Allergies psoriasis eczema dermatitis skin diseases. Differences between eczema and dermatitis: how different are they? Natural Treatments

Dermatitis (from Greek δέρμα derma "skin" and -ῖτις -itis "inflammation"), or eczema (Greek: ἔκζεμα eczema "rash"), is an inflammation of the skin. It is characterized by pruritic, erythematous, vesicular, weeping, and scabby lesions. The term eczema is also widely used to describe atopic dermatitis, or atopic eczema. In some languages, dermatitis and eczema are synonymous, while in others, dermatitis means an acute condition and eczema means a chronic condition. The cause of dermatitis is not clear. One suggestion is that the condition results from a dysfunctional interaction between the immune system and the skin. The term eczema is broadly applied to a range of persistent skin conditions. They include dryness and recurrent skin rashes, which are characterized by one or more of these symptoms: redness, swelling of the skin, itching and dryness, crusting, flaking, blistering, cracking, discharge or bleeding. Areas of temporary discoloration of the skin may appear, in some cases associated with healed lesions. Scratching healing lesions can cause the rash to scar and spread. Treatment is usually through moisturizers and steroid creams. If these are ineffective, creams based on calcineurin inhibitors can be used. In 2010, the disease was estimated to affect 230 million people worldwide (3.5% of the population). While dermatitis is life-threatening, other illnesses may be associated with the condition, including osteoporosis, depression and heart failure.

Classification

The concept of “eczema” refers to a complex of clinical characteristics. The classification of underlying diseases was random and haphazard, with many synonyms used to describe a single disease. The type of eczema can be described by location (for example, hand eczema), a specific appearance (craquelure or coin-shaped eczema), or a possible cause (varicose eczema). Adding more confusion, many sources use the term eczema for the most common type of eczema (atopic dermatitis) interchangeably. The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) published a memorandum in 2001 that simplifies the nomenclature of allergy-related diseases, including atopic and allergic contact dermatitis.

Terminology

There are several different types of dermatitis. Different types usually have an allergic reaction to specific allergens. The term may describe dermatitis, which is also called contact dermatitis and eczematous dermatitis. The diagnosis of dermatitis often includes atopic dermatitis (which is common among children and adolescents) but, in the wrong context, can refer to any type of dermatitis. In some languages, dermatitis and eczema are synonymous, while in others, dermatitis means a condition and eczema means a chronic condition. The two diseases are often classified as one.

Common

Some substances act as both allergens and irritants (for example, liquid cement mortar). Other substances cause a problem after exposure to sunlight, giving phototoxic dermatitis. Almost three quarters of contact type cases are irritative, which is the most common occupational skin disease. Contact dermatitis is treatable if the problematic substance can be avoided and residues removed from the patient's environment. (ICD-10 L23; L24; L56.1; L56.0)

Xerotic eczema (also known as asteatosis, craquelure or craquelatum, winter itch, seasonal itch) is dry skin that becomes so severe that it develops into eczema. It worsens in dry winter weather, with the limbs and trunk often affected. Itchy, tender skin becomes like a dry, cracked river bottom. This disorder is widespread among the elderly population. Ichthyosis is a related disease. (ICD-10 L30.8A; L85.0)

Seborrheic dermatitis, or seborrheic eczema ("scalp" in babies), is a condition, in some cases classified as a form of eczema, that is closely similar to dandruff. It causes dryness or greasy flaking of the scalp, eyebrows and face, and sometimes the torso. The disease is harmless, except for severe cases of crusts on the head. In newborns, it causes a thin, yellow, crust-like rash on the scalp, called a scab, which is associated with a lack of biotin and is treatable in most cases. (ICD-10 L21; L21.0)

Less common

Dyshidrosis (also known as dyshidrotic dermatitis, dropsy, vesicular palmoplantar dermatitis, housewives' eczema) appears exclusively on the palms, soles, and sides of the fingers and toes. Small, opaque bumps called blisters, thinning and cracking are accompanied by itching that gets worse at night. A common type of hand eczema, it gets worse in warm weather. (ICD-10 L30.1)

Monoliform eczema (also known as nummular eczema, exudative, bacterial dermatitis) is characterized by round patches of oozing or dry rash, with well-defined borders, often on the lower legs. Usually worsens in winter. The cause is unknown, and the disease tends to come and go. (ICD-10 L30.0)

Venous dermatitis (also known as gravitational dermatitis, stasis dermatitis, varicose dermatitis) occurs in people with poor circulation, varicose veins and swelling and is especially common in the ankle area in people over 50 years of age. There is redness, peeling, darkening of the skin, as well as itching. The disorder predisposes to leg ulcers. (ICD-10 I83.1)

Dermatitis herpetiformis (also known as Duhring's disease) causes intense itching and a typically symmetrical rash on the arms, thighs, knees, and back. It is directly related to celiac disease, can often go into remission with appropriate diet, and tends to get worse at night. (ICD-10 L13.0)

