Military field surgeon. Training of military doctors, the pros and cons of the profession

In 1864, she consolidated the special neutral status of medical personnel, designating their duty to perform "exclusively medical" functions and provide "impartial" medical care to all victims of war and armed conflicts:

Art. 1. Camping infirmaries and military hospitals will be recognized as neutral and, on this basis, will be considered inviolable and enjoy the protection of the belligerents as long as the sick or wounded are in them.

Art. 2. The right of neutrality will apply to the personnel of hospitals and field infirmaries, including quartermaster, medical, administrative and transport units for the wounded, as well as including clergy, when it is in action and as long as there are wounded who need to be picked up or assisted.

Art. 7. For hospitals and camp infirmaries, and during the cleansing of such, a special flag, the same for all, will be adopted. It must, in all cases, be flown together with the national flag. Similarly, for persons under the protection of neutrality, the use of a special sign on the sleeve will be allowed; but the extradition thereof will be given to the military authorities. The flag and sleeve badge will be white with a red cross.

Military doctors in antiquity

Even the ancient Greeks had special doctors with their troops. Some of them were engaged in the treatment of exclusively internal diseases, others were surgical (the very old name of the doctor meant “removing arrows”). Doctors were an invariable affiliation of the army; their opinion was asked when setting up the camp. They were educated in religious and secular medical schools.

In the first centuries of the existence of Rome, medicine bears the features of the prehistoric period; in the treatment of diseases, spells, exorcism and various superstitious schemes are used. During the war against the epidemic, prayers are appointed in the troops, priests perform various religious ceremonies. Damage received during the battles, the soldiers heal each other or use the services of random doctors. There are no permanent military doctors, since there is no permanent army. Over time, the Roman army becomes permanent and with it there are military doctors, divided into ranks. Each significant military unit, each warship had its own doctor or doctors. The representatives of the medical class were almost exclusively Greeks, who used the scientific Greek medicine they had learned.

In the Byzantine Empire, the troops also had permanent doctors, like the Roman ones, they were divided into categories and were subordinate to the chief medical inspector.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, there were no permanent doctors to treat soldiers until the 11th century, and there were also no hospitals. For the first time, hospitals began to be arranged in Italy for the returning crusaders. The large Italian cities also had their own troops and began to hire doctors for them and build infirmaries in Florence, Bologna and other places. Soon, in other states, city magistrates (in Paris, Vienna) introduced similar institutions; their example was followed by feudal princes and kings. However, there were very few doctors in the troops.

Military doctors in modern times

After the advent of firearms, the number of injuries in war increased dramatically. The military saw that wounds often lead to death; a seemingly insignificant wound leads to extensive inflammation. For everyone, the need for doctors has become obvious, and, since the 14th century, in every large detachment there are barbers, paramedics with assistants and special surgeons and doctors. Hospitals and pharmacies are being set up for sick servicemen. Doctors did not yet treat surgical diseases, and surgeons were little better than barbers. Physicians who were equally familiar with internal medicine and surgery did not begin to graduate from medical schools until the 18th century.

The army and navy always required doctors, comprehensively educated, and, moreover, good surgeons. In the military medical schools of the 18th century, for the first time, a complete combination of medicine and surgery takes place; all major branches of medicine are considered equal and are taught as fully as possible.

Training of military doctors in Russia under Peter I

Peter I set out to provide the Russian troops during the fighting with the necessary number of Russian doctors (healers). To do this, it was necessary to have a permanent source from which doctors would graduate, and Peter founded the first medical school for 50 students in Moscow and, with it, the first military hospital in Russia (now the Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N. N. Burdenko), which began to be built in 1706 and finished in 1707. The energetic and comprehensively educated doctor Nikolai Bidloo was put at the head:

... Behind the Yauza river against the German settlement, in a decent place, for the treatment of sick people. And that treatment should be for Dr. Nikolai Bidloo, and for two doctors, Andrei Repkin, and for the other - who will be sent; yes, from foreigners and from Russians, from all ranks of people - to recruit 50 people for pharmaceutical science; and for the building and for the purchase of medicines and for all sorts of things belonging to that, and the doctor, and the doctors, and the students for the salary, keep the money from the fees of the Monastic order.

Already at the beginning of the 20th century in 1907, Moskovsky Leaflet wrote: “Until that time, everything in Russia - from a serf to a duma boyar, was treated only by healers, and foreign doctors who came from time to time enjoyed attention only at the Court, and even then they were treated with mistrust and suspicion… Great Peter decided to create his own Russian hospital, which would be not only a place of healing, but also the first school for Russian doctors.”

During this period, a connection between the medical class and the spiritual was established for a long time: the sons of the ministers of the church joined the ranks of military doctors. It happened like this: the hospital and the school under it were under the jurisdiction of the Synod, and when there was a need for students for a new school, the Synod pointed to a source from where future doctors could be recruited - Greek-Latin schools. Of these, the required number of students for the hospital was selected, later students were sent from theological seminaries.

