Management of environmental risks in the world. Systematic approach to risk management

Ministry of Education, Science, Youth and Sports

GVUZ Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection

Subject: "Environmental management and audit"

Theoretical analysis of corporate eco-management systems, its principles. Environmental risk management, formation of a new environmentally sensitive business ethic

Completed by: Vasilenko A.Yu.

Art. Eco groups s - 14s

Checked by: Associate Professor Timoshenko E.A.

Dnepropetrovsk - 2014

Introduction

2.Stackholder analysis

List of used literature

Introduction

Environmental management- part of the overall corporate governance system, which has a clear organizational structure and aims to achieve the provisions specified in the environmental policy through the implementation of environmental protection programs.

The name of the scientific discipline "environmental management" is undergoing a change in the course of its evolution. In the works of foreign scientists Th. Dyllick, H. Meflerl, M. Kircbgeorg, G. Mueller-Christ, U. Steger, R. Welford, as well as domestic researchers A.L. Bobrova, A.S. Grinina, E.I. Khabarova, E.M. Korotkova et al., when defining environmental management, one most often stands out, in the opinion of one or another author, the most important component of environmental management. For example, Gray R, Bebbington J., Walters D., define this activity as “a set of reactions on the part of companies to environmental problems in assessing their position in relation to the environment, developing and implementing policies and strategies aimed at improving this position, accompanied by changing management systems to ensure improvement and effective management”.

Some authors interpret environmental management as "environmentally conscious enterprise management". Fischer H., Wucherer Q, Wagner B. Burschel C. indicate that - "this is part of the overall management that ensures the development, implementation, implementation and compliance with environmental policy", Mueller K. believes that environmentally oriented management is not should be neither environmental management nor enterprise management, but can only be environmental management.

In the works of domestic scientists, there are also different approaches to the use of terminology. By definition, E.I. Khabarova "environmental management" is an environmentally friendly management of modern production, which achieves the optimal ratio between environmental and economic indicators. EM. Korotkov, emphasizing the importance of management in ensuring the relationship between society and nature, indicates that "the sphere and object of environmental management is the interaction of man and nature." According to T. Khusanov, L. Bezborodov and Yu. Bezborobov, environmental management is "the organization of environmental protection in its entirety." Well-known scientists in the field of environmental economics and environmental management N.V. Pakhomova, A. Endres and K. Richter define EMS "as a system for managing the activities of an enterprise (organization) in its forms, directions, aspects, etc., which directly or indirectly relate to the relationship of an enterprise with environmental protection."

Also, the most complete definition is given by the scientist G.S. Feraru, “environmental management” (greening of management) is the initiative and productive activity of economic entities aimed at achieving their own environmental goals, projects and programs developed on the basis of the principles of eco-efficiency and environmental justice. This is a type of management that is fundamentally focused on the formation and development of ecological production, ecological culture and human life. In turn, the concept of "greening" means the process of introducing technological systems, management and other solutions that improve the efficiency of the use of natural resources while maintaining the quality of the natural environment. According to ISO 14000, environmental management system is part of the overall management system , including the organizational structure , activity planning , distribution of responsibilities, practical work, and procedures , processes and resources for the development, implementation, evaluation of the achieved results of the implementation and improvement of environmental policy , goals and objectives.

1. The concept of "corporate environmental management" (CEM)

Modern enterprise management systems imply the introduction of quality control systems, energy management, financial or personnel management. And no less important is . It implies the development of a systematic and integrated approach to monitoring and ensuring the environmental friendliness of corporate production.

Corporate environmental management is a system for managing the activities of an enterprise (organization) in its forms, directions, aspects, etc., which directly or indirectly relate to the relationship of an enterprise with the natural environment.

The subject of CEM are, first of all, environmental (environmental, resource-saving, etc.) aspects of the activity of the enterprise (organization), its products and services. However, by managing these aspects of their activities, enterprises, of course, cannot have an impact (positive or negative) on the OPS and its resources. Ultimately, the goal of CEM is indeed to minimize the negative impacts of business activities on the environmental protection system, to achieve a high level of environmental safety of processes. production and consumption of products manufactured by the enterprise and services rendered. At the same time, the implementation of these tasks should be coordinated with the achievement by the enterprise of its other priority goals, including ensuring current and long-term competitiveness.

From the standpoint of modern ideas, KEM can be defined as an integral part (or a certain part) of the enterprise (organization) management system that implements the task of maintaining the competitiveness of an enterprise, given by the environmental aspects of its activities.

The formation of CEM as a theoretical and at the same time applied discipline, generalizing the real practice of environmental protection management at enterprises, took place in the last third of the 20th century. In theoretical terms, KEM was influenced by management concepts that have become classical (including the theory of human relations, a systemic approach, etc.), as well as traditional economic-theoretical and ecological-economic paradigms, including neoclassical microeconomics and welfare economics.

Since the beginning of the 90s. In the 20th century, various areas of neo-institutional and new institutional theories began to have an increasingly significant impact on the development of CEM. Among them are the theories of stack-holders, principal-agents, network structures, analysis of risk, uncertainty and decision-making under conditions of incompleteness and asymmetry of information, as well as the theory of sustainable development, which has independent significance.

2. Stakeholder Analysis

The stakeholder problem is of great importance for the theoretical and applied analysis of FEM. It is essential in the study of glass conditions and the external environment of KEM, for the development of environmentally relevant goals and competitiveness by the enterprise, environmental strategies, personnel management, the formation of the so-called new business ethics, etc. At the same time, it is important not only to apply an adequate theoretical basis for the study, but also to gain practical experience in managing a complex system of relationships between various stakeholders, as is already being implemented in practice by leaders of environmental business and management.

Under stake holdersmeans persons (individuals and legal entities) who have the legal, economic, moral (as well as self-realized) opportunity to declare to the company their rights (including property) or interests in relation to its past, present or future activities (its part).

As a rule, the entire set of stakeholders is divided into two main classes: primary stakeholders, which form the environment of direct influence at the enterprise, without taking into account which the company as an economic unit cannot be important, and secondary (or secondary) stakeholders, which form the environment of indirect influence .

The first group usually includes owners, investors, company employees, suppliers, buyers and their organizations, competitors, as well as Nature itself (its resources and assimilation potential). The environment of direct and indirect influence is also referred to as the contact audience. The special role of stakeholders from the position of management is also explained by the fact that they have an increasingly strong (direct or indirect) influence on the adoption of their decisions by the business, including environmental ones, and thus they must share responsibility for the consequences (positive and negative) of these decisions.

Stakeholder classification according to H. Dyckhoff

Influence potential Insignificant Willingness to cooperate High Type A: supportive (supportive) - company personnel, trade unions, suppliers Type B: mixed blessing - shareholders, investors, managers, consumers, banks, insurers Low Type C: marginal (marginal) - competitors, local population, universities and scientific community Type D: non-supportive (nonsupportive) - media, state, informal associations

Stakeholder analysis is important not only in terms of the threats that their activities bring to the firm, but also in terms of the opportunities created with their help, the opportunities that open up, including joint cooperation and joint search for solutions to complex problems.

An important point in the theoretical consideration of the impact of stakeholders on business decision-making in favor of environmental protection is that different representatives of interested groups may differ in different levels of environmental awareness, as well as different levels of perception and assessment of environmental problems, disasters and catastrophes.

In addition, attitudes towards environmental issues increasingly depend on the growing intensity of communication in society. This means that the level of ecological consciousness is increasingly formed through a rather subjective exchange of information, and not as a result of the objective experience of individuals.

As you can see, environmental problems are perceived differently by people. They may entail a different response and policy of the firm, which may focus on either the use of market mechanisms or state regulation methods. The emerging situation, again, can be perceived in different ways: either as a chance to develop new promising markets, or as a risk (threat) to established production structures and products of the enterprise.

3. The principle of sustainable development of corporate environmental management (CEM)

Development is sustainablethat is capable of meeting the needs of current generations of people without undermining the conditions necessary to meet and satisfy the needs of future generations. With regard to business activities, the requirements of sustainable development were reflected in the 1991 Business Charter on Sustainable Development of the International Chamber of Commerce. This charter is based on the following 16 key commitments by businesses:

.Corporate Priority - Recognize environmental management as one of the highest corporate priorities and a key determinant for sustainable development; formulate policies, adopt programs and establish methods of conducting operations in an environmentally sound manner.

2.Integrated management - fully introduce the mentioned policy, program and methods into the business as an essential element of management in all its functions.

.Process of improvement - to continue to improve policies, programs and improve environmental performance, taking into account technical developments, scientific achievements, consumer requirements and society's expectations, taking legal norms as the starting point; and apply the same criteria for the state of the environment internationally.

.Personnel training - train, prepare and motivate personnel to carry out their activities with an understanding of responsibility for the state of the environment.

.Pre-Assessment - Assess the impact on the environment before starting a new activity or new project, before decommissioning equipment, and before leaving the site.

.Products or Services - to develop and supply products or services that do not have an undue environmental impact, that are safe in their intended use and economical in terms of energy and natural resource consumption, and that can be recycled, reused and disposed of safely.

.Consumer Advice - Advise and, where appropriate, consumers, distributors and the public on the safe use, transport, storage and disposal of supplied products and apply similar considerations when providing services.

.Equipment and Operations - to design, design and operate equipment and conduct activities taking into account the efficient use of energy and materials, the sustainable use of renewable resources, minimization of negative environmental impact and waste generation, and the safe and responsible disposal of unused waste.

.Study - conduct (ensure) study of the environmental impact of raw materials, products, processes, emissions and waste associated with the enterprise, as well as minimizing negative impacts.

.Precautionary approach - to modify the production, marketing or use of products or services, or the conduct of work in accordance with scientific and technological developments, in order to prevent serious or irreversible deterioration in the quality of the natural environment.

.Contractors and Suppliers - Promote the acceptance of these principles by contractors acting on behalf of the enterprise by encouraging and, where appropriate, requiring improvements in their methods to bring them into line with those of the enterprise, and encourage greater acceptance of these principles by suppliers.

.Emergency Preparedness - Develop and maintain, where significant hazards exist, emergency preparedness plans in conjunction with emergency services, relevant authorities and the local community, recognizing potential transboundary impacts.

.Technology Transfer - Contribute to the transfer of environmentally sound technologies and management practices through the industry and public sectors.

.Contributing to the overall effect - to contribute to the development of public policy, as well as entrepreneurship, governmental and intergovernmental programs and educational initiatives that should increase awareness of environmental issues and strengthen its protection.

.Openness to dialogue - to encourage openness and dialogue with employees and the public, anticipating and responding to concerns about the potential hazards and impacts of operations, products, wastes or services, including those that are cross-border or global in nature.

.Compliance and reporting - determine environmental performance; regularly conduct environmental audits and confirm compliance with the requirements of the company, the requirements of legislative acts and these principles; periodically provide the necessary information to the board of directors, shareholders, employees, authorities and the public.

In the transition of enterprises to comply with the requirements of sustainable development, various influential participants in economic processes (stakeholders), perceiving environmental problems and possible future dangers in an unconventional way, offer alternatives to standard solution methods. Environmental problems are understood as the consequences of the lifestyle of society as a whole and each of its members individually. They can be resolved only if the criteria for social development change. In particular, instead of limiting the emission and release of environmentally hazardous products, reasonable sufficiency in consumption is required, which is based precisely on a change in lifestyle (“small” example: the return from plastic bags to gray-paper packaging).

corporate environmental risk ethics business

4. Principles of circularity and copying

For the organization of an environmentally friendly business, which involves the observance of responsibility in relations between different generations of people, the efforts of individual enterprises, as a rule, are not enough. Today, the need for the formation of cyclic reproduction systems on the basis of several enterprises is becoming more and more obvious, the development of which is based on the maximum consideration of the principles of the functioning of natural ecosystems.