Neurodermatitis (also known as lichen simplex chronicus, localized heterogeneous dermatitis) is an itchy, thinning, pigmented eczematous lesion that results from habitual scratching and scratching. Usually only one lesion. Most cases are treatable with behavior changes and anti-inflammatory medications. Prurigo nodularis is a related disease showing multiple swellings. (ICD-10 L28.0; L28.1)

There are also dermatitis, which are based on viral infections (dermatitis herpetiformis or vaccinal), as well as dermatitis, which is based on a disease (for example, lymphoma). Dermatitis resulting from the intake of drugs, foods and chemicals has not yet been accurately systematized. In addition to those listed here, there are other eczematous diseases.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of dermatitis vary depending on the different forms of the disease. They vary from skin rashes to lumpy rashes or bullous lesions. Although each type of dermatitis has different symptoms, there are certain signs that are common to all types, including skin redness, swelling, itching, and skin lesions in some cases, diffuse bleeding and scarring. Additionally, regions of the skin where symptoms tend to differ among different types of dermatitis include the neck, wrist, forearm, thigh, or ankle. Although the location may vary, the initial symptom of this disease is itchy skin. More rarely, it may appear in the genital area, such as the vulva or scrotum. Symptoms of this type of dermatitis can be very severe and may come and go. Irritative contact dermatitis is usually more painful than pruritic contact dermatitis. Although the symptoms of atopic dermatitis vary from person to person, the most common symptoms include dry, itchy, red skin. Commonly affected areas include the crooks of the arms, the backs of the knees, wrists, face and hands. Symptoms of dermatitis herpetiformis include itching, burning and warmth. Nodules and blisters are common. The small red bumps seen in this type of dermatitis are usually about 1 cm in size, red in color and may be symmetrically grouped and distributed on the upper back or lower back, buttocks, elbows, knees, neck, shoulders and scalp. Less often, the rash may occur inside the mouth or near the hairline. Symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis, on the other hand, appear gradually, ranging from a dry or oily scalp (dandruff) to hair loss. In severe cases, pustules may appear along the hairline, behind the ears, on the eyebrows, on the top of the bridge of the nose, near the nose, on the chest and upper back. In newborns, the disease causes a thin, yellowish rash on the scalp, often accompanied by diaper rash. Perioral dermatitis refers to a red, bumpy rash around the mouth.

Causes

The cause of dermatitis is not known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Environmental factors

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that asthma, dermatitis and other allergic diseases are caused by an overly clean environment. It is supported by epidemiological studies regarding asthma. The hypothesis states that exposure to bacteria and other immune system stimulants is important during development, and loss of this exposure increases the risk of asthma and allergies. While the hypothesis suggests that dermatitis may in some cases be an allergic reaction to dust mite excrement, with up to 5% of people demonstrating antibodies, the overall role it plays awaits further evidence.

Genetic factors

Several genes have been linked to dermatitis, one of which is filaggrin. Genome-wide studies have discovered three new genetic variants associated with dermatitis: OVOL1, ACTL9 and IL4-KIF3A. Dermatitis occurs three times more frequently in celiac disease and approximately twice as often in those with celiac disease, potentially suggesting a genetic link between the two diseases.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of dermatitis is based primarily on history and physical examination. However, in uncertain cases, a skin biopsy may be useful. Dermatitis sufferers are especially susceptible to misdiagnosis of food allergies. Scarification tests are used in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis.

Prevention

There is no reliable evidence that the mother's diet during pregnancy, the formula milk used, or breastfeeding changes the risk. There is conditional evidence that probiotics in infancy reduce rates, but this is not sufficient to recommend their use. People with dermatitis should not receive smallpox vaccine due to the risk of developing eczema vaccinatum, a potentially severe and in some cases fatal complication.

Control

There is no known cure for dermatitis, but treatment is aimed at managing symptoms by reducing inflammation and relieving itching.

Lifestyle

Bathing one or more times per day is recommended. There is a misconception that bathing dries out the skin in people with dermatitis. It is not clear whether reducing the number of dust mites makes dermatitis easier. There has been no adequate evaluation of how dietary changes improve dermatitis. There is some evidence that infants with established egg allergies may show relief of symptoms if eggs are eliminated from their diet. Benefits have not been observed with other elimination diets, although studies have been small and poorly conducted. Determining whether you have a food allergy before making dietary changes can help you avoid unnecessary lifestyle changes. People can also wear clothing designed to control itching, scratching, and flaking. Soaps and detergents should not be used on affected skin as they can remove the skin's natural oils and cause excess dryness.

Humidifiers

Humectants (also known as emollients) are recommended at least once or twice daily. Fat-based formulations are better, but water-based formulations are not recommended. It is not clear whether moisturizers containing ceramides are more or less effective than other moisturizers. Products containing dyes, fragrances or peanuts should not be used. Sealing dressings at night may be helpful.

Medications

There is little evidence for the antihistamine and thus it is not generally recommended. Sedating antihistamines such as diphenhydramine may be tried by those who are unable to sleep due to dermatitis.