Schools were founded on the model of Moscow in St. Petersburg and Kronstadt. In 1715, a large land hospital was opened on the embankment of the Vyborg side; in 1719, an admiralty hospital appeared near it, and in 1720 a similar hospital was founded in Kronstadt. All these hospitals were called general hospitals and it was supposed to organize medical schools with them, which was done only after the death of Peter in 1733, when surgical schools were founded in St. Petersburg at the land and admiralty hospitals and in Kronstadt. In the first two, it was supposed to have 20 students and 10 assistant doctors, and in the third, 15 students and 8 assistant doctors.

Military-medical Academy

A radical reform in the training of military doctors occurred with the formation of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy (since 1881 - the Military Medical Academy) by decree of Paul I.

Military doctors in the Red Army

By decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of September 22, 1935, the following ranks were established for military doctors:

Senior military assistant
Military doctor 3rd rank
Military doctor 2nd rank
Military doctor 1st rank
Brigvrach
Divvrach
Korvrach
Armdoctor

When entering or conscripting into the army, persons with a higher medical education were awarded the title of "Military doctor of the 3rd rank" (equivalent to the rank of captain).

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Notes

Sources

St. Petersburg, Synodal Printing House, 1902.

An excerpt characterizing a military doctor

At the beginning of July, more and more disturbing rumors about the course of the war spread in Moscow: they talked about the sovereign's appeal to the people, about the arrival of the sovereign himself from the army to Moscow. And since the manifesto and appeal had not been received before July 11, exaggerated rumors circulated about them and about the situation in Russia. They said that the sovereign was leaving because the army was in danger, they said that Smolensk had been surrendered, that Napoleon had a million troops, and that only a miracle could save Russia.
July 11th, Saturday, the manifesto was received but not yet printed; and Pierre, who was with the Rostovs, promised the next day, on Sunday, to come to dinner and bring a manifesto and an appeal, which he would get from Count Rostopchin.
On this Sunday, the Rostovs, as usual, went to Mass at the house church of the Razumovskys. It was a hot July day. Already at ten o'clock, when the Rostovs got out of the carriage in front of the church, in the hot air, in the cries of peddlers, in the bright and light summer dresses of the crowd, in the dusty leaves of the trees of the boulevard, in the sounds of music and white trousers of the battalion that had passed for divorce, in the thunder of the pavement and In the bright glare of the hot sun there was that summer languor, contentment and dissatisfaction with the present, which is especially sharply felt on a clear hot day in the city. In the church of the Razumovskys there was all the nobility of Moscow, all the acquaintances of the Rostovs (this year, as if expecting something, a lot of wealthy families, usually moving around the villages, remained in the city). Passing behind the livery footman, who was parting the crowd near her mother, Natasha heard the voice of a young man speaking in a too loud whisper about her:
- This is Rostov, the same one ...
- How thin, but still good!
She heard, or it seemed to her, that the names of Kuragin and Bolkonsky were mentioned. However, it always seemed to her. It always seemed to her that everyone, looking at her, was only thinking about what had happened to her. Suffering and dying in her soul, as always in the crowd, Natasha walked in her purple silk dress with black lace in the way women know how to walk - the calmer and more majestic, the more painful and ashamed she felt in her soul. She knew and was not mistaken that she was good, but this did not please her now, as before. On the contrary, it tormented her most of all lately, and especially on this bright, hot summer day in the city. “Another Sunday, another week,” she said to herself, remembering how she had been here that Sunday, “and still the same life without life, and all the same conditions in which it used to be so easy to live before. She is good, young, and I know that now I am good, before I was bad, but now I am good, I know, she thought, but the best years pass in vain, for no one. She stood beside her mother and exchanged relations with close acquaintances. Natasha, out of habit, looked at the ladies' toilets, condemned the tenue [behavior] and the indecent way of crossing herself with the hand in the small space of one standing close by, again thought with annoyance that they were judging her, that she was judging, and suddenly, hearing the sounds of the service, she was horrified at her vileness, horrified at the fact that her former purity was again lost by her.
The handsome, quiet old man served with that meek solemnity that has such a majestic, calming effect on the souls of those who pray. The royal doors closed, the veil slowly drew back; a mysterious quiet voice said something from there. Tears, incomprehensible to her, stood in Natasha's chest, and a joyful and agonizing feeling agitated her.
“Teach me what to do, how to improve myself forever, forever, how to deal with my life…” she thought.
The deacon went out to the pulpit, straightened out his long hair from under the surplice, with his thumb wide apart, and, placing a cross on his chest, loudly and solemnly began to read the words of the prayer:
“Let us pray to the Lord for peace.”
“In peace, all together, without distinction of class, without enmity, and united by brotherly love, we will pray,” thought Natasha.
- About the peace from above and about the salvation of our souls!
“About the world of angels and souls of all incorporeal beings that live above us,” Natasha prayed.
