of economic activity without taking into account measures for its analysis; this risk is unknown, unestimated and, therefore, of a rather high level due to the unpreparedness of the manager for emerging environmental events;

· assessed level of environmental risk taking into account the measures for its analysis, as a result of which a real assessment of the level of risk was obtained; it is a risk analyzed and, therefore, a lower level due to the manager's readiness for environmental consequences;

· final (final, acceptable) level of environmental risk taking into account the developed and implemented active and passive measures to reduce its initial level.

The main provisions of the concept of acceptable environmental risk can be represented as follows:

environmental risk is often a manageable parameter, the level of which can and should be influenced;

· a high level of initial environmental risk should not serve as a basis for refusing to make any economic decision;

· a detailed analysis of the environmental risk and the development of measures that reduce its negative consequences, as a rule, make it possible to make economic decisions that are actually implemented at an acceptable or acceptable level of environmental risk;

The task of environmental risk management is to balance the benefits received from the implementation of an economic decision and the possible losses.

Thus, industrial enterprise environmental risk management - this is a balancing between the level of possible losses and the potential benefit from the implementation of an environmentally risky economic decision through the use of various methods of influencing the level of environmental risk.

As methods of influencing the level of environmental risks of an industrial enterprise, it is proposed to use such methods as: risk avoidance; risk reduction; preservation (acceptance) of risks; transfer (transfer) of risks.

Evasion from environmental risks means the rejection of technical and technological actions and activities that entail the implementation of an unacceptable level of risks.

Preservation environmental risks at the current level can mean:

1. Refusal to take any action aimed at compensating for damage arising from the realization of risks (“without funding”);

2. creation at the enterprise of special reserve funds (self-insurance funds or risk funds), from which losses will be compensated in the event of an adverse environmental event;

3. receipt of state subsidies, credits and loans to compensate for losses and restore production.

Broadcast environmental risks implies the preservation of their existing level with the transfer in whole or in part to third parties. This includes insurance (property, personal, liability insurance), which involves the transfer of environmental risks for a fee to an insurance company, as well as various kinds of financial guarantees and guarantees. The transfer of environmental risks can also be carried out by introducing into the text of documents (for example, contracts for the supply of products) special clauses that reduce the company's own liability in the event of unforeseen adverse events or transfer risks to the counterparty after the realization of environmental risks. Complete transfer of environmental risks can occur as a result of outsourcing, which in this case means the sale of environmentally hazardous business areas.

Of all the above methods of influencing the level of environmental risks, they play a decisive role. decline, which implies a reduction in either the size of possible environmental damage or the likelihood of environmental events. This method is based on the greening of industrial production associated with the implementation of preventive environmental activities and the organization of environmentally friendly production (in the English transcription "cleaner production"), which is a logical conclusion of a multi-stage transformation process in the system of environmental measures: technologies of the "end of the pipe" are low-waste, resource-saving technologies - production focused on preventing the formation of waste in the places of their occurrence.

Due to the variety of ways to influence the environmental risks of an industrial enterprise, an analysis of their comparative effectiveness is required, the main methods of which are: the cost-benefit method (another name is cost-profit analysis) and the cost-effectiveness method (another name is efficiency analysis). costs). The cost-benefit method is based on comparing the expected benefits (results) from the implementation of activities with the costs of their implementation. The “cost-effectiveness” method is used if a decision has been made on the expediency of achieving a specific goal in the field of environmental risk management. At the same time, the main task is to select such activities (scenarios) that ensure the achievement of the goal in the least costly way. An analysis of the environmental risks of an industrial enterprise and ways of influencing them contributes to the optimization of management decisions in this area.

Environmental and economic risk management involves a number of measures related to organizational changes, investments in equipment upgrades, and financial decisions.

Based on the analysis of literary sources, as well as the generalization and systematization of information on environmental auditing and risk management at many enterprises, the paper proposes to distinguish the following methods for managing risk groups according to the principle of operation: information and education, normative, checking, controlling, stimulating, demanding compensatory methods, as well as risk elimination methods, technological methods for reducing the negative impact and methods for transferring risk to other objects. At the same time, it is proposed to divide the methods of managing environmental and economic risks at the level of the subject of management into administrative and market ones, since the methods of managing risks at the regional level and at the enterprise level differ. The proposed classification of market methods for managing environmental and economic risks is given in Table. one.

Table 1.