Corticosteroids

When symptoms are well controlled with moisturizing agents, steroids are required only if flares occur. Corticosteroids are effective in managing and suppressing symptoms in most cases. Use once a day is usually sufficient. For mild to moderate dermatitis, a weak steroid (eg hydrocortisone) may be used, while for severe cases a more potent steroid (eg clobetasol propionate) may be used. In severe cases, oral or injected corticosteroids may be used. While they provide quick improvements, they also have major side effects. Long-term use of topical steroids can lead to skin atrophy, furrows, and telangiectasia. Their use on sensitive skin (face or groin area) is therefore usually accompanied by caution. However, they are generally well tolerated. Topical steroid addiction (TSA) has been reported in long-term topical steroid users (users who have applied topical steroids to the skin for weeks, months, or years). TSA is characterized by uncontrolled, spreading dermatitis, and worsening skin inflammation that requires the use of a stronger topical steroid to achieve the same result as the first prescription. When use of a topical steroid is stopped, skin redness, burning, itching, warmth, swelling and/or diffuse bleeding may occur over time. This is also called red skin syndrome or topical steroid withdrawal (TSW). After the withdrawal period, atopic dermatitis may stop or become less severe than before.

Immunosuppressants

Topically applied immunosuppressants such as pimecrolimus and tacrolimus may be more effective in the short term and equivalent to steroids after a year of use. Their use is appropriate for those who do not respond to or cannot tolerate steroids. Treatment is usually recommended for a short or set period of time rather than indefinitely. Tacrolimus 0.1% is generally more effective than picrolimus and equal in potency to moderate-strength topical steroids. The US Food and Drug Administration issued an advisory regarding the possible risk of lymph node or skin cancer from these products, but subsequent studies have not supported these concerns. The main dispute in the UK has been regarding the cost of these drugs and, taking into account only certain NHS sources, when they are most appropriate for use. When dermatitis is severe and does not respond to other forms of treatment, systemic immunosuppressants are used. Immunosuppressants can cause significant side effects, and some require regular blood tests. The most commonly used drugs are cyclosporine, azathioprine and methotrexate.

Phototherapy

Phototherapy using ultraviolet light has conditional evidence, but the quality of the evidence is poor. Various types of light can be used, including UVA and UVB. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet light carries its own risks, particularly with regard to skin cancer.

Alternative medicine

There is now scientific evidence to support the claim that sulfur treatment improves dermatitis. It is not clear whether Chinese herbs help or harm. Nutritional supplements are widely used by people suffering from dermatitis. Neither evening primrose oil nor borage seed oil taken orally were effective. Both have been associated with gastrointestinal distress. Probiotics are not effective. There is unreliable evidence to support the use of sea buckthorn oil, hemp oil, sunflower oil or as dietary supplements. Other treatments for which there is no reliable evidence include spinal manipulation and acupuncture. There is little evidence to support the use of psychological treatments. While diluted bleach baths have been used against infectious dermatitis, there is little evidence regarding their practical use.

Forecast

Most cases are well controlled with topical agents and ultraviolet light. About 2% of cases, however, are not controlled. More than 60% of cases of the disease resolve in adolescence.

Epidemiology

Worldwide, dermatitis affects approximately 230 million people as of 2010 (3.5% of the population). The life span in which the incidence of dermatitis is recorded peaks in early childhood, while in women the prevalence of dermatitis is observed during the reproductive period from 15 to 49 years. In the UK, around 20% of children are affected by the condition, while in the US it is around 10%. Although there is little data regarding the incidence of dermatitis over time before World War II (1939–45), the incidence of dermatitis increased significantly in the second half of the 20th century, with the incidence of dermatitis in school-age children increasing in the late 1940s and 2000. In developed countries, there has been an increase in the incidence of dermatitis over time. The incidence and lifespan of predominant dermatitis in the UK is currently increasing. Dermatitis affected approximately 10% of US workers in 2010, representing over 15 million workers. The incidence is higher among women than among men, and the prevalence among those with a college degree or advanced degree is comparable to or less than among those with a high school diploma. Workers employed in health care or social care, medical examination and social science fields have an increased incidence of dermatitis. About 6% of dermatitis cases among US workers are attributed to healthcare professionals, indicating a prevalence of occupational dermatitis among workers of at least 0.6%.

Story

The concept of atopic dermatitis was coined in 1933 by Wise and Schulzberger. Sulfur as a topical treatment for dermatitis was fashionable during the Victorian and Edwardian eras.

Society and culture

List of used literature:

“Visifying expert offers new hope for eczema sufferers” (PDF). Dermcoll.edu.au. May 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2015.

Hay, R. J.; Johns, NE; Williams, H. C.; Bolliger, I. W.; Dellavalle, R.P.; Margolis, DJ; Marks, R; Naldi, L; Weinstock, MA; Wulf, S. K.; Michaud, C; J L Murray, C; Naghavi, M (28 October 2013). "The Global Burden of Skin Disease in 2010: An Analysis of the Prevalence and Impact of Skin Conditions." The Journal of investigative dermatology 134(6):1527–34. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.446. PMID 24166134.