This is done by the scientific and applied direction intensively formed in recent years in developed countries. "industrial ecology". One of the fundamental ideas of industrial ecology is that natural ecosystems, by practically implementing the principles of the consistent use of waste from one of the links as raw materials by other links, are a worthy example of developing an environmentally sustainable, low-waste business.

The process of development and purposeful, stage-by-stage formation of non-waste (low-waste) industrial systems (industrial units, zones, etc.) with a unified ecological infrastructure presupposes the comprehensive development of sustainable cooperative ties between enterprises in various sectors of the economy. In essence, we are talking about the formation, similar to ecological systems, of a kind of cooperative network, the participants of which are enterprises from various sectors and property complexes. The main incentive for the formation of such network environmental structures of enterprises is the optimization of resource flows, minimization of waste and thereby reducing the burden on the environmental protection system. This requires the presence of mutual interest of various enterprises in supporting these cyclical links and in their development. In modern economic language, these processes are called value cycles or value cycles. The development of all these processes, which are based on technological and organizational innovations, marks the beginning of a radical transformation and restructuring of the industry under the influence of environmental requirements.

Three principles of KEM as constituent elements of the SD concept

An environmentally oriented transformation of the business industry is possible in two ways, which, without contradicting each other, have certain substantial differences, reflecting the interrelated successive stages of the transformation of industry and business. First direction, which received the name "eco-efficiency" in the special literature and is the initial one, focuses on technological innovations as the main means of minimizing the negative impact of the industry as a whole and individual enterprises on the state of the environmental protection system.

Second way, which received the name of the method of systemic changes, proceeds from ideas about business and, in general, about the economic system as part of a more general social and ecological metasystem. To ensure the environmentally sustainable development of industry and business, the method of optimizing resource flows in the system of relationships between various industries with each other is assumed as the main one. Ultimately, the task is set on the basis of the worldwide development of cooperative ties between enterprises of various industries to organize the optimal total resource and material cycle from the development and extraction of minerals to the production of final products and the disposal of end-of-life products. In this case, the emphasis is on the development of cooperative ties between enterprises for the use of each successive in the chain by the production of the life products of its predecessor.

Briefly analyzed, two possible directions of environmentally oriented business restructuring (the strategy of "eco-efficiency" and the strategy of systemic changes) can serve as the basis for the development of basic environmental strategies in enterprises within the framework of strategic management.

5. Environmental risk management

Environmental risks cover threats that may arise for an entrepreneur due to underestimation of the role and importance of environmental factors in business activities, as well as threats caused by the uncertainty of the consequences of decisions. In this paragraph, we consider entrepreneurial activity as a source of environmental risks.

Environmental risksas a category of entrepreneurial activity is most often defined using data on probabilities p i the occurrence of certain events (for example, the accident of an oil tanker) and the consequences х i realization of these probabilities (corresponding to the values ​​of environmental damage). We get the following expression:

µ (x) =? pi * x i ,

which can be used to characterize the environmental risk of entrepreneurial activity.

The main objectives of risk management are as follows:

· Identification of the causes of environmental risks;

· Elimination of these reasons;

· Effective allocation (distribution) of environmental risks (if they cannot be eliminated), in particular between the enterprise itself and the insurance company.

In addition, for entrepreneurs, it is not so much environmental as economic (including financial) risk that is of primary importance. Economic risk can be defined as a threat not to achieve the set economic goals. From these positions, risks can arise only in cases where certain expected values ​​must be realized as target parameters.

If zero emissions are considered as the target value, then:

· The environmental risk of the 1st type is the threat of deviation from the zero level E* = 0 emissions, and

· Environmental risk of the 2nd type - the threat of deviation from a certain predetermined level E* > 0 emissions.

Let us define as the accepted level of environmental damage such a level that does not exceed certain goals or standards. And accordingly, as an accepted level of environmental risk - the possibility of an accepted level of environmental damage.

Real environmental risklet's name the possibility of occurrence of ecological risk of the 1st and 2nd types. This risk does not affect the economic interests of the entrepreneur as long as the corresponding damage does not exceed the level accepted in society. However, it turns into an economic risk when the company's emissions exceed the socially accepted level. As a result, the enterprise has an economic risk as a possibility of sanctions due to the excess of the accepted level of environmental risk. The real environmental risk and the economic risk arising from it, together reflecting a high degree of uncertainty, we will call the environmental risk of the company.

Relationship between environmental and economic risks of an enterprise

Ecological risk of the companyEntrepreneur's actionsReal environmental risk Economic riskEmissionEcological damageEconomic danger to the company

There are two main situations in which an enterprise has environmental risks. The first is when both the occurrence of environmental damage and its consequences are not defined. The second is when environmental damage has already occurred, but its economic consequences for the enterprise have not been determined. If the first situation is characterized by the presence of both environmental and economic risk, then the second one is characterized by the presence of only economic risk. The first situation corresponds to potential environmental damage, the second - actual. This distinction is significant, as these two situations require different strategies and tools for managing environmental risks.

Varieties of environmental damage as the basis of the company's environmental risks

Damage A - potential B - actual Information community1. Subjectively represented Environmental risk of the company Real environmental risk2. Objectively measurable Economic risk Transportation of hazardous substances Accident at a chemical plant

Another classification is also relevant: risk assessed by scientific methods, resulting in objectively measurable damage (for example, the established probability of an accident during the transport of dangerous substances) and subjectively presented and assessed risk (inflated by the media danger associated with a disease in cattle ) and related damage.

6. Shaping a new environmentally sensitive business ethic

Ethicsis a tool for developing life principles, ways to lead people to correct moral behavior and reflect the moral systems developed by people. The practical side of ethics is that it is guided by the desire to unite action and knowledge. Ethics is not something removed from man. Ethical norms are established by people, and the need to change them determines the need for individuals who are conscious in relation to themselves and others and adequately assess and respond to environmental conditions.

Environmental business ethics, also representing normative knowledge about the actions of people, establishes morally binding norms regarding the attitude of entrepreneurs to the OPS, and thus to life itself, not only of the current, but also of future generations of people. Environmental ethics forms the space for the social responsibility of business - responsibility for the environmental protection and rational use of natural resources, for the environmental safety of production and consumption processes.

The ideas that are being formed today about the environmental ethics of business and its social responsibility are not homogeneous. The following main approaches can be distinguished:

ü Neoclassical;

ü Integrated economic - ethical;

ü radically ecological.

Let's consider each of them in more detail.

ethical basis neoclassical approachis utilitarianism, which involves evaluating actions in light of their impact on economic efficiency and social welfare. According to the logic of neoclassical economics, the owner of the company will make a decision to “green” the business only if it leads to the maximization of the company’s profit, taking into account the inclusion of negative externalities in its costs.

Since the neoclassical model considers only the efficiency criterion as the most important evaluation criterion, there is no reason to separate environmental issues from the usual efficiency analysis. Within the framework of such an approach, a satisfactory solution cannot be provided, in particular, to issues related to the socially equitable distribution of natural resources and the satisfaction of environmental needs. Nature, its resources, other forms of life in this case are evaluated from the position anthropocentrism, without taking into account the fact that all living beings have certain rights. In addition, it must be taken into account that in the vast majority of modern companies there is a difference between owners and managers. Therefore, within the framework of the functional utilitarianism of the neoclassical theory, the individual ethics of the manager of the company are practically ignored, and his managerial efforts, in essence, are reduced to ensuring maximum profitability for the owners, which corresponds to the wishes of shareholders interested in obtaining high returns on shares.

Active criticism of the utilitarianism characteristic of the neoclassical theory led to the development of the so-called integrated economic and ethical approach.According to the views of its supporters, management decision-making models that ignore ethical factors are erroneous. And the reasons for this are the following:

· First of all, in the event that we know that a variable has a noticeable effect on the problems under consideration, we should include this variable in the model. The individual ethical reasoning of managers undoubtedly influences the decisions made. Therefore, managers who decide the fate of the company entrusted to them should not turn a blind eye to their own ethical and moral principles.

· Secondly, the resources available to the organization depend on the stakeholders, in their hands there is a certain influence on the company. The stakeholder manager is a reflection of the principles of social economics, which in turn comes from the fact that the economy is dependent on society, politics, and culture. Individual choice depends not only and not so much on the exact calculation of the best option, but on emotions, personal preferences, social connections and judgments.

· ThirdlyEthical, socially responsible firms have the following opportunities to improve their competitive position in cooperation and trust in their stakeholders:

- Cooperation with intermediaries and concern for their affairs increases the support of the organization from the stake-holders, which results in the development of intermediaries' trust in the organization, and ultimately its support;

- The ethical behavior of the company creates the prerequisites for reducing the administrative apparatus and the corresponding costs. As a result, decisions based on ethical motives and not limited by the principle of reasonable selfishness turn out to be more effective than others.

Representatives radical ecological views, first of all, they pay attention to the fact that the development and needs of the human person are actually not limited to the “price that they are willing to pay” for getting a certain amount of material goods. Far from the last role in human society is played by relations based on mutual trust, altruism, and concern for others. They draw attention to the fact that there are absolute limits to the expansion of the economic subsystem and the continuation of the existing path of development and behavior in the economic, socio-cultural and environmental spheres.

findings

It is worth considering corporate management from the point of view that it is a management system<#"justify">· Consistency of the enterprise's actions, which leads to the implementation of environmental control and management methods in the shortest possible time;

· Minimizing the fragmentation at the functional level that can occur with environmental management systems;

· Integration systems that carry out corporate environmental management are less resource-intensive for development and implementation than parallel ones;

With such an implementation of the system integration process, a greater involvement of personnel is achieved. Direct implementation of the quality management system<#"justify">§ Maintaining trusting relationships with the public;

§ Maintaining the corporate image;

§ Compliance with the levels of investors or policyholders;

§ Increasing the level of cost control;

§ Decreased accident rate at the enterprise; compliance with regulatory requirements;

§ Increasing indicators of environmental and technical safety;

§ Saving materials, raw materials and energy;

§ Simplification of the mechanism for obtaining various licenses and powers;

§ Improving the situation of relations with the authorities.

In addition to all of the above corporate environmental managementimplies constant monitoring and maintenance of statistics, which in turn allows you to determine the factors affecting production as a whole - those factors that could not be assessed without having a complete set for statistical research. And this allows, with minimal cost, to regulate the weak points of production, having only a picture of the impact of certain actions on the environmental factor.

Conducting environmental management at the enterprise is an integral part of the modern management approach.

List of used literature

1.

2.N. Pakhomova, K. Richter, A. Endres. Environmental management . - St. Petersburg: „Peter, 2003. - 535 p.

3.

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Environmental risk management is a logical extension of environmental risk assessment and analysis. It is based on a combination of political, social and economic assessments of the obtained risk values, a comparative description of possible damage to the health of both an individual and society as a whole, the possible costs of implementing various options for management decisions to reduce risk, and the benefits that will be obtained as a result. implementation of activities.

Environmental risk management has four elements.

1. Comparative assessment and ranking of risks according to their
rank, as well as the social and medical significance of possible
consequences for human health.

2. Determination of risk acceptability levels.

3. Choosing a risk reduction and control strategy.

4. Making managerial decisions.

If at the final stage of environmental risk assessment the degree of danger of a particular substance under certain conditions is established, then at the initial stage of environmental risk management, a comparative description of risks is carried out in order to establish priorities - highlighting the range of issues that require priority attention, determining the likelihood and establishing the consequences. This stage of risk management includes determining the levels of probability of developing health disorders and analyzing their causality.