When they prayed for the army, she remembered her brother and Denisov. When they prayed for sailors and travelers, she remembered Prince Andrei and prayed for him, and prayed that God would forgive her the evil that she had done to him. When they prayed for those who love us, she prayed for her family, for her father, mother, Sonya, for the first time now realizing all her guilt before them and feeling all the strength of her love for them. When we prayed for those who hate us, she invented enemies and haters for herself in order to pray for them. She counted creditors and all those who dealt with her father as enemies, and every time she thought of enemies and haters, she remembered Anatole, who had done her so much evil, and although he was not a hater, she joyfully prayed for him as for enemy. Only during prayer did she feel able to clearly and calmly remember both Prince Andrei and Anatole, as people for whom her feelings were destroyed in comparison with her feeling of fear and reverence for God. When they prayed for the royal family and for the Synod, she bowed especially low and crossed herself, telling herself that if she does not understand, she cannot doubt and still loves the ruling Synod and prays for it.
Having finished the litany, the deacon crossed the orarion around his chest and said:
“Let us commit ourselves and our lives to Christ our God.”
“We will betray ourselves to God,” Natasha repeated in her soul. My God, I commit myself to your will, she thought. - I don’t want anything, I don’t want; teach me what to do, where to use my will! Yes, take me, take me! - Natasha said with touching impatience in her soul, without crossing herself, lowering her thin hands and as if expecting that an invisible force would take her and save her from herself, from her regrets, desires, reproaches, hopes and vices.
The Countess several times during the service looked back at the tender, with shining eyes, face of her daughter and prayed to God that he would help her.
Unexpectedly, in the middle and not in the order of the service, which Natasha knew well, the deacon brought out a stool, the same one on which kneeling prayers were read on Trinity Day, and placed it in front of the royal doors. The priest came out in his purple velvet skufi, straightened his hair, and with an effort knelt down. They all did the same and looked at each other in bewilderment. It was a prayer just received from the Synod, a prayer for the salvation of Russia from enemy invasion.
“Lord, God of strength, God of our salvation,” the priest began in that clear, unpompous and meek voice, which only spiritual Slavic readers read and which has such an irresistible effect on the Russian heart. - Lord God of strength, God of our salvation! Look now in mercy and generosity on your humble people, and hear philanthropicly, and have mercy, and have mercy on us. Behold the enemy, confuse your land and want to lay the whole world empty, rise up on us; these people of iniquity have gathered, to destroy your property, destroy your honest Jerusalem, your beloved Russia: defile your temples, dig up altars and desecrate our shrine. How long, Lord, how long will sinners boast? How long do you use to have legal power?
Lord Lord! Hear us praying to you: strengthen with your strength the most pious, most autocratic great sovereign of our Emperor Alexander Pavlovich; remember his righteousness and meekness, reward him according to his goodness, which is what keeps us, your beloved Israel. Bless his advice, undertakings and deeds; establish with your almighty right hand his kingdom and give him victory over the enemy, as Moses against Amalek, Gideon against Midian and David against Goliath. Save his army; put the bow of copper on the muscles that have taken up arms in your name, and gird them with strength for battle. Take up arms and a shield, and rise up to help us, let them be ashamed and put to shame who think evil to us, let them be before the faithful army, like dust before the face of the wind, and let your strong angel insult and drive them; let a net come to them, but they will not know, and catch them, but hide them, let them embrace them; let them fall under the feet of your servants, and let them be trampled under our howl. God! it will not fail you to save in many and in small; thou art a god, let no man prevail against thee.
God our fathers! Remember your bounty and mercy, even from the ages: do not reject us from your face, disdain our unworthiness below, but have mercy on us according to your great mercy and, according to the multitude of your bounties, despise our iniquities and sins. Create a pure heart in us, and renew a right spirit in our womb; Strengthen us all with faith in you, affirm with hope, inspire with true love for each other, arm with unanimity for the righteous defense of obsession, even if you gave us and our father, so that the rod of the wicked does not ascend to the lot of the sanctified.

Art. 1. Camping infirmaries and military hospitals will be recognized as neutral and, on this basis, will be considered inviolable and enjoy the protection of the belligerents as long as the sick or wounded are in them.

Art. 2. The right of neutrality will apply to the personnel of hospitals and field infirmaries, including quartermaster, medical, administrative and transport units for the wounded, as well as including clergy, when it is in action and as long as there are wounded who need to be picked up or assisted.

Art. 7. For hospitals and camp infirmaries, and during the cleansing of such, a special flag, the same for all, will be adopted. It must, in all cases, be flown together with the national flag. Similarly, for persons under the protection of neutrality, the use of a special sign on the sleeve will be allowed; but the extradition thereof will be given to the military authorities. The flag and sleeve badge will be white with a red cross.

