Academician Filatov. Vladimir Petrovich Filatov - founder of modern ophthalmology

Filatov Vladimir Petrovich is a world-famous Soviet scientist, founder of a large scientific school of ophthalmologists, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Vladimir Petrovich was born in 1875, in the village of Mikhailovka, Saransk district, Penza province, into the family of a zemstvo doctor. Soon the family moved to Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk), where Vladimir Petrovich studied at the gymnasium, graduating in 1893. In 1892 he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1897. He worked as a resident at the university eye clinic. In 1900, Vladimir Petrovich moved to the Moscow Eye Hospital. In 1903 he was appointed head of the department of eye diseases at Novorossiysk University.

In 1908, he defended his doctoral dissertation: “Teachings about cellular poisons in ophthalmology.” In 1911, he was approved as the head of the department and eye clinic of the Faculty of Medicine. Over the course of 1912-1920, Vladimir Petrovich simultaneously headed the department of ophthalmology at the Odessa Higher Women's Courses.

February 28, 1912 V.P. Filatov performed the first corneal transplantation; in 1913, he proposed a new method for determining intraocular pressure - elastotonometry. In 1914, he invented a very effective method and method of plastic surgery using a round stem, which was a valuable contribution to modern reconstructive surgery. Over the course of 1922-1938, he developed new methods of complete (1924) and partial through (1927-1938) corneal transplants, and designed special instruments (trephines) with Martsinkovsky. He used cadaveric cornea for transplantation, carried out layer-by-layer cornea transplantation, developed a method for preserving cadaveric cornea, widely introduced cadaveric cornea transplantation, etc. He developed a fundamentally new method of treatment - tissue therapy, on the basis of which he created the doctrine of biogenic stimulants.

In 1936, on the initiative of V.P. Filatov, the Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology (now the Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy named after Academician V.P. Filatov) was opened in Odessa, which he headed from 1936 to 1950. In the post-war period, the institute's team under the leadership of V.P. Filatov continued to develop the important problem of tissue therapy - a fundamentally new method of treatment developed by V.P. Filatov back in 1933. Based on this method, he created the doctrine of biogenic stimulants. V.P. Filatov and his students made a significant contribution to the study of glaucoma problems (early recognition of the disease, mass preventive examinations, pathogenesis of primary glaucoma, features of the clinical course and treatment of congenital glaucoma). V.P. Filatov organized the world's first antiglaucoma clinic.

For his work on corneal transplantation and tissue therapy, V. P. Filatov received the Stalin Prize of the first degree in 1941, he was awarded the honorary title of Hero of Socialist Labor, was awarded four Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor and the Order of the Patriotic War of the first degree, and the gold medal named after I. .AND. Mechnikov, he was awarded the honorary title “Honored Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR.”

Vladimir Petrovich is the author of more than 450 scientific works, incl. monographs. At the same time, he also carried out great public work - he was elected as a delegate to the Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of Ukraine, was a deputy of the Odessa City Council of People's Deputies of several convocations, a member of the editorial boards of many journals, and the executive editor of the Ophthalmological Journal.

The life of Academician Filatov is an eloquent example of how, without being an Odessa citizen by birth, you can not only become one of its most respected citizens, but also forever go down in the history of the city.

Vladimir Petrovich was born on February 27, 1875 in the village of Mikhailovka, Protasovsky volost, Saransk district, Penza province. The set of these toponyms testifies to the deeply Russian component of his biography, a significant and most important part of which is connected with Ukraine, with Odessa. From childhood, the future luminary of medicine absorbed the humanistic traditions of zemstvo doctors - his father and uncles provided assistance to the poorest and most vulnerable. It is significant that Vladimir studied at the Simbirsk gymnasium, the director of which was father A.F. Kerensky. Both the future head of the Provisional Government and Vladimir Ulyanov, later V.I., graduated from the same educational institution (at different times). Lenin. Unlike his fellow countrymen, Filatov chose medicine, not politics. In 1892 he entered Moscow University, where he specialized in eye diseases, which became his life’s work.

The talented graduate Filatov was left at the department, and from 1903 until the last days of his life (1956), his medical and scientific activities were connected with Odessa. Here in 1908 he defended his doctoral dissertation, then became a professor, developed and put into practice a unique method of transplanting donor corneas to patients suffering from cataracts and other serious ailments. He was the first to justify and introduce the use of biostimulants and drugs in tissue therapy. Scientific reference books and textbooks tell in detail about the innovations of Academician Filatov and his students. Since 1939, the Odessa Research Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, created by Vladimir Petrovich, has been operating in our city. For many years now it has been an international center for ophthalmological science and practical medicine.

During the Great Patriotic War, thousands of front-line soldiers and civilians were saved from blindness thanks to Filatov’s people. People from all over the world came to Odessa, pinning their hope for recovery on our specialists. And today representative conferences are held here, scientific works are published.

Vladimir Petrovich was not only an outstanding scientist and doctor, but also a man of many talents. From his youth, he wrote poetry and was fond of painting - I saw his work at Academician N.A. Puchkovskaya are Filatov’s students and successors; they are also in his institute’s Museum-office.

Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy
named after academician V.P. Filatova, emergency department.

Crowned with scientific and state awards (Hero of Socialist Labor, Order Bearer, Laureate), Vladimir Petrovich, being the director of a major institute, never deviated from the moral principles of his family and teachers. Even during the Soviet atheistic years, he remained a believer, gave donations to the church on French Boulevard, and was its parishioner. Even as a child, seeing a blind man, Volodya Filatov said to his father: “Every person is born to see the Sun.”

Introduction

The first information about eye doctors in Russia dates back to the end of the 16th century - to the time of the creation of the Pharmacy Order.