Risk management can be done in several ways:

1. Absolute control - risk reduction to zero. This approach is used when there is a real possibility of completely preventing exposure to a particularly hazardous chemical, for example, by banning its production and use.

2. Risk reduction to a reasonable maximum technically and economically achievable level. This approach is quite subjective, as it requires the argumentation of the concepts of "reasonableness" and "maximum". The application of this approach must necessarily be accompanied by an assessment of possible damage to health, since otherwise it is impossible to assess the cost-benefit ratios.

3. Application of the concept of a minimum, i.e. reducing the risk to a level that is perceived by absolutely everyone as practically zero.

4. Establishing the risk at an acceptable level for each individual and society as a whole (“adequate margin of safety”).

When analyzing risk acceptability, the following are taken into account:

Benefits from the use of a particular substance (for example, increased yields due to the use of pesticides);

Expenses associated with the regulation of the use of this substance (complete or partial ban, its replacement with another drug, etc.);

The possibility of taking measures to reduce the potential negative impact of the substance on the environment and human health.

To establish the acceptability of risk, the method of economic analysis "cost-benefit" is widely used. However, the concept of acceptability is determined not only by the results of economic analysis, but also by a large number of political and social factors, including the perception of environmental risk by various population groups.

The strategy for controlling levels of environmental risk provides for the selection of measures that are most conducive to minimizing or eliminating the risk. Such typical measures may include:

Use of warning markings (inscriptions, stickers, labels);

Limitation of the number of persons in the zone of the source of risk;

Limitation of the scope of use of the risk source or territories with such sources (for example, prohibition of the use of polluted areas of the territory for recreational purposes);

A complete ban on the production, use and import of certain
of a chemical substance or the use of this technology
logical process or equipment.

The tasks of environmental risk management, along with the development of priority measures to eliminate and reduce the risk, include the choice of a strategy for periodic or continuous monitoring of exposures and risks. These types of monitoring perform the following functions:

Control (comparison with maximum allowable or acceptable levels);

Signal (quick response to a dangerous situation);

Prognostic (ability to predict risks);

Instrumental (as a means for recognizing and classifying observed phenomena).

The development of a system for managing environmental risks in technogenic systems requires the determination of the characteristic components of production and significant environmental aspects of the activities of an enterprise that have a negative impact on the environment and public health, the availability of an information system in order to disseminate the results of determining the levels of risks to human health among the interested part of the population (for example, among physicians, decision makers, researchers, the public and society at large).

Communication and dissemination of risk information is a natural extension of the risk assessment process. Risk assessment would not make sense if the results obtained from this were not communicated in one way or another to those involved in risk reduction decisions.

The results obtained from the risk assessment process should be presented in such a way that they are accessible to non-specialists, members of the press and the public, allowing to identify public opinion about the impact of current or proposed economic activities.

Dissemination of risk information should take into account the specifics risk perception different population groups. If specialists in risk assessment are guided by

quantitative characteristics and professional information, the population in its perception of risk is guided not only by its quantitative characteristics and possible consequences for health, but also by the already formed public opinion.

An important factor influencing the perception of risk information is the clarification of the voluntary nature of the risk. The population is always more concerned about forced rather than voluntary risk. Therefore, factors that increase the sense of danger and, as a result, cause more "outrage" include inhaling air contaminated with industrial chemicals (artificial risk), catastrophic leaks of gaseous toxic substances (catastrophic risk), microorganisms created by genetic engineering methods (exotic risk), the risk associated with the lack of visible advantages (construction of any enterprises near residential buildings).

The reaction of a person or a group of people to a risk is determined by both individual factors and factors that characterize the risk itself or information about it.

Individual factors influencing the perception of risk are divided into the following groups:

Personal characteristics;

Emotional condition.

The factors associated with the risk itself are characterized by:

The origin of the hazard and the consequences that the risk may lead to;

The severity of the risk for an individual or group of individuals;

The severity of the consequences of the risk;

The variability of risk information obtained from different sources.

Informing the public about environmental risk is an integral part of the risk management system. At the same time, communication is a process of interaction during the exchange of data and opinions regarding risk between individuals, groups of people and institutions.

The main rules for the dissemination of information about environmental risk are based on the maximum involvement of the public in a qualified and friendly discussion of the problems associated with the assessment of this risk. These rules are formulated as follows.

Treat the public as a legitimate partner and ensure its participation in decisions relating to its life and value system. This rule is based on the belief that the population has the right to participate in decisions that directly affect its life. Informing the public should be organized in such a way that its participation is productive.

Take into account the interests of various groups of the population, carefully plan the transfer of information. When communicating with a particular population group, the communication of risk information should be carefully planned, as many groups of people pursue their own special interests and have their own concerns. For example, residents living near a chemical plant will be of little interest in the number of deaths per 1 ton of the plant's output. They will be interested in what is the risk of the disease for them and their children.

Listen to the concerns of the population. People will begin to listen to specialists only when the specialists begin to listen to the voice of citizens. People tend to be more concerned about issues such as social justice, job availability, the responsibility of officials than statistics on mortality and morbidity. You should delve into what is bothering them, and make it clear that you know about it.

Gain public confidence. When disseminating information, it is necessary to be honest, not to underestimate or exaggerate the degree of risk, trying, for example, to solve the problem of financing scientific research. Do not try to answer questions that are not well understood or controversial. Be prepared to answer, "I don't know." Do not express unscientific views on issues related to environmental quality and its impact on health.

Coordinate your work and cooperate with other reliable partners. In cases of disagreement about factors

At risk, scientists should strive to develop a consensus before information is made available to the public.

Listen to media requests. Risk assessors and regulators should be available to correspondents, as the press is the main conduit for information.

Express your thoughts clearly and understandably. It is necessary to try less often to use special terms and professional jargon, not to overload information with statistical data.

When communicating and disseminating information about environmental risk, misconceptions can arise about the role of risk information itself. For example, it is erroneous to think that the dissemination of information about risk allegedly does not always contribute to the resolution of a conflict situation and simplifies the adoption of managerial decisions to control risk. This is due to the fact that not all people are united by common interests and common value systems. Management decisions to control risk may suit some people and not at all suit others.

Great opportunities in risk management are provided by environmental management. During the 1990s, the vast majority of leading foreign industrial companies demonstrated significant results in reducing the negative impact on the environment while increasing production volumes, reducing the specific consumption of raw materials and materials, saving energy resources, and improving product quality. Ecological activity as one of the components of sustainable development is becoming more and more economically justified, allowing enterprises to use the various direct and indirect advantages and benefits associated with it.

The development of environmental management is becoming a generally recognized way of practical solution of environmental problems and reduction of environmental risk in man-made systems. Environmental management can be defined as the process and result of the initiative activity of economic entities aimed at consistent improvement in achieving their own environmental goals and objectives, developed on the basis of independently adopted environmental policy. The characteristic features of this process are:

Increasing environmental responsibility of enterprises due to the global trend towards reducing state intervention in the economy, stimulating private initiative and creating global markets;

The transition of enterprises from a passive position in solving environmental problems, determined by the requirements of state environmental control, to an active position, largely determined by their own goals and objectives;

Expanding the boundaries of initiative environmental activities of enterprises;

Transferring priorities in actions from the “end of the pipe” (treatment of wastewater, waste gases, disposal and disposal of waste) directly to the sources of negative environmental impact (use of resources, technological processes, organization of production);

Establishment of a direct relationship between environmental activities and the possibilities of attracting investments, developing production, saving and saving resources, reducing losses, improving product quality and its competitiveness;

Maximum use of cost-free and low-cost methods and means for solving environmental problems; activation of internal unused reserves and opportunities;

Open demonstration by the enterprise of environmental goals, objectives and results achieved in accordance with them, including negative results;

Active cooperation with all persons and parties interested in the environmental aspects of the company's activities (from investors, shareholders and business partners to consumers, the public and competitors).

The practical basis for the activities of enterprises in the field of environmental management is the prevention of negative impact on the environment. Its characteristic areas include:

Saving raw materials, materials, energy resources;

Reduction of technological losses, losses during storage and transportation, unaccounted losses, etc.;

Reducing the consumption of extremely hazardous and highly hazardous substances and materials;

Use of secondary resources;

Improvement of the main and auxiliary technological processes in order to reduce the sources of pollutants, waste and other harmful factors affecting the environment;

Organization of pollutant and waste flows;

Recycling (processing and use of production and consumption waste, production of by-products);

Reducing situations with increased environmental risk (accidental impact on the environment);

Preparation for activity and activity in conditions of emergency impact on the environment; elimination of environmental consequences of accidents;

Environmental education of the company's personnel in order to improve environmental culture and reduce environmental risks for personnel;

Improving the efficiency of industrial environmental monitoring.

The effective activity of the enterprise in the field of environmental management is considered as the main guarantee of environmental safety and the possibility of managing environmental risks in the design, construction and operation of industrial facilities. The development of activities in the field of environmental management will allow not only to solve specific economic and environmental problems facing individual enterprises and the country as a whole, but also to involve the unused potential of Russia (including cultural, intellectual, entrepreneurial) in solving national and world environmental problems.

Workshops:

Unit 2. Basic principles for ensuring human and environmental safety

No. 1. Global environmental problems: climate change, ozone depletion, organic pollution of natural waters, etc.

Protective mechanisms of the natural environment and factors that ensure its sustainability. Dynamic balance in the natural environment. Hydrological cycle, circulation of energy and matter, photosynthesis.

No. 2. Diagnostics and chemical-analytical control of environmental objects. Maximum permissible concentrations. Sanitary and hygienic regulation. Environmental quality indicators. Environmental impact assessment. Ways of transformation of pollutants in the environment

No. 3. Individual and collective risk. Risk level. Distribution of risk among the population. Risk perception and society's response to them.

Comparison and analysis of risks in a single scale. Uncertainties in risk assessments. Risks from exposure to multiple hazards. Total risk.

No. 4. Application of logical methods of analysis - fault tree, event tree.

No. 5. Nature and extent of stationary and accidental chemical releases. Dynamics and forecasts. Analysis of the causes of accidents at the CTO. Consequence assessment.

Module 3. The main directions and methods of combating environmental pollution.

No. 6. Wastewater treatment methods. Methods for cleaning the atmosphere.

No. 7. Utilization of industrial solid waste.

No. 8. Methods of localization, conservation, disposal of radioactive waste.

Environmental risk management

The task of environmental risk management is probably the most difficult task in risk theory. This is due to the complex mechanism of formation of environmental risks of all kinds, including the interaction of human economic activity, biotopes and biocenoses in a certain territory. So far, formal methods of risk analysis, assessment, and forecasting have often turned out to be inapplicable due to the small amount of initial information about potential damages and their relationship with environmental and environmental factors. In such conditions, universal heuristic methods of risk management should be used, and are being used.

First of all, the method of avoiding risk should be used. This means that environmentally risky experiments to introduce alien organisms for their economic exploitation cannot be carried out. This can and often does lead to unpredictable environmental risks of the first kind. Prominent examples are the introduction of rabbits to Australia and the migration of African bees to South America. Both experiments were dictated by economic considerations, and it is worth describing them in more detail.