Military doctors in antiquity

In the Byzantine Empire, the troops also had permanent doctors, like the Roman ones, they were divided into categories and were subordinate to the chief medical inspector.

Military doctors in modern times

After the advent of firearms, the number of injuries in war increased dramatically. Military people saw that wounds often entailed death; a seemingly insignificant wound leads to extensive inflammation. For everyone, the need for doctors has become obvious, and, since the 14th century, in every large detachment there are barbers, paramedics with assistants and special surgeons and doctors. Hospitals and pharmacies are being set up for sick servicemen. Doctors did not yet treat surgical diseases, and surgeons were little better than barbers. Doctors who were equally familiar with internal medicine and surgery did not begin to graduate from medical schools until the 18th century.

The army and navy always required doctors, comprehensively educated, and, moreover, good surgeons. In the military medical schools of the 18th century, for the first time, a complete union of medicine and surgery takes place; all major branches of medicine are considered equal and are taught as fully as possible.

Training of military doctors in Russia under Peter I

... Behind the Yauza river against the German settlement, in a decent place, for the treatment of sick people. And that treatment should be for Dr. Nikolai Bidloo, and for two doctors, Andrei Repkin, and for the other - who will be sent; yes, from foreigners and from Russians, from all ranks of people - to recruit 50 people for pharmaceutical science; and for the building and for the purchase of medicines and for all sorts of things belonging to that, and the doctor, and the doctors, and the students for the salary, keep the money from the fees of the Monastic order.

Already at the beginning of the 20th century, in 1907, Moskovsky Listok wrote: “Until that time, everything in Russia, from a serf to a duma boyar, was treated only by healers, and foreign doctors who came from time to time enjoyed attention only at the Court, and even then they were treated with mistrust and suspicion… Great Peter decided to create his own Russian hospital, which would be not only a place of healing, but also the first school for Russian doctors.”

Military-medical Academy

A radical reform in the training of military doctors occurred with the formation of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy (since 1881 - the Military Medical Academy) by decree of Paul I.

Military doctors in the Red Army

By decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of September 22, 1935, the following ranks were established for military doctors:

Senior military assistant
Military doctor 3rd rank
Military doctor 2nd rank
Military doctor 1st rank
Brigvrach
Divvrach
Korvrach
Armdoctor

When entering or conscripting into the army, persons with a higher medical education were awarded the title of "Military doctor of the 3rd rank" (equivalent to the rank of captain).

Notes

Sources

Imperial Military Medical and Medico-Surgical Academy. Historical essay. Part 1. St. Petersburg, Synodal Printing House, 1902.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Voeikova, Alexandra Andreevna
Paramilitary organization

See what "Military Doctor" is in other dictionaries:

Doctor- I specialist with completed higher medical education. The training of physicians in the USSR is carried out in medical institutes and at the medical faculties of universities (see Medical education) in the following specialties: general medicine; pediatrics; ... ... Medical Encyclopedia

DOCTOR- DOCTOR, a term in its modern application denoting a person who has received a completed higher medical education. Story. The name V. is found in the most ancient Russian documents. So, for example, in the charter of Prince Vladimir, referring to 996 ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

MILITARY- MILITARY, oh, oh. 1. see war. 2. Relating to military service, service to the army, military personnel. military industry. B. doctor (military doctor). Military uniform, overcoat, cap. V. person (soldier). V. town (residential complex, in which they live ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

naval doctor- military V,., serving in the Navy ... Big Medical Dictionary

Military District (Germany)- Military districts during World War II During World War II, Germany used a system of military districts (German: Wehrkreis), which effectively sleep ... Wikipedia

military- I. MILITARY oh, oh. 1. to War (1 character). At oh time. In th events. V. union. In th preparations. What a provocation. Map of military operations. In the first case (a circle of knowledge covering the theory and practice of warfare; such knowledge as a subject) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

In those difficult times, no one ever said bad things about doctors, nurses, medical instructors and orderlies - simply because they were worth their weight in gold and were needed like air, they were prayed for and respected ...

Komsomol military paramedic O. Maslichenko renders first aid to wounded soldiers. Southern front.

Medical instructor V. Nemtsova provides first aid to a wounded soldier on a village street on the Voronezh Front.

Shooting time: March 1943. Author: Yakov Ryumkin
Carrying the wounded in the Soviet field hospital.

Author: Anatoly Garanin
Unloading the Soviet wounded from the ZiS-5 ambulance truck in a field hospital. Kalinin front.

Shooting time: August 1943
Soviet military medic assists the residents of the liberated village.

A Soviet medical officer examines the liberated prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp. The emaciated prisoner survivor is engineer Rudolf Scherm from Vienna. But the name of the doctor is unknown ...