1. Information and educational: · training and environmental education of personnel (trainings, seminars, advanced training courses, etc.); forecasting environmental and economic risks; use of environmental consulting services.	2. Normative: · development and implementation of an open environmental policy; development and improvement of the regulatory framework; development and specification of job descriptions; introduction of systems of environmental standards	3. Inspectors: · environmental audit; improvement of measurement and analysis systems (computer systems, measuring instruments, etc.)

4. Control: · automated process safety management systems; Creation of the environmental service of the enterprise; debugging and testing of dangerous equipment; · presentation of requirements for the availability of licenses and environmental certificates of partners; organizational measures to clean up the territory.	5. Stimulating: · Systems of personnel motivation.	6. Exactly compensatory: · Land reclamation; · Voluntary prompt elimination of pollution consequences; · Creation of liquid income reserves to compensate for possible damage.

7. Technological: · installation, reconstruction and improvement of emission and discharge treatment systems; • alternative cleaner technologies; arrangement and gardening of the territory; · taking measures to localize the harmful effects (placement of hazardous facilities, construction of special facilities); Saving resources by using waste from other enterprises.	8. Risk elimination methods: · exclusion of hazardous technological processes; assignment of technological processes from the danger zone; · Implementation of environmentally friendly and non-waste technologies.	9. Risk transfer: · voluntary insurance; transfer of hazardous technological processes to other enterprises; transfer of waste to other enterprises.

Methods for managing environmental and economic risks at the enterprise level

Typically, a risk is an event that is most likely to happen. As a result of this, various cases can occur - neutral or negative. Speaking about ecology, the level of probability of a negative impact, negative consequences that are dangerous to human life, the safety of natural resources, historical, cultural and material values associated with natural disasters, as well as other factors constitute an environmental risk.

Risk management in general includes the adoption and implementation of management decisions. They should improve the workflow and increase the rate of positive consequences during the occurrence of risks. It is possible to understand the degree of environmental risk by assessing environmental events, disasters, as well as the impact of pollution on the environment.

Let's consider the results of work in the field of risk management using the example of JSC Atomredmetzoloto.

Organization of ARMZ risk management process

The company has made it a rule to carry out a risk assessment procedure at the planning stage, as well as to implement risk hedging programs.

To avoid unpleasant situations, the company is guided by the following aspects:

Modernization of technological equipment;

Compliance with all applicable regulations regarding the production and technological process;

Implementation of the controlling function, both on the part of departments and external organizations;

Civil liability insurance of enterprises to third parties and employees of enterprises.

JSC Atomredmetzoloto complies with all environmental impact standards and contributes to improving environmental safety, which is what the government requires.

Unfortunately, it is worth noting that in recent times the natural environment has suffered greatly from human activities. Violating environmental requirements, we destroy, destroy, pollute the world around us. Take, for example, shale gas production. Much can be said about its harm to the environment.

For example, due to the fact that this activity is an environmental threat, .

Classification of negative environmental impact factors

Pollution can be classified into natural and anthropogenic. Natural are caused by natural phenomena, such as floods, volcanic eruptions, etc. Anthropogenic pollution arises from human activities.

Risk Management in Business Practice

Management of environmental risks in the enterprise, as a rule, is associated with various types of tasks.

For example, the joint-stock financial corporation Sistema conducts an analysis of the effectiveness of the risk management and internal control system every quarter, then evaluates the corporation and all subsidiaries, and then reports on this to shareholders. An annual report is provided to members of the Board of Directors.

An integrated risk management system helps to identify risks at all its stages, analyze them and arrange them by management levels.

In 2013, Sistema's Board of Directors created the Internal Control and Audit Department.

The Department of Internal Control and Audit conducts verification activities in order to obtain reliable information about the actions. And another no less important element of the work of the Internal Control and Audit Department is the improvement of the internal business processes of the company.

The key point of an effective environmental risk management system is the identification of risks and direct work with them. The question is how to manage environmental risks in order to ensure the highest degree of sustainability of all activities of the company - this contributes to success and reduces the rate of failure.

For environmental risk management processes, research results are of great importance. In the course of preparing the necessary environmental projects, all points must be taken into account. Both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the risk must be taken into account.

A wide variety of regulatory documents are being developed to prevent or reduce risk. And the scope of these documents can apply not only to one company, but to the entire country. These include laws and regulations related to health protection, improving working conditions, ensuring road safety, standardizing the quality of goods sold, as well as reducing the negative impact that is a detrimental factor in relation to the environment.