The first foreign ophthalmologist in Russia was David Brun (1628), and the first Russian ophthalmologist was Fedor Dorofeev (1664).

Although ophthalmology began to emerge in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, in fact it was in the depths of surgery, occupying a far from equal position. Lectures on eye diseases were given by surgeons, sometimes physiologists, even obstetricians.

The 19th century was marked by the creation of original Russian ophthalmology, eye departments, clinics, and hospitals. Ophthalmology is gradually transforming into a completely independent branch of medicine with all the rules and responsibilities.

In the second half of the 19th century, not only independent departments appeared in Russia, but also scientists whose names were known abroad.

In 1818, an event of great importance for the history of Russian ophthalmology took place at the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg: the first independent department of ophthalmology in Russia was opened, which existed until 1835.

At the beginning of the 19th century, there was only one eye hospital in Russia, opened at Moscow University in 1805. The following year, a similar hospital opened in St. Petersburg with funds from the medical and philanthropic society.

And only almost a century later, on September 25, 1903, the Department of Ophthalmology was opened in Odessa at the Novorossiysk University - one of the few independent ophthalmology departments in the world, one of the first in Russia. And the young department began its activities with a lecture by Professor Golovanov “On blindness in Russia.”

This problem was relevant not only in our country, but throughout the world. The Paris Conference on Blindness, held in 1928, established the approximate number of blind people in the world - severe eye disabilities - 15 million, and blind in both eyes - 6 million people, of which 30% cannot see due to eyesores. Therefore, if there was a person who could remove the thorn by transplanting a cornea, then many millions of people around the world would see the light. And such a person was found here, in Russia. This is the great Russian ophthalmologist Vladimir Petrovich Filatov.

Biography

Vladimir Petrovich Filatov was born on February 27 (February 15, old style) 1875 in the village. Mikhailovka, Protasovskaya volost, Saransk district, Penza province (now Romodanovsky district of the Republic of Mordovia).

In 1882, the Filatov family moved to Simbirsk, where Vladimir Petrovich entered the Simbirsk classical men's gymnasium.

And now the eight-year course of study in the classical gymnasium was left behind. Childhood was over, and the young man had to choose a profession. Four of the six brothers of the older generation of Filatovs devoted themselves to medical practice. Vladimir’s father, Pyotr Fedorovich Filatov, was also a zemstvo doctor, surgeon and ophthalmologist at the same time. A highly educated man, selflessly in love with his profession, he was well known in Simbirsk and devotedly loved by his patients. And the name of children's doctor Nil Fedorovich Filatov, Vladimir's uncle, at that time had already become widely known not only in Russia, but also among the world medical community.

An outstanding clinician and scientist, Nil Fedorovich Filatov was the first in Russia to infuse children with anti-diphtheria serum and used the bacteriological research method in the treatment of childhood diseases. The founder of Russian pediatrics, Nil Fedorovich, enriched Russian and world science with remarkable descriptions of new forms of diseases, valuable clinical observations, and a large number of outstanding scientific works. N.F. Filatov taught a course on childhood diseases at Moscow University. It was there, at the Faculty of Medicine, that Vladimir Petrovich Filatov entered in 1892.

Among Moscow University students, Vladimir Filatov was known as a leader, wrote scientific papers and even made his first scientific discoveries. He, like other students, had someone to follow as an example, because among the university teachers of that time there was a whole galaxy of outstanding scientists. The Department of Eye Diseases in those years was headed by the largest ophthalmologists A.A. Kryukov and A.N. Maklakov, the surgery course was taught by N.V. Sklifosovsky and A.A. Bobrov, pediatrics - N.F. Filatov, internal diseases - G.A. Zakharyin and A.A. Ostroumov, physiology - I.M. Sechenov, anatomy - D.N. Zernov, physicists - A.G. Stoletov.

Already upon admission, Vladimir Filatov chose ophthalmology as his future medical specialty. The suffering of patients who had lost their sight filled his heart with pain and pity. Iridectomy - an operation that involved excision of part of the iris to form a new pupil - was then the only practical means invented by doctors to combat blindness resulting from clouding of the cornea - due to the appearance of a cataract. The essence of the iridectomy operation is that a new hole is made in the iris on the side of the cloudy cataract, resulting in the formation of an artificial pupil. You just need to cut the cornea where it is not cloudy, pull the iris through this cut, cut out a hole at the edge - an additional pupil - and return the rest of the iris to its place. The light will penetrate through a new hole made under the cornea in the iris, enter the old pupil, from there into the lens, etc., until it causes visual sensations in the human brain. But the difficulty was that not everyone who was blind from cataracts could undergo a life-saving iridectomy: for those whose cornea was completely clouded, so that there was not the slightest gap left above the iris, iridectomy did not help.

It is the formation of a cataract that is the main and most common cause of blindness at that time. It is clear that if a whitish spot covers one eye, then the person still continues to see. But what if the thorn affects both eyes? Then complete blindness occurs. Naturally, the main efforts of world ophthalmology in the fight against blindness were aimed, first of all, at combating cataracts.

In the textbook on ophthalmology of that time there were several lines that spoke about what student Filatov was so deeply interested in: corneal transplantation for complete cataracts as a way to restore vision. There was also a picture of a device - Hippel's trephine, with which you can try to transplant a cornea taken from an animal, for example, from a sheep. There was very little information on this operation, and student Filatov had a lot to think about.

In 1897, Filatov graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow University. Professor Kryukov left (since 1899) Vladimir Filatov as a resident at the eye clinic of Moscow University. He works in the clinic's outpatient clinic, receives patients and watches as those blinded by cataracts leave there without receiving any help, not encouraged by even a hint of hope. “Why don’t they transplant the cornea?..” thought Filatov.