Rabbits were introduced to Australia and released into the wild shortly after colonization. The main driving motive was the desire to breed them in new territories in the wild in order to develop the fur industry in the new English colony, which was then seen as a possible engine of the colony's economy. At first, the business went great. Rabbits multiplied very quickly in Australia because they did not have dominant predators. The rabbit population grew exponentially. The extraction of rabbit furs brought enormous incomes. However, this did not last long. The demand for rabbit fur in England plummeted and rabbits lost their economic importance. The locomotive of the colony's economy was agriculture, to which the rabbit population began to cause enormous damage. Attempts to destroy the now harmful animal were unsuccessful. To date, Australian agriculture has suffered enormous damage from the rabbit population, which has become a first-class environmental risk factor. The initial economic benefit turned out to be much less than subsequent damages.

The story of the introduction of a colony of African bees to Brazil also began with good economic wishes: the desire to save the Brazilian honey industry from an economic disaster. In this industry, the costs were too high, and the return of honey from the bees seemed too small. It was necessary to increase the percentage of return of honey from bees in any way, for example, by using more honey bees. There are two main subspecies of honey bees: the European honey bee and the African honey bee. The African bee brings a lot of honey, but is extremely aggressive and has not been used in beekeeping. The European bee produces much less honey, but is less aggressive and does not attack humans and animals. In beekeeping, it is the European bee that is used. Attempts by breeders to obtain a hybrid of African and European bees with useful qualities in the form of increased honey yield and acceptable aggressiveness did not lead to success.

Under these conditions, in 1956, a single Brazilian biologist and beekeeper brought a family of African bees to Brazil, confident that under natural conditions such a hybrid would form by itself. What biologists didn't do in the lab, he thought, would happen automatically in the wild in Brazil. He releases this family into the wild and begins to observe her. His hopes were not justified. The hybrid didn't work. Moreover, African bees began to actively crowd out European bees throughout Brazil. The reasons lay in the biological differences in the reproduction of African and European bees, which were not known at the time of the migration of African bees to Brazil. These differences were clarified through subtle research much later, when the threat of the African bee was realized in the USA.

A decade later, there were no European bees in Brazil, and Brazilian beekeepers were forced to learn how to manage wild African bees. Over the next forty years, they learned this at the cost of hundreds of human lives and a huge number of lost livestock. Brazil's honey industry has moved from 27th place in the global rankings to sixth. It seems that the experiment was a success, albeit at a high price. However, everything turned out to be not so simple. African bees began their expansion to the north, spreading to the territories of neighboring states, where there was no need at all to replace European bees with African ones. Moreover, in some of them there was no honey industry at all, and African bees represented a first-class environmental risk factor for human life and health.

A fierce struggle began with the African bees in order to limit their advance to the north. Cunning methods and traps were used, tens of millions of dollars were spent and thousands of people were involved. These works were financed by many states, but mainly by the United States, which understood the danger of African bees entering their territory. Nothing helped. By the early 1990s, African bees had reached the United States and were a significant type 1 net environmental hazard in the southern states. The first human casualties appeared. To date, their number is in the hundreds. African bees inspire panic in the US population and seriously interfere with business. In particular, some airports turned out to be inhabited by African bees and serious costs were required to displace them. Entire cities and towns were exposed to this environmental threat of the first kind. An African bee control industry emerged in the southern states of the United States. In an interview 50 years later, the biologist who brought African bees to Brazil acknowledged the results of his experiment as extremely unsuccessful and asked for forgiveness from the families of the dead people. He repeatedly repeated that he wanted only good for his country and would never repeat his mistake if he had guessed about its consequences.

Of course, there are examples of successful experiments on the importation of alien organisms for their subsequent economic exploitation. Almost all agriculture is actively using the selection and breeding of previously alien plants and animals in new territories. However, in the vast majority of cases, such work is supervised by the competent authorities, and environmental risks of the first kind are under the control of specialists. A serious risk appears in the case of voluntaristic decisions in pursuit of momentary economic benefits. Unfortunately, the economic transition in Russia is conducive to just such experiments. There is also a significant number of independent entrepreneurs who are ready to risk the introduction of new, alien organisms, without realizing the consequences of such actions.

Environmental risks are divided according to their origin into risks of the first, second, third and fourth kind. They are managed in various ways. However, they have one thing in common. Environmental risk management should fit into the general system of managing the economic activity of a certain territory, i.e. this issue is the prerogative of the government sector, which sets the rules of the game for the commercial sector and the population. In such conditions, the main method of managing environmental risks is the repressive direction. However, in Russia at present, it is the environmental legislation that is practically absent and has been replaced by environmental protection legislation. Moreover, the concept of environmental risks is not included in the concept of general territory management, which has negative consequences for all sectors of risk actors. The procedure for making managerial decisions for territories within the Russian Federation does not provide for the assessment of environmental risks at all; there is no control in this respect.

The commercial sector is actually responsible for the very existence of environmental risks of the second, third kind and should have to bear them in full. However, in practice there is no such readiness. Moreover, often in the commercial sector there is no understanding of precisely environmental damage, and only environmental risks are recognized. Enterprises are willing to pay for pollution and nothing more. They are not ready to pay for the consequences of these pollution impacts on ecosystems, human life and health. Obviously, in this case, they would have to compensate for much greater damages, the validity of which could be much higher. Accepting the concept of compensation for environmental rather than environmental damage would mean failure for many enterprises.

An important method for managing Type 2 and Type 3 environmental risks for the commercial sector is environmental insurance. It may be mandatory or voluntary. In Russia, for hazardous industries, there is a list of activities and facilities that are subject to mandatory environmental insurance. However, the practice of such insurance runs into difficulties in adequately assessing environmental risks, as well as in the reliability of the insurance companies themselves.

The population, for which environmental risks of the second and third kind can be quite high, have different ways of managing these risks. In countries with a developed civil society, where the government is forced to reckon with public opinion, targeted campaigns and actions play a huge role. The power of these controlling influences can reach the international arena. Under authoritarian or corrupt governments, the palette of legitimate actions by the population to assert their rights is much narrower, if not non-existent. For the population, the main method of managing environmental risks is to reduce the negative consequences of the economic activity of enterprises by choosing a place of residence, influencing the commercial sector and the government sector through actions, including with the help of non-profit environmental organizations. It can be said that in Russia over the past 10 years, the ecological self-awareness of the population has grown significantly and continues to grow.

Management of environmental risks of the fourth kind is carried out on the basis of compensatory methods, among which the main place is occupied by lawsuits against the perpetrators of negative events that led to economic damage through the deterioration of environmental characteristics in the vicinity of economic objects. Such lawsuits are the main weapon in the tourism industry, hunting grounds, and the fishing industry. It is also possible to insure environmental risks of the fourth kind in the presence of a developed insurance system within the country.

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subject: Environmental Economics

Environmental risk management

Introduction

1. Environmental safety

1.1 Criteria for environmental safety

1.2 Legal support of environmental safety

2. Environmental risks

2.1 Basic concepts and terms of risk management and assessment

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Man by nature strives for a state of security and wants to make his existence as comfortable as possible. On the other hand, we are constantly in a world of risks. The threat comes from both criminogenic elements and a beloved government capable of pursuing unpredictable policies, there is a risk of contracting an infectious disease, the risk of a military conflict, the risk of an accident. Today, all this is perceived naturally and does not seem like something far-fetched, because all these events that threaten our security are quite probable and, moreover, have already happened in our memory. Therefore, preventive measures are being taken to reduce these risks, and everyone is able to name them.

Recently, the threat to the safety and comfortable existence of a person begins to come from the unfavorable state of the environment. First of all, it is a health risk. Now there is no doubt that environmental pollution can cause a number of environmentally related diseases and, in general, leads to a reduction in the average life expectancy of people exposed to environmentally unfavorable factors. It is the expected average life expectancy of people that is the main criterion for environmental safety.

As the main method of safety analysis, the modern methodology of risk analysis widely accepted in the world, officially recognized by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, was used. This methodology makes it possible to objectively and quantitatively assess the risks to human health associated with the presence of harmful substances of various nature in the atmospheric air, surface waters and foodstuffs - chemical carcinogens and toxins, radioactive substances. Detailed pilot projects implemented under the auspices of the Ministry of Health in the most disadvantaged cities have led to sad conclusions (section "Environmental Risks"): The levels of risk associated with pollution by chemically harmful substances are tens, hundreds and thousands of times higher than the levels that are considered socially acceptable in developed countries.

1. Environmental safety

We also note that the concept of "environmental safety" is applicable to many realities. For example, the environmental safety of the population of a city or even an entire state, there is an environmental safety of technologies and industries. Environmental safety concerns industry, agriculture and communal services, the service sector, and the field of international relations. In other words, environmental safety is firmly embedded in our lives, and its importance and relevance is increasing year by year.

Speaking of hazard factors, sometimes a distinction is made between man-made and environmental hazards. Environmental hazard refers to environmental impacts, as a result of which changes in the environment may occur and, as a result, the conditions for the existence of man and society may change. But on a global scale, natural sources of danger are now relatively small compared to anthropogenic ones. Moreover, a person quickly learns to predict and prevent them.

Environmental safety is a set of measures aimed at reducing the harmful effects of modern industrial production and emissions into the atmosphere. Ecological security is the state of protection of the biosphere and human society, and at the state level - the state from threats arising from anthropogenic and natural impacts on the environment. The concept of environmental safety includes a system of regulation and management that makes it possible to predict, prevent, and, in case of occurrence, eliminate the development of emergency situations. Environmental security is implemented at the global, regional and local levels. The global level of environmental safety management involves forecasting and tracking processes in the state of the biosphere as a whole and its constituent areas. In the second half of the 20th century, these processes are expressed in global climate change, the occurrence of the "greenhouse effect", the destruction of the ozone screen, the desertification of the planet and the pollution of the oceans.

The essence of global control and management is in the preservation and restoration of the natural mechanism of reproduction of the environment by the biosphere, which is directed by the totality of the living organisms that make up the biosphere.

Management of global environmental security is the prerogative of interstate relations at the level of the UN, UNESCO, UNEP and other international organizations. Management methods at this level include the adoption of international acts to protect the environment on a biosphere scale, the implementation of interstate environmental programs, the creation of intergovernmental forces to eliminate environmental disasters that have natural or anthropogenic.

At the global level, a number of environmental problems of an international scale have been solved. A great success of the international community has been the ban on nuclear weapons tests in all environments, except for underground testing so far. The regional level includes large geographical or economic zones, and sometimes the territories of several states. Control and management are carried out at the level of the government of the state and at the level of interstate relations (united Europe, the union of African states). At this level, the environmental safety management system includes:

ecologization of economies and new environmentally friendly technologies

maintaining the pace of economic development that does not impede the restoration of the quality of the environment and contribute to the rational use of natural resources.

The local level includes cities, districts, enterprises of metallurgy, chemical, oil refining, mining and defense industries, as well as control of emissions, effluents, etc.

Environmental safety management is carried out at the level of the administration of individual cities, regions, enterprises with the involvement of relevant services responsible for the sanitary condition and environmental activities. The solution of specific local problems determines the possibility of achieving the goal of managing environmental safety at the regional and global levels.

The goal of management is achieved while observing the principle of transferring information about the state of the environment from the local to the regional and global levels. Regardless of the level of environmental safety management, the objects of management are necessarily the environment, i.e., complexes of natural ecosystems, and socio-natural ecosystems. That is why an analysis of the economy, finance, resources, legal issues, administrative measures, education and culture is necessarily present in the environmental safety management scheme at any level.