Analysis and assessment of environmental risks

Risk analysis and assessment plays a key role in building an effective response system. To analyze and assess environmental risks, it is necessary to identify hazards and causes.

Compliance with the conditions for effective management of social and environmental risks will contribute to the sustainable development of companies.

The risk management process includes a comparison of alternative projects of potentially hazardous facilities and technologies, identification of the most dangerous risk factors that are active at this stage. Databases and knowledge bases for expert decision support systems are also being created. And this process also determines investments that are precisely aimed at reducing risks.

It is important to compare the results of the risk assessment. After that, you can find different solutions to reduce them, given that each of these options is evaluated differently. It all depends on the necessary costs for its implementation. And such actions are repeated until the best solution to the problem is chosen.

Standardization issues,ISO 14000

Modern management literature is replete with various approaches. In particular, many companies use ISO 9000 (international quality management standard), ISO 50001 (energy management standard), ISO 22000 (international food safety management standard) and others. With regard to the topic of ecology, ISO has released standard 14,000 - environmental management.

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subject: Environmental Economics

Environmental risk management

Introduction

1. Environmental safety

1.1 Criteria for environmental safety

1.2 Legal support of environmental safety

2. Environmental risks

2.1 Basic concepts and terms of risk management and assessment

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Man by nature strives for a state of security and wants to make his existence as comfortable as possible. On the other hand, we are constantly in a world of risks. The threat comes from both criminogenic elements and a beloved government capable of pursuing unpredictable policies, there is a risk of contracting an infectious disease, the risk of a military conflict, the risk of an accident. Today, all this is perceived naturally and does not seem like something far-fetched, because all these events that threaten our security are quite probable and, moreover, have already happened in our memory. Therefore, preventive measures are being taken to reduce these risks, and everyone is able to name them.

Recently, the threat to the safety and comfortable existence of a person begins to come from the unfavorable state of the environment. First of all, it is a health risk. Now there is no doubt that environmental pollution can cause a number of environmentally related diseases and, in general, leads to a reduction in the average life expectancy of people exposed to environmentally unfavorable factors. It is the expected average life expectancy of people that is the main criterion for environmental safety.

As the main method of safety analysis, the modern methodology of risk analysis widely accepted in the world, officially recognized by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, was used. This methodology makes it possible to objectively and quantitatively assess the risks to human health associated with the presence of harmful substances of various nature in the atmospheric air, surface waters and foodstuffs - chemical carcinogens and toxins, radioactive substances. Detailed pilot projects implemented under the auspices of the Ministry of Health in the most disadvantaged cities have led to sad conclusions (section "Environmental Risks"): The levels of risk associated with pollution by chemically harmful substances are tens, hundreds and thousands of times higher than the levels that are considered socially acceptable in developed countries.

1. Environmental safety

We also note that the concept of "environmental safety" is applicable to many realities. For example, the environmental safety of the population of a city or even an entire state, there is an environmental safety of technologies and industries. Environmental safety concerns industry, agriculture and communal services, the service sector, and the field of international relations. In other words, environmental safety is firmly embedded in our lives, and its importance and relevance is increasing year by year.

Speaking of hazard factors, sometimes a distinction is made between man-made and environmental hazards. Environmental hazard refers to environmental impacts, as a result of which changes in the environment may occur and, as a result, the conditions for the existence of man and society may change. But on a global scale, natural sources of danger are now relatively small compared to anthropogenic ones. Moreover, a person quickly learns to predict and prevent them.

Environmental safety is a set of measures aimed at reducing the harmful effects of modern industrial production and emissions into the atmosphere. Ecological security is the state of protection of the biosphere and human society, and at the state level - the state from threats arising from anthropogenic and natural impacts on the environment. The concept of environmental safety includes a system of regulation and management that makes it possible to predict, prevent, and, in case of occurrence, eliminate the development of emergency situations. Environmental security is implemented at the global, regional and local levels. The global level of environmental safety management involves forecasting and tracking processes in the state of the biosphere as a whole and its constituent areas. In the second half of the 20th century, these processes are expressed in global climate change, the occurrence of the "greenhouse effect", the destruction of the ozone screen, the desertification of the planet and the pollution of the oceans.

The essence of global control and management is in the preservation and restoration of the natural mechanism of reproduction of the environment by the biosphere, which is directed by the totality of the living organisms that make up the biosphere.