Many scientists have tried cornea transplantation, but the transplanted cornea still becomes cloudy. Hippel tried it - the one who invented the trephine. And many others tried, but did not achieve anything. The operation is performed with a special instrument - a trephine, which looks like a hollow cylinder with a sharply sharpened edge. Using a fairly heavy trephine, a hole-window is cut out in the cataract and a piece of cornea taken from the animal is inserted into it - a graft. And there has never been a case in world practice where the transplant did not become cloudy.

Soon Filatov went to work at the Moscow Eye Hospital. Here, using rich clinical material, he studied various forms of diseases for three years and improved his surgical technique.

Having received an invitation from Professor S.S. Golovin, Filatov moved to Odessa in 1903. Residency and assistantship at Professor Golovin’s clinic, work on his dissertation and military service put off the idea of ​​a cornea transplant for many years. Golovin was Filatov’s teacher and supervisor, who had been his assistant since 1906.

Vladimir Filatov took the topic of his dissertation as “The Doctrine of Cell Poisons in Ophthalmology.” An extensive study was to be devoted to the effects of normal and cell-toxic serums on the eye. The deeper he developed his topic, the more he became acquainted with the clinical material, the clearer the reason for the opacification of the transplant became to him. The point was the impossibility of the existence in the human body of foreign tissue, foreign cells: once they entered the human body, they were doomed in advance to resorption. When work on his dissertation was coming to an end, Professor Golovin gave Filatov a new book, “Ophthalmological Archives.” There was an article by Zirm about the reasons for failure of corneal transplants. Zirma's article described the first case of human-to-human corneal transplantation. The transplant was successful.

In 1908, Vladimir Petrovich brilliantly defended his dissertation. He dedicated it to his father, his first scientific supervisor. From then on, Filatov became Golovin’s main assistant. And a year later he received a private assistant professor course at the Department of Ophthalmology. The teaching of ophthalmology at Novorossiysk University was much more widespread than in most Russian and foreign universities.

After Professor Golovin moved to Moscow University in 1908, Filatov became the head of the department and clinic of eye diseases. By that time, isolated cases of successful partial corneal transplantation were already known. But Vladimir Petrovich was interested in the problem of a complete cornea transplant that had not been developed by anyone. On February 28, 1912, Filatov performed the first complete corneal transplant. The operation was a success. But the transplant taken from a person still became cloudy. The patient left the clinic unhealed.

Vladimir Petrovich took the failure seriously. Two years later he performed a second similar operation. And the results were the same - failure. Finally, in 1924, he developed methods for corneal transplantation. Behind these words lie years of hard work, hundreds of experiments, achievements and failures. And only thanks to the special instruments designed for this operation together with the Russian inventor Martsinkovsky, as well as the use of the cornea of ​​a corpse as a transplant material, the operation was a success, and the graft did not become cloudy over time.

The first cadaveric cornea transplant operation was performed by Filatov on May 6, 1931. Thus began a revolution in restoring sight to the blind. This day should be considered a turning point, the beginning of a new era in the fate of the entire problem of corneal transplantation.

Filatov's works are devoted to ophthalmology, plastic surgery and other branches of medicine. Professor Filatov introduced a lot of new things into the methods of clinical research of eye diseases, the treatment of trachoma, and the issues of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. The method of skin transplantation using the so-called round skin stem, proposed by Filatov and widely used in reconstructive surgery, is very famous. The essence of this method, which scientists call Russian, is that during plastic surgery a “stem” of skin is created that nourishes a skin flap transplanted onto the damaged part of the body. The use of this method makes it possible not only to close defects that arise from injuries and formed after the removal of scarred and altered tissue, but also to restore lost and deformed organs (nose, lips, esophagus, urethra, etc.).

Vladimir Petrovich also developed the doctrine of biogenic stimulants, which formed the basis of tissue therapy. Looking for a way to combat postoperative opacification of the graft during corneal transplantation, Filatov observed that an additionally transplanted piece of the surface layer of the cornea leads to clearing of the graft. Further research by Filatov and his colleagues showed that the replanting under human skin of various tissues separated from the human body, as well as plant tissue, especially aloe (agagae) and preserved in conditions unfavorable for their existence (animal tissue in the cold, plant tissue in the dark ), but do not kill them, undergo biochemical restructuring, has a therapeutic effect for a number of diseases (eye diseases, lupus, skin ulcers, gynecological diseases, etc.).

As a working hypothesis, Vladimir Petrovich expressed the position that tissue preservation under special conditions (low temperature for animal tissues and lack of light for plant tissues) leads to the accumulation of special substances in the transplant material that stimulate life processes in the graft. These substances (called biogenic stimulants by Filatov), ​​when introduced into a sick body, activate its physiological reactions and lead to recovery.

Considering the effectiveness, novelty and scope of the young professor’s scientific potential, by decree of the USSR government it was decided to create a large clinical and experimental base for scientific research in Odessa and in 1936 the Ukrainian Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology was organized, which was headed by Vladimir Petrovich Filatov, he remained its director until last days of life.

In the first two years after the organization of the institute, there was no own base. The institute was located in one of the buildings of the 2nd Clinical Hospital in Odessa, which could not accommodate all the patients in need of operations and employees wishing to work under the supervision of V.P. Filatova. In 1939, when the construction of two three-story buildings and a number of ancillary premises of the institute was completed, things became much easier. Very quickly the institute turned into one of the best ophthalmological institutions in the country, and Professor Filatov received ample opportunities for further scientific developments. Unfortunately, this time did not last long - the work of the institute was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War.