Location: Auschwitz, Poland. Shooting time: January 1945
The Soviet medical commission examines the released prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp.

A doctor from the Soviet medical commission examines a released prisoner of the Auschwitz concentration camp.

Doctors of the Soviet medical commission interview the released prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp.

A former prisoner of the Auschwitz concentration camp demonstrates to the Soviet medical commission her personal number stamped on her arm.

Group portrait of the wounded and doctors of evacuation hospital No. 3056 in Cheboksary. Among the fighters (presumably sitting on the right) surgeon P.P. Nikolaev.

A Soviet military doctor is talking to a civilian in Germany.

A group of wounded Soviet servicemen of the evacuation hospital No. 424 in the city of Izhevsk with the attending surgeon A.I. Vorobieva.

Military doctor of the 3rd rank Antonina Fedosyevna Volodkina (year of birth - 1912) makes a report "Methods of anesthesia at field medical posts" at the conference of military surgeons of the Southwestern Front.

Military doctor senior lieutenant of the medical service Alexandra Georgievna Vasilyeva.

Military doctor of the 3rd rank (captain of the medical service) Elena Ivanovna Grebeneva (1909-1974), medical resident of the surgical dressing platoon of the 316th medical battalion of the 276th rifle division.

Shooting time: 02/14/1942
Soviet hospital doctor Nikolai Ivanovich Shatalin. Bryansk Front, November 1942. Signature on the back: “Dear, beloved! I am sending you my card so that you can remember me after 15 months of separation. Your Kolya. 21/1x 42 g Kaluga.

Shooting time: November 1942
Soviet hospital personnel. Pictured in glasses is Nikolai Ivanovich Shatalin, drafted into the army in 1942 to the Bryansk Front in the 19th separate company of the medical department of the 43rd Army. He finished the war in Germany with the rank of major in the medical service.

Shooting time: 1943
Military doctor E.A. Kaverina (first row in the center). Next to the nurse and the wounded Ryazantsev. 421st evacuation hospital, September 1943.

Shooting time: September 1943
Elena Andreevna Kaverina (1909-1946). In 1939 she graduated from the Military Medical Academy of the Red Army named after S.M. Kirov in Leningrad.

Elena Andreevna Kaverina (1909-1946). In 1939 she graduated from the Military Medical Academy of the Red Army named after S.M. Kirov in Leningrad. Participant of the Finnish and Great Patriotic Wars. In this picture, she is in the rank of military assistant (corresponds to the rank of lieutenant). She died of tuberculosis (the consequences of the Finnish war) in the spring of 1946. Buried in Kyiv.
Captain of the medical service Galina Alexandrovna Isakova (1915 - 2000).

Postgraduate student of the Izhevsk State Medical Institute G.A. Isakova was called up for military service in June 1941. During the war, she served as a military doctor in the field mobile hospital No. 571, the 90th Army pathoanatomical laboratory of the 22nd Army, and head of the pathoanatomical department of the 1927 sorting evacuation hospital.
Surgeon G.T. Vlasov in the Stalingrad field hospital No. 2208

Hospital №2208. During the operation, the head of the surgical department, military doctor 2nd rank Georgy Timofeevich Vlasov (year of birth - 1909), holder of three orders of the Red Star and the Order of the Patriotic War II degree, senior surgical nurse, military assistant Valentina Gavrilovna Panferova (year of birth - 1922, right), was awarded medals "For Combat Merit", Orders of the Patriotic War II and I degree, senior dressing sister Zakharova Maria Ivanovna (year of birth - 1923, left), awarded the medal "For Military Merit", the Order of the Patriotic War II degree.
Location: Stalingrad. Shooting time: 1942
Convalescent Red Army soldiers and medical staff in a field hospital. Southwestern front.

Shooting time: June 1942. Author: Efim Kopyt
Military paramedic Lyudmila Gumilina assists a wounded soldier

The commander of the sanitary platoon of the guards separate machine-gun battalion of the 13th guards rifle division, paramedic Lyudmila Gumilina (born 1923), assists a wounded Soviet soldier.
Lyudmila Georgievna Gumilina, after completing nursing courses from October 1941, fought on the Crimean, Southern, Stalingrad, Don, Stepnoy, 2nd and 1st Ukrainian fronts, guards. military feldsher, since 1943 - lieutenant of the medical service, as a commander of a medical platoon, she reached Berlin, was wounded three times, was awarded the medal "For Courage" (11/28/1942) and the Order of the Red Star (06/06/1945).
After the war, she graduated from the Kyiv Medical Institute, worked as a neuropathologist in the Kiev hospital for war invalids, and was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.
Location: Stalingrad. Shooting time: 11/17/1942. Author: Valentin Orlyankin
Nurse Sadyk Gayfulin assists the wounded in battle. Western front.

Medical instructor assisting a wounded soldier during the battle in Stalingrad.