Management of global environmental security is the prerogative of interstate relations at the level of the UN, UNESCO, UNEP and other international organizations. Management methods at this level include the adoption of international acts to protect the environment on a biosphere scale, the implementation of interstate environmental programs, the creation of intergovernmental forces to eliminate environmental disasters that have natural or anthropogenic.

At the global level, a number of environmental problems of an international scale have been solved. A great success of the international community has been the prohibition of nuclear weapons tests in all environments, except for underground testing so far. The regional level includes large geographical or economic zones, and sometimes the territories of several states. Control and management are carried out at the level of the government of the state and at the level of interstate relations (united Europe, the union of African states). At this level, the environmental safety management system includes:

ecologization of economies and new environmentally friendly technologies

maintaining the pace of economic development that does not impede the restoration of the quality of the environment and contribute to the rational use of natural resources.

The local level includes cities, districts, enterprises of metallurgy, chemical, oil refining, mining and defense industries, as well as control of emissions, effluents, etc.

Environmental safety management is carried out at the level of the administration of individual cities, regions, enterprises with the involvement of relevant services responsible for the sanitary condition and environmental activities. The solution of specific local problems determines the possibility of achieving the goal of managing environmental safety at the regional and global levels.

The goal of management is achieved while observing the principle of transferring information about the state of the environment from the local to the regional and global levels. Regardless of the level of environmental safety management, the objects of management are necessarily the environment, i.e., complexes of natural ecosystems, and socio-natural ecosystems. That is why an analysis of the economy, finance, resources, legal issues, administrative measures, education and culture is necessarily present in the environmental safety management scheme at any level.

1.1 Criteria for environmental safety

The scientific literature and various advisory and regulatory documents contain many private safety criteria, including environmental safety. At the same time, it is often impossible to judge which of these criteria can be used to make a final judgment about the safety of a particular object. Therefore, there is a need to develop and use a small number of integral safety criteria and obtain a generalized assessment of the state of the object on their basis. For the ecosphere and its parts - biomes, regions, landscapes, i.e. more or less large territorial natural complexes, including administrative entities, can serve as the level of ecological-economic, or natural-production parity, i.e. the degree of compliance of the total technogenic load on the territory with its ecological technical capacity - the ultimate endurance in relation to damaging technogenic impacts. For individual ecological systems, the main safety criteria are the integrity, preservation of their species composition, biodiversity and the structure of internal relationships. Similar criteria apply to technical and economic systems. Finally, for individuals, the main criterion for safety is the preservation of health and normal life.

1.2 Legal support of environmental safety

A wide range of issues of ensuring environmental safety since the early nineties has been reflected in Russian legislation in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and environmental protection. Intensively developing legislation in the period from 1993 to 1996, led to the emergence of new laws governing safety relations at enterprises. This applies to issues of labor protection, fire safety, emergencies and a number of others. This group of laws includes "Fundamentals of labor protection legislation", federal laws "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies", "On fire safety", "On environmental expertise" and others. As a result, safety relations for enterprises, where accidents can occur with negligible probability and the consequences of these accidents practically do not pose a danger to the population and the environment, are sufficiently regulated by the current legislation. Among the laws belonging to this group, the regulation of relations on environmental insurance is represented by the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" and the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Organization of Insurance Business in the Russian Federation".

The first of them considers environmental insurance as one of the methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection (Chapter IV, Article 18):

Environmental insurance is carried out in order to protect the property interests of legal entities and individuals in case of environmental risks.

In the Russian Federation, compulsory state environmental insurance may be carried out. Moreover, it should be noted that state insurance is carried out by insurance organizations of any form of ownership, but at the expense of funds provided from the relevant budget (Article 927 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The Law of the Russian Federation "On the organization of insurance business in the Russian Federation" was largely absorbed by the Civil Code and actually regulates only the organizational aspects of insurance. Legal support for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations is carried out on the basis of federal law and. by-laws, mainly the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation.

man-made danger environmental safety

2. Environmental risks

The risk analysis methodology makes it possible to build a "scale" by which it is possible to assess and compare the impact of adverse factors on the environment and human health. The methodology for assessing and comparing risks is currently not just a tool for scientific research, but also an officially recognized method of analysis by the Ministry of Health. Environmental risk - the probability of an event occurring that has adverse consequences for the natural environment and is caused by the negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies

Environmental risk is characterized by the following regulatory levels: acceptable environmental risk is a risk whose level is justified in terms of both environmental and economic, social and other problems in a particular society and at a particular time.