V.P. Filatov and some of his students were evacuated to Pyatigorsk, where the professor worked in evacuation hospital No. 2172. Then - to Tashkent, where the Ukrainian Institute of Eye Diseases was partially transferred to evacuation hospital No. 1262. A new method of treatment, tissue therapy, proposed by Filatov on the eve of the war, which involved the use of preserved tissue, found wide use during the war.

The post-war years brought the great scientist true recognition far beyond the borders of the Soviet Union. The sick, the wounded - everyone tried to get an appointment with the professor. The queue for appointments at the clinic started in the evening, and for consultations with the most severe patients three times a week, V.P. Filatov allocated certain hours.

“Ophthalmology as a medical discipline received the right ideological nutrition from an early age,” said V.P. Filatov, - Everything that affects the whole affects the part; whatever affects the part affects the whole. Therefore, every disease of the body affects the organ of vision, and every disease of the organ of vision affects the entire body.” This aphorism, which V.P. readily quoted. Filatov was expressed by one of the founders of ophthalmology, Behr, more than a hundred years ago. To paraphrase these words, V.P. Filatov noted: “Any development of the general basic principles of medicine should affect the progress of each of its particular disciplines and vice versa - the successes of each specialty should affect the forward movement of all medicine. I will be satisfied if tissue therapy with its hypothesis has an impact on the development of certain aspects of medicine, which, like a living organism, is essentially indivisible.”

The main slogan in his work was: “not a clinic for laboratories, but laboratories for a clinic.”

“I have been preaching the slogan for several years now: we must remember that medicine is a science based primarily on observation. Every sick person is material from which one can glean a lot of data that cannot be found either in a test tube or in a rabbit. Let us remember that various therapeutic interventions, accompanied by proper monitoring of the patient, are a kind of experiment, aimed, of course, for the benefit of the patient himself, providing valuable scientific material.” filatov ophthalmology cornea transplant

The next operating principle of V.P. Filatova is therapeutic activity and optimism. “All the means of science to cure the sick. Never give up and fight to the end." This was his constant call!

Vladimir Petrovich Filatov, also believing that an ophthalmologist who does not wield a scalpel is not a complete specialist, paid a lot of attention to the surgical training of his followers. Masterfully performing the most complex and delicate eye operations, he passed on his skills to his students every day. Over the half-century of his activity, he himself performed many thousands of operations, in which the same trend can be traced as a red thread - a persistent struggle to restore vision in the most difficult, almost hopeless cases.

State and government awards of Academician V.P. Filatova:

1. Hero of socialist labor.

2. Order of Lenin - four orders.

3. Order of the Great Patriotic War, 1st degree - one order.

4. Order of the Red Banner of Labor - one order.

5. Medal “For Valiant Labor” - one medal.

6. Medal “For Victory over Germany” - one medal.

7. Laureate of the Stalin Prize, 1st degree.

8. Medal named after. I.I. Mechnikov Academy of Sciences of the USSR - one medal.

During his long and fruitful scientific, pedagogical and clinical life, Filatov created and trained a galaxy of scientists, including Academician N.A. Puchkovskaya, who later headed the institute for 29 years, professors S.F. Kalfa, B.S. Brodsky, D.G. Bushmich, S.A. Barkhat, V.E. Shevalev, L.D. Dancheva, G.V. Legeza, L.T. Kashintseva, T.V. Shlopak, V.V. Voino-Yasenetsky, I.I. Chekalo, Z.M. Skripnichenko, S.R. Muchnik, V.P. Solovyova, I.F. Kovalev, A.I. Pakhomova, N.I. Shpak, G.V. Panfilova, and others, his faithful and devoted comrades.

His traditions live on, continue to develop and multiply, fulfilling the most important Testament-Order of Vladimir Petrovich: “Every person should see the sun...”

He published more than 450 scientific papers, including monographs. At the same time, he also carried out great public work - he was elected as a delegate to the Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of Ukraine, was a deputy of the Odessa City Council of People's Deputies of several convocations, a member of the editorial boards of many journals, and the executive editor of the Ophthalmological Journal.

Vladimir Petrovich Filatov. FILATOV Vladimir Petrovich (1875 1956), Russian ophthalmologist and surgeon. He developed methods of skin grafting with the so-called skin stalk (1917), corneal transplantation (1924), and tissue therapy (1933). Created the doctrine of... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Filatov Vladimir Petrovich- , Soviet ophthalmologist and surgeon, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944) and the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939), Hero of Socialist Labor (1950). Nephew of N. F. Filatov. In 1897 he graduated from medical... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

FILATOV Vladimir Petrovich- (1875 1956) ophthalmologist and surgeon, academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1939) and the Academy of Medical Sciences (1944), Hero of Socialist Labor (1950). Developed methods of plastic surgery so-called. skin stalk (1917), corneal transplantation (1924), tissue therapy (1933). Created the doctrine of biogenic... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Filatov, Vladimir Petrovich- owls ophthalmologist, academician Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1939) and is active. member Academician honey. Sciences of the USSR (since 1944). Hero of the Socialist Labor (1950). In 1897 he graduated from Moscow. un t and was left as a resident at the eye clinic. Later (from 1899) there was... ... Large biographical encyclopedia

Filatov Vladimir Petrovich- (1875 1956), ophthalmologist and surgeon, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939) and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944), Hero of Socialist Labor (1950). He developed methods of plastic surgery with the so-called skin stalk (1917), corneal transplantation (1924), and tissue therapy (1933). Created a doctrine... encyclopedic Dictionary

Filatov Vladimir Petrovich- Vladimir Petrovich Filatov (February 27 (15), 1875, Mikhailovka village, Protasovsky volost, Saransk district, Penza province, October 30, 1956, Odessa) ophthalmologist, laureate of the USSR State Prize, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944) and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (1939), Hero... ... Wikipedia