Review

Dermatitis is a chronic condition in which the skin becomes red, itchy, dry and cracked. Atopic dermatitis (eczema, neurodermatitis) is the most common form of dermatitis. It most often affects children, but it can also occur in adults.

Atopic dermatitis usually occurs in folds of skin, such as behind the knees, at the crease of the elbows, on the sides of the neck, around the eyes and ears. The severity of the disease varies. In most cases, dermatitis is mild. The most severe symptoms: cracks and erosions of the skin, bleeding.

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is characterized by periods of remission, when symptoms are less pronounced, followed by periods of exacerbation, during which additional treatment is required.

Other types of dermatitis (eczema)

There are different types of dermatitis:

coin-shaped eczema – causes round or oval skin lesions, usually occurs in adults;
contact dermatitis - appears upon contact with a particular substance;
varicose (congestive) eczema - affects the legs, usually around swollen and dilated (varicose) veins;
Seborrheic dermatitis – causes red, scaly rashes on the sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears and scalp.

The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown. However, it often affects people with allergies (“atopic” means “allergic”). Eczema can run in families and often occurs in conjunction with other conditions such as asthma and hay fever.

With age, in many children, atopic dermatitis goes away completely or becomes much easier. In approximately 53% of all cases, the disease resolves by age 11, and in 65% of cases by age 16. However, severe eczema can significantly interfere with daily life and can be difficult to cope with, both physically and emotionally. Atopic dermatitis also has an increased risk of infectious diseases.

There are various methods to control and treat the disease, including the use of medications and lifestyle changes.

Worldwide, the prevalence of atopic dermatitis is about 10-37%. In our country, about 5.9% of children and adolescents suffer from dermatitis. In 8 out of 10 cases, the disease appears before the age of 5 years. Many children develop atopic dermatitis before they are one year old. Atopic dermatitis affects people of both sexes equally.

In recent years, the number of people affected by eczema has increased. This may be due to changes in lifestyle or environmental factors. In addition, the number of reported cases has increased due to improved diagnosis of this disease.

Symptoms of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Eczema is accompanied by constant symptoms that periodically worsen. During an exacerbation, symptoms intensify and additional treatment is required.

Typical symptoms of atopic dermatitis include itchy, dry, and red skin that may break or crack. Changes in the skin can be focal or spread throughout the body. Favorite places for eczema:

in infants - on the face and scalp, as well as on the arms and legs;
in older children and adults - on the hands, around large joints (for example, on the bend of the elbows or on the inside of the knee joints).

Depending on the severity of the dermatitis, its symptoms may vary. In people with a mild form, only small areas of skin are usually affected, which become dry and sometimes itchy. In more severe cases, eczema can cause dry skin over large areas of the body, persistent itching, and secretion of interstitial fluid.

Constant itching disrupts sleep and forces you to scratch the areas affected by atopic dermatitis, sometimes until blood appears. Attempts to scratch the itchy area only cause more itching, which especially affects children. Itching prevents them from falling asleep, and during the day it distracts them from schoolwork and distracts their attention.

Signs of exacerbation of dermatitis

As dermatitis worsens, symptoms may become more severe. This period is characterized by:

extremely severe itching, redness, dryness, peeling and increased skin temperature at the site of the lesion;
foci of weeping - areas of swollen skin through which tissue fluid seeps;
the addition of an infection, usually Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus).

Causes of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

There is no single cause of atopic dermatitis (eczema). It is likely associated with various genetic and environmental factors that interact at different times. So, you can inherit a tendency to develop dermatitis from your parents. In some people, the manifestation of dermatitis is provoked by certain environmental factors, dust or pollen. There are several reasons that can cause an exacerbation.

Research results indicate that eczema in many cases is inherited. This means that it is caused by the genes you inherited from your parents.

If a child's parents have eczema, there is a high chance that the child will also develop the disease. Research shows that 60% of children who have a parent with atopic dermatitis will also develop it. If both parents have eczema, the child has an 80% chance of developing the disease. It is still not known exactly which genes are responsible for atopic dermatitis. It is believed that breastfeeding may reduce a baby's risk of eczema.

If you are predisposed to atopic dermatitis due to your genes, it will appear after exposure to certain environmental factors, such as allergens. An allergen is a substance that causes an excessive protective reaction of the body - an allergy. The most common allergens that cause eczema are:

dust mites;
pet hair;
pollen.

Eczema is sometimes caused by food allergens. Especially often in children under one year of age. Foods that usually cause an allergic reaction:

cow's milk;
eggs;
nuts;
wheat.

Some studies of children and young people with eczema suggest that one to two thirds have food allergies. Food allergies increase the likelihood of severe eczema. Allergies do not always play a role in the onset of the disease. Many other factors also increase your chance of developing dermatitis, including:

cold weather;
dampness;
some types of soap;
washing too often;
rough clothes.

Triggers of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Triggers (factors that cause the disease to worsen) can make atopic dermatitis worse, although they are not necessarily the cause of the disease.