Location: Stalingrad. Shooting time: September-November 1942
Sanitary instructor Bryukova assists a Red Army submachine gunner who was wounded in the head during the battle for Novorossiysk.

Soviet nurse assisting a wounded Red Army soldier under enemy fire.

Sanitary instructor K.Ya. Danilova treats the leg of a wounded partisan.

Shooting time: June 1943
Nurse of the partisan detachment named after G.I. Kotovsky brigade named after S.M. Budyonny reads during night duty.

Location: Pinsk, Belarus, USSR. Shooting time: 12/23/1943
A nurse bandaging a wounded child in a hospital in besieged Leningrad.

Nurse of the 174th separate anti-tank artillery battalion. Komsomol of Udmurtia Inna Vasilievna Mekhanoshina.

Wounded children in the ward of the Leningrad State Pediatric Institute.

Location: Leningrad. Shooting time: 1942. Author: Boris Kudoyarov
Children wounded during artillery shelling of Leningrad, being treated at the Leningrad State Pediatric Institute.

Nurse of the 8th Guards Rifle Division V.I. Panfilov (b. 1923). Kalinin front.

Valentina Panfilova is the daughter of the commander of the 316th Rifle Division (8th Guards Rifle Division), Major General I.V. Panfilov. The picture was taken after the death of her father in November 1941. V.I. Panfilova joined her father's division as a volunteer, immediately after graduation. She began her service in the medical battalion of the division. After the death of her father, she flatly refused to go home, and went through the entire war with the division. She was wounded three times.
Shooting time: 1942. Author: Ivan Narcissov
Praskovya Leontievna Tkacheva, head nurse of the surgical department of the Brest Fortress hospital, with the wives and children of Red Army commanders, surrounded by German soldiers.

Location: Brest, Belarus, USSR. Shooting time: 06/25-26/1941. Author unknown.
Field hospital nurse M. Tkachev at the bed of the wounded senior sergeant A. Novikov on the Don Front. The photo was taken in the winter of 1942-1943.

Nurse of the Leningrad Naval Hospital Anna Yushkevich feeds the wounded sailor of the patrol ship V.A. Ukhov.

Medical instructor senior sergeant Arkady Fedorovich Bogdarin (born in 1911) is bandaging a wounded in the head sergeant F.L. Lisrata on the Northwestern Front.

Shooting time: 1942. Author: Efim Kopyt
An orderly bandaging a wounded Red Army soldier in the arm during a battle on the Southwestern Front.

Shooting time: November-December 1942. Author: Semyon Fridlyand
Voenfeldsher S.N. Bovunenko bandaging the head of a wounded Red Army soldier during a battle on the "small land" in the Novorossiysk region.

A Soviet medical officer bandaging a wounded soldier during a bombardment. The soldier is armed with a Sudayev submachine gun (PPS). Presumably, the photo was taken no earlier than 1944.

Sanitary instructor of the 125th Marine Regiment Sergeant Nina Stepanovna Burakova (born 1920) bandaging a wounded soldier in the Arctic.

Shooting time: 1942. Author: Evgeny Khaldei
Sanitary instructor of the 705th Infantry Regiment Senior Sergeant V.A. Ponomarev bandages the wounded in the head junior lieutenant N.S. Smirnova

Senior sergeant Olga Ivanovna Borozdina (born 1923) bandaging a wounded soldier on a battlefield in Poland.

Delivery of the Soviet wounded to the medical battalion on a drag with dogs. Germany, 1945

Evacuation of wounded soldiers on a U-2 plane in the Stalingrad area. Cassettes mounted on the lower wings are used to transport the wounded. The cassettes consisted of a platform for stretchers and a light roof over them.

Shooting time: September 1942
Evacuation of Soviet soldiers from the Kerch Peninsula. The wounded are loaded into a specially modified U-2 (Po-2) aircraft.

Loading the wounded into the carriage of an ambulance train at the evacuation point (EP) No. 125 in Moscow.

Location of shooting: Moscow. Shooting time: May 1942. Author: A. Khlebnikov
Carts with the wounded at the Soviet military hospital train No. 72 at the Guev Tupik station.

Location: Guev Tupik, Ukraine, USSR. Shooting time: 06/07/1944. Author: A. Khlebnikov
Medics give a blood transfusion to a wounded Soviet soldier in Berlin.

Female doctors bandaging a wounded man in the car of the Soviet military hospital train No. 111 during the Zhytomyr-Chelyabinsk flight.

Female doctors dressing the wounded in the car of the Soviet military hospital train No. 72 during the Zhytomyr-Chelyabinsk flight.

The wounded are waiting for dressing in the carriage of the Soviet military hospital train No. 72 during the Smorodino-Yerevan flight.

Shooting time: December 1943. Author: A. Khlebnikov
Installation of a catheter to a wounded man in the carriage of the Soviet medical train No. 72 during the Zhytomyr-Chelyabinsk flight.