Maximum acceptable environmental risk - the maximum level of acceptable environmental risk. It is determined by the totality of adverse environmental effects and should not be exceeded regardless of the interests of economic or social systems.

Negligible environmental risk - the minimum level of acceptable environmental risk. The environmental risk is at the level of fluctuations in the background risk level or is defined as 1% of the maximum permissible environmental risk. In turn, the background risk is the risk due to the presence of the effects of nature and the human social environment. The concept of individual environmental risk is widely used. This is a risk that is usually identified with the likelihood that a person will experience adverse environmental impacts in the course of their life. Individual environmental risk characterizes the environmental hazard at a certain point where the individual is located, i.e. characterizes the distribution of risk in space. This concept can be widely used to quantify areas affected by negative factors.

Thus, the concept of environmental risk makes it possible to give a quantitative description of environmental hazards for a wide class of phenomena and processes. It is this quality of risk assessment that is of interest to environmental insurance.

2.1 Basic concepts and terms of risk management and assessment

In the last 2-3 decades, the concept of environmental risk has been widely used to describe the interaction between hazardous environmental impacts and environmental objects. The possibility of quantitative analysis of programs and measures to ensure environmental safety is a serious argument that contributes to the ever wider application of the concept of environmental risk in the activities of various organizations, including insurance companies.

Consider a number of basic concepts and definitions related to the assessment and management of environmental risks:

An environmental risk assessment is a scientific study in which facts and scientific forecast are used to evaluate the potentially harmful effects on the environment of various pollutants and other agents:

environment - a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects and anthropogenic objects, as well as their interactions; the external environment in which the nature user operates;

natural environment, nature - a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

components of the natural environment - earth, bowels, soils, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, flora, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth outer space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth;

natural ecological system - an objectively existing part of the natural environment, which has spatial and territorial boundaries and in which living (plants, animals and other organisms) and its non-living elements interact as a single functional whole and are interconnected by the exchange of matter and energy;

favorable environment - the environment, the quality of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

adverse impact on the environment - the impact of economic and other activities, the consequences of which lead to negative changes in the quality of the environment;

natural resources - components of the natural environment, natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects that are used or can be used in the implementation of economic and other activities as energy sources, production products and consumer goods and have consumer value;

environmental pollution - the entry into the environment of a substance and (or) energy, the properties, location or quantity of which have a negative impact on the environment;

standards in the field of environmental protection (hereinafter also - environmental standards) - established standards for the quality of the environment and standards for permissible impact on it, subject to which the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems is ensured and biological diversity is preserved;

environmental quality standards - standards that are established in accordance with physical, chemical, biological and other indicators for assessing the state of the environment and under which a favorable environment is ensured;

standards for permissible environmental impact - standards that are established in accordance with indicators of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment and under which environmental quality standards are observed;

standards of permissible anthropogenic load on the environment - standards that are established in accordance with the value of the permissible total impact of all sources on the environment and (or) individual components of the natural environment within specific territories and (or) water areas, and subject to which the sustainable functioning of natural environmental systems and biodiversity conservation;

standards for permissible emissions and discharges of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms) - standards that are established for economic and other activities in accordance with the indicators of the mass of chemicals, in including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms that are allowed to enter the environment from stationary, mobile and other sources in the established mode and taking into account technological standards, and subject to which environmental quality standards are ensured. Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as maximum permissible concentrations) - standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the maximum permissible content of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms in environment and non-observance of which can lead to environmental pollution, degradation of natural ecological systems. Ecological impact on the environment - any negative or positive change in the environment, wholly or partially resulting from the activities of the organization - nature user, its products or services.

Environmental aspects - elements of the activities of the organization, its products or services, as a result of which an environmental impact may occur;

Environmental factors - quantitative or qualitative assessments of environmental impacts, characterized by spatial and temporal scale, harmfulness, toxicity of substances, severity of physical impacts,

Environmental hazard - the potential threat of any adverse environmental impact effect;

Excessive environmental hazard - an environmental hazard with such a level of environmental factors that violates the conformity of the habitat of wildlife objects with their innate and acquired properties;

Environmental damage - damage to the environment from an adverse impact, expressed in physical terms;

The price of environmental risk is the cumulative effect of environmental and economic damage to the environment, which may result from environmental risk;

Environmental risk management is a risk analysis procedure, as a result of which, based on the assessment of environmental risk, a decision is made on the acceptability of the value and minimization of the cost of environmental risk.