Hormonal changes in women. Hormones are biologically active chemicals that are produced by the body and affect it in different ways. For some women, changes in the levels of certain hormones can affect the symptoms of eczema. So, in some women, dermatitis worsens during the menstrual cycle, and in others - the day before the start of menstruation.

Hormonal changes during pregnancy can also affect atopic dermatitis. More than half of pregnant women note a worsening of the condition; in a quarter of pregnant women, on the contrary, the condition of the skin improves.

Stress is associated with eczema, but how it affects it is not fully understood. For some people, dermatitis symptoms worsen during times of stress. For others, the symptoms of dermatitis, on the contrary, cause stress.

Physical exercise. Sweating after intense exercise can worsen the symptoms of dermatitis. Try not to overheat during exercise by drinking plenty of fluids and resting regularly.

Irritants may worsen symptoms. The irritants vary from person to person, but it could be:

soaps and detergents such as shampoo, dish soap, or bubble bath;
some types of clothing, especially wool and nylon;
overheat;
very cold, dry weather;
dust;
unfamiliar pets.

Other possible triggers:

substances that come into contact with the skin, such as perfumed products or latex (a type of natural rubber);
environmental factors, such as tobacco smoke, exhaust fumes or water with a high content of hardness salts (hard water);
change of season - most people with eczema experience relief of symptoms in the summer, and an exacerbation in the winter.

Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

To diagnose, the doctor will first need to examine the damaged skin and ask you in detail about your symptoms. It is important to tell your doctor:

whether the rash is itchy and where it appeared;
when did symptoms appear?
were there any exacerbations;
did any of your relatives have eczema?
whether you have other diseases, such as allergies or bronchial asthma.

Tell your doctor if your illness interferes with your normal activities, such as if itching makes it difficult for you to sleep at night or prevents you from doing normal activities.

Questionnaire for diagnosing eczema

A significant amount of information for diagnosing eczema can be provided by your own complaints that you have noted over the past months. Therefore, to take into account all the symptoms, a special questionnaire was compiled. The presence of prolonged skin itching, as well as 3 or more of the following signs, may indicate the presence of the disease:

Itching and irritation in skin folds, such as the elbows, behind the knees, ankles, around the neck or eyes.
Your skin has been prone to dryness and flaking over the past 12 months.
You have suffered or have suffered from bronchial asthma or hay fever throughout your life. For children under 4 years of age, an equivalent criterion is having a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, with asthma or hay fever.
In children under 4 years of age: patches of dermatitis in skin folds, forehead, cheeks, arms or legs.
In children over 4 years of age and adults: the disease appeared at 2 years of age or earlier.

Your doctor should determine what triggers are causing your atopic dermatitis to flare up. You may be asked about your diet and lifestyle to determine if anything obvious is causing your symptoms. For example, you may have noticed that your dermatitis gets worse after using a certain soap or shampoo.

It can be helpful to keep a diary of new foods and your reactions to them to help identify possible allergens that are causing your symptoms to worsen. Your doctor will then review the records to determine if there is a relationship between your symptoms and what you eat.

Treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Treatment can significantly relieve the symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Although it is not yet possible to cure this disease forever. In children with eczema, symptoms gradually subside naturally as they age.

The most common medications to treat eczema are:

skin softeners - used constantly to moisturize dry skin;
topical corticosteroids - used to relieve swelling and redness during an exacerbation of the disease.

Your doctor may prescribe a dry skin soother and mild topical corticosteroids. Products of varying strengths (moderate, active and highly active) are used on different parts of the body. If there are no signs of infection, your healthcare professional may apply a special dressing to you, which may be called a dry wrap, a wet wrap, or an occlusive dressing. These products relieve itching, prevent scratching and help prevent dry skin.

Other remedies are used to relieve the symptoms of eczema, including:

oral corticosteroids for acute symptoms;
antihistamines for severe itching;
antibiotics for infectious lesions of dermatitis;
topical immunosuppressants that suppress your body's immune system, such as products containing pimecrolimus, tacrolimus.

The doctor will prescribe additional treatment if necessary.

Biologically active additives

Some people use dietary supplements, such as dietary supplements and herbal remedies, to treat eczema. They help some, but there is no conclusive evidence that they effectively treat eczema.

If you plan to take dietary supplements, check with your doctor first to make sure it is safe. For example, some herbal remedies have severe side effects on the liver, and blood tests need to be done to monitor the health. In addition, you should not refuse traditional treatment prescribed by your doctor.

In addition to taking medications, you can also do certain things at home to help relieve symptoms.

Dermatitis often causes itching. Scratching can damage the skin: it thickens and loses its elasticity. Scratching also increases the risk of infection entering the skin. Sometimes the itching is so severe that it is impossible to control it. It is especially difficult for children. A possible solution is to cut your nails short, this will reduce skin trauma. If your child has eczema, you can stop scratching using special mittens. It also helps to tap or pinch the skin until the itching goes away.

Together with your doctor, try to find out the reasons that cause the condition to worsen, although this is not always possible. To reduce the likelihood of exposure to triggers, use the following tips:

If this or that clothing causes skin irritation, try not to wear it; are less likely to cause irritation to fabrics made from natural materials, such as cotton;
if dermatitis worsens at high temperatures, keep the house cool;
Avoid using soaps and detergents, which may cause symptoms of dermatitis.

Although many people with dermatitis are allergic to dust mites, controlling them is not essential for treating eczema. The process is complex, time-consuming, and there is no conclusive evidence of its effectiveness. Likewise, installing a water softener is unlikely to change the course of neurodermatitis, although hard water is thought to slightly increase the incidence of dermatitis in young children.

Don't make any major changes to your diet without talking to your doctor first. Certain foods, such as milk, eggs, and nuts, are known to trigger symptoms of dermatitis. However, avoiding these foods without a doctor's advice can be harmful to health, especially for young children who need a lot of calcium, calories and protein. If your doctor thinks you have a food allergy, you may be referred to a dietitian (nutrition specialist). If you are breastfeeding a baby with eczema, talk to your doctor before changing your usual diet.

Skin softeners

These products soften the skin and keep it hydrated. They reduce moisture loss from the skin by covering it with a protective film. This is the most important type of care for dry skin with atopic dermatitis. It is important to constantly moisturize your skin so that it does not dry out or crack.

There are various skin emollients available. The doctor will advise which one is best to purchase. However, you may have to try different products before you find the right one for you. A doctor may prescribe several medications for different purposes, for example:

ointment for very dry skin;
cream or lotion for less dry skin;
face and hand product;
body product;
an emollient that should be used instead of soap;
an emollient that should be added to the bath or used in the shower.

The difference between lotion, cream and ointment is the ratio of oils to water. Ointments have the highest oil content, so they are the greasy ones, but they moisturize the skin the best. Lotions have minimal oil content, so they have a light structure, but are less effective than ointments. Creams are an intermediate option.

If you've been using a certain product for a while, it may become less effective or cause skin irritation. In this case, consult your doctor to prescribe another remedy. For skin inflammation, emollients should be used in conjunction with anti-inflammatory agents, such as topical corticosteroids.

Use emollients constantly, including during remission - when there are no symptoms. It may be worth keeping a separate supply at work or school.

For best effect:

use a large amount of product;
apply it to the skin in the direction of hair growth;
do not rub the product into the skin;
for very dry skin, apply the product every 2-3 hours;
After a bath or shower, carefully pat your skin with a towel and apply the product to damp skin;
do not use other people's skin softening products;
Do not take the product from the jar with your finger - use a spoon or dispenser, as this helps reduce the risk of spreading infection.

It is important to continue using emollients during flare-ups as this is when the skin needs the most moisture. During an exacerbation, regularly apply a large amount of the product to the skin.

Topical corticosteroids

Topical corticosteroids are usually prescribed for skin inflammation. The expression “topical action” means that the product is applied directly to the skin. Corticosteroids quickly relieve inflammation.

You may be concerned that you are taking products that contain steroids. However, corticosteroids are not the same as anabolic steroids, which are sometimes used by bodybuilders and athletes. When used correctly, corticosteroids are a safe and effective treatment for dermatitis.

Your doctor may prescribe corticosteroids in varying strengths, depending on the severity of your dermatitis. These can be moderately active drugs, such as hydrocortisone, active (clobetasone) and highly active. For severe atopic dermatitis, stronger corticosteroids are used. You may be assigned:

cream for use on visible areas of the skin, such as the face and hands;
ointment for use at night and for severe exacerbations.

If you need to take corticosteroids frequently, see your doctor regularly to make sure your treatment is working and that you are using it correctly.

Apply a small amount of product to the affected area of skin. Always follow the instructions for use of the corticosteroid printed on the package insert. If your eczema flares, do not use corticosteroids more than twice a day. In most cases, it is enough to apply them once a day. To apply a topical corticosteroid:

apply the recommended amount of topical corticosteroid to the affected area;
Apply the product within 48 hours after the flare-up has passed.
Apply skin softener first and wait 30 minutes for the product to be absorbed;
If you or your child take corticosteroids for a long time, you may need to reduce how often you use them.

Consult your doctor.

The standard unit of topical corticosteroids is the FTU, or fingertip unit:

one FTU is a strip of corticosteroid equal to the length of the last phalanx of the index finger;
One FTU is enough to treat an area of skin the size of two adult palms.

When topical corticosteroids are used, they may cause a slight burning or tingling sensation. With long-term use of strong corticosteroids, they can cause:

thinning of the skin, especially at the bend of the elbow or knee;
dilation of small vessels in the form of bluish-red spots, especially on the cheeks;
acne (acne);
increased body hair growth.

These side effects are rare.

Antihistamines for eczema

Antihistamines are a type of medicine that blocks the action of a substance in the blood called histamine. Often, your body produces histamine when it comes into contact with an allergen. Antihistamines help relieve the itching that occurs with atopic dermatitis. They can be sedative, meaning they cause drowsiness, or non-sedating.

For severe itching or associated hay fever, you may be prescribed a non-sedating antihistamine. If it helps, you may be advised to continue taking a non-sedating antihistamine long-term. Treatment needs to be adjusted with a doctor every 3 months.

If itching is keeping you from sleeping, sedating antihistamines may help. They are prescribed for short-term use, usually the course lasts a maximum of 2 weeks, as they quickly lose effectiveness. This type of antihistamine may cause drowsiness the next day, so it is worth warning teachers at school that your child may respond more slowly than usual.

If you are taking antihistamines, do not drive the next day if you still feel drowsy. The sedative effect is likely to increase with alcohol consumption.

Corticosteroids in tablet form

In rare cases, during severe flare-ups, your doctor may prescribe corticosteroids in pill form. They are also used for exacerbation of bronchial asthma.

You may be prescribed prednisone once a day, usually in the morning, for 1 to 2 weeks.

If oral corticosteroids are taken frequently or for a long time, it may cause side effects, including:

high blood pressure (hypertension);
brittle bones (osteoporosis);
influence on growth in children.

Therefore, it is unlikely that your doctor will prescribe corticosteroid tablets more than once a year without first referring you to a specialist.

Infection of dermatitis lesions

When dermatitis lesions become infected, antibiotics are usually prescribed. Large areas of infection are treated with antibiotics in the form of tablets or capsules. The type of antibiotic should be recommended by a doctor; self-administration of these drugs is not recommended.

Small areas of skin are usually treated with antibiotics in the form of creams or ointments that are applied directly to the affected areas. Topical antibiotics should not be taken for longer than two weeks, as bacteria may become resistant to their action. If symptoms worsen, contact your doctor.

After the infection has cleared, your doctor will prescribe you a new course of creams and ointments that you used against the infection. You need to get rid of old remedies. During and after an infection, it is important to keep inflammation under control. If you have flare-ups of dermatitis, antiseptic creams and lotions can help kill the bacteria. The most commonly prescribed topical antiseptics are chlorhexidine and triclosan.

Referral to a specialist

In our country, atopic dermatitis (eczema) is usually treated under the supervision of a dermatologist - a specialist in the treatment of skin diseases. You can contact him independently or with a referral from a therapist or pediatrician (for a child). It is especially important to consult a dermatologist if:

it is unclear what type of dermatitis you have;
the prescribed treatment does not help;
dermatitis greatly interferes with your daily life;
The causes of dermatitis are not known.

A dermatologist may suggest the following treatment options:

phototherapy - irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light;
wraps - bandages with medicines or wet wraps are applied to the skin;
immunosuppressants to suppress your immune system;
highly active topical corticosteroids;
additional help on how to use treatments correctly - for example, a nurse can show you how to do something correctly;
psychological support;
alitretinoin (as of April 2014, this drug is not yet registered in Russia).

Alitretinoin (sold under the brand name Toctino) is a medication used for severe, long-lasting hand dermatitis that does not respond to other treatments. Alitretinoin treatment is carried out under the supervision of a dermatologist and is prescribed to people over 18 years of age.

Alitretinoin is a type of medicine called a retinoid. Retinoids relieve irritation and itching that occurs with dermatitis (eczema). It should not be taken during pregnancy as it may cause severe birth defects. Breastfeeding women should also not take alitretinoin, as it can pass into breast milk and harm the baby. Due to the risk of birth defects, this medication is not indicated for women of childbearing age.

Typical side effects when taking alitretinoin:

headache;
dry mouth and eyes;
decreased number of red blood cells (anemia);
increased levels of fatty substances in the blood called cholesterol and triglycerides;
joint or muscle pain.

Currently, alitretinoin is not registered in our country, but foreign doctors have accumulated positive experience in using this drug for the treatment of eczema. Perhaps in the near future this drug will be available in Russia. Discuss this with your healthcare provider.

Complications of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Complications from atopic dermatitis can impair both physical and mental health, especially in children.

Eczema causes the skin to become dry and cracked, increasing the risk of skin infection. Scratching itchy areas and using medications incorrectly increases your risk. The most common type of bacteria that affects eczema lesions is Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial infections can have severe symptoms. Staph infection can cause the following symptoms:

redness;
the release of fluid from cracks in the skin (wetting) and the formation of crusts when drying;
high fever and general malaise.

Staph infections are treated with antibiotics.

Infection of the focus of dermatitis with the herpes simplex virus, the causative agent of herpetic fever, may occur. This can develop into a serious condition called eczema herpeticum. Symptoms of herpetic eczema:

painful foci of the disease that progresses rapidly;
groups of fluid-filled blisters that burst and leave non-healing ulcers on the skin;
in some cases – high fever and general malaise.

Call your doctor right away if you think you or your child may have eczema herpes. If the condition is serious, call an ambulance by calling 03 from a landline phone, 112 or 911 from a mobile phone.

In addition to the effects on your body, eczema also affects your psyche. Preschool children with eczema are more likely to develop behavioral problems compared to children without the condition. They are more dependent on their parents compared to children without this disease.

School-age children with eczema may be teased or bullied. For a child, any form of bullying can be traumatic and difficult to cope with. Your child may become quiet and withdrawn. Explain the situation to your child's teacher and ask your child to tell you about his or her feelings.