Vladimir Petrovich Filatov- (February 27 (15), 1875, Mikhailovka village, Protasovskaya volost, Saransk district, Penza province, October 30, 1956, Odessa) ophthalmologist, laureate of the USSR State Prize, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944) and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (1939), Hero of Socialist Labor.... ... Wikipedia

FILATOV- Vladimir Petrovich (1875 1956), Russian ophthalmologist and surgeon. He developed methods of skin grafting with the so-called skin stalk (1917), corneal transplantation (1924), and tissue therapy (1933). Created the doctrine of biogenic stimulants... Modern encyclopedia

Filatov- Filatov is a Russian surname. The origin of the surname is from a shortened form of the name Theophylact, meaning “preserved by God” in Greek. Famous speakers: Filatov, Alexander Valerievich (b. 1975) entrepreneur. Filatov, Anatoly... ... Wikipedia

FILATOV- 1. FILATOV Alexander Alekseevich (born 1940), Chairman of the Legislative Assembly of the Kemerovo Region since 1997. 2. FILATOV Antonin Nikolaevich (1902 74), surgeon, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1966). Works on general surgery, blood transfusion, ... ... Russian history

Books

• Social science. Textbook, Gubin Valery Dmitrievich, Bulanova Marina Borisovna, Filatov Vladimir Petrovich. Introduces the knowledge about man and society that has been accumulated in various social sciences. The main directions are considered: "Political Science", "Economics" and "Philosophy". Complies... Buy for 1157 RUR
• Geoinformation technologies in the prevention of infectious and parasitic diseases, Vladimir Petrovich Sergiev, Lola Farmonovna Morozova, Nikolai Nikolaevich Filatov. The monograph describes the possibilities of a new innovative methodology - geographic information systems - for optimizing the forecasting of epidemic outbreaks and preventing social...

Academician Vladimir Petrovich Filatov(rus. Vladimir Petrovich Filatov, nickname - "Votalif" R. February 15 (27), 1875 (18750227) p. Mikhailovka, Protasovka volost, Saransk district, Penza province, Russian Empire - † October 30, 1956, Odessa, Ukrainian SSR, USSR) - Soviet scientist, ophthalmologist, surgeon, inventor, poet, artist, memoirist of Russian origin, full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR ( since 1939) and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1944).

Founder and first director, from 1936 to 1956, of the Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. Over the entire period of his life, Filatov wrote about 460 scientific works and monographs. At the same time, he was engaged in social and political activities - he was elected as a delegate to the Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of Ukraine, was a deputy of the Odessa City Council of People's Deputies of several convocations, a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th convocations, a member of the editorial board of many magazines, and the executive editor of the periodical publication "Ophthalmological Journal". He also became famous for protecting church monuments from desecration by the ruling regime.

Hero of Socialist Labor, holder of four Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor and the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, laureate of the Stalin Prize, and was also awarded a number of medals.

Biography

Early years

Vladimir Petrovich Filatov was born on February 15 (27), 1875 (18750227) in the Russian village of Mikhailovka, Protasovsky volost, Saransk district, Penza province (now Lyambirsky district, Republic of Mordovia) in the family of the zemstvo doctor Pyotr Fedorovich Filatov. He was a highly educated physician, worked in the Simbirsk provincial zemstvo hospital and was a specialist in surgery and eye diseases. The Filatov family came from impoverished nobles and were almost all involved in medicine - four of the six brothers of Pyotr Fedorovich were doctors, and others achieved considerable success in their lives: Mikhail was an engineer, Abram was an obstetrician-gynecologist, Neil was a talented pediatrician, the founder of the Russian pediatrics, Fedor - a successful zemstvo doctor, Boris - a successful lawyer and Nikolai, also a famous doctor. In 1882, Vladimir and his family moved to Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk).

Perhaps the father, working in the zemstvo hospital, awakened in his son a love for medicine. In 1892, the young man graduated from the local classical gymnasium. Having received an excellent education, like most talented people, Vladimir was an extraordinary and multifaceted personality. He wrote poetry and paintings, studied music and philosophy, and spoke several foreign languages. The young man’s favorite pastime during the summer holidays was painting and poetry, but he decided to devote himself to medicine, namely ophthalmology. It is believed that Filatov chose the field of medicine when he once saw a blind man walking with a stick and tapping his way with it. The future academician was amazed and instinctively exclaimed: “Every person should see the sun!” Subsequently, this phrase became the motto of the institute, which the scientist opened in Odessa.

Vladimir’s uncle, Neil Fedorovich, was an outstanding pediatrician scientist, headed the department of the Imperial Moscow University (now the Lomonosov Moscow State University), it was on his advice that the former gymnasium student entered the medical faculty of the same university (now the First Moscow State Medical University named after I ... Sechenov). At that time, among the university teachers there were a number of outstanding scientists: the department of eye diseases was headed by one of the best ophthalmologists of that time - Alexey Maklakov and Adrian Kryukov, the course of internal medicine was taught by Grigory Zakharyin and Alexey Ostroumov, surgery - Nikolai Sklifosovsky and Alexander Bobrov, pediatrics - Nil Filatov, physiology - Ivan Sechenov, anatomy - Dmitry Zernov, and physics - Alexander Stoletov. During his student years, Vladimir, coming home on vacation, worked under the guidance of his father in the zemstvo hospital, helping him during outpatient visits to patients and assisting during operations. In Simbirsk, a young student for the first time became closely acquainted with the suffering of patients losing their sight, and the useful practical work of an ophthalmologist, using the example of his father. Among university students, Filatov was known as a leader, wrote scientific works and made his first scientific discoveries. At the same time, he became interested in the problem of helping patients who had lost their sight through a thorn.

After graduating from the university with honors in 1897, at the suggestion of Adrian Kryukov, the young man worked for some time as a resident at the university eye clinic (in 1897-1902). From 1899 to 1905, the physician worked as a resident at the Moscow Eye Hospital, under the leadership of Professor Sergei Lozhechnikov.

Odessa

In 1903, at the invitation of Professor Sergei Selivanovich Golovin, Filatov moved to Odessa to begin work as a resident at the clinic at Odessa University. In the new city, the former student settled on Gogol Street, and according to some sources, in 1905 he began military service in the tsarist army. And the very next year he became an assistant at the department, and in 1908 he defended his doctoral dissertation dedicated to his father. on topic "The doctrine of cellular poison in ophthalmology." This large study, more than 400 pages long, was devoted to cytotoxic serums. 1909 the young doctor of medicine received a privat-docent course. And from 1911, after Golovin left for Moscow, he headed the department of eye diseases at Odessa University (from 1919 - Odessa Medical Institute), which he headed until 1956. In addition, from the same year, already a professor, Filatov was the permanent chairman of the Odessa Ophthalmological Society, where he repeatedly gave presentations, influencing the scientific thought of local ophthalmologists. Already as a professor, Vladimir Petrovich paid a lot of attention to teaching eye diseases to students and practicing doctors. He carefully prepared for his lectures, drawing posters, tables and diagrams himself for better perception.

On February 28, 1912, Vladimir Petrovich’s cherished dream came true - he performed the first corneal transplant operation using the method of complete penetrating keratoplasty. But the operation was unsuccessful. Two years later he had a second similar operation with the same results. Many years were spent on continuous searches, reflections, doubts, painstaking and hard work.

In 1913, the scientist proposed a new method for measuring intraocular pressure - elastotonometry, and a few months later his father, Pyotr Fedorovich, died. In 1914, Vladimir Petrovich invented (and in 1917 published) an effective method and method of plastic surgery using a round stem, which turned out to be a valuable contribution to modern reconstructive surgery, widely recognized by surgeons and known as "Filatovsky round stem." With the help of the round stem method, which he proposed for plastic reconstructive surgery, many people who were seriously injured during the First World War, as a result of which they developed terrible defects in the face and other parts of the body, were spared the suffering. Even during his residency with Professor Adrian Kryukov, the young scientist worked on mastering eye research techniques under the guidance of Professor Golovin and at the same time studied the basics of pathological anatomy of the eyes with Professor Fedor Yeletsky. At the same time, he wrote his first two scientific works, dedicated to describing interesting cases of congenital eye anomalies.

According to the People's Commissariat of Health, as of the early 1920s, there were 238,000 blind people in the Soviet Union, half of whom had cataracts. Developing bold ideas about corneal transplantation, Filatov enthusiastically presented them to his managers, revealing to them the tempting prospects associated with his idea. By solving this question, science would be enriched with yet another brilliant achievement. In 1924, he developed a method of complete (and in 1927-1938 - partial) penetrating keratoplasty, for which he designed special medical instruments. Unlike the previous attempt, this time the operation was successful. However, the problem of corneal transplantation was considered completely unpromising at that time, so the young doctor’s bold idea did not find support in the scientific world. He continued to work in the clinic, carefully studying various forms of eye disease, developing and improving his surgical technique. Vladimir Petrovich himself wrote that in those years there was neither day nor night if he did not think about this problem. Subsequently, the professor introduced a new effective principle of treatment into medicine - tissue therapy, to which he devoted 20 years of his life. This method has found wide application in the treatment of not only eye diseases, but also a number of general diseases that were previously considered incurable, as well as in various fields of medicine, veterinary medicine and even in the national economy.

Among the ophthalmologist’s acquaintances were also former officers of the tsarist army who miraculously survived the years of the revolution and went over to the side of the Soviet government. When visiting each other, at the dacha, and also during hospital appointments, friends and acquaintances of previous years, as before, exchanged opinions and practically meaningless conversations, in which anti-Soviet notes could be heard. These circumstances allowed the OGPU to open in 1930 another case on “Military Officer Organizations”, into which they included not only former military personnel, but also a number of professors from Odessa universities, some of whom were eventually shot. On February 20, 1931, Professor Filatov was arrested by the OGPU on charges of participation in "counter-revolutionary military officer organization." He spent 2 months in prison, during which he received severe physical and mental injuries, although, unlike other prisoners, the scientist was treated carefully. It is believed that the distance between Vladimir Petrovich’s area of ​​scientific research and politics indicates that he may not have been subjected to torture. During the interrogation, the scientist wrote many statements, first incriminating himself, hoping that this would be the way to end the unbearable psychological torture, and then refuting his testimony:

But still, the professor had to incriminate himself and plead guilty to involvement in “counter-revolutionary” organizations:

On the same day, the GPU of the Ukrainian SSR decided to release the scientist on his own recognizance.

At the eye clinic of Odessa University, Vladimir Filatov began his work on cornea transplantation for cataracts. Here, for the first time in the world, on May 6, 1931, he used the cornea of ​​a cadaveric eye, preserved in low temperature conditions, during a transplant operation and thereby solved the problem of material for keratoplasty. He developed a means of preserving the cornea in a humid chamber at a temperature of + 4 ° C. Vladimir Petrovich improved the technique of partial penetrating keratoplasty, which improved access for ophthalmologists. Keratoplasty has ceased to be a clinical experiment and has become an effective means of restoring vision to blind people with cataracts. Solving the problem of donor cornea marked the beginning of the widespread introduction of keratoplasty into practice and brought Vladimir Petrovich enormous popularity. From everywhere, patients with cataracts flocked to Odessa - to Filatov. In 1931-1932, the scientist created the first in-person ambulance station and glaucoma dispensary in the USSR at the Odessa Eye Clinic.

