In what cells of plants and animals is absent. Open Library - open library of educational information

Cell structure.

1. ATP synthesis is carried out in:

a - ribosomes

b - mitochondria

in - lysosomes

g - EPS

2. Ribosomes - cell organelles responsible for:

a - breakdown of organic substances

b - protein synthesis

c - ATP synthesis

d - photosynthesis

3. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for:

a - transport of substances through the cell

b - rearrangement of molecules

c - formation of lysosomes

d - all answers are correct

4. What components DO NOT contain mitochondria:

a - DNA

b - ribosome

c - folds of the inner membrane (crista)

g - EPS

5. Chloroplasts are organelles:

a - containing chlorophyll

b - having their own DNA molecule

c - carrying out photosynthesis

d - all answers are correct

6. Two-membrane organelles include:

a - nucleus and Golgi complex

b - nucleus, mitochondria and ER

c - mitochondria, plastids and nucleus

d - plastids, nucleus and lysosomes

7. Leukoplasts are:

a - colorless plastids

b - energy stations of the cell

c - stained plastids

d - organelles of only animal cells

8. To single-membrane organelles relate:

a - plastids and ER

b - mitochondria and Golgi apparatus

c - vacuoles and nucleus

d - ER, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles

9. Only plant cells are characterized by:

a - cell wall of cellulose, plastids, mitochondria

b - ribosomes, plastids, large vacuoles

c - ER, Golgi apparatus, plastids

d - plastids, cellulose cell wall, large vacuoles

10. Passive transport across the membrane includes:

a - diffusion

b - pinocytosis

c - phagocytosis

g - potassium-sodium pump

11. Lysosomes are organelles that:

a - carry out photosynthesis

b - contain enzymes that break down organic substances

c - synthesize proteins

g - synthesize ATP

12. Membrane available:

a - only in plants

b - all cells

c - only in animals

d - in bacteria and plants

13. Eukaryotes include:

a bacteria and viruses

b - plants and animals

c - plants, animals and fungi

d - bacteria, plants and animals

14. The cell nucleus is responsible for:

a - ATP synthesis

b - storage, transmission and implementation of hereditary information

c - synthesis and transport of substances

d - storage of genetic information and ATP synthesis

15. An animal cell does not contain:

a - mitochondria

b - chloroplasts

c - ribosomes

g - core

16. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum carries out:

a - transport of carbohydrates and lipids

b - protein transport

c - ATP synthesis

d - transport of water and mineral salts

17. Mitochondria and plastids are similar to each other, because:

a - have a single-membrane structure

b - have DNA, ribosomes and can divide

c - participate in photosynthesis

g - contain chromosomes

18. Non-membrane organelles include:

a - ER and Golgi apparatus

b - ribosomes and centrioles

c - plastids and centrioles

g - mitochondria and ribosomes

19. Granular endoplasmic reticulum:

a - transports lipids

b - participates in the synthesis and transport of proteins

c - transports carbohydrates

d - participates in the synthesis and transport of carbohydrates and lipids

20. Centrioles are organelles that:

a - involved in cell division

b - are part of the cell center

c - have the shape of cylinders

d - all answers are correct

21. How does water get into cell?

a - through the hydrophilic channels of protein molecules and through the bimolecular layer of lipids of the cell membrane

b - due to active transport

c - due to phagocytosis

d - due to pinocytosis

22. What organelles are absent in the cells of higher plants?

a - mitochondria

b - chloroplasts

c - Golgi complex

d - centrioles

23. What organelles are capable of converting the energy of sunlight into the energy of chemical bonds with the formation of organic matter?

a - mitochondria

b - chloroplasts

c - lysosomes

d - Golgi complex

24. Sign the constituent parts of an animal cell

The main components of a plant cell are the cell membrane and its contents, which is called the protoplast. The shell is responsible for the shape of the cell, and also provides reliable protection from the influence of external factors. The adult cell of a plant is the presence of a cavity with cell sap, which is called a vacuole. The cell protoplast contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles: plastids, mitochondria. The nucleus of a plant cell is covered with a two-membrane membrane that contains pores. Through these pores they enter the core of the substance.

It should be said that the cytoplasm of a plant cell has a rather complex structure of membranes. This includes lysosomes, the Golgi complex, and the endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoplasm of a plant cell is the main component that is involved in important processes of cell life. There are also non-membrane structures in the cytoplasm: ribosomes, microtubules, and others. The main plasma, in which all the organelles of the cell are located, is called hyaloplasm. A plant cell contains chromosomes that are responsible for the transmission of hereditary information.