Shooting time: June 1944. Author: A. Khlebnikov
The imposition of plaster bandages on the wounded in the car of the Soviet military hospital train No. 72 during the flight Zhitomir - Chelyabinsk.

Shooting time: June 1944. Author: A. Khlebnikov
Bandaging of the wounded in the car of the Soviet military hospital train No. 318 during the flight Nezhin-Kirov.

Senior surgical nurse of the surgical dressing platoon of the 106th medical battalion of the 52nd rifle division M.D. Curly

Maria Dementyevna Kucheryavaya, born in 1918, lieutenant of the medical service. At the front from 06/22/1941. In September 1941, during the fighting on the Crimean Peninsula, she received a shell shock. In September 1944 she was awarded the Order of the Red Star.
From the award list: “Lieutenant of the medical service Kucheryavaya M.D. from August 25 to August 27, 1944, in the village. Tamoy of the Kogul region of the Moldavian SSR, with a stream of seriously wounded, working for two days without leaving the operating table, personally gave anesthesia to 62 seriously wounded, in addition, she assisted in the operations of 18 seriously wounded in the stomach and chest.
Location: Sevlievo, Bulgaria. Shooting time: September 1944

Who it

A man with a higher medical education and officer epaulettes on his shoulders. In principle, there are more military doctors in the army - these are private nurses, medical sergeants, and warrant officers. But only officers can be in medical positions, only the phrase “medical service” is added to their rank, for example, “senior lieutenant of the medical service”.

In the not so distant past, military doctors were exclusively men. In our time, the sex ratio in the medical service has almost leveled off, some women have even reached the rank of colonel. True, there are no generals of the medical service among them yet, but something tells me that there will be more.

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The most obvious answer is healing the wounded. In fact, this is just one of the many tasks of a military doctor, and even then mainly in combat conditions. In peacetime, he has a lot of duties and not all of them are related to medicine. In short, all the medical support of the Armed Forces rests on it, and this includes medical and preventive work, and sanitary and hygienic supervision, and anti-epidemic measures, and medical supplies, and many other terrible words.

In simpler terms, the military doctor must protect the soldier and officer from everything that could prevent them from performing their combat missions. Actually, therefore, doctors have never been in the army in the first roles, but have always been part of the units and support units.

There are two large groups of military doctors. The former are called “organizers” in military medical slang, the latter are called “healers”. How they differ should be clear from the names. The former are mainly engaged in administrative and managerial activities. The second, respectively, are treated. The first are various kinds of chiefs (the head of the first-aid post, the commander of the medical unit, the head of the medical service of the unit, etc.), the second are residents in hospitals, medical specialists, etc.

The primary link of military doctors is also called military. These are doctors and chief medical officers of battalions, brigades, etc. They are included in the staff of military units and live in the places of their permanent deployment. It is on them that the main work on prevention, as well as the earliest possible detection of diseases in soldiers, control over the quality of food, water, proper air temperature in the barracks, the regularity of washing in the bath and changing underwear falls. It is they who are the first to encounter outbreaks of acute respiratory viral infections or intestinal infections in units, fight infected abrasions and other skin infections, go to night firing, raise the alarm and leave with units for exercises.

Hospital and polyclinic doctors are considered the military medical elite. Between the "military" and "hospital" exists ... uh ... well, let some tension. Those who work "in the fields" consider their colleagues to be "not real" military men, and the personnel of the health facility make fun of the "artisans" and "klutzes" from the troops. But in general, of course, the picking is more of a friendly character, since both of them are tied with the same snakes. Those that they have on shoulder straps and buttonholes.

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The first option is to go from cadet to lieutenant by enrolling in a specialized military university. True, after the reforms of Mr. Serdyukov in Russia, he remained the only one: the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov in St. Petersburg (VMedA). Previously, military medical faculties were located in medical institutes in Saratov, Samara and Tomsk. Just the other day, the current Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu announced the possibility of restoring military faculties, but this can only be destroyed quickly, the reverse process takes time, effort and money. If the military faculties are returned, then after 4 years of study at a civilian medical university, it will be possible to enter there and finish my studies as a military doctor.

However, the second option is also possible: from the moment of graduating from a civilian medical university and up to the age of 35, any doctor can enter the service under a contract, however, the troops do not really like this option and affectionately call such werewolves military doctors “jackets”.

Photo from the "VMedA" VKontakte group, as well as from the personal archive of the author

Doctors are different, among them there are those who have shoulder straps on their shoulders. A military doctor is a difficult profession, but extremely necessary. And certainly the most humane among all military specialties. Primarily military doctor- This is a man with a higher medical education and officer epaulettes on his shoulders. In principle, there are more military doctors in the army - these are private nurses, medical sergeants, and warrant officers. But only officers can be in medical positions, only the phrase “medical service” is added to their rank, for example, “senior lieutenant of the medical service”. In the not so distant past, military doctors were exclusively men. In our time, the sex ratio in the medical service has almost leveled off, some women have even reached the rank of colonel.

What does a military doctor do? The most obvious answer is healing the wounded. In fact, this is just one of the many tasks of a military doctor, and even then mainly in combat conditions. In peacetime, he has a lot of duties and not all of them are related to medicine. In short, all the medical support of the Armed Forces rests on it, and this includes medical and preventive work, and sanitary and hygienic supervision, and anti-epidemic measures, and medical supplies, and many other terrible words. In simpler terms, the military doctor must protect the soldier and officer from everything that could prevent them from performing their combat missions. Actually, therefore, doctors have never been in the army in the first roles, but have always been part of the units and support units.

How to become a military doctor? The first option is to go from cadet to lieutenant by enrolling in a specialized military university. True, after the reforms of Mr. Serdyukov in Russia, he was the only one left: the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg (VMedA). However, the second option is also possible: from the moment of graduation from a civilian medical university and up to 35 a doctor can enter the service under the contract.

Admission to the Military Medical Academy differs significantly from admission to a civilian medical university. For example, there is a strict age limit: you can enter only at the age of 16-22, and the age is considered on August 1 of the year of admission. If you turn 16 on August 2, you will have to wait a whole year, and if 23 hits on July 31, you will have to abandon the academy. Another significant difference: the receipt must be puzzled in advance. The application must be submitted to the local military registration and enlistment office no later than April 20 of the year of receipt. Here, in the local military registration and enlistment offices, the first round of selection takes place. The most important milestone to be overcome is the medical commission. It is carried out in accordance with the "Regulations on the military medical examination", more precisely, paragraph "g" of the Table of additional requirements for the state of health of citizens. Most often, vision becomes an obstacle for admission, it should be at least 0.8 / 0.5 for near without correction and at least 0.8 / 0.5 for distance with correction, and “pluses” or “minuses” in glasses should not must exceed 4 diopters. Allergy to vaccinations and antibiotics will also close the way to the shoulder straps of a military doctor. The most interesting thing is that it is possible to serve as a soldier with all the above pathologies, but it is no longer possible to become a medical officer. The second stage of selection is carried out according to the documents. The reason for refusal may be, for example, a criminal record. Applicants are invited to the third stage from July 1 to July 30 at the VMedA training center in Krasnoye Selo. Here they once again undergo an extended medical commission, professional psychological selection in the form of many hours of testing (in accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense No. 50 of 2000), and also pass physical fitness standards - 100-meter run, 3 km cross and pull-up ( Order of the Minister of Defense No. 200 of 2009). The requirements for physical training are quite strict, and the point system allows you to screen out an almost unlimited number of candidates. 170 points or more can be considered a relative guarantee. In more understandable numbers: 15 pull-ups (70 points), 3 km in 12 minutes 24 seconds (50 points), 100 m in 13.9 seconds (51 points). There are options, for example, you can pull yourself up less, but run a three-point faster. Or run a hundred meters in 11.8 seconds and get 100 points for it. For girls, who for some time now can also enter military universities, the requirements are softer. It is enough for them to run 1 km instead of 3, and pull-ups for them are replaced by torso bends. And only after all this, they look at the results of the exam in Russian, biology and chemistry, and one of them is necessarily profiling, i.e. with an equal sum of points, the advantage is for the applicant who passed better, for example, chemistry, as this year. The determination of the final admission criteria (analogous to the “passing score”) is determined by the academy annually, so it is impossible to predict in advance what your child’s chances of admission are.

Features of study. In the Military Medical Academy, at the faculties of training doctors (and there are three of them: II, where land pilots are trained, III, flight and IV, marine) study for 6 years. It takes 6 years to obtain a doctor's diploma, and another year - for primary medical specialization (internship). From 1st to 5th year - cadets (with soldier and sergeant ranks), 6th year - lieutenants.

To the complexity of studying at a medical university, "hardships and deprivations of military service" are added. Walking in formation, barracks position for the first 2 courses, early rise, mandatory morning exercises, observance of uniforms, daily outfits, etc. Therefore, young men who have big problems with the word “must” should better avoid cadet shoulder straps. Future military doctors regularly run cross-country races, undergo ski training, and pass standards in swimming and shooting. Keep in mind that if you are overweight, all this will be problematic.

Military field surgeon. Training of military doctors, the pros and cons of the profession

Military doctors in antiquity

Military doctors in modern times

Training of military doctors in Russia under Peter I

Military-medical Academy

Military doctors in the Red Army

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An excerpt characterizing a military doctor

Military doctors in antiquity

Military doctors in modern times

Training of military doctors in Russia under Peter I

Military-medical Academy

Military doctors in the Red Army

see also

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Sources

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