In 1933, a study was conducted on the medicinal properties of tissues and biogenic stimulants that were preserved at low temperatures. This became the basis for the researcher to create a new method of therapeutic medicine - tissue therapy, which was subsequently widely introduced into the practice of health care and veterinary medicine. In the same year, an Odessa scientist came to a meeting at the Moscow Eye Clinic, accompanied by four patients. At that time, the surgeon operated on 96 blind eyes, of which 24 began to see after the operation. Having presented living evidence of his method at the congress, among whom there were people who had 1-5% of normal vision before surgery, and after - 70-100%, the scientist received fame and recognition as a talented ophthalmologist and surgeon. For the development of methods for corneal transplantation and tissue therapy, 1941 scientists were awarded the Stalin Prize.

In the mid-1930s, the old clinic of eye diseases of the medical institute could no longer serve patients; people came from different parts of the country, and the small laboratory could not accommodate all the workers. In addition, the widespread development of research and work on ophthalmology problems required the expansion of the clinical and laboratory facilities. Therefore, on the initiative of Vladimir Petrovich in 1936, by Decree of the USSR Government No. 632, the Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology (now the V. Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine) was organized, which he headed from 1936 until his death. For the first two years, not yet having its own base, the institute was located in one of the buildings of the 2nd Clinical Hospital, which could not accommodate all the patients wishing to undergo surgery with a famous ophthalmologist and doctors seeking to engage in scientific work under his leadership. In 1939, the construction of two three-story buildings and a number of auxiliary buildings of the institute was completed. Thanks to the energy of its leader, the institute quickly turned into one of the best ophthalmological institutions in the USSR.

Tashkent

During the German-Soviet war, the work of the institute was interrupted. Vladimir Petrovich, some of his students were evacuated to Pyatigorsk, where they worked in Evacuation Hospital No. 2172 and then to Tashkent, where, on the basis of Evacuation Hospital No. 1262, the “Ukrainian Institute of Eye Diseases” was restored by Order of the USSR Government, in a reduced volume. Being the director of the institute, the scientist was also the chief consultant of the said hospital. In the hospital there were seriously wounded people with eye injuries, often losing sight in their only eye. Being a virtuoso surgeon, Filatov performed various optical operations, and in patients with particularly severe cataracts he performed end-to-end corneal transplants. Eye injuries, as a rule, were combined with severe damage to the eyelids, eye orbit, and often the face. In such cases, the plastic method he previously proposed served well.

In 1942, when there were bloody battles, Filatov in Tashkent sought to restore the Odessa Institute of Eye Diseases on the basis of the main hospital. Moreover, Vladimir Petrovich had already drawn up a plan for scientific research for 1943. He sent such reports to his students and asked them to answer him.

The talented theorist and surgeon spent all his strength on treating the Red Army soldiers, tirelessly introducing his methods into the work of the hospital. During the war, all this work contributed to the dissemination of the methods of tissue therapy he proposed and served to quickly restore the health of the wounded and disabled war veterans. During this period, Filatov published more than 200 scientific papers and monographs, and made more than 40 reports.

Return to Odessa, last years and death

On September 30, 1944, Vladimir Petrovich, together with the staff of the institute, returned to Odessa and set about restoring the destroyed and devastated buildings where they worked. Returning to the city, the academician moved to Primorsky Boulevard, and subsequently lived in Kulikovsky Lane. In one year, we managed to restore part of the institute, deploy 120 beds and 6 laboratories. And already in 1946, the academician fulfilled another dream of his - he published the Ophthalmological Journal, and was its first editor-in-chief. In the same year, the academician began giving lectures at the Pervomaisky Medical School. He worked there until 1953.

The post-war years brought the scientist real recognition far beyond the borders of the Soviet Union. The sick and wounded sought to get an appointment with the professor. Patients lined up for appointments at the clinic in the evening, and the doctor allocated several hours three times a week for consultations with seriously ill patients. According to his students, he never told even hopeless patients "No", claiming that taking away faith from a sick person is a great sin. Therefore constantly said: «… maybe because science is developing.” Believing that an ophthalmologist who does not have a scalpel cannot be a good specialist, Vladimir Petrovich paid a lot of attention to the surgical training of his students. Masterfully performing the most complex and delicate eye operations, he passed on his skills to his students every day. Over the half-century of Filatov’s activity, he personally performed several thousand operations.

It is symbolic that on July 15, 1950, a solemn meeting was held in Odessa on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the academician and awarding him the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, the hero of the day was advised to begin his speech with gratitude to the party and government for the high award, but the academician began with words about the inspiring influence of his relatives - Neil and Peter Filatov.

The scientist spent the last years of his life in an apartment on Proletarsky Boulevard (now the boulevard has returned to its old name - French). Vladimir Petrovich Filatov died on October 30, 1956 from a cerebral hemorrhage. He was buried at the Second Christian Cemetery in Odessa. In the further development of the scientific ideas of the outstanding doctor and the preservation of the traditions of the “Filatov School”, his student, academician Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Puchkovskaya, who headed the institute in 1956-1985, played a large role. Puchkovskaya significantly improved the system of emergency care for eye injuries.

Creation

Vladimir Filatov was not only a scientist, but also a clinician, a brilliant surgeon, a gifted teacher, a talented artist, an interesting storyteller and a cheerful conversationalist. It is known that the academician devoted a lot of time to writing his memoirs. In the spring, the scientist went to the Odessa coastline in Arcadia and to the Maly Fontan, where he painted sketches. He also had poetic lines, Vladimir Petrovich signed with an anagram - “Votalif” (“Filatov” in reverse). One of the poems, written by his hand, is kept in the house-museum of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov in Yalta, where Vladimir Petrovich often visited at the invitation of the wife of the outstanding Russian writer Maria Pavlovna Chekhova.

Scientific activity

Filatov's scientific activity was his constant and intense work throughout his life. Thus, during the first 20 years of his activity, he published 12 scientific works, then, after 1917, another 250. Over the entire period of his life, the academician wrote about 460 scientific papers and monographs. The first big discovery made by Vladimir Petrovich was the method of plastic surgery on a round stem, which won worldwide recognition. This method consists in the fact that during plastic surgery a “stem” of skin, a living skin flap, is created and transplanted onto the damaged part of the body.

The scientist’s achievement is the new treatment method he developed - tissue therapy. It lies in the fact that pieces of tissue separated from the human body, as well as leaves of plants, especially aloe, are preserved in conditions that are unfavorable for existence (tissues in the cold, leaves in the dark), but do not kill them, and undergo biochemical restructuring. It is accompanied by the accumulation in these tissues of special substances (biogenic stimulants) that have medicinal properties. Tissue therapy effectively helps in the fight against various eye diseases, in the fight against skin, internal, nervous and other diseases.

In 1939, Filatov was elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, and in 1944 - an academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Filatov founded and was the permanent director of the experimental research institute of eye diseases and tissue therapy on French Boulevard, which received his name during the scientist’s lifetime; proposed his own methods of treating glaucoma, trachoma, injuries in ophthalmology, etc.; invented many original ophthalmic instruments; founded and edited the Ophthalmological Journal in Odessa; For a long time he headed the Odessa Ophthalmological Society.

• "The doctrine of cell poisons in ophthalmology" (1908).
• "Optical corneal transplantation and tissue therapy" (1945, 1948).
• "Tissue Therapy" (1948).
• "My paths in science" (1955).
• "Operations on the cornea and sclera" (1960).
• "Selected Works"(4 volumes, 1961).

Social activity

Despite his non-partisanship, academician Vladimir Filatov conducted significant social and political activities. He was elected as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of the 1st (1938-1947), 2nd (1947-1951), 3rd (1951-1955) and 4th convocations (1955-1959). All his life the scientist was very religious and sought the preservation of religious monuments in Odessa. In addition, he corresponded with many religious figures of his time:

1936, during the destruction of churches in the USSR, the Odessa Transfiguration Cathedral was looted and then dismantled piece by piece. After this, the Bolshevik city authorities decided to build a place of entertainment on the site of the Cathedral, and it was planned to place a public toilet on the site of the main altar. And only the intercession of Academician Filatov saved the place from desecration - in place of the altar they installed a fountain with a large marble vase in the shape of a flower (“Filatov’s vase,” as it was called later). After the restoration of the Cathedral in 2005, this fountain was moved to the site of the first city fountain on Cathedral Square.

At the same time, the scientist carried out a great deal of public work - he was elected as a delegate to the Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of Ukraine, was a deputy of the Odessa City Council of several convocations, and a member of the editorial boards of many magazines. In Odessa, under his leadership, congresses of ophthalmologists of the Ukrainian SSR were held.

Awards and honorary titles

For scientific and medicinal achievements, Vladimir Petrovich was awarded high state awards and titles:

• Full member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR;
• Title of Hero of Socialist Labor (July 15, 1950);
• Recipient of four Orders of Lenin;
• Knight of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor;
• Knight of the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree;
• Winner of the Stalin Prize (1941);
• And was awarded a number of medals:
  • Medal "Hammer and Sickle"
  • Gold medal named after. I. I. Mechnikova (1951)
  • Medal "For victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945";
  • Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945";
  • Medal in memory of the 50th anniversary of episcopal consecration (church).

In memory

On November 23, 1956, the Scientific Council of the Institute decided to perpetuate the memory of its first director. On the pediment of the institute building there was a plaque with the inscription: "Research Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy named after Academician V. P. Filatov", and in his office, an office-museum of Academician Filatov was created, where even today everything is preserved in the same form as it was when he was an ophthalmologist.

In 1961, the Council of Ministers of the USSR established the Prize named after Academician V. P. Filatov "For the best work in ophthalmic surgery and plastic surgery." The first prize was awarded to Filatov’s student, Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Puchkovskaya, for her monograph "Transplantation of the cornea for complicated cataracts." The following year, 1962, a postage stamp with the image of the academician was issued.

The employees of the institute deeply respect and honor their teacher. They are proud of his poems, poems, works of art, which have been restored and exhibited in the museum of the institute and the estate-museum of Vladimir Filatov. In Odessa, three memorial plaques were unveiled on the houses where he lived and worked, and there is a bust in front of the main building of the institute. In addition, asteroid No. 5 316, which was discovered by Lyudmila Karachkina on October 21, 1982 at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, was named in honor of the academician, as well as streets in Zaporozhye, Kramatorsk, Odessa, Minsk, Ufa, his native village and an avenue in Ulyanovsk. In 2005, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a commemorative coin dedicated to the scientist, the obverse of which depicts a stylized diagram of the optical system of the human eye, and the reverse features a portrait of an ophthalmologist.

• The academician often corresponded with his patients who lived all over the world, so sometimes letters with incredible addresses arrived in Odessa: "Odessa.Head. city ​​clinic Filatov V.P. », "Odessa. Academy of Medical Sciences" Sci. Filatov »,« Odessa. Eye surgery clinic »,« Odessa. Polyclinic near the Black Sea »,« Odessa. Chief paramedic in the eyes »,« Black Sea.Filatov”, etc.
• V.P. Filatov studied at the same gymnasium where Vladimir Ulyanov, Modest Bogdanov and Sergei Buturlin studied.