1.1 Criteria for environmental safety

The scientific literature and various advisory and regulatory documents contain many private safety criteria, including environmental safety. At the same time, it is often impossible to judge which of these criteria can be used to make a final judgment about the safety of a particular object. Therefore, there is a need to develop and use a small number of integral safety criteria and obtain a generalized assessment of the state of the object on their basis. For the ecosphere and its parts - biomes, regions, landscapes, i.e. more or less large territorial natural complexes, including administrative entities, can serve as the level of ecological-economic, or natural-production parity, i.e. the degree of compliance of the total technogenic load on the territory with its ecological technical capacity - the ultimate endurance in relation to damaging technogenic impacts. For individual ecological systems, the main safety criteria are the integrity, preservation of their species composition, biodiversity and the structure of internal relationships. Similar criteria apply to technical and economic systems. Finally, for individuals, the main criterion for safety is the preservation of health and normal life.

1.2 Legal support of environmental safety

A wide range of issues of ensuring environmental safety since the early nineties has been reflected in Russian legislation in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and environmental protection. Intensively developing legislation in the period from 1993 to 1996, led to the emergence of new laws governing safety relations at enterprises. This applies to issues of labor protection, fire safety, emergencies and a number of others. This group of laws includes "Fundamentals of labor protection legislation", federal laws "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies", "On fire safety", "On environmental expertise" and others. As a result, safety relations for enterprises, where accidents can occur with negligible probability and the consequences of these accidents practically do not pose a danger to the population and the environment, are sufficiently regulated by the current legislation. Among the laws belonging to this group, the regulation of relations on environmental insurance is represented by the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" and the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Organization of Insurance Business in the Russian Federation".

The first of them considers environmental insurance as one of the methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection (Chapter IV, Article 18):

Environmental insurance is carried out in order to protect the property interests of legal entities and individuals in case of environmental risks.

In the Russian Federation, compulsory state environmental insurance may be carried out. Moreover, it should be noted that state insurance is carried out by insurance organizations of any form of ownership, but at the expense of funds provided from the relevant budget (Article 927 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The Law of the Russian Federation "On the organization of insurance business in the Russian Federation" was largely absorbed by the Civil Code and actually regulates only the organizational aspects of insurance. Legal support for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations is carried out on the basis of federal law and. by-laws, mainly the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation.

man-made danger environmental safety

2. Environmental risks

Pollution of the natural environment with gaseous, liquid and solid substances and production waste, causing degradation of the environment and damaging the health of the population, remains the most acute environmental problem of priority social and economic importance. For an objective quantitative assessment, comparison, analysis, and management of the impact of pollutants of a different and diverse nature, a risk methodology has been actively developed in recent decades abroad and in Russia. The risk of exposure to a particular type of pollutant is defined as the likelihood that a person or their offspring will experience some harmful effect as a result of this exposure.

The risk analysis methodology makes it possible to build a "scale" by which it is possible to assess and compare the impact of adverse factors on the environment and human health. The methodology for assessing and comparing risks is currently not just a tool for scientific research, but also an officially recognized method of analysis by the Ministry of Health. Environmental risk - the probability of an event occurring that has adverse consequences for the natural environment and is caused by the negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies

Environmental risk is characterized by the following regulatory levels: acceptable environmental risk is a risk whose level is justified in terms of both environmental and economic, social and other problems in a particular society and at a particular time.

Maximum acceptable environmental risk - the maximum level of acceptable environmental risk. It is determined by the totality of adverse environmental effects and should not be exceeded regardless of the interests of economic or social systems.

Negligible environmental risk - the minimum level of acceptable environmental risk. The environmental risk is at the level of fluctuations in the background risk level or is defined as 1% of the maximum permissible environmental risk. In turn, the background risk is the risk due to the presence of the effects of nature and the human social environment. The concept of individual environmental risk is widely used. This is a risk that is usually identified with the likelihood that a person will experience adverse environmental impacts in the course of their life. Individual environmental risk characterizes the environmental hazard at a certain point where the individual is located, i.e. characterizes the distribution of risk in space. This concept can be widely used to quantify areas affected by negative factors.

Thus, the concept of environmental risk allows for a wide class of phenomena and processes to give a quantitative description of environmental hazards. It is this quality of risk assessment that is of interest to environmental insurance.

2.1 Basic concepts and terms of risk management and assessment

In the last 2-3 decades, the concept of environmental risk has been widely used in describing the interaction between hazardous environmental impacts and environmental objects. The possibility of quantitative analysis of programs and measures to ensure environmental safety is a serious argument that contributes to the ever wider application of the concept of environmental risk in the activities of various organizations, including insurance companies.

Consider a number of basic concepts and definitions related to the assessment and management of environmental risks:

An environmental risk assessment is a scientific study in which facts and scientific forecast are used to evaluate the potentially harmful effects on the environment of various pollutants and other agents:

environment - a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects and anthropogenic objects, as well as their interactions; the external environment in which the nature user operates;

natural environment, nature - a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

components of the natural environment - earth, bowels, soils, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, flora, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth outer space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth;

natural ecological system - an objectively existing part of the natural environment, which has spatial and territorial boundaries and in which living (plants, animals and other organisms) and its non-living elements interact as a single functional whole and are interconnected by the exchange of matter and energy;

favorable environment - the environment, the quality of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

adverse impact on the environment - the impact of economic and other activities, the consequences of which lead to negative changes in the quality of the environment;

natural resources - components of the natural environment, natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects that are used or can be used in the implementation of economic and other activities as energy sources, production products and consumer goods and have consumer value;

environmental pollution - the entry into the environment of a substance and (or) energy, the properties, location or quantity of which have a negative impact on the environment;

standards in the field of environmental protection (hereinafter also - environmental standards) - established standards for the quality of the environment and standards for permissible impact on it, subject to which the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems is ensured and biological diversity is preserved;

environmental quality standards - standards that are established in accordance with physical, chemical, biological and other indicators for assessing the state of the environment and under which a favorable environment is ensured;

standards for permissible environmental impact - standards that are established in accordance with indicators of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment and under which environmental quality standards are observed;

standards of permissible anthropogenic load on the environment - standards that are established in accordance with the value of the permissible total impact of all sources on the environment and (or) individual components of the natural environment within specific territories and (or) water areas, and subject to which the sustainable functioning of natural environmental systems and biodiversity conservation;

standards for permissible emissions and discharges of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms) - standards that are established for economic and other activities in accordance with the indicators of the mass of chemicals, in including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms that are allowed to enter the environment from stationary, mobile and other sources in the established mode and taking into account technological standards, and subject to which environmental quality standards are ensured. Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as maximum permissible concentrations) - standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the maximum permissible content of chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms in environment and non-observance of which can lead to environmental pollution, degradation of natural ecological systems. Ecological impact on the environment - any negative or positive change in the environment, wholly or partially resulting from the activities of the organization - nature user, its products or services.

Environmental aspects - elements of the activities of the organization, its products or services, as a result of which an environmental impact may occur;

Environmental factors - quantitative or qualitative assessments of environmental impacts, characterized by spatial and temporal scale, harmfulness, toxicity of substances, severity of physical impacts,

Environmental hazard - the potential threat of any adverse environmental impact effect;

Excessive environmental hazard - an environmental hazard with such a level of environmental factors that violates the conformity of the habitat of wildlife objects with their innate and acquired properties;

Environmental damage - damage to the environment from an adverse impact, expressed in physical terms;

The price of environmental risk is the cumulative effect of environmental and economic damage to the environment, which may result from environmental risk;

Environmental risk management is a risk analysis procedure, as a result of which, based on the assessment of environmental risk, a decision is made on the acceptability of the value and minimization of the cost of environmental risk.

Environmental risk management is a decision-making procedure that takes into account the assessment of environmental risk, as well as the technological and economic possibilities for its prevention. Risk communication is also included in this process. Risk management scheme. To analyze the risk and establish its allowable limits in connection with the safety requirements for making management decisions, it is necessary to:

availability of an information system that allows you to quickly monitor existing sources of danger and the state of objects of possible damage, in particular, statistical material on environmental epidemiology

information about the proposed areas of economic activity, projects and technical solutions that may affect the level of environmental safety, as well as programs for the likely assessment of the risk associated with them

safety review and comparison of alternative projects and technologies that are sources of risk

development of a technical and economic strategy for increasing safety and determining the optimal cost structure to manage the magnitude of the risk and reduce it to an acceptable level from a social, economic and environmental point of view making risk forecasts and analytically determining the level of risk at which the growth in the number of environmental damage stops the formation of organizational structures, expert systems and regulatory documents designed to perform the specified functions and decision-making procedures.

Influencing public opinion and advocating scientific data on environmental risk levels in order to target objective rather than emotional or populist risk assessments. In accordance with the principle of diminishing risks, an important control tool is the risk substitution procedure. According to it, the risk introduced by a new technique is socially acceptable if its use contributes less to the total risk to which people are exposed, compared with the use of another, alternative technique that solves the same economic problem.

This concept is closely related to the problem of environmental adequacy of production quality. The concept of risk combines at least two probabilities: the probability of an adverse impact and the probability of damage, losses caused by this impact to environmental objects and the population. Risk refers to the likelihood of a particular effect occurring over a certain time or under certain circumstances. However, risk is distinct from both the likelihood of impact and the likelihood of harm being caused. The risk may be close to zero, despite the fact that the probability of an adverse event (permanent negative factors) or the probability of defeat is close to one. In general, the risk value varies from zero to one. Risk is a quantitative or qualitative assessment of a hazard; accordingly, environmental risk is a quantitative or qualitative assessment of the environmental hazard of adverse environmental impacts.

Conclusion

The security of the Russian Federation is understood as the qualitative state of society and the state, which ensures the protection of every person living on the territory of the Russian Federation, his rights and civil liberties, as well as the reliability of the existence and sustainable development of Russia, the protection of its basic values, material and spiritual sources of life, constitutional system and state sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity from internal and external enemies. This is a typical definition of security for our country, or rather, state security. It can be reduced to a short formula: "a state of protection from danger."

The security of a complex system is determined not only by the subjects of protection or factors of external security, but by internal properties - stability, reliability, and the ability to autoregulate. To the greatest extent, this applies specifically to environmental safety. A person, society, state cannot be guarantors of their own ecological safety as long as they continue to violate the stability and biotic regulation of the natural environment.

Pollution of the natural environment with gaseous, liquid and solid substances and production waste, causing degradation of the environment and damaging the health of the population, remains the most acute environmental problem of priority social and economic importance. For an objective quantitative assessment, comparison, analysis, and management of the impact of pollutants of a different and diverse nature, a risk methodology has been actively developed in recent decades abroad and in Russia. The risk of exposure to a particular type of pollutant is defined as the likelihood that a person or their offspring will experience some harmful effect as a result of this exposure. The risk analysis methodology makes it possible to build a "scale" by which it is possible to assess and compare the impact of adverse factors on the environment and human health. The methodology for assessing and comparing risks is currently not just a tool for scientific research, but also an officially recognized method of analysis by the Ministry of Health. In the field of practical risk analysis associated with exposure to chemical hazardous substances, work is just beginning.

Bibliography

1. Akimova T.S., V.V. Haskin., Ecology textbook, Moscow, Unity, 1999

2. Life safety, Textbook, ed. E.A. Arustamova, ed. house "Damkov and K", Moscow, 2000

3. Life safety, Textbook, ed. S.V. Belova, A.V. Ilnitskaya, A.F. Kozyakov. Moscow, "High School" 1999,

4. Grishin A.S., V.N. Novikov, Environmental safety study guide, "Grand", Moscow, 2000

5. Ecology and life safety, textbook, ed. L.A. Ant, "Unity", Moscow, 2000

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Economic security of the state: essence and content, tasks, criteria and existing threats. Ensuring the economic security of the state in international trade. Key indicators of foreign trade of the Russian Federation and their analysis, the fight against threats.