Special features of a plant cell

The main distinguishing features of plant cells can be distinguished:

• The cell wall is made up of cellulose.
• Plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photoautotrophic nutrition due to the presence of chlorophylls with a green pigment.
• The plant cell assumes the presence of three varieties of plastids.
• The plant has a special vacuole cell, and young cells have small vacuoles, and an adult cell is distinguished by the presence of one large one.
• The plant is able to store carbohydrate in reserve as starch grains.

The structure of an animal cell

An animal cell without fail contains a nucleus and chromosomes, an outer membrane, as well as organelles located in the cytoplasm. The membrane of an animal cell protects its contents from external influences. The membrane is made up of protein and lipid molecules. The interaction of the nucleus and organelles of the animal cell is provided by the cytoplasm of the cell.


The organelles of an animal cell include ribosomes, which are located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here the process of synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids takes place. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and transport.

The mitochondria of an animal cell are limited by two membranes. Lysosomes of the animal cell contribute to the detailed breakdown of proteins to amino acids, lipids to the level of glycerol, and fatty acids to monosaccharides. The cell also contains the Golgi complex, which consists of a group of specific cavities that are separated by a membrane.

Similarities between plant and animal cells

The features that plant and animal cells are similar to include the following:

1. A similar structure of the structure system, i.e. the presence of a nucleus and cytoplasm.
2. The exchange process of substances and energy is similar in principle of implementation.
3. Both animal and plant cells have a membrane structure.
4. The chemical composition of cells is very similar.
5. In plant and animal cells, there is a similar process of cell division.
6. The plant cell and the animal have the same principle of transmitting the code of heredity.

Significant differences between plant and animal cells

In addition to the general features of the structure and vital activity of plant and animal cells, there are special distinctive features of each of them. Cells are different:

Thus, we can say that plant and animal cells are similar to each other in the content of some important elements and some life processes, and also have significant differences in structure and metabolic processes.

According to their structure, the cells of all living organisms can be divided into two large sections: non-nuclear and nuclear organisms.

In order to compare the structure of a plant and animal cell, it should be said that both of these structures belong to the supra-kingdom of eukaryotes, which means that they contain a membrane membrane, a morphologically formed nucleus, and organelles for various purposes.

In contact with

Structural features of a plant cell:

Structural features of an animal cell:

Brief comparison of plant and animal cells

What follows from this

1. The fundamental similarity in the features of the structure and molecular composition of plant and animal cells indicates the relationship and unity of their origin, most likely from unicellular aquatic organisms.
2. Both types contain many elements of the Periodic Table, which mainly exist in the form of complex compounds of inorganic and organic nature.
3. However, what is different is that in the process of evolution these two types of cells have diverged far from each other, because from various adverse effects of the external environment, they have completely different methods of protection and also have different ways of feeding from each other.
4. The plant cell mainly differs from the animal cell by a strong shell consisting of cellulose; special organelles - chloroplasts with chlorophyll molecules in their composition, with the help of which we carry out photosynthesis; and well-developed vacuoles with a supply of nutrients.

Part 2.

First write down the task number (36, 37, etc.), then the detailed solution. Write your answers clearly and legibly.

Explain why poppy seeds, carrots are sown at a depth of 1–2 cm, and corn and bean seeds at a depth of 6–7 cm.

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Poppy and carrot seeds are small and contain a small supply of nutrients. If they are sown deep, then the plants that have developed from them will not be able to break through to the light due to lack of nutrition. And larger seeds of corn and beans can be sown to a depth of 6-7 cm, as they contain a supply of nutrients sufficient for germination.

Name the organism shown in the figure and the kingdom to which it belongs. What is indicated by the numbers 1, 2? What is the role of these organisms in the ecosystem?

Show answer

1) The figure shows mucor. It belongs to the kingdom of mushrooms.

2) Number 1 indicates sporangium, number 2 - mycelium.

3) Some types of mucor cause diseases in animals and humans, others are used to obtain antibiotics or as a starter culture.

Find three errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.

1. Plants, like other organisms, have a cellular structure, feed, breathe, grow, multiply. 2. As representatives of one kingdom, plants have features that distinguish them from other kingdoms. 3. Plant cells have a cell wall consisting of cellulose, plastids, vacuoles with cell sap. 4. In the cells of higher plants there are centrioles. 5. In plant cells, ATP synthesis is carried out in lysosomes. 6. The reserve nutrient in plant cells is glycogen. 7. According to the way of nutrition, most plants are autotrophs.

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Mistakes are made in the following sentences:

4 - There are no centrioles in plant cells.