Environmental risk management is a decision-making procedure that takes into account the assessment of environmental risk, as well as the technological and economic possibilities for its prevention. Risk communication is also included in this process. Risk management scheme. To analyze the risk and establish its allowable limits in connection with the safety requirements for making management decisions, it is necessary to:

availability of an information system that allows you to quickly monitor existing sources of danger and the state of objects of possible damage, in particular, statistical material on environmental epidemiology

information about the proposed areas of economic activity, projects and technical solutions that may affect the level of environmental safety, as well as programs for the likely assessment of the risk associated with them

safety review and comparison of alternative projects and technologies that are sources of risk

development of a technical and economic strategy for increasing safety and determining the optimal cost structure to manage the magnitude of the risk and reduce it to an acceptable level from a social, economic and environmental point of view making risk forecasts and analytically determining the level of risk at which the growth in the number of environmental damage stops the formation of organizational structures, expert systems and regulatory documents designed to perform the specified functions and decision-making procedures.

Influencing public opinion and advocating scientific data on environmental risk levels in order to target objective rather than emotional or populist risk assessments. In accordance with the principle of diminishing risks, an important control tool is the risk substitution procedure. According to it, the risk introduced by a new technique is socially acceptable if its use contributes less to the total risk to which people are exposed, compared with the use of another, alternative technique that solves the same economic problem.

This concept is closely related to the problem of environmental adequacy of production quality. The concept of risk combines at least two probabilities: the probability of an adverse impact and the probability of damage, losses caused by this impact to environmental objects and the population. Risk means the likelihood of a particular effect occurring over a certain time or under certain circumstances. However, risk is distinct from both the likelihood of impact and the likelihood of harm being caused. The risk may be close to zero, despite the fact that the probability of an unfavorable event (permanent negative factors) or the probability of defeat is close to one. In general, the risk value varies from zero to one. Risk is a quantitative or qualitative assessment of a hazard; accordingly, environmental risk is a quantitative or qualitative assessment of the environmental hazard of adverse environmental impacts.

Conclusion

The security of the Russian Federation is understood as the qualitative state of society and the state, which ensures the protection of every person living on the territory of the Russian Federation, his rights and civil liberties, as well as the reliability of the existence and sustainable development of Russia, the protection of its basic values, material and spiritual sources of life, constitutional system and state sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity from internal and external enemies. This is a typical definition of security for our country, or rather, state security. It can be reduced to a short formula: "a state of protection from danger."

The security of a complex system is determined not only by the subjects of protection or factors of external security, but by internal properties - stability, reliability, and the ability to autoregulate. To the greatest extent, this applies specifically to environmental safety. A person, society, state cannot be guarantors of their own ecological safety as long as they continue to violate the stability and biotic regulation of the natural environment.

Pollution of the natural environment with gaseous, liquid and solid substances and production waste, causing degradation of the environment and damaging the health of the population, remains the most acute environmental problem of priority social and economic importance. For an objective quantitative assessment, comparison, analysis, and management of the impact of pollutants of various and diverse nature, a risk methodology has been actively developed in recent decades abroad and in Russia. The risk of exposure to a particular type of pollutant is defined as the likelihood that a person or their offspring will experience some harmful effect as a result of this exposure. The risk analysis methodology makes it possible to build a "scale" by which it is possible to assess and compare the impact of adverse factors on the environment and human health. The methodology for assessing and comparing risks is currently not just a tool for scientific research, but also an officially recognized method of analysis by the Ministry of Health. In the field of practical risk analysis associated with exposure to chemical hazardous substances, work is just beginning.

Bibliography

1. Akimova T.S., V.V. Haskin., Ecology textbook, Moscow, Unity, 1999

2. Life safety, Textbook, ed. E.A. Arustamova, ed. house "Damkov and K", Moscow, 2000

3. Life safety, Textbook, ed. S.V. Belova, A.V. Ilnitskaya, A.F. Kozyakov. Moscow, "High School" 1999,

4. Grishin A.S., V.N. Novikov, Environmental safety study guide, "Grand", Moscow, 2000

5. Ecology and life safety, textbook, ed. L.A. Ant, "Unity", Moscow, 2000

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