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"Technogenic systems and environmental risk"

« Environmental risk management at the Astrakhangazprom enterprise»

Introduction

Any production activity is associated with certain risks - financial, natural, environmental, political, transport, property, production, trade, commercial, investment, risks associated with the purchasing power of money, inflation and deflation, currency, liquidity risks, lost profits, decrease in profitability, direct financial losses, interest, credit, exchange, selective, etc. The greatest interest in environmental practice is technogenic and environmental risks.

Ecological risk is the probability of occurrence of negative changes in the environment or the consequences of these changes arising from the negative anthropogenic impact on the environment (Zakharova, 2003).

Every enterprise and manufacturer has man-made and environmental risks, which necessitates their analysis, accounting and management. When managing environmental and technogenic risks, a whole range of tasks related to the regulation of the effects of impact on humans and the environment is solved.

Environmental risk management has recently become a very urgent problem, since it is aimed at protecting the welfare of society and the well-being of the natural environment.

The purpose of this work: consideration of the main methods of risk management.

Work tasks:

1. Define the concept of risk and classify risks.

2. Provide a description of the main methods of management.

3. Consider the risk management methods used at the Astrakhangazprom enterprise.

1. The concept of risk - a new approach to the environmental policy of Russia

1.1 Risk classification

Environmental risk is the probability of occurrence of negative changes in the environment or the consequences of these changes arising from the negative anthropogenic impact on the environment.

Environmental risk, as one of the types of risk, can be classified based on the basic classification of risks, by the scale of manifestation, by the degree of acceptability, by forecasting, by the possibility of prevention, by the possibility of insurance. Based on the causes of occurrence, it is possible to present the following classification of environmental risks:

1) Natural and environmental risks - risks caused by changes in the natural environment.

2) Techno-environmental risks - risks caused by the emergence and development of the technosphere.

3) The risk of sustainable man-made impacts - the risk associated with changes in the environment as a result of normal economic activity.

4) Risk of catastrophic impacts - the risk associated with changes in the environment as a result of man-made disasters, accidents, incidents.

5) Socio-environmental risks - risks caused by the protective reaction of the state and society to the aggravation of the environmental situation.

6) Environmental and regulatory risk - the risk caused by the adoption of environmental laws and regulations or their constant tightening.

7) Environmental and political risk - the risk caused by environmental protests.

8) Economic and environmental risks - risks caused by financial and economic activities.

Based on the classification of environmental risks, it is possible to identify entities whose activities are a source of increased danger to the environment, and take measures to prevent the realization of risks, to protect the object from the impact of environmental risk factors on it (Korobkin, 2000).

1.2 Brief description of risk analysis methods

Quantitative risk assessment methodology, originally developed for nuclear power, is now being used more and more widely in other areas of human activity. This is a rather complex methodology, which, with the current level of development of science and technology, can already be mastered by most countries of the world. At the same time, in order to improve the methodology and expand the scope of its application, it is necessary to strengthen research and development activities to accumulate a database on the probability of certain events, on dose-effect functions, algorithmization methods for describing complex technical systems and natural events. Building a unified methodology for risk analysis is a complex socio-economic problem. One of its most important features is that its solution is determined by the nature of the interaction of economic, social, environmental and demographic factors that characterize the development of a particular society. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the development of technology, aimed at improving the material standard of living, simultaneously leads to the emergence of certain types of danger, both for human health and for the environment. To eliminate these types of hazards of technogenic origin, it is necessary to spend a certain share of the material resources of society, which, regardless of whether they are large or small, are limited. The disproportionately high costs of improving the safety of industry mean that, in conditions of limited resources, it will be necessary to abandon the accelerated development of the social and cultural spheres, the material base, education and upbringing, etc. On such a path, economic and social problems will accumulate in society, which in the end can lead to a decrease in security in society and even to the limit of the stability of the entire social system. In this regard, the problem of optimal allocation of limited material resources to reduce the risk of certain types of hazard that can affect a person and the environment becomes important in the problem of ensuring safety. Risk assessment includes, as a rule, risk analysis of the hazard source and measurement of this hazard in terms of the level of consequences of exposure to humans and the environment. Due to the fact that the methods of quantitative risk assessment are not sufficiently developed for the existing wide range of hazard factors, a system of hazard indicators can be taken as a temporary quantitative expression. In risk management, a whole range of tasks is solved related to the regulation of the effects of impact on humans and the environment, and the main ways to solve them are methods for analyzing the effectiveness of measures (economic and administrative) to reduce the magnitude of the effects to a certain level. As a rule, methods of analysis "risk-benefit", "cost-benefit", "cost-effectiveness" and some other special methods are used. To obtain a quantitative risk assessment, it is necessary to have sufficiently powerful tools in the form of complexes of calculation codes based on databases that generalize the accumulated information about possible scenarios for the behavior of the system under consideration under various boundary and initial conditions. In addition, there should be knowledge bases and databases on the mechanisms of distribution, entry into the human body and exposure to biologically hazardous substances and compounds, as well as calculated risk management programs for the cost-effectiveness of measures and risk reduction measures. Thus, such a “toolkit” for risk analysis should include at least three groups of calculation methods and programs with the necessary databases:

1) methods and programs for probabilistic assessment of the ways of occurrence and development of undesirable events (accidents, natural disasters and catastrophes);

2) methods and programs describing the consequences of undesirable events, for example, the release, behavior and distribution of hazardous substances in the environment and the mechanisms of damage to the human body by these substances;

3) methods and calculation programs for assessing economic damage and optimizing the spending of funds to prevent or reduce the consequences of undesirable events.

To date, some scientific potential in this area has been created in the country. There are mathematical models and computational programs for numerical simulation of the processes of propagation of various substances in the atmosphere (gases, aerosols, radionuclides) and aquatic environments. Certain experience has also been accumulated in assessing the behavior in ecosystems of various classes of pollutants, accumulation and impact on public health. There are methods based on the implementation of another approach, which can also be conditionally described as “from the security object”. In this case, man and nature are put in the first place, which impose restrictions independent of the source of danger, based on the principles of acceptability and sustainable long-term development. The source of impact is a system of restrictions, which, in fact, sets the allowable space of man-made impacts, within which the very existence of a potentially dangerous object is possible. The proposed scheme is the basis of the methodology and methods of the theory of human and nature safety in risk analysis. Thus, an independent examination of the safety of a person, society and the environment should be singled out as a separate element, in which the basic elements are the criteria for the safety of a person, society and the environment. The introduced criteria should be determined in a way independent of the risk analysis scheme based on the most general goals of the development of society, its safety, the protection of the natural environment, the principles of acceptability of technogenic impact and the principles of long-term sustainable development of civilization. Risk analysis for humans and the environment in a broad sense (using the principles of sustainable long-term development of civilization) is essentially the subject of research in the theory of human security, society and the environment. According to the principle of anthropocentrism present in the practice of managing impacts on natural objects, according to which: a person is protected, nature is protected, for many years natural objects were not considered at all and the only object for analysis was a person. Recently, one sometimes hears other extreme statements: nature is protected - man is protected. There are certain grounds for such statements, but there is currently no sufficiently strong evidence for this thesis. In the proposed approach, man and the natural environment are considered as independent objects to be ensured in the sense of security in accordance with the internal criteria inherent in them. It follows from this that both man and nature must be protected (Buyanov, 2002).

1.3 Objects of risk analysis and safety criteria

The objects to be protected by risk analysis are: a person; animals; plants; ecosystems; functions and properties of the environment. The impacts considered in this regard affect: health (death, disease, genetic changes, discomfort, both for individuals and for plant and animal populations in ecosystems); economy (loss of environmental functions, corrosion, inefficient use of land, damage to property, loss of livestock and crops); the well-being of society and the well-being of the natural environment, which cannot always be expressed directly in quantitative terms (decrease in the quality of life due to lack of landscape diversity, loss of recreation areas, etc.). In hazard assessment, impacts can always have significant uncertainties. Risk analysis methodology began to develop in the world more than 20 years ago. It must be remembered that the influence of any impacts may become apparent only after a considerable period of time. Examples of such situations are the accumulation of harmful substances, the development of cancer, or genetic consequences that appear long after exposure. The protection of well-being aims not only to protect individuals, but also to prevent disruption of social balance and the well-being of ecosystems. Such risks and dangers can also be expressed in appropriate indicators and used in risk assessment and management (Medvedev, 2002).

For each allocated security object, it is necessary to introduce a system of security criteria (not necessarily hierarchical), which will be the basis for judging the degree of security and its acceptability for a given level. A set of such criteria, in turn, will be the basis for the development of safety criteria for the next, lower level, the role of which is currently performed by norms, rules, and regulations. Here it is already possible to trace the hierarchical structure: each criterion of a lower level is a consequence of a criterion of a higher level. One of the tasks that arise in risk analysis is the establishment of quantitative indicators of risk. When conducting a risk analysis, it is recommended to use the following values ​​as criteria: the maximum acceptable risk (limit level), which should not be exceeded, regardless of the economic or social type of activity; can be specified as a consequence of a system of safety criteria; the area of ​​risk acceptability, within which the search for optimal economic solutions for security systems or measures is carried out. Sometimes the value of negligible risk is also used. Negligible risk is the level below which it is pointless to further reduce the risk, in view of the fact that the person and the environment are already exposed to other risks arising from the very nature of society and the environment. At present, the level of negligible risk is often used as 1% of the maximum allowable risk (Akimova, 2001).

1.4 Basic Provisions of the Methodology for Assessing Environmental Risk Caused by Chemical Pollution

The key element of this methodology is human health and its protection from the inevitable risk associated with exposure to toxic substances, wherever they are: in water, air, soil.

The concept of risk includes two elements - risk assessment (Risk Assessment) and risk management (Risk Management). Risk management is a logical extension of risk assessment and defines the administrative and legal measures that govern decisions to reduce risk.

Risk assessment - a scientific analysis of the genesis and extent of risk in a particular situation. The risk to human health (or ecosystem) associated with environmental pollution arises under the following necessary and sufficient conditions:

1) the existence of a risk source (a toxic substance in the environment or food, or an enterprise for the production of products containing such substances, or a technological process, etc.);

2) the presence of this source of risk in a certain dose or concentration harmful to human health;

3) human exposure to the said dose of the toxic substance.

These conditions together form a real threat or danger to human health.

Such structuring of the risk itself makes it possible to single out the main elements (or stages) of the risk assessment procedure. There are four main stages in total:

The first - hazard identification - includes accounting for all chemicals that pollute the environment, determining the toxicity of a chemical to humans or the ecosystem. For example, using basic research data, it can be established that the temporary or permanent presence of a certain substance can cause adverse effects: carcinogenesis, reproductive function and genetic code impairment in humans, or an aggravation of an environmental problem with subsequent negative consequences for human health.

At the considered stage of the risk assessment procedure, the analysis is carried out at a qualitative level.

The second stage - exposure assessment - is an assessment of in what ways and through which media, at what quantitative level, at what time and for what duration of exposure, the actual and expected exposure takes place; it is also an estimate of the doses received, if available, and an estimate of the number of persons who are exposed to such exposure and for whom it appears likely.

Thus, not only the level of exposure is evaluated, but also the time factor, which gives grounds for an indirect judgment about the dose received, even if it cannot be determined directly (for example, using a chemical analysis of blood or other biological media).

The size of the exposed population is one of the most important factors in deciding whether to prioritize conservation activities, which arises when risk assessment results are used for 'risk management' purposes.