5 - ATP synthesis occurs in mitochondria.

6 - The reserve nutrient in plant cells is starch.

What characterizes the humoral regulation of human life processes? Give at least three signs.

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1) It is carried out through the liquid media of the body (blood, lymph, tissue fluid, oral cavity) with the help of hormones secreted by cells, organs, tissues;

2) Its action comes after a while (about 30 seconds), because the substances move along with the blood;

3) It is subordinate to nervous regulation and together with it forms a single system of neurohumoral regulation.

Currently, about 20 subspecies of the hare are known, which are found in Europe and Asia. Give at least four proofs of the biological progress of the hare species.

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1) Expansion of the habitat;

2) an increase in the number of subordinate systematic units (subspecies);

3) increase in the number of individuals;

4) decrease in mortality and increase in the birth rate.

The chromosome set of potato somatic cells is 48. Determine the chromosome set and the number of DNA molecules in cells during meiosis in meiosis prophase I and meiosis metaphase II. Explain all your results.

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In interphase I, DNA replication occurs, the number of chromosomes is constant, the amount of DNA increases by 2 times - 48 chromosomes, 96 DNA

The chromosome set in prophase I is equal to interphase - 48 chromosomes, 96 DNA

In anaphase I, whole chromosomes consisting of two chromatids diverge to the poles, the number of chromosomes decreases by 2 times - 24 chromosomes, 48 ​​DNA

No replication occurs in interphase II - 24 chromosomes, 48 ​​DNA

In metaphase II, the chromosome set is equal to interphase II - 24 chromosomes, 48 ​​DNA

The shape of the wings in Drosophila is an autosomal gene, the gene for eye size is located on the X chromosome. Drosophila is heterogametic in males. When two fruit flies with normal wings and normal eyes were crossed, the offspring produced a male with curled wings and small eyes. This male was crossed with a parent. Make a scheme for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents and the resulting male F 1 , genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring F 2 . What proportion of females from the total number of offspring in the second crossing is genotypically similar to the parent female? Determine their genotypes.

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3) Genotypically similar to the parent female, 1/8 of the females of the total number of offspring (12.5%).

1 option

1. Ribosomes - cell organelles responsible for:
1 - breakdown of organic matter
2 - protein synthesis
3 - ATP synthesis
4 - photosynthesis

2. ATP synthesis is carried out in:
1 - ribosome
2 - mitochondria
3 - lysosomes
4 - EPS

3. What components do NOT contain mitochondria:
1 - DNA
2 - ribosome
3 - folds of the inner membrane (crystal)
4 - EPS

4. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for:
1 - transport of substances through the cell
2 - rearrangement of molecules
3 - formation of lysosomes
4 - all answers are correct

^ 5. Two-membrane organelles include:
1 - core and Golgi complex
2 - nucleus, mitochondria and ER
3 - mitochondria, plastids

4 - plastids, nucleus and lysosomes

^ 6. Chloroplasts are organelles:
1 - containing chlorophyll
2 - having their own DNA molecule
3 - carrying out photosynthesis
4 - all answers are correct

^ 7. Leukoplasts are:
1 - colorless plastids
2 - energy stations of the cell
3 - stained plastids
4 - organelles of only animal cells

8. Only plant cells are characterized by:
1 - cell wall made of cellulose, plastids, mitochondria
2 - ribosomes, plastids, large vacuoles
3 - ER, Golgi apparatus, plastids
4 - plastids, cellulose cell wall, large vacuoles

^ 9. Single-membrane organelles include:
1 - plastids and EPS
2 - mitochondria and Golgi apparatus

3 - vacuoles and nucleus
4 - ER, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles
10. Passive transport across the membrane includes:
1 - diffusion
2 - pinocytosis
3 - phagocytosis
4 - sodium-potassium pump

^ 11. Lysosomes are organelles that:
1 - carry out photosynthesis
2 - contain enzymes that break down organic matter
3 - synthesize proteins
4 - synthesize ATP

^ 12. Membrane available:
1 - only in plants
2 - all cells
3 - only in animals
4 - in bacteria and plants

13. Eukaryotes include:
1 - bacteria and viruses
2 - plants and animals
3 - plants, animals and fungi
4 - bacteria, plants and animals

^ 14. The cell nucleus is responsible for:
1 - ATP synthesis
2 - storage, transmission and implementation of hereditary information
3 - synthesis and transport of substances
4 - storage of genetic information and ATP synthesis

^ 15. An animal cell does not contain:

