What century did Peter the Great live in? The struggle of Miloslavsky and Naryshkin for power

The history of Russia is diverse and interesting. Peter 1 was able to have a huge impact on her. In his reform activities, he relied on the experience of Western countries, but acted on the basis of the needs of Russia, while not having a definite system and program for reforms at all. The first Russian emperor was able to lead the country out of the "troubled" time into the progressive European world, forced to respect the power and reckon with it. Of course, he was a key figure in the formation of the state.

Politics and government

Consider the policy and reign of Peter 1 briefly. He was able to create all the necessary conditions for a wide acquaintance with Western civilization, and the process of abandoning the old foundations was rather painful for Russia. An important feature of the reforms was that they affected all social strata, in this the history of the reign of Peter 1 was very different from the activities of his predecessors.

But in general, Peter's policy was aimed at strengthening the country, introducing it to culture. True, he often acted from a position of strength, however, he was able to create a powerful country, with an emperor at the head, who has absolute unlimited power.

Before Peter 1, Russia lagged far behind economically and technically from other countries, but conquests and transformations in all areas of life led to the strengthening, expansion of the empire's borders and its development.

The policy of Peter 1 was to overcome the crisis of traditionalism through many reforms, as a result of which the modernized Russia became one of the main participants in international political games. She actively lobbied for her interests. Its authority grew significantly, and Peter himself began to be considered a model of a great reformer.

He laid the foundations of Russian culture and created an effective management system that was preserved for many years.

Many experts, studying Russian history, believe that the implementation of reforms by force was unacceptable, although the opinion is not denied that otherwise the country simply could not be raised, and the emperor should be tough. Despite the reconstruction, the country did not get rid of the system of serfdom. On the contrary, the economy rested on it, a stable army consisted of peasants. This was the main contradiction in the ongoing reforms of Peter the Great, so the prerequisites for a crisis in the future appeared.

Biography

Peter 1 (1672-1725) was the youngest son in the marriage of A. M. Romanov and N. K. Naryshkina. Learning the alphabet began on 03/12/1677, when he was not yet five years old. Peter 1, whose biography was full of bright events from childhood, later became a great emperor.

The prince studied very willingly, loved different stories and reading books. When the queen found out about this, she ordered to give him books on history from the library of the palace.

In 1676, Peter 1, whose biography at that time was marked by the death of his father, remained in the upbringing of his older brother. He was appointed heir, but because of poor health, ten-year-old Peter was proclaimed sovereign. The Miloslavskys did not want to come to terms with this, and therefore the Streltsy rebellion was provoked, after which both Peter and Ivan were on the throne.

Peter and his mother lived in Izmailovo, the ancestral home of the Romanovs, or in the village of Preobrazhensky. The tsarevich never received a church and secular education, he existed on his own. Energetic, very mobile, he often played battles with his peers.

In the German Quarter, he met his first love and made many friends. The beginning of the reign of Peter 1 was marked by a riot organized by Sophia, who was trying to get rid of her brother. She did not want to give power into his hands. In 1689, the prince had to take refuge in. The regiments and most of the court joined him, and sister Sophia was removed from the government and imprisoned by force in a monastery.

Peter 1 was established on the throne. From that moment on, his biography becomes even more eventful both in his personal life and in state activity. He participated in campaigns against Turkey, went as a volunteer to Europe, where he took a course in artillery sciences, studied shipbuilding in England, and made many reforms in Russia. He was married twice and had 14 officially recognized children.

Personal life of Peter I

She became the first wife of the king, whom they married in 1689. The mother chose the bride for the great sovereign, and he did not feel tenderness for her, but only hostility. In 1698, she was forcibly tonsured a nun. Personal life is a separate page of the book, in which the story of Peter 1 could be described. On his way he met Marta, a Livonian beauty who was captured by the Russians, and the sovereign, seeing her in the Menshikov house, no longer wanted to part with her. After their wedding, she became Empress Catherine I.

Peter loved her very much, she bore him many children, but after learning about her betrayal, he decided not to bequeath the throne to his wife. The king had a difficult relationship with his son from his first marriage. The emperor died without having time to leave a will.

Hobbies of Peter I

Even as a child, the future great Tsar Peter 1 gathered “amusing” regiments from his peers and launched battles. In later life, it was these well-trained regiments that became the main guard. Peter was very inquisitive by nature, and therefore he was interested in many crafts and sciences. The fleet is another passion of his, he was seriously engaged in shipbuilding. He mastered fencing, horseback riding, pyrotechnics, and many other sciences.

Beginning of the reign

The beginning of the reign of Peter 1 was a dual kingdom, as he shared power with his brother Ivan. After the deposition of his sister Sophia, Peter did not rule the state for the first time. Already at the age of 22, the young king turned his eyes to the throne, and all his hobbies began to take on real shapes for the country. His first Azov campaign was undertaken in 1695, in the spring of 1696 - the second. Then the sovereign begins to build a fleet.

Appearance of Peter I

From infancy, Peter was a rather large baby. Even as a child, he was handsome both in face and figure, and among his peers he was above all. In moments of excitement and anger, the king's face twitched nervously, and this frightened those around him. Duke Saint-Simon gave his exact description: “Tsar Peter 1 is tall, well-built, a little thin. Round face and beautifully shaped eyebrows. The nose is a little short, but not striking, large lips, dark skin. The king has black eyes of beautiful shape, lively and very penetrating. The look is very welcoming and majestic.

Epoch

Of great interest is the era of Peter 1, as this is the beginning of the growth and comprehensive development of Russia, turning it into a great power. Thanks to the transformations of the monarch and his activities, a system of administration and education was built over several decades, a regular army and a navy were formed. Industrial enterprises grew, handicrafts and crafts developed, and domestic and foreign trade improved. There was a constant provision of jobs for the population of the country.

Culture in Russia under Peter I

Russia changed a lot when Peter ascended the throne. The reforms he carried out were of great importance for the country. Russia has become stronger, constantly expanding its borders. It has become a European state with which other countries had to reckon. Not only military affairs and trade were developed, but there were also cultural achievements. The New Year began to be calculated from January 1, a ban on beards appeared, the first Russian newspaper and foreign books in translation were published. Career growth without education has become impossible.

Having ascended the throne, the great emperor made many changes, and the history of the reign of Peter 1 is diverse and majestic. One of the most important decrees stated that the custom of passing the throne to descendants only through the male line was abolished, and anyone could be appointed an heir at the will of the king. The decree was very unusual, and it had to be substantiated and the consent of the subjects forced to be given under oath. But death did not give him the opportunity to put it into practice.

Etiquette in the time of Peter

Significant changes took place during the time of Peter 1 and in etiquette. The courtiers wore European clothes, a beard could be kept only by paying a large fine. It became fashionable to wear Western-style wigs. Women who were not previously present at palace receptions have now become obligatory guests, their education has improved, since it was believed that a girl should be able to dance, know foreign languages ​​​​and play musical instruments.

The character of Peter I

The character of the monarch was controversial. Peter is quick-tempered and at the same time cold-blooded, wasteful and stingy, tough and merciful, very demanding and often condescending, rude and gentle at the same time. This is how those who knew him describe him. But at the same time, the great emperor was an integral nature, his life was completely devoted to serving the state, it was to him that he dedicated his life.

Peter 1 was very thrifty when he spent money on personal needs, but he did not skimp on the construction of his palaces and his beloved wife. The emperor believed that the easiest way to reduce vices was to reduce his needs, and he should set an example for his subjects. Two of his hypostases are clearly visible here: one is the great and powerful emperor, whose palace in Peterhof is not inferior to Versailles, the other is a thrifty owner, setting an example of an economical life for his subjects. Avarice and prudence were also evident to European residents.

reforms

The beginning of the reign of Peter 1 was marked by many reforms, mainly related to military affairs, which were often carried out by force, and did not always lead to the desired result. But after 1715 they became more systematic. We touched upon the reform from the first years, which turned out to be ineffective in governing the country. If we consider the reign of Peter 1 briefly, we can highlight several important points. He organized the Near Office. Many boards were introduced, each responsible for its own direction (taxes, foreign policy, trade, courts, etc.). underwent radical changes. The post of fiscal was introduced to control employees. The reforms affected all aspects of life: military, church, financial, commercial, autocratic. Thanks to the radical restructuring of all spheres of life, Russia began to be considered a great power, which was what Peter 1 wanted.

Peter I: important years

If we consider important dates in the life and work of the monarch, then Peter 1, whose years were marked by various events, was most active at some time intervals:

The beginning of the reign of Peter 1 was built from the very beginning on the struggle for the state. They didn't call him the Great for nothing. Dates of the reign of Peter 1: 1682-1725. Being strong-willed, resolute, talented, sparing no effort or time to achieve the goal, the king was strict with everyone, but first of all with himself. Often ruthless, but it was thanks to his vigor, determination, assertiveness and some cruelty that Russia changed dramatically, becoming a Great Power. The era of Peter 1 changed the face of the state for many centuries. And the city he founded became the capital of the empire for 300 years. And now St. Petersburg is one of the most beautiful cities in Russia and proudly bears its name in honor of the great founder.

The last tsar of all Russia and the first Emperor of Russia - Peter the First- a truly great figure. No wonder this king was called Peter the Great. He sought not only to expand the borders of the Russian state, but also to make life in it similar to what he saw in Europe. He learned a lot himself and taught others.

Brief biography of Peter the Great

Peter the Great belonged to the Romanov family, he was born June 9, 1672. His father is a king Alexey Mikhailovich. His mother is the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich, Natalia Naryshkina. Peter I was the first child from the tsar's second marriage and the fourteenth in a row.

AT 1976 the father of Peter Alekseevich died and his elder son ascended the throne - Fedor Alekseevich. He was sickly and ruled for about 6 years.

The death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and the accession of his eldest son Fyodor (from Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna, nee Miloslavskaya) pushed Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna and her relatives, the Naryshkins, into the background.

Streltsy rebellion

After the death of Fedor III, the question arose: who will rule next? Peter's older brother Ivan was a sickly child (he was also called weak-minded) and it was decided to put Peter on the throne.

However, the relatives of the first wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich did not like it - Miloslavsky. Enlisting the support of 20 thousand archers, who showed discontent at that time, the Miloslavsky staged a riot in 1682.

The consequence of this streltsy rebellion was the proclamation of Peter's sister, Sophia, as regent until Ivan and Peter grow up. Subsequently, Peter and Ivan were considered dual rulers of the Russian state until Ivan's death in 1686.

Tsarina Natalya was forced to go to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow with Peter.

"Amusing" troops of Peter

In the villages Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky Peter was engaged in far from children's games - he formed from his peers "fun" troops and learned to fight. Foreign officers helped him to master military literacy.

Later, from these two battalions were formed Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments- the basis of Peter's guard.

Beginning of independent government

In 1689 On the advice of his mother, Peter married. The daughter of a Moscow boyar was chosen for him as a bride Evdokia Lopukhin. After the marriage, 17-year-old Peter was considered an adult and could claim independent rule.

Suppression of the rebellion

Princess Sophia immediately realized what danger she was in. Not wanting to lose power, she persuaded the archers stand up to Peter. Young Peter managed to gather an army loyal to him, and together with him he moved to Moscow.

The uprising was brutally suppressed, the instigators were executed, they were hanged, flogged with a whip, burned with a red-hot iron. Sofia was sent to Novodevichy Convent.

Capture of Azov

Since 1696, after the death of Tsar Ivan V, Peter became sole ruler of Russia. He turned his gaze a year earlier to the map. Advisers, among them the beloved Swiss Lefort, suggested that Russia needed access to the sea, it was necessary to build a fleet, it was necessary to move south.

The Azov campaigns began. Peter himself participated in the battles, gained combat experience. On the second attempt, they captured Azov, in a convenient bay of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, Peter laid the city Taganrog.

Trip to Europe

Peter went "incognito", he was called the volunteer Petr Mikhailov,
sometimes captain of the Preobrazhensky Regiment.

In England Peter the Great studied maritime affairs, in Germany- artillery, in Holland worked as a simple carpenter. But he had to return to Moscow prematurely - he received information about a new rebellion of archers. After the brutal massacre of the archers and executions, Peter began to prepare for the war with Sweden.

Peter's war with Sweden

On the allies of Russia - Poland and Denmark- the young Swedish king began to attack CharlesXII who decided to conquer all of northern Europe. Peter I decided to go to war against Sweden.

Battle of Narva

First battle near Narva in 1700 was unsuccessful for the Russian troops. Having a multiple advantage over the Swedish army, the Russians failed to take the fortress of Narva, and they had to retreat.

decisive action

Having attacked Poland, Charles XII got bogged down in the war for a long time. Taking advantage of the respite, Peter announced a set of recruits. He issued a decree according to which they began to collect money for the war against Sweden, bells from churches melted down into cannons, strengthened old fortresses, erected new ones.

St. Petersburg - the new capital of Russia

Peter the First personally participated in a sortie with two regiments of soldiers against the Swedish ships that blocked the exit to the Baltic Sea. The attack was successful, the ships were captured, the exit to the sea became free.

On the banks of the Neva, Peter ordered the construction of a fortress in honor of Saints Peter and Paul, later named Petropavlovskaya. It was around this fortress that the city was formed. St. Petersburg is the new capital of Russia.

Battle of Poltava

The news of Peter's successful sortie on the Neva forced the Swedish king to move his troops to Russia. He chose the south, where he was waiting for help from Turk and where is ukrainian Hetman Mazepa promised him to give the Cossacks.

The battle near Poltava, where the Swedes and Russians pulled their troops, did not last long.

The Cossacks brought by Mazepa were left by Charles XII in the wagon train, they were not sufficiently trained and equipped. The Turks never came. Numerical superiority in the troops was on the side of the Russians. And no matter how hard the Swedes tried to break through the ranks of the Russian troops, no matter how they rebuilt their regiments, they failed to turn the tide of the battle in their favor.

The cannonball hit Karl's stretcher, he lost consciousness, and panic began among the Swedes. After the victorious battle, Peter arranged a feast at which treated the captured Swedish generals and thanked them for the science.

Internal reforms of Peter the Great

Peter the Great actively, in addition to wars with other states, was engaged in reforms within the country. He demanded that the courtiers take off their coats and put on European clothes, that they shave their beards, go to balls arranged for them.

Important reforms of Peter

Instead of the Boyar Duma, he established Senate, who dealt with the solution of important state issues, introduced a special Table of ranks, which defined the classes of military and civilian officials.

Petersburg began to operate Marine Academy, opened in Moscow math school. Under him, the country began to publish first Russian newspaper. For Peter, there were no titles and awards. If he saw a capable person, albeit of low birth, then he sent him to study abroad.

Reform Opponents

Many innovations of Peter did not like- starting from the highest ranks, ending with serfs. The church called him a heretic, the schismatics - the Antichrist, sent all sorts of blasphemy against him.

The peasants were completely dependent on the landowners and the state. Increasing tax burden 1.5-2 times, for many it turned out to be unbearable. Major uprisings took place in Astrakhan, on the Don, in Ukraine, the Volga region.

Breaking the old way of life caused a negative reaction among the nobles. Peter's son, his heir Alexei, became an opponent of reforms and went against his father. He was accused of conspiracy and in 1718 sentenced to death.

Last year of reign

In the last years of the reign of Peter was very sick He had kidney problems. In the summer of 1724, his illness intensified, in September he felt better, but after a while the attacks intensified.

On January 28, 1725, he had such a bad time that he ordered a camp church to be built in the room next to his bedroom, and on February 2 he confessed. Forces began to leave the sick, he no longer screamed, as before, from severe pain, but only moaned.

On February 7, all those sentenced to death or hard labor were amnestied (excluding murderers and those convicted of repeated robbery). On the same day, at the end of the second hour, Peter demanded paper, began to write, but the pen fell out of his hands, only two words could be made out of what was written: "Give it all...".

At the beginning of the sixth hour in the morning February 8, 1725 Peter the Great "The Great" died in terrible agony in his Winter Palace near the Winter Canal, according to the official version, from pneumonia. He was buried in Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

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History of the reign of Emperor Peter I

The personality of Peter the Great stands apart in Russian history, because everything that his contemporaries, successors and followers did did not stand next to those deep state transformations that this ruler was able to introduce into the historical memory of the people. As a result of Peter's wise rule, Russia was able to become an empire, taking its place among the developed states of Europe!

Childhood and youth of the future first emperor of Russia.

Pyotr Alekseevich was born in the summer of June 9, 1672 in the family of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. His mother was the second wife of the king - Natalya Naryshkina. At the age of four, he is left without a father, who died at the age of forty-seven.

Nikita Zotov, who was considered quite educated for the period of then Russia, took up the upbringing and education of the young prince. It is worth noting the fact that Peter was the youngest in a considerable family of Tsar Alexei, who had thirteen children. In 1682, the struggle of the boyar clans - the Naryshkins and the Miloslavskys, relatives of the first and second wives of the late tsar, begins at the royal court.

The latter advocated that the sick Tsarevich Ivan act as the new ruler of the state. The reverse side, having enlisted the support of the patriarch, insisted that the healthy and mobile ten-year-old Peter should become the ruler of Russia. As a result, a compromise option was approved, according to which both princes became kings with a common regent - their elder sister Sophia.

As a teenager, the future ruler discovers a craving for the art of war. At his request and command, “amusing” regiments are created, which are engaged in imitating real military operations, helping to form the skills of a commander in Peter. In the future, the "amusing" regiments turn into the guards and personal support of Peter. Also, Peter is fond of shipbuilding, for this a flotilla was created on the Yauza River.

Contemporaries note that at first Peter was not at all interested in the politics and affairs of the state. He often traveled to Nemetskaya Sloboda, where the tsar met his future associates, General Gordon and Lefort. At the same time, the young ruler spent most of his time in Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky villages. Amusing regiments were also formed there, which later turned into the first guards regiments - Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky.

The year 1689 was marked by the consumption of opinions between Sophia and Peter, who demanded that her sister remove her to the monastery, because both Ivan and Peter had to rule independently by this time, since both had come of age. From 1689 to 1696 both brothers were rulers until Ivan died.

Peter was aware that the position of modern Russia does not allow her to realize the foreign policy plans of the ruler. In addition, the country in that state could not develop internally. The most important step towards correcting the current situation was obtaining access to the Black Sea, which, of course, would give an impetus to Russian industry and trade.

For this reason, Tsar Peter decides to continue the work that his sister started, intensifying the fight against Turkey within the framework of the Holy League. However, instead of the usual campaign for Russia in the Crimea, the ruler throws forces under Azov to the south. And although this year it was not possible to take Azov, it was taken the next year after the necessary flotilla was built in Voronezh. At the same time, further participation in the Holy League of Russia gradually lost its meaning, because Europe was preparing forces for the war for the Spanish Succession. Because of this, the war with Turkey lost its relevance for the Austrian Habsburgs. In turn, Russia without allies could not oppose the Ottomans.

Azov campaigns of Peter I

One of the most urgent and key tasks facing the future emperor was the continuation of military operations against the Crimean Khanate. The first attempt to capture the fortress of Azov was made by Russian troops in 1695, but the lack of preparedness of the military company did not allow the siege to be successfully completed in the end. One of the factors of failure was the lack of a full-fledged fleet in the Russian state. The result of the first siege of Azov was Peter's realization of the need for a radical transformation of the Russian army and the creation of a fleet.

Before the second siege of the Azov fortress in 1696, the Russian army was more than doubled, the first full-fledged warships appeared, with the help of which the city was blocked from the sea. The result of the siege was the capture of the fortress by Russian troops and the foundation of the first Russian fortress on the Sea of ​​Azov - Taganrog.

"Great Embassy" to Western European countries

After the successful capture of the fortress of Azov, Peter decides to travel to Western European countries in order to strengthen the allied relations of the European powers and the Russian state against the offensive of the Turks. In addition to the main goal, Peter sought to study the Western European way of life, learn about the achievements of technological progress.

Thus, from 1697 to 1698, Tsar Peter the Great traveled incognito throughout Europe as part of the Great Embassy, ​​taking the name of the scorer Peter Mikhailov. During this period, the ruler personally got acquainted with the monarchs of the richest and most developed countries in Europe. In addition, from this journey the king brings extensive knowledge of shipbuilding, artillery, and navigation. After his audience with the Polish king August II, the Russian tsar gives the order to move the center of foreign policy activity from south to north and gain access to the Baltic Sea. Only Sweden, which at that time was one of the most powerful Baltic states, stood in the way of Peter.

Going to Europe as part of the “Great Embassy” was one of the fateful decisions of Peter I. There he got acquainted with the achievements of Western European technical thought, got an idea of ​​the way of life, got acquainted with the basics of navigation and shipbuilding. Visits to local cultural attractions, theaters and museums, manufactories and schools laid the foundation for future Peter's reforms.

The era of Peter's reforms and economic reforms

The results of the reign of Peter I

Wanting to make Russia more developed in all respects, the tsar introduces state reforms, creating collegiums, the Senate, as well as bodies of higher state control. Also, Peter introduces the Spiritual Regulations, subordinates the church to the state, builds a new capital, St. Petersburg, and divides the country into separate provinces.

Realizing that Russia lagged far behind the European powers in industrial development, the tsar uses the experience brought from Europe in various fields - in culture, trade and manufacturing.

The Russian sovereign forcibly forced merchants and nobles to receive and develop the knowledge necessary for the country. No less successful was the foreign policy of the king. He personally led military operations in the Azov campaigns, and also developed tactical and strategic operations for the Northern War, the Prut and Persian campaigns.

Tsar Peter the Great died on February 18, 1725 due to pneumonia, received during the rescue of fishermen.

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   Peter the Great established

The historian Klyuchevsky said that autocracy is quite unattractive, because the civil conscience will never reconcile with it. However, a person who combines this unnatural strength and self-sacrifice, risking himself for the good of the country, is worthy of exorbitant reverence.

Childhood

Peter, born on May 30, 1672, had almost no chance of the throne, since his father had older children. But fate constantly did everything so that this particular person, who went down in history as Peter the Great, was at the helm of Russia.

The villages - Vorobyevo and Preobrazhenskoye - witnessed the maturation of the future monarch, it was here that Peter's inquisitive mind and tough, purposeful disposition were formed. He studied military affairs, mathematical sciences from experts from the German settlement, and at the age of 11 he even got his own amusing guard, conducting regular classes with her.

The beginning of the reign and the beginning of victories

It turned out that there were three contenders for the throne - Peter, his sickly brother Ivan and Princess Sophia, who until a certain time served as a regent. Starting from 1694, the sole power was in the hands of Peter Alekseevich, and the very next year was marked by the first attempt to pave the way for the country to the sea. This Azov campaign turned out to be unsuccessful, but the next one brought the desired result - largely thanks to the fleet built at the Voronezh shipyards, it was possible to split the Crimean Khanate.

"Great Embassy"

This is the name of Peter's long journey through Western Europe, which happened in 1697. One of the reasons for the trip was the desire to expand the anti-Turkish alliance. However, there were other tasks: to learn everything new that Europe had created, to hire skilful craftsmen to serve in Russia to train Russian people, and also to acquire high-quality military equipment. The embassy consisted of 250 people, several dozen remained in Europe to study.

Start of reforms

In April of the following year, Peter was forced to return to suppress the Streltsy rebellion raised by his sister Sophia in order to seize power. The rebellion was brutally suppressed, and just as resolutely the tsar set about changing the age-old Russian foundations. Russia was considered a backward country, and Peter decides to radically change the order in order to make his state civilized. Noble people were now forced to go beardless and in European clothes, social life was enriched with various amusements, and they began to celebrate the new year on January 1.

Northern War and continuation of reforms

Russia fought with Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea. Having begun in 1700 with failures, this war, which lasted until 1721, glorified the country, bringing Russia into the ranks of the leading European powers. The Battle of Poltava is especially famous, sung at one time by A.S. Pushkin.

1721 - the time of the formation of the Russian Empire, and its ruler began to be called the emperor. Peter continued to strive to ensure that the country was strong in all respects. Boards were formed - prototypes of future ministries, a "Table of Ranks" based on serviceability was established, a new capital, St. Petersburg, was laid. And the Northern War, which ended in victory, increased the power of the state.

Peter was criticized a lot for breaking age-old traditions. But the breakthrough he made was necessary at that time, otherwise Russia would have remained a backward country, and this could lead to adverse consequences. Peter 1 died in 1725, remaining the Great in history.

Brief information about Peter 1