Ideally, exposure assessment is based on actual monitoring data on pollution of various environmental components (atmospheric air, indoor air, soil, drinking water, food). However, this approach is often not feasible due to high costs. In addition, it does not always allow one to assess the relationship of pollution with its specific source and is not sufficient to predict future exposure. Therefore, in many cases, various mathematical models are used for the dispersion of atmospheric emissions, their deposition on the soil, diffusion and dilution of pollutants in groundwater and / or open water bodies. Based on the results of monitoring or model data of this kind, biokinetic mathematical models are sometimes also used to assess the accumulation of: a toxic substance in the human body (for example, the concentration of lead in the blood of children of different ages), taking into account all routes of intake.

The third stage - assessment of the "dose-effect" relationship - is the search for quantitative patterns that link the received dose of substances with the prevalence of one or another adverse effect, i.e. with the likelihood of its development.

Similar regularities, as a rule, come to light in toxicological experiments. However, extrapolating them from a group of animals to the human population is associated with too many uncertainties. Dose-response relationships based on epidemiological data are more reliable, but have their own areas of uncertainty. For example, when constructing some dependence of the response to high levels of exposure (mainly industrial), its extrapolation to a range of lower levels may be erroneous; the dependence found for one human population is not obligatory, it is true for another, which has some genetic or other differences, is exposed to another set of factors associated with the studied exposure, etc.

The risk of health deterioration due to negative changes in the environment and living conditions can be quantified on the basis of theoretical calculations, as well as statistical data from the results of medical and environmental surveys.

Both theoretical calculations and estimates based on statistical material are carried out according to the “dose-effect” scheme. The dose here is understood as a quantitative measure of the harmful effects on the body, and the effect is the pathological and other consequences of this effect.

In principle, this scheme is acceptable for all types of living organisms: humans, animals, birds, inhabitants of the aquatic environment, plants and microorganisms. However, it finds the greatest practical application in assessing the deterioration of human health.

The effects of pollutants always depend in some way on the amount or dose of the pollutant in the body. The dose, in turn, depends on the route of entry into the body. Pollutants can have different effects depending on whether they are inhaled (inhaled), in water and food (oral), absorbed through the skin, or exposed through external radiation.

Dose-response curves characterize the relationship between pollutant dose and response (body effect).

Threshold effects of exposure to pollutants or other technogenic factors are characterized by the fact that some amounts of a pollutant below a certain concentration level - a threshold - do not cause any negative consequences for public health. The functions of the body's response to exposure above the threshold level, as a rule, have an S-shape and are characterized by a dose of LD 50 or a concentration of LC 50 .

Rice. 1. Possible forms of "dose-effect" dependencies

Curve 1 (Fig. 1) shows that if such an S-shaped dependence of the effect on dose occurs, then no changes in the metabolism of the human body are observed until a critical concentration or dose is reached. This critical value is called the practical threshold and is designated PP. PP characterizes the boundary of a statistically recorded effect when the latter exceeds the fluctuation of the existing background level of effects.

The figure also shows the four main forms of possible curves under the action of specific chemical pollutants and other technogenic factors and the reaction (response) of the organism. Curves 2, 3, and 4 refer to non-threshold dependences. It is assumed that there are effects (which, however, can not always be registered) at any final concentration of a pollutant or arbitrarily small non-chemical impact. Such curves reflect mainly a class of stochastic health effects.

The most widely used linear non-threshold form of the dose-response relationship, since often judgments about the form of the dose-response relationship in the region of low dose values ​​are obtained by linear extrapolation from the region of high doses.

Curve 4 - a non-linear dose-effect relationship with a downward bulge - is also characteristic of the body's response to the action of many factors. This is sometimes referred to as a "sub-linear" dose-response relationship. Although curve 4 does not have a well-defined threshold, the point on the dose axis at which an effect can be registered determines the practical value of the PP.

Guidelines for limiting occupational exposure are often based on sets of PP values ​​with specific "safety" factors that define occupational dose limits. Curve 2 is a non-linear, "dose-response" relationship with upward convexity, which is the so-called "supra-linear" relationship that occurs when low doses cause disproportionately large effects.

Along with the “dose-effect” function, the “exposure-effect” relationship can also be used in risk assessment. Under the influence here is understood, in essence, the level of technogenic impact, expressed through the concentration (quantity) of a solid substance in a particular medium, for example, in air, water. It is more convenient to use such a concept as concentration in risk assessment, since its value can be measured or simply calculated. However, there are certain limitations here. The fact is that the dose, which is the main parameter on which, ultimately, the damage to human health depends, is far from unambiguously related to the concentration. At a certain level of exposure, characterized, for example, by the concentration of substances in the air, the dose depends on the rate of respiration, the nature of the metabolic and pharmacological processes in which the harmful substance is involved, and other factors. The dose may be due not directly to those substances that are contained in the consumed air or water, but with their metabolites.

Finally, the final stage is the result of the previous stages - risk characterization, including an assessment of possible and identified adverse health effects; establishment of a risk factor for the development of general toxic effects, analysis and characterization of the uncertainties associated with the assessment, and generalization of all information on risk assessment.

Risk assessment is one of the bases for making a decision on the prevention of the adverse impact of environmental factors on public health, and not the decision itself in its finished form, i.e. is a necessary but not sufficient condition for decision making. Other necessary conditions for this analysis of non-risk factors, comparing them with risk characteristics and establishing between them with risk characteristics and establishing appropriate proportions (control proportions) between them are included in the risk management procedure. Decisions made on this basis are neither purely economic, focusing only on economic benefits, nor purely medical and environmental, pursuing the goal of eliminating even a minimal risk to human health or ecosystem stability without taking into account costs. In other words, a comparison of health-environmental (or socio-environmental) and technical and economic factors provides a basis for answering the question of the degree of risk acceptability and the need for a regulatory decision to restrict or prohibit the use of a particular substance.

In assessing environmental risk, two ways are possible: determining the probabilistic characteristics of environmental hazard theoretically using formulas or based on processing environmental monitoring data on the frequency of occurrence of certain negative changes in the environment, depending on the type of environmental risk being determined (Anoshkina, 2006).

1.5 Planning and applying risk mitigation measures

The planning and application of risk mitigation measures aims to maintain acceptable levels of risk and, if possible, to achieve a state of minimal risk from the area of ​​acceptability. In general, it can be said that the use of the risk methodology in the decision-making process for specific projects or a comprehensive regional analysis allows: to determine the priority directions of the regional development strategies, to effectively invest in those projects that allow optimizing the level of regional security; take into account in a comprehensive manner all types of risk for the population and the environment that exist in the region, created as a result of emissions from enterprises during normal operation and the occurrence of emergency and emergency situations, transportation of materials, burial and disposal of waste, natural hazards, etc.; to carry out a systematic analysis of the strategy for managing the state of the environment and public health, taking into account engineering, social, economic, environmental, organizational and legislative aspects. The risk analysis process in developing a risk management strategy includes the following procedures: examination of existing health and environmental risks in large industrial areas, identification of priority risks that need to be managed or that need to be reduced; development of integral risk management strategies for the population and the environment, which is based on the following principles:

1) identification of all sources of risk to public health and the environment in the region;

2) analysis and ranking of sources of risk, taking into account the extent of damage to the population and the environment;

3) development of proposals for effective risk reduction based on a generalized analysis of the costs of risk reduction and benefits from reducing actual or potential damages;

4) optimization of material costs, taking into account social factors and the creation of an integrated system for managing industrial and natural risks in the region;

5) forecasting the state of the environment when planning strategies for the industrial development of regions, optimizing measures to ensure acceptable levels of public safety and environmental protection;

6) optimization of transportation of hazardous substances and materials;

7) licensing of industries that have an impact on the environment;

8) development of legislative, regulatory and other documents regulating the activities of hazardous industries.

Decision makers often face complex problems due to economic and social causes. It is necessary that the health of the population is not exposed to excessive danger due to emissions into the environment and other impacts of industrial enterprises or in the event of natural disasters, so that the well-being of ecosystems, the well-being of society, and the purity of the natural environment are maintained (Kuzmin, 1998).

2 Environmental risk management

2.1 General concepts of risk management

With the development of civilization, technology, technology, the increasing role of the human factor, the importance of risk management only increases. Risk management also affects the efficiency of the operation and system as well as the management of obtaining the target effect, resource management, which allows us to consider risk management as one of the components of the corporate management process.

It is equally important for an enterprise to manage political, financial, technological, personnel risks, ensure fire safety, manage actions in emergency situations, environmental protection, etc.

Risk management must be integrated into the corporate process, must have its own strategy, tactics, and operational implementation. It is noted that it is important not only to carry out risk management, but also to periodically review the activities and means of such management. High efficiency of resource spending in the implementation of the risk management program can only be ensured within the framework of a systematic approach. This approach in risk management is the most common.

Risk management becomes relevant after the discovery of a risk problem. In this case, the results of risk analysis and modeling should be used.

In general, in relation to risk, as a probable failure, the following control actions are possible: prevention, reduction, compensation for damage, absorption. Prevention (elimination) is the exclusion of the source of risk as a result of purposeful actions of the risk subject. There are two approaches to risk prevention: broad and narrow. The narrow approach is to prevent risk through specific measures carried out at the expense of sums insured and on the initiative of the insurer.

A broad approach is implemented outside the scope of insurance. Risk reduction (control) is a reduction in the probability of the risk source being realized as a result of the actions of risk subjects. Risk mitigation can be carried out by various methods, including through the use of methods such as diversification, securitization, and limiting. Divesification is the distribution of risk between several, objects, lines of activity, etc.

Securitization is the division of a lending operation into two parts (development of loan conditions and conclusion of an agreement; lending) with the implementation of each of these parts by different banks.

Limitation - setting limits on the size of investments, consignments of purchased goods, loans issued, etc.

Financial engineering is the use of financial derivatives to manage risk.

Abroad, it is believed that financial engineering has already taken shape as a separate financial specialty. At the same time, well-known foreign studies of risk management methods leave out of sight such important areas as the use of special forms of transactions (factoring, letters of credit, etc.), the use of an organizational and legal form to reduce the risk of a market activity subject, etc. This made it possible to single out non-fund insurance . In the non-fund form of insurance, insurance costs are included in the price during the initial distribution of the price.

Non-fund insurance is a closed relationship between participants in a commercial transaction or a project to reduce possible damage by reducing the vulnerability of risk objects through specially designed financial instruments, types of transactions, performance of roles, etc. risk function, then non-fund insurance is a product of a constructive stimulating risk function. Fund insurance is more economically feasible if risk prevention and reduction measures are not effective enough and (or) expensive.

Insurance (stock insurance) is called redistributive closed relations of participants in an insurance contract in monetary form regarding compensation for damage. Self-insurance - taking on the risk, creating a special fund by the risk subject to compensate for the probable loss. Absorption of risk is the acceptance of it without additional measures of prevention, reduction or insurance. It is necessary to make a fundamental difference between self-insurance and refusal of insurance without taking any measures (risk absorption). Often, risk absorption is taken if a large state or municipal enterprise has the ability to include most of the losses in current expenses.

Risk absorption is characteristic of the current socio-economic situation in Russia for the following main reasons:

1) lack of financial resources for insurance both for legal entities and individuals;

2) relative unreliability of some insurers in conditions of political instability, inflation, lack of profitable and reliable investment instruments.

These circumstances make risk management particularly relevant for entrepreneurs. Risk management should be considered at hierarchical levels: the state and its subsystems (political, social, regional, sectoral), financial and industrial groups and holdings, enterprises, families and citizens.

The risk management process includes goal setting, marketing, and management.