1 - mitochondria

2 - chloroplasts

3 - ribosomes

16. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum carries out:
1 - transport of carbohydrates and lipids
2 - protein transport
3 - ATP synthesis
4 - transport of water and mineral salts

^ 17. Mitochondria and plastids are similar to each other, because:
1 - have a single-membrane structure
2 - have DNA, ribosomes and can divide
3 - participate in photosynthesis
4 - contain chromosomes

^ 18. Non-membrane organelles include :

1 - ER and Golgi apparatus
2 - ribosomes and centrioles
3 - plastids and centrioles
4 - mitochondria and ribosomes

19. Granular endoplasmic reticulum:
1 - transports lipids
2 - participates in the synthesis and transport of proteins
3 - transports carbohydrates
4 - participates in the synthesis and transport of carbohydrates and lipids

^ 20. Centrioles are organelles that:

1 - participate in cell division

2 - are part of the cell center
3 - have the shape of cylinders
4 - all answers are correct

Answers:

1. 
   What structural features of mitochondria led to an increase in the inner surface of its membrane?

1. 
   the presence of fluid inside the mitochondria
2. 
   presence of cristae
3. 
   a large amount of mitochondria
4. 
   form of mitochondria

1. 
   What is the name of the organelle, which is a single apparatus of biosynthesis?

1. 
   golgi apparatus
2. 
   mitochondrion
3. 
   chloroplast
4. 
   endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes

1. 
   The internal semi-liquid environment of the cell, penetrated by a network of tiny tubes that provide a relatively constant shape of the cell, is called:

1. 
   nuclear juice
2. 
   cytoplasm
3. 
   vacuole
4. 
   cavities of the Golgi complex

1. 
   Eukaryotic organisms include:

1. 
   decay bacteria
2. 
   lactic acid bacteria
3. 
   blue-green algae
4. 
   green algae

1. 
   Bacterial cells, unlike fungal cells, do not have:

1. 
   mitochondria
2. 
   ribosome
3. 
   cytoplasm
4. 
   shells

1. 
   One of the postulates of the cell theory: "All cells are formed from cells by division" belongs to

1. 
   T. Schwannu
2. 
   R. Virchow
3. 
   R. Brown
4. 
   J.Purkinje

1. 
   The cells of all living organisms are similar in structure and chemical composition, which indicates

1. 
   about the origin of life from wildlife
2. 
   about the origin of all living things
3. 
   about the ability of all cells to photosynthesis
4. 
   about similar metabolic processes

1. 
   The cell is the structural and functional unit of the living

1. 
   the cell contains about 70 chemical elements
2. 
   All proteins are made up of 20 amino acids
3. 
   cells are constantly undergoing biosynthesis and decay processes
4. 
   All living organisms, except viruses, are made up of cells.

1. 
   The nuclear structure that carries the hereditary information of the body:

1. 
   nuclear envelope
2. 
   chromosome
3. 
   nuclear juice
4. 
   nucleolus

1. 
   Processes occurring in ribosomes:

1. 
   photosynthesis
2. 
   lipid synthesis
3. 
   ATP synthesis
4. 
   protein synthesis

1. 
   The nucleolus is a collection of:

1. 
   karyoplasms

^ 12. The inner membrane of the chloroplast forms:

1. 
   matrix
2. 
   thylakoids
3. 
   stroma
4. 
   grains

13. Glycocalyx consists of:

1. 
   from the lipid layer
2. 
   from the protein layer
3. 
   from the polysaccharide layer
4. 
   from the polynucleic layer

^ 14. Ribosomes are made up of

1. 
   from phospholipids and proteins
2. 
   from membranes and protein complexes
3. 
   from proteins and nucleic acids
4. 
   no right answer

^ 15. Lysosomes are:

1. 
   single membrane vesicles with enzymes
2. 
   single-membrane vesicles with nutrients
3. 
   double-membrane vesicles with degradation products

^ 16. EPS is a system:

1. 
   microtubules and cisterns
2. 
   membranous tubules
3. 
   tubules and cisterns
4. 
   no right answer

17. Functions of mitochondria:

1. 
   ATP synthesis
2. 
   transport of substances
3. 
   protein synthesis
4. 
   participation in the formation of the spindle

^ 18. The cell center is absent in the cells:

1. 
   animals
2. 
   higher plants

19. Organelles of special importance include:

1. 
   centrioles
2. 
   vacuole
3. 
   lysosomes
4. 
   flagella

^ 20. With the appearance of what structure, the nucleus separated from the cytoplasm?

1. 
   chromosomes
2. 
   nuclear juice
3. 
   nucleolus
4. 
   nuclear envelope

Answers: