Agroclimatic resources of the earth. Agroclimatic, soil and biological resources of Russia, their qualitative assessment and impact on the specialization of regional economies

The possession of rich soil and agroclimatic resources in the modern world is becoming one of the key factors for stable development in the long term. In conditions of increasing overpopulation in some countries, as well as stress on soils, water bodies and the atmosphere, access to sources of quality water and fertile soil is becoming a strategically important advantage.

Agroclimatic resources

It is obvious that soil fertility, the number of sunny days per year, and water are distributed unevenly on the surface of the planet. While some regions of the world suffer from a lack of sunlight, others experience excess solar radiation and constant droughts. In some areas, devastating floods regularly occur, destroying crops and even entire villages.

It is also worth considering that soil fertility is far from a constant factor, which can vary depending on the intensity and quality of exploitation. Soils in many regions of the planet tend to degrade, their fertility decreases, and over time erosion makes productive agriculture impossible.

Heat as the main factor

Speaking about the characteristics of agroclimatic resources, it is worth starting with the temperature regime, without which the growth of agricultural crops is impossible.

In biology, there is such a thing as “biological zero” - this is the temperature at which a plant stops growing and dies. This temperature is not the same for all crops. For most crops grown in central Russia, this temperature is approximately +5 degrees.

It is also worth noting that the agroclimatic resources of the European part of Russia are rich and diverse, because a significant part of the central European region of the country is occupied by black soil, and water and sun are abundant from spring to early autumn. In addition, heat-loving crops are cultivated in the south and along the Black Sea coast.

Water resources and ecology

Considering the level of industrial development and increasing environmental pollution, it is worth talking not only about the quantity of agro-climatic resources, but also about their quality. Therefore, territories are divided according to the level of heat supply or the presence of large rivers, as well as the ecological cleanliness of these resources.

For example, in China, despite significant water reserves and large areas of farmland, there is no need to talk about the complete provision of this densely populated country with the necessary resources, because the aggressive development of the manufacturing and mining industries has led to the fact that many rivers are polluted and unsuitable for the production of quality products.

At the same time, countries such as Holland and Israel, having small territories and difficult climatic conditions, are becoming leaders in food production. And Russia, as experts note, is far from taking full advantage of the advantages of the temperate zone, in which a significant part of the country’s European territory is located.

Technology at the service of agriculture

The more people inhabit the Earth, the more pressing the problem of feeding the planet's inhabitants becomes. The load on soils is growing, they are degrading, and the area under cultivation is decreasing.

However, science does not stand still, and after the Green Revolution, which made it possible to feed a billion people in the middle of the last century, a new one is coming. Considering that the main agroclimatic resources are concentrated on the territory of such large states as Russia, the USA, Ukraine, China, Canada and Australia, more and more small states are using modern technologies and becoming leaders in agricultural production.

Thus, technologies make it possible to compensate for the lack of heat, moisture or sunlight.

Resource Allocation

Soil and agroclimatic resources are distributed unevenly across the Earth. In order to indicate the level of resource provision in a particular region, heat is one of the most important criteria for assessing the quality of agroclimatic resources. On this basis, the following climate zones are determined:

cold - heat supply less than 1000 degrees;
cool - from 1000 to 2000 degrees during the growing season;
moderate - in the southern regions the heat supply reaches 4000 degrees;
subtropical;
hot.

Taking into account the fact that natural agroclimatic resources are distributed unequally on the planet, in modern market conditions all states have access to agricultural products, no matter in which region they were produced.

In the article I read the word “agroclimatic resources”. Since I did not fully understand its meaning, it stuck firmly in my head and stayed until I understood this topic.

Concept of agroclimatic resources

This type of inventory is quite abstract, in my opinion. I'm used to the fact that resources are water, wood, land, in general, something that can be touched and used. The concept I am considering can be felt, but nothing more. Agroclimatic resources of a territory are the climatic conditions formed on it, which are determined by the geographical location and are characterized by the ratio of moisture, light and heat. This potential determines the direction of development of agricultural crop production in the area.

Agroclimatic resources of Russia

From the definition it can be understood that the country’s reserves decrease with increasing climate severity. The most favorable ratio of moisture, light and heat is observed in the following economic regions:

North Caucasus.
In the north-west of the Volga region.
Central Black Earth.
In the west of Volga-Vyatka.

The advantage of this territory can be expressed in numbers: the sum of temperatures during the growing season is 2200–3400 °C, while in the main agricultural regions it is 1400–2800 °C. Alas, in most of the territory, this figure is 1000–2000 °C, and in the Far East in general - 800–1400 °C, which by world standards is not enough for profitable farming. But not only are the listed areas rich in warmth and light, they are notable for their dryness. The moisture coefficient is more than 1.0 only in a thin strip of land, and throughout the rest of the territory it is 0.33–0.55.

Agroclimatic resources of the Volgograd region

My home region falls partly into the category of areas of noteworthy resources (2800–3400°C). Agree, it’s a warm area.

However, there is not enough moisture everywhere. The eastern territory is located in the dry semi-desert zone, where the moisture coefficient is less than 0.33. Only the northwestern part of the region is located in the meadow steppe zone, which is slightly arid, and the coefficient is 0.55–1.0.

AGROCLIMATIC RESOURCES

The rational organization of agricultural production as the main condition for solving the worsening food problem in the world is impossible without proper consideration of the climatic resources of the area. Climate elements such as heat, moisture, light and air, along with nutrients supplied from the soil, are a prerequisite for plant life and, ultimately, the creation of agricultural products. Therefore, agroclimatic resources are understood as climate resources in relation to agricultural needs.

Various climatic phenomena (thunderstorms, cloudiness, fog, snowfall, etc.) also have a certain effect on plants and are called environmental factors. Depending on the strength of this effect, plant vegetation is weakened or strengthened (for example, with strong winds, transpiration increases and the plant’s need for water increases, etc.). Environmental factors become critical if they reach a high intensity and pose a danger to plant life (for example, frost during flowering). In such cases, these factors are subject to special consideration. Another regularity has been established: the existence of an organism is determined by the factor that is at a minimum (J. Liebig’s rule). These ideas are used to identify so-called limiting factors in specific territories.

Air. The air environment is characterized by a constant gas composition. The specific gravity of the components of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases varies little spatially, and therefore they are not taken into account when zoning. Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) are especially important for the life of living organisms.

Light. The factor that determines the energy basis of the entire diversity of plant life (germination, flowering, fruiting, etc.) is mainly the light part of the solar spectrum. Only in the presence of light does it appear and develop in plant organisms. the most important physiological process is photosynthesis.

When assessing light resources, the intensity and duration of illumination (photoperiodism) are also taken into account.

Warm. Each plant requires a certain minimum and maximum heat for its development. The amount of heat required to complete the vegetation cycle is called biological sum of temperatures . It is calculated as the arithmetic sum of average daily temperatures for the period from the beginning to the end of the plant’s growing season. The temperature limit of the beginning and end of the growing season, or the critical level limiting the active development of the crop, is called biological zero or minimum. For different ecological groups of crops, the biological zero is not the same. For example, for most grain crops of the temperate zone (barley, rye, wheat, etc.) it is +5°C, for corn, buckwheat, legumes, sunflowers, sugar beets, for fruit shrubs and tree crops of the temperate zone +10°C, for subtropical crops (rice, cotton, citrus fruits) + 15°C.

To account for the thermal resources of the territory, it is used sum of active temperatures . This indicator was proposed in the 19th century. by the French biologist Gasparin, but theoretically developed and refined by the Soviet scientist G. G. Selyaninov in 1930. It is the arithmetic sum of all average daily temperatures for the period when these temperatures exceed a certain thermal level: +5, +10C.

To conclude about opportunities for crop growth in the study area, it is necessary to compare two indicators: the sum of biological temperatures, which expresses the plant’s need for heat, and the sum of active temperatures that accumulate in a given area. The first value must always be less than the second.

A feature of temperate plants (cryophiles) is their passage winter dormancy phases, during which plants need a certain thermal regime of air and soil layer. Deviations from the required temperature range are unfavorable for normal vegetation and often lead to plant death.

An agroclimatic assessment of wintering conditions means taking into account adverse meteorological and weather phenomena during the cold season: severe frosts, deep thaws that cause soaking of crops; thick snow cover, under which the seedlings die out; glaze, ice crust on stems, etc. Both the intensity and duration of the observed phenomena are taken into account.

As an indicator of the severity of wintering conditions for plants, especially trees and shrubs, it is most often used the average of the absolute annual minimum air temperatures.

Moisture. The most important factor in plant life is moisture. During all periods of life, a plant requires a certain amount of moisture for its growth, without which it dies. Water is involved in any physiological process associated with the creation or destruction of organic matter. It is necessary for photosynthesis, provides thermoregulation of the plant organism, and transports nutrients. During normal vegetative development, cultivated plants absorb enormous volumes of water. Often, from 200 to 1000 mass units of water are consumed to form one unit of dry matter.

The theoretical and practical complexity of the problem of water supply to plants has led to the emergence of many methods and techniques for calculating its parameters. In Soviet agroclimatology, several moisture indicators have been developed and used (N.N. Ivanova, G.T. Selyaninova, D.I. Shashko, M.I. Budyko, S.A. Sapozhnikova, etc.) and formulas for optimal water consumption (I. A. Sharova, A. M. Alpatieva). Very widely used hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) – the ratio of the amount of precipitation for a certain period (month, growing season, year) to the amount of active temperatures for the same time, proposed in 1939 by G.T Selyaninov. Its application is based on a well-known assumption, empirically well confirmed: the sum of active temperatures, reduced by 10 times, is approximately equal to the evaporation value. Consequently, the HTC reflects the relationship between inflowing and evaporating moisture.

Assessment of moisture availability in the area for the growth of agricultural crops is based on the following decoding of the HTC values: less than 0.3 - very dry, from 0.3 to 0.5 - dry, from 0.5 to 0.7 - dry, from 0.7 to 1.0 – insufficient moisture, 1.0 – equality of moisture inflow and consumption, from 1.0 to 1.5 – sufficient moisture, more than 1.5 – excessive moisture (Agroclimatic Atlas of the World, 1972, p. 78).