Risk-goal-setting in risk management is the process and result of choosing the best goal in risk management, taking into account available resources and the limitations of the current socio-economic, market situation.

Risk marketing is the choice of risk management methods and tools for certain management purposes, taking into account the actual restrictions on the use of constructive, technological, organizational (health and safety), financial instruments available to the risk subject in a particular situation. Risk management - maintaining a balance between resources, people, goals in the process of achieving certain risk goals using constructive, technological, organizational (labor health and safety), financial instruments found in the process of risk marketing.

Risk management, like any management, must include planning, motivation, organization and control. It is important to remember that risk management is both a science and an art. The more original the project, the higher the role of art in risk management. Therefore, the effectiveness of risk management can be improved not only through the use of scientific methods, but also through the creative success of the risk subject. Essential for risk management is the fact that the subject, and sometimes the object of such management, as a rule, is in a stressful state.

Risk management is possible both in the direction of increasing the possible gain, and in the direction of reducing the possible loss (Glushchenko, 1999).

2.2 Systematic approach to risk management

In connection with the complication of the conditions of production and economic activity, the growing variety of sources and possible consequences of the claim, they must be considered in a systematic connection with other factors and parameters of economic and production activities of market entities. The need for a systematic approach is also associated with an increase in the costs of monitoring and managing risks at all hierarchical levels (state, enterprise, individual). These costs reduce the efficiency of social production, and can also affect the socio-economic situation in the country.

A systematic approach to risk management is based on the fact that all phenomena and processes are considered in their systemic connection, the influence of individual elements and decisions on the system as a whole is taken into account. The systems approach can be expressed in that:

1) the goal of ensuring the safety of activities should be a systemic parallel protection of geopolitical, political, social, economic, financial processes, protection of the environment, design and technological structures of the economy from excessive (unacceptable) risks. At the same time, safety, labor protection, conflict management should be used. If it is not possible to achieve a balance of goals in risk management, then a positive effect will not be achieved. If it is not possible to ensure security in at least one factor, then it will not be possible to ensure security in general. For example, if there is no environmental security, then this alone is enough to make the population feel insecure;

2) risks (of different physical nature and having different sources) associated with one object or operation are considered as a single set of factors affecting the efficiency and consumption of resources; the relationship of risk management with the efficiency of systems and resource consumption at several hierarchical levels is considered: the state; territory; financial and industrial group or holding; enterprise or entrepreneur without formation of a legal entity; family and citizen. There should be a balance and it should be possible to create or allocate the reserve resources necessary for risk management at various hierarchical levels. If priority is given to risk management at only one of the hierarchical levels, then this will reduce the security in the risk management systems in the state as a whole;

3) risk management measures at various stages of the product life cycle (development, production, operation, disposal) and the product development cycle (draft design, technical design, prototypes) are considered as a kind of unified system.

4) measures for the preparation, execution, settlement, accounting of an operation (transaction) are formed and considered in such a way as to reasonably reduce the risks of this operation. For example, when preparing an operation, it is necessary to make sure that the partners are viable, to highlight provisions in the terms of the transaction that reduce risk (up to the use of non-fund insurance techniques for special types of transactions, letter of credit, factoring, leasing, etc.); during the transaction, special attention should be paid to transport risks; when making calculations, factors that can affect the possibility of refusing to pay and its timeliness are investigated; 5) at the stage of accounting, it is important to correctly reflect the obtained financial results, etc.; a set of measures is being developed to limit the risk at various enterprise cycles (creation, development, maturity, aging; investment, current operations, monetary) in their interconnection to protect against the risks of the enterprise as a whole;

5) a set (set) of actions is determined, united by the goal of improving the safety of activities through the use of a limited amount of resources distributed in time and space, consider operations to prevent, reduce, insure and absorb risks of various natures.

6) we are talking about the fact that each of the existing alternative possibilities for the use of some limited resources for the prevention (exclusion) of risk, its limitation (control) or risk insurance has its own ratio of "efficiency / costs". Therefore, it is important to determine which of the alternatives will give a greater effect in a particular situation, and to use these most effective actions or a combination of them;

7) a set of interrelated elements is considered as a risk management system using: legislative measures; economic and financial impact; constructive and technological solutions; organizational measures (safety and labor protection), environmental protection measures. It is important for the state to ensure the balance and effectiveness of various actions to reduce the risks of activities. To do this, certain types of activities that are dangerous and harmful to society (for example, the production and disposal of especially hazardous substances) are prohibited by law, certain activities are licensed, etc.

8) simultaneously and in parallel with this, the state, local authorities establish special taxes (for example, a tax on the reproduction of the mineral resource base), create and manage the activities of various kinds of sanitary-epidemiological, technical and other inspections;

9) it is rational to ensure a certain balance of resource consumption, the intensity of risk management measures and other areas of production and economic activity. It is especially important to maintain such a balance in relation to risk management and targeted activities while limiting the allocated resources;

10) in management, it is advisable to investigate the risk of goals, determine the ways and means of achieving them (risk marketing), management;

11) in management, the risks of studying and acting can be considered; risks of planning, organization, motivation and control; risks of secrecy and confidentiality; risks of conflict management.

12) there is always a reasonable balance between the desire for security and the resources necessary to ensure it. Risk management should have its own strategy, tactics and operational components (Blyakhman, 1999).

2.3 Classification of risk management decisions

The decision is the central link of any management. The classification of risk management decisions makes it possible to highlight their characteristic features, to provide for the possibility of reducing risks when making decisions. According to the area of ​​adoption, geopolitical, foreign policy, domestic political, economic, financial, technological, design, operational risk decisions can be distinguished. These types of decisions are in a system connection and can influence each other. According to the place in the risk management process, solutions can be identified:

1) risk goal-setting for the choice of risk management goals. These are the solutions that can least be explored and formalized. Formal methods for synthesizing goals have not been developed;

2) risk marketing by choosing methods (to prevent, reduce, insure, absorb) or tools (constructive, technological, financial, etc.) of risk management. These solutions allow formalization, in particular, the use of functional-logical methods;

3) risk management to maintain a balance in the triangle "people - resources - goals" in the process of achieving the set risk goals with the risk management tools selected at the risk marketing stage.

Risk reduction is possible:

1) at the stage of planning an operation or designing samples - by introducing additional elements and measures;

2) at the decision-making stage - using appropriate criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of a decision, for example, the Wald criteria (“count on the worst”) or Sedwidge (“count on the best”) or a criterion in which the risk indicator is limited in value (while the alternatives are not satisfying the risk constraint are not considered);

3) at the stage of performing an operation and operating technical systems - through strict observance and control of operating modes.

Within each of the directions, the measures taken will have a different ratio of effectiveness (reducing the likelihood of unacceptable damage) to the cost of their provision. These measures are costly and need to be increased as systems become more complex, so under certain conditions it may be more economically feasible to spend money not on risk prevention or mitigation, but on compensation for possible damage. In the latter case, an insurance mechanism is used. Thus, if in the process of preparing a decision it turns out that risk reduction measures are ineffective and expensive at the same time, then it may be more economically feasible to insure your actions. In this case, the task is not to prevent, but to compensate for the damage.

In accordance with approaches in management, one can single out risk solutions of traditional, systemic, situational, social and ethical management. According to the predictive effectiveness in risk management, one can distinguish: ordinary, synergistic and asynergic options for solutions and systems. Ordinary risk decision options are those decision options in which the efficiency of spending resources per unit of the effect obtained in risk management complies with the norms and standards adopted for the industry in question, type of activity.

Synergistic risk decision options are decision options, in the adoption of which the efficiency of spending resources in risk management increases dramatically, that is, the effect is clearly disproportionately increasing. Synergistic solutions appear in the development of new safe technologies (in agriculture, these are new types of fertilizers and food additives), the search for and elimination or protection of the most vulnerable places in the design of original devices, etc. Since the synergistic effect in risk management in any case is ultimately expressed in monetary form, then the synergistic effect of technologies, labor organization, etc. found in the financial sector.

Asynergic refers to solutions that do not allow obtaining a regulatory effect from the funds invested in risk management. Among the most common reasons for such decisions are: delay in the execution of a decision, lack of necessary resources, lack of organization, motivation, conflicts generated by decisions, etc.

According to the degree of importance of taking into account time constraints on the development, adoption and execution of risk decisions, systems operating in real time are distinguished - such systems in which decisions are made and implemented quickly enough to control and manage the object, including in the event of emergency situations. management, crisis decision-making. This situation is most typical for the crop-growing branch of agriculture, in particular, when making decisions on the start of sowing and harvesting in the presence of appropriate natural conditions and resources. It seems possible to single out "crisis decisions" from real-time decisions. The translation of the word “crisis” is known as “the moment of decision-making”. A crisis decision is a decision made at the moment corresponding to the moment of transition of the control object to the area of ​​uncontrollable or unacceptable states. Risk management has a special place in investment decisions.

The reasons for the need for economic investment are the renewal of the material and technical base, the increase in the volume of production activities, and the development of new types of activities (Egorov, 2002).

2.4 Typical risk decision algorithms

environmental risk management decision

If the problem is well structured on the basis of subject and statistical information, then programmed solutions can be applied. Then the methodological features of various types of management are reflected in the development of algorithms for preparing and making risk decisions. The development of special algorithms for making risk decisions can provide the necessary level of quality of organizational decisions and reduce the role of subjective factors. It is very important that this can speed up the risk management process. Generally speaking, for each of the organization's typical risk problems, a specific decision-making algorithm can be developed. At the same time, it seems possible to develop an algorithm for making risk decisions for various types of management. The algorithm for making risk decisions in traditional management may include the following operations:

1) detection of risk - problems;

2) collection of information about the sources, characteristics of harmful factors, the vulnerability of the object of risk, the consequences and damages generated by the impact of harmful factors;

3) displaying this information in a form convenient for analysis;

4) analysis of this information about the risks, the vulnerability of the object, the possible severity of damage;

5) determination of management objectives when solving a risk problem;

6) identification of a risk-problem with a previously practically occurring one;

7) study of the risk management techniques used and their consequences;

8) choice of course of action based on analogy and common sense;

The decision-making algorithm for systemic risk management may include the following operations:

1) control and detection of risk - problems;

2) collection of information;

4) analysis of information about risks in the system;

5) study of risk ratios of individual elements of the system;

6) study of risk ratios of various physical nature;

7) study of the ratios of the frequency and severity of risks of individual elements;

8) generation of a list of possible control actions in relation to each of the risks of each element of the system and a forecast of the effectiveness of these

9) impacts for a higher hierarchical level - system level;

10) evaluation and verification of solutions;

11) adoption, execution, bringing to the executors, execution, control over the implementation of decisions.

The decision-making algorithm for situational risk management may include the following operations:

1) detection (control) of a risk problem;

2) collection of information about risks, harmful factors, vulnerability in a particular situation;

3) displaying information in a form convenient for analysis;

4) analysis of information about the risks of the situation (sources, objects of risk; possible control actions; forecast of their effectiveness);

5) diagnosing the problem and ranking the risks of the situation;

6) determination of risk management objectives in a specific situation, taking into account available resources;

7) development of a criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of risk management in a particular situation;

8) verification and evaluation of options for risk decisions;

9) adoption, execution, bringing to the executors, execution, control over the implementation of decisions.

Decision making algorithm in social and ethical management. The essence of this type of management is to prevent a catastrophic impact on objects and subjects of management. One of the possible options for such a special risk-decision algorithm includes:

1) collection of information regarding: sources of risk, their physical nature, frequency, state and vulnerability of the control object, available control actions, parameters of unacceptable states of the control object;

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