In foreign agroclimatic literature, many indicators of territory moisture are also used - the indices of K. Thornthwaite, E. De Martonne, G. Walter, L. Amberge, W. Lauer, A. Penk, J. Mohrmann and J. Kessler, X. Gossen, F .Banyulya and others. All of them, as a rule, are calculated empirically, therefore they are valid only for areas limited in area.

Studying the geographical features of different regions, it is easy to notice that different climatic conditions largely determine the difference in the agronomic capabilities of a particular area.

The accumulation and development of this knowledge has made it possible to fairly objectively assess the agroclimatic resources of each region.

Concept of agroclimatic resources

When we talk about agroclimatic resources of a particular region, we mean a set of resources that influence the possibility of growing certain crops, their productivity, the labor intensity of agricultural technologies, etc.

It is clear that they are largely determined by geographic latitude, terrain, distance from the sea, and the presence of bodies of water. Agricultural production opportunities are a key development factor for any region.

The ability of agriculture to feed a certain number of people is only the first stage in the economic chain. The modern agricultural complex is characterized by the presence of an extensive infrastructure of processing and agricultural production facilities. The level of its development largely depends on how independent a region can be at the basic level of providing people with food.

Main indicators of agroclimatic resources

The determining factors for the development of agriculture are light, moisture and heat necessary for plant growth. They directly depend on the geographical location of the region, climate zone and natural zone.

Today, agroclimatic resources of any territory are characterized by the following indicators:

— the sum of active average daily air temperatures (i.e. exceeding 10 degrees Celsius), at which active growth of agricultural crops occurs;

— the duration of the growing season, when the temperature regime is favorable for the growth of green mass, the ripening of fruits and cereals (short, long and medium-long growing seasons);

— the supply of soil with moisture, the soil moisture coefficient, which is determined by the ratio of the annual amount of precipitation to the evaporation rate (it is clear that the higher the average annual air temperature, the higher the evaporation rate).

The sum of average daily temperatures is calculated by summing the daily average temperatures exceeding 10 degrees Celsius throughout the year. The average daily temperature is calculated as the arithmetic mean of four measurements taken at noon, midnight, 6 and 18 hours.

The amount of heat and precipitation depends on the geographical location of the territory - its altitudinal zone and location in a particular latitudinal zone. The distribution of agroclimatic zones and moisture zones in lowland areas has a latitudinal distribution, and in mountainous areas it depends on the altitude above sea level.

Agroclimatic resources of Russia

Vast territories of the Russian Federation are characterized by a wide variety of agroclimatic resources, changing with changes in climatic zones and moisture zones.

To assess thermal resources, an indicator of the total average daily air temperature exceeding 10 degrees Celsius is used. Here we can highlight:

— the Arctic zone, in which the total average daily temperature does not exceed 400 degrees, and growing crops is impossible;

- subarctic zone, where the total air temperature fluctuates between 400 and 1000 degrees Celsius, and it is possible to grow certain cold-resistant crops - green onions, radishes, early potatoes - during the short period of summer heat;

- a temperate zone with fluctuations in the average daily sum of air temperatures ranging from 1000 to 3600 degrees Celsius, favorable for growing most agricultural crops.

In addition to heat, the level of soil moisture has a significant impact on the success of farming. On the territory of the Russian Federation there are both zones sufficiently provided with moisture and arid areas. The border between them is the northern tip of the forest-steppe belt.

Regional distribution of agroclimatic resources in the Russian Federation

The most favorable regions for growing a wide range of agricultural crops are the regions of the North Caucasus (total average daily temperature is about 3000 degrees). Various grain crops grow here in abundance, including irrigated rice, sunflowers, sugar beets, vegetables and a variety of fruits. Good conditions for farming are available in the southern regions of the Far East, where the monsoon climate provides abundant soil moisture in the summer.

Regions of the middle zone, the sum of average daily temperatures in which fluctuates between 1600 and 2200 degrees, are used for growing potatoes, cereals, forage crops and herbs. The soil moisture level here is close to sufficient.

As for the taiga zone, its total average daily temperature fluctuates between 100-1600 degrees with excess moisture, which makes it possible to grow grain crops, potatoes, and forage grasses in forest-free areas.

1. Agroclimatic resources are climate properties that provide opportunities for agricultural production. They are characterized by: the duration of the period with an average daily temperature above +10 °C; the sum of temperatures for this period; the ratio of heat and moisture (humidification coefficient); moisture reserves created by snow cover in winter.

Different parts of the country have different agro-climatic resources. In the Far North, where there is excessive moisture and little heat, only focal agriculture and greenhouse farming are possible. Within the taiga north of the Russian Plain and most of the Siberian and Far Eastern taiga it is warmer - the sum of active temperatures is 1000-1600 °, rye, barley, flax, and vegetables can be grown here. In the zone of steppes and forest-steppes of Central Russia, in the south of Western Siberia and the Far East, there is sufficient moisture, and the sum of temperatures is from 1600 to 2200 °, here you can grow rye, wheat, oats, buckwheat, various vegetables, sugar beets, and fodder crops for livestock needs.

The most favorable agroclimatic resources are the steppe regions of the southeast of the Russian Plain, the south of Western Siberia and the Ciscaucasia. Here the sum of active temperatures is 2200-3400°, and you can grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sugar beets, sunflowers, heat-loving vegetables and fruits.

2. The European part of Russia is located in the west of the country, stretching from its western borders to the Urals. The Asian part of Russia is located in the east of the country, stretches from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean and includes the vast expanses of Siberia and the Far East.

The area of the Eastern zone is approximately 3 times larger than the Western zone, but its EGP is less profitable, since it is remote from the main economic centers of the country, European countries, and has weak land connections with other parts of the country. The eastern zone has access to the seas of the Pacific and Arctic oceans, is connected by waterways with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, and the western zone has access to the seas of the Atlantic Ocean.

The Eastern zone is better provided with natural resources: it contains 80% of fuel, 75% of forest, 70% of water and 75% of hydropower resources. Only the Western zone is better supplied with iron ore. But the natural conditions in the east are less favorable (swamps, permafrost, harsh climate, mountainous terrain). Construction here costs 3-5 times more than in the west of the country. The average population density of the Eastern zone is 12 times less than that of the Western zone. It is distributed much more unevenly, concentrating in the south of the zone, along rivers and railways; vast territories are not inhabited at all.

The living conditions of people in the East are also more difficult; in addition to the harsh natural conditions, there is a lack of housing and poor living conditions. There are fewer cities here, there are only two millionaire cities, but the share of the urban population is higher due to the weak development of agriculture and the small number of people employed in it.

The basis of the economy of the Eastern zone is the mining industry. The bulk of oil, gas and coal is produced here. Agriculture is less developed, mainly in the south; it does not satisfy the food needs of the zone's population.

The role of the region in the country's economy is constantly increasing. In the 70-80s, the Eastern macroregion became the main fuel and energy base of the country, the main producer of aluminum, supplier of non-ferrous ores, rare metals, fish and forest products.

Manufacturing industry predominates in the west, and agriculture is much better developed than in the east. 4/5 of industrial and agricultural products, 9/10 of scientific products are produced here, and the bulk of banking capital is located here.

Such significant differences in the economy of the two zones are explained not only by differences in EGP and the characteristics of natural resources, but also by the peculiarities of the development of the country's territory - the western part of the country has historically been much better developed and populated.

Date of publication: 2014-12-08; Read: 203 | Page copyright infringement

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The rational organization of agricultural production as the main condition for solving the worsening food problem in the world is not possible without proper consideration of the climatic resources of the area.

The influence of climatic factors on the Russian economy

Climate elements such as heat, moisture, light and air, along with nutrients supplied from the soil, are a prerequisite for plant life and, ultimately, the creation of agricultural products.

Therefore, agroclimatic resources are understood as climate resources in relation to agricultural needs.

Environmental factors become critical if they reach high intensity and pose a danger to plant life (for example, frost during flowering).

In such cases, these factors are subject to special consideration. Another regularity has been established: the existence of an organism is determined by the factor that is at a minimum (J. Liebig’s rule). These ideas are used to identify so-called limiting factors in specific territories.

Warm.

Each plant requires a certain minimum and maximum heat for its development. The amount of heat required to complete the vegetation cycle is called biological sum of temperatures . It is calculated as the arithmetic sum of average daily temperatures for the period from the beginning to the end of the plant’s growing season.

The temperature limit of the beginning and end of the growing season, or the critical level limiting the active development of the crop, is called biological zero or minimum. For different ecological groups of crops, the biological zero is not the same. For example, for most grain crops of the temperate zone (barley, rye, wheat, etc.) it is +5°C, for corn, buckwheat, legumes, sunflowers, sugar beets, for fruit shrubs and tree crops of the temperate zone +10°C, for subtropical crops (rice, cotton, citrus fruits) + 15°C.

To account for the thermal resources of the territory, it is used sum of active temperatures . This indicator was proposed in the 19th century.

by the French biologist Gasparin, but theoretically developed and refined by the Soviet scientist G. G. Selyaninov in 1930. It represents the arithmetic sum of all average daily temperatures for the period when these temperatures exceed a certain thermal level: +5, +10C.

A feature of temperate plants (cryophiles) is their passage winter dormancy phases, during which plants need a certain thermal regime of air and soil layer.

Deviations from the required temperature range are unfavorable for normal vegetation and often lead to plant death.

As an indicator of the severity of wintering conditions for plants, especially trees and shrubs, it is most often used the average of the absolute annual minimum air temperatures.

Moisture.

The most important factor in plant life is moisture. During all periods of life, a plant requires a certain amount of moisture for its growth, without which it dies. Water is involved in any physiological process associated with the creation or destruction of organic matter. It is necessary for photosynthesis, provides thermoregulation of the plant organism, and transports nutrients.

During normal vegetative development, cultivated plants absorb enormous volumes of water. Often, from 200 to 1000 mass units of water are consumed to form one unit of dry matter.

The theoretical and practical complexity of the problem of water supply to plants has led to the emergence of many methods and techniques for calculating its parameters.

In Soviet agroclimatology, several moisture indicators have been developed and used (N.N. Ivanova, G.T. Selyaninova, D.I. Shashko, M.I. Budyko, S.A. Sapozhnikova, etc.) and optimal formulas water consumption (I.A. Sharova, A. M. Alpatieva). Very widely used hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) – the ratio of the amount of precipitation for a certain period (month, growing season, year) to the amount of active temperatures for the same time, proposed in 1939

G.T. Selyaninov. Its use is based on a well-known assumption, empirically well confirmed: the sum of active temperatures, reduced by 10 times, is approximately equal to the evaporation value. Consequently, the HTC reflects the relationship between inflowing and evaporating moisture.

Assessment of moisture availability in the area for the growth of agricultural crops is based on the following decoding of the HTC values: less than 0.3 - very dry, from 0.3 to 0.5 - dry, from 0.5 to 0.7 - dry, from 0.7 to 1.0 - insufficient moisture, 1.0 - equality of moisture inflow and consumption, from 1.0 to 1.5 - sufficient moisture, more than 1.5 - excessive moisture (Agroclimatic Atlas of the World, 1972, p.

In foreign agroclimatic literature, many indicators of territory moisture are also used - the indices of K. Thornthwaite, E. De Martonne, G. Walter, L. Emberge, W. Lauer, A. Penk, J. Mohrmann and J. Kessler, X. Gossen , F. Banyulya and others. All of them, as a rule, are calculated empirically, therefore they are valid only for areas limited in area.

Education

Agroclimatic resources of the Earth

Regions of the world.
Agroclimatic resources

In some areas, devastating floods regularly occur, destroying crops and even entire villages.

It is also worth considering that soil fertility is far from a constant factor, which can vary depending on the intensity and quality of exploitation.

Soils in many regions of the planet tend to degrade, their fertility decreases, and over time erosion makes productive agriculture impossible.

Heat as the main factor

Speaking about the characteristics of agroclimatic resources, it is worth starting with the temperature regime, without which the growth of agricultural crops is impossible.

In biology, there is such a thing as “biological zero” - this is the temperature at which a plant stops growing and dies.

This temperature is not the same for all crops. For most crops grown in central Russia, this temperature is approximately +5 degrees.

In addition, heat-loving crops are cultivated in the south and along the Black Sea coast.

Video on the topic

Water resources and ecology

At the same time, countries such as Holland and Israel, having small territories and difficult climatic conditions, are becoming leaders in food production.

And Russia, as experts note, is far from taking full advantage of the advantages of the temperate zone, in which a significant part of the country’s European territory is located.

Technology at the service of agriculture

The more people inhabit the Earth, the more pressing the problem of feeding the planet's inhabitants becomes.

The load on soils is growing, they are degrading, and the area under cultivation is decreasing.

Thus, technologies make it possible to compensate for the lack of heat, moisture or sunlight.

Resource Allocation

On this basis, the following climate zones are determined:

cold - heat supply less than 1000 degrees;
cool - from 1000 to 2000 degrees during the growing season;
moderate - in the southern regions the heat supply reaches 4000 degrees;
subtropical;
hot.

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The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is of key importance in the global economy. It is one of the most important national economic complexes that determine the basic conditions for ensuring the life of society. Its significance is not only in meeting people’s food needs, but also in the fact that it significantly affects employment and the efficiency of all national production.

The agro-industrial complex is the largest of the main (basic) complexes in the country’s global economy. It includes all types of production and production services, the creation and development of which are subordinated to the production of final consumer products from agricultural raw materials.
One of the key factors in the development of the agro-industrial complex is the climatic resources of a particular region, which influence the suitability of natural conditions for growing any agricultural crops.

Agroclimatic resources are climate properties that provide opportunities for agricultural production.
The key indicators of agroclimatic resources are: the duration of the period with an average daily temperature above 10 degrees; the sum of temperatures for this period;
moisture coefficient;
thickness and duration of snow cover.

Therefore, agroclimatic resources are understood as climate resources in relation to agricultural needs. Air, light, heat, moisture and nutrients are called the life factors of living organisms. Their combination determines the possibility of vegetation of plant or vital activity of animal organisms.

The absence of at least one of the factors of life (even in the presence of optimal options for all others) leads to their death.

Various climatic phenomena (thunderstorms, cloudiness, winds, fogs, snowfalls, etc.) also have a certain effect on plants and are called environmental factors. Depending on the strength of this effect, plant vegetation is weakened or strengthened (for example, with strong winds, transpiration increases and the plant’s need for water increases, etc.).

Environmental factors become critical if they reach a high intensity and pose a danger to plant life (for example, frost during flowering). In such cases, these factors are subject to special consideration. These ideas are used to identify so-called limiting factors in specific territories. Air, The air environment is characterized by a constant gas composition. The specific gravity of the components - nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases - varies little spatially and, therefore, when zoning, they are not taken into account.

Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) are especially important for the life of living organisms.

Light. The factor that determines the energy basis of the entire diversity of plant life (their germination, flowering, fruiting, etc.) is mainly the light part of the solar spectrum. Only in the presence of light does the most important physiological process, photosynthesis, arise and develop in plant organisms.

The part of the solar spectrum directly involved in photosynthesis is called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Organic matter created by absorbing PAR during photosynthesis makes up 90-95% of the dry mass of the crop, and the remaining 5-10% is formed due to mineral soil nutrition, which also occurs only simultaneously with photosynthesis.

When assessing light resources, the intensity and duration of illumination (photoperiodism) are also taken into account.

Warm. Each plant requires a certain minimum and maximum heat for its development. The amount of heat required by plants to complete the vegetation cycle is called the biological sum of temperatures. It is calculated as the arithmetic sum of average daily temperatures for the period from the beginning to the end of the plant's growing season.

The temperature limit of the beginning and end of the growing season, or the critical level limiting the active development of crops, is called biological zero or minimum.

For different ecological groups of crops, the biological zero is not the same. For example, for most grain crops of the temperate zone (barley, rye, wheat, etc.) it is +5°C, for corn, buckwheat, legumes, sunflowers, sugar beets, for fruit shrubs and tree crops of the temperate zone +10°C, for subtropical crops (rice, cotton, citrus fruits) +15°C.

To account for the thermal resources of a territory, the sum of active temperatures is used.

This indicator was proposed in the 19th century. by the French biologist Gasparin, but theoretically developed and refined by the Soviet scientist G. T. Selyaninov in 1930. It is the arithmetic sum of all average daily temperatures for the period when these temperatures exceed a certain thermal level: +5, + 10 ° C.

To draw a conclusion about the possibility of growing a crop in the studied area, it is necessary to compare two indicators: the sum of biological temperatures, which expresses the plant’s need for heat, and the sum of active temperatures that accumulate in a given area. The first value must always be less than the second.

A feature of plants in the temperate zone (cryophiles) is that they go through a winter dormancy phase, during which the plants need a certain thermal regime of the air and soil layer. Deviations from the required temperature range are unfavorable for normal vegetation and often lead to plant death. An agroclimatic assessment of wintering conditions means taking into account adverse meteorological and weather phenomena during the cold season: severe frosts, deep thaws that cause soaking of crops; thick snow cover, under which the seedlings die out; ice, ice crust on stems, etc.

Both the intensity and duration of the observed phenomena are taken into account.

Moisture. The most important factor in plant life is moisture. During all periods of life, a plant requires a certain amount of moisture for its growth, without which it dies. Water is involved in any physiological process associated with the creation or destruction of organic matter. It is necessary for photosynthesis, provides thermoregulation of the plant organism, and transports nutrients.

During normal vegetative development, cultivated plants absorb enormous volumes of water. Often, to form one unit of dry matter, from 200 to 1000 mass units of water are consumed (B. G. Rozanov, 1984).

Based on the analysis of factors, a comprehensive agroclimatic zoning of the area is carried out.

Agroclimatic zoning is the division of a territory (at any level) into regions that differ in the conditions of growth, development, overwintering and production of food.

whole cultivated plants.

When classifying the agroclimatic resources of the world at the first level, differentiation of the territory is carried out according to the degree of heat supply, in other words, according to macro-differences in thermal resources.

Based on this feature, thermal zones and sub-belts are distinguished; the boundaries between them are drawn conditionally - along the isolines of certain values of the sums of active temperatures above +10°C.

Cold belt. The sum of active temperatures does not exceed 1000°. These are very small heat reserves; the growing season lasts less than two months. Since even at this time temperatures often drop below zero, farming in open ground is impossible. The cold belt occupies vast areas in northern Eurasia, Canada and Alaska.

Cool belt. Heat supply increases from 1000° in the north to 2000° in the south. The cool belt extends in a fairly wide strip to the south of the cold belt in Eurasia and North America and forms a narrow zone in the southern Andes in South America.

Insignificant heat resources limit the range of crops that can grow in these areas: these are mainly early-ripening, undemanding plants that can tolerate short-term frosts, but are light-loving (long-day plants).

These include gray breads, vegetables, some root vegetables, early potatoes, and special polar types of wheat. Agriculture is of a focal nature, concentrating in the warmest habitats. The general lack of heat and (most importantly) the danger of late spring and early autumn frosts reduce the possibilities of crop production. Arable lands in the cool zone occupy only 5-8% of the total land area.

Temperate zone. The heat supply is at least 2000° in the north of the belt and up to 4000° in the southern regions. The temperate zone occupies vast territories in Eurasia and North America: it includes all of foreign Europe' (without the southern peninsulas), most of the Russian Plain, Kazakhstan, southern Siberia and the Far East, Mongolia, Tibet, northeastern China, the southern regions of Canada and the northern regions USA.

On the southern continents, the temperate zone is represented locally: this is Patagonia in Argentina and a narrow strip of the Chilean Pacific coast in South America, the islands of Tasmania and New Zealand.

In the temperate zone, differences in the seasons of the year are pronounced: there is one warm season, when plant growth occurs, and one period of winter dormancy.

The duration of the growing season is 60 days in the north and about 200 days in the south. The average temperature of the warmest month is not lower than +15°C; winters can be very severe or mild, depending on the degree of continental climate. The thickness of the snow cover and the type of overwintering of cultivated plants vary in a similar way. The temperate zone is a zone of mass agriculture; Arable lands occupy almost all the space suitable for the relief conditions.

The range of cultivated crops is much wider, all of them are adapted to the thermal regime of the temperate zone: annual crops quite quickly complete their vegetation cycle (in two to three summer months), and perennial or winter species necessarily go through the vernalization or vernalization phase, i.e.

winter dormancy period. These plants are classified as a special group of cryophilic crops. These include the main grain cereals - wheat, barley, rye, oats, flax, vegetables, and root vegetables. There are large differences between the northern and southern regions of the temperate zone in the total heat reserves and in the duration of the growing season, which makes it possible to distinguish two sub-zones within the zone:

Typically moderate, with thermal resources from 2000 to 3000°.

Mostly long-day, early-ripening plants that require little heat grow here (rye, barley, oats, wheat, vegetables, potatoes, grass mixtures, etc.).

It is in this sub-zone that the share of winter crops in the crops is high.

Warm-temperate zone, with sums of active temperatures from 3000 to 4000°. A long growing season, during which a lot of heat accumulates, allows for the cultivation of late-ripening varieties of grain and vegetable crops; Corn, rice, sunflowers, grapevines, and many fruit and fruit tree crops successfully grow here.

It becomes possible to use intercrops in crop rotations.

Warm (or subtropical) zone. The sums of active temperatures range from 4000° on the northern border to 8000° on the southern border. Territories with such heat supply are widely represented on all continents: the Eurasian Mediterranean, Southern China, the predominant part of the United States and Mexico, Argentina and Chile, the south of the African continent, the southern half of Australia.

Heat resources are very significant, but in winter average temperatures (albeit positive) do not rise above +10°C, which means a suspension of the growing season for many overwintering crops. The snow cover is extremely unstable; in the southern half of the belt, vegetative winters are observed, and snow may not fall at all.

Thanks to the abundance of heat, the range of cultivated crops is greatly expanded due to the introduction of subtropical heat-loving species, and it is possible to cultivate two harvests per year: annual crops of the temperate zone in the cold season and perennial, but cryophilic species of the subtropics (mulberry, tea bush, citrus fruits, olive, walnut, grapes, etc.).

In the south, annuals of tropical origin appear, requiring high temperatures and intolerant of frost (cotton, etc.).

Differences (mainly) in the regime of the winter season (the presence or absence of growing winters) make it possible to divide the territories of the warm zone into two sub-belts with their own specific sets of crops: a moderately warm one with sums of active temperatures from 4000 to 6000 ° and with cool winters and a typically warm sub-belt with The heat supply is about 6000 – 8000°, with predominantly growing winters (average January temperatures are above +10°C).

Hot belt. Heat reserves are practically unlimited; they everywhere exceed 8000°, sometimes more than 10,000°. Geographically, the hot zone occupies the most extensive land areas of the globe. It includes most of Africa, most of South America, Central America, all of South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, the Malay Archipelago and the northern half of Australia.

In the hot zone, heat ceases to play the role of a limiting factor in the placement of crops. The growing season lasts all year round; the average temperature of the coldest month does not fall below +15°C. The range of possible cultivated plants is replenished with species of tropical and equatorial origin (coffee and chocolate trees, date palm, bananas, cassava, sweet potato, cassava, cinchona, etc.). The high intensity of direct solar radiation is destructive for many cultivated plants, so they are grown in special multi-tiered agrocenoses, under the shade of specially left single specimens of tall trees.

The absence of a cold season prevents the successful growing season of cryogenic crops, so plants in the temperate zone can grow only in high mountain areas, i.e.

almost outside the boundaries of the hot zone.

At the second level of agroclimatic zoning of the world, thermal zones and sub-zones are divided based on differences in annual moisture regimes.

A total of 16 areas with different values of the growing season moisture coefficient are identified:

Excessive moisture during the growing season;

2. Sufficient moisture during the growing season;

3. Dry growing season;

4. Dry growing season (probability of droughts more than 70%);

5. Dry throughout the year (the amount of annual precipitation is less than 150 mm. HTC for the growing season is less than 0.3);

6. Sufficient moisture throughout the year;

7. Sufficient or excessive moisture in summer, dry winter and spring (monsoon climate);

8„ Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer (Mediterranean climate type);

AGROCLIMATIC RESOURCES – climate properties that provide

Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summers (Mediterranean climate type);

10. Insufficient moisture in winter, dry and arid summers;

11. Excessive moisture most of the year with 2-5 dry or dry months;

12. Dry most of the year with sufficient moisture for 2-4 months;

Dry most of the year with excess moisture for 2-5 months;

14. Two periods of excess moisture with two dry or arid periods;

15. Excessive moisture throughout the year;

16. The temperature of the warmest month is below 10 C (humidification conditions are not assessed).

In addition to the main indicators, the classifications also take into account the most important agroclimatic phenomena of a regional nature (wintering conditions for cryophilic crops, frequency of occurrence of adverse events - droughts, hail, floods, etc.).

continuation

Agroclimatic resources are climate properties that provide the possibility of agricultural production: light, heat and moisture.

Climate properties

These properties largely determine the placement of crop production. The development of plants is favored by sufficient lighting, warm weather, and good moisture.

The distribution of light and heat is determined by the intensity of solar radiation.

In addition to the degree of illumination, the length of daylight hours affects the placement of plants and their development. Long-day plants - barley, flax, oats - require longer illumination than short-day plants - corn, rice, etc.

The most important factor for plant life is air temperature.

The main life processes in plants occur in the range from 5 to 30 °C. The transition of the average daily air temperature through 0 °C when it rises indicates the beginning of spring, and when it decreases, it indicates the onset of a cold period. The interval between these dates is the warm period of the year. A frost-free period is a period without frost. The growing season is the period of the year with a stable air temperature above 10 °C. Its duration approximately corresponds to the frost-free period.

The sum of temperatures during the growing season is of great importance.

It characterizes heat resources for agricultural crops. In Russian conditions, this indicator in the main agricultural areas is in the range of 1400-3000 °C.

An important condition for plant growth is a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil.

The accumulation of moisture depends mainly on the amount of precipitation and its distribution throughout the year. Precipitation from November to March falls in the form of snow in most parts of the country.

Their accumulation creates a snow cover on the soil surface. It provides a supply of moisture for plant development and protects the soil from freezing.

The best combination of agroclimatic resources was formed in the Central Black Earth, North Caucasus and partly in the Volga economic regions. Here, the sum of temperatures during the growing season is 2200-3400 °C, which makes it possible to grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sugar beets, sunflowers, heat-loving vegetables and fruits.

The main territory of the country is dominated by temperatures ranging from 1000 to 2000 °C, which by world standards is considered below the level of profitable agriculture.

This applies primarily to Siberia and the Far East: here the sum of temperatures in most of the territory ranges from 800 to 1500 °C, which almost completely excludes the possibility of cultivating agricultural crops. If the isoline of temperature sums of 2000 °C on the European territory of the country runs along the line Smolensk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Ufa, then in Western Siberia it descends further south - to Kurgan, Omsk and Barnaul, and then appears only in the south of the Far East, in a small area Amur Region, Jewish Autonomous Region and Primorsky Territory.

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The Ryazan region is considered a risky farming zone. Nevertheless, modern technologies, combined with people’s love of work, bear fruit. This can be seen in the example of the collective farm named after. Lenin in the Kasimovsky district of the region.

Operating for more than 30 years, the farm is engaged in growing potatoes and grain and raising livestock. The total area of farmland is over 7 thousand.

hectares, of which arable land - about 6 thousand hectares.

The collective farm employs 330 people. The cattle population is more than 3,000 heads, of which about 1,500 are cows. There are 14 settlements in the area where the farm operates.
The main criterion for the operation of the farm is the environmental friendliness of the products.

To achieve this, workers use a scientific approach and the most modern technology. For many years, the Lenin collective farm has been one of the best potato farms in our country. And in terms of livestock farming in the region, they have no equal.

the farm has the status of a breeding plant with high quality genetic material of the herd. Last year, according to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Ryazan Region, the collective farm named after. Lenin is recognized as the most efficient farm in the region. The farm won the ranking in terms of productivity, the yield per head of feed was 9505 kg per year, or 26 liters per day. The high rates are the result of many years of work by the farm’s breeders, say ministry officials.

It is especially emphasized that imported cattle have never been brought here. In 2017, the daily milk yield on the collective farm named after. Lenin reached 40 tons of milk per day.

The farm has installed a robotic complex for 300 heads of cattle, and plans to open a complex for another 400 heads and create its own low-capacity milk processing facility.

As local residents say, the success of the enterprise is largely due to the personality of the manager.

Honored Worker of Agriculture of the Russian Federation Tatyana Naumova has headed the enterprise since its inception.

It is thanks to her enthusiasm and perseverance that the most modern technologies and the highest production standards are being introduced into the farm. In addition to purely production activities, the farm also carries out extensive social work. Over the past seven years, more than 60 houses, a first aid station, a sports ground, and a kindergarten have been reconstructed.

At the same time, the agricultural enterprise traditionally bears a significant part of the costs of preparing project documentation and organizing construction. As a deputy of the Kasimovsky District Duma, Tatyana Mikhailovna also resolves many everyday issues of the residents of the district. In a word, the collective farm named after. Lenin proves in practice that patience and work will grind everything down.

Even in the area of risky farming.

391359; Ryazan region, Kasimovsky district, village. Torbaevo, phone: (49131) 4‑72‑55, e-mail: [email protected], www.kolxoz-lenina.ru

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