Research suggests that children with dermatitis often have sleep disorders. Due to lack of sleep, a child’s mood and behavior changes and school performance declines. It is important to inform the teacher of your child's illness so that he or she can take it into account. During a flare-up of dermatitis, your child may not go to school. This may also affect his academic performance.

Eczema can have a negative impact on self-esteem in both children and adults. Children may find it especially difficult to cope with the disease and may develop complexes as a result. Low self-esteem disrupts the child’s social adaptation and interferes with the development of communication skills in a team. Support and encouragement will help increase your child's self-esteem, and he will be less critical of his appearance. Contact your doctor if you are concerned that the dermatitis is severely affecting your child's self-esteem.

Which doctor should I consult for atopic dermatitis (eczema)?

With the help of the NaPravku service you can become a specialist in skin diseases. You can also choose where you will undergo a comprehensive diagnosis and prescribe complete treatment. After visiting a specialist, share with us your impressions of the appointment by leaving a review about the doctor or clinic.

Localization and translation prepared by site. NHS Choices provided the original content for free. It is available from www.nhs.uk. NHS Choices has not reviewed, and takes no responsibility for, the localization or translation of its original content

All site materials have been checked by doctors. However, even the most reliable article does not allow us to take into account all the features of the disease in a particular person. Therefore, the information posted on our website cannot replace a visit to the doctor, but only complements it. The articles have been prepared for informational purposes and are advisory in nature.

Review

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is characterized by periods of remission, when symptoms are less pronounced, followed by periods of exacerbation, during which additional treatment is required.

Other types of dermatitis (eczema)

There are different types of dermatitis:

coin-shaped eczema – causes round or oval skin lesions, usually occurs in adults;
contact dermatitis - appears upon contact with a particular substance;
varicose (congestive) eczema - affects the legs, usually around swollen and dilated (varicose) veins;
Seborrheic dermatitis – causes red, scaly rashes on the sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears and scalp.

There are various methods to control and treat the disease, including the use of medications and lifestyle changes.

Symptoms of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Eczema is accompanied by constant symptoms that periodically worsen. During an exacerbation, symptoms intensify and additional treatment is required.

Typical symptoms of atopic dermatitis include itchy, dry, and red skin that may break or crack. Changes in the skin can be focal or spread throughout the body. Favorite places for eczema:

in infants - on the face and scalp, as well as on the arms and legs;
in older children and adults - on the hands, around large joints (for example, on the bend of the elbows or on the inside of the knee joints).

Signs of exacerbation of dermatitis

As dermatitis worsens, symptoms may become more severe. This period is characterized by:

extremely severe itching, redness, dryness, peeling and increased skin temperature at the site of the lesion;
foci of weeping - areas of swollen skin through which tissue fluid seeps;
the addition of an infection, usually Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus).

Causes of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Research results indicate that eczema in many cases is inherited. This means that it is caused by the genes you inherited from your parents.

dust mites;
pet hair;
pollen.

Eczema is sometimes caused by food allergens. Especially often in children under one year of age. Foods that usually cause an allergic reaction:

cow's milk;
eggs;
nuts;
wheat.

cold weather;
dampness;
some types of soap;
washing too often;
rough clothes.

Triggers of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Triggers (factors that cause the disease to worsen) can make atopic dermatitis worse, although they are not necessarily the cause of the disease.

Physical exercise. Sweating after intense exercise can worsen the symptoms of dermatitis. Try not to overheat during exercise by drinking plenty of fluids and resting regularly.

Irritants may worsen symptoms. The irritants vary from person to person, but it could be:

soaps and detergents such as shampoo, dish soap, or bubble bath;
some types of clothing, especially wool and nylon;
overheat;
very cold, dry weather;
dust;
unfamiliar pets.

Other possible triggers:

substances that come into contact with the skin, such as perfumed products or latex (a type of natural rubber);
environmental factors, such as tobacco smoke, exhaust fumes or water with a high content of hardness salts (hard water);
change of season - most people with eczema experience relief of symptoms in the summer, and an exacerbation in the winter.

Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

To diagnose, the doctor will first need to examine the damaged skin and ask you in detail about your symptoms. It is important to tell your doctor:

whether the rash is itchy and where it appeared;
when did symptoms appear?
were there any exacerbations;
did any of your relatives have eczema?
whether you have other diseases, such as allergies or bronchial asthma.

Tell your doctor if your illness interferes with your normal activities, such as if itching makes it difficult for you to sleep at night or prevents you from doing normal activities.

Questionnaire for diagnosing eczema

Itching and irritation in skin folds, such as the elbows, behind the knees, ankles, around the neck or eyes.
Your skin has been prone to dryness and flaking over the past 12 months.
You have suffered or have suffered from bronchial asthma or hay fever throughout your life. For children under 4 years of age, an equivalent criterion is having a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, with asthma or hay fever.
In children under 4 years of age: patches of dermatitis in skin folds, forehead, cheeks, arms or legs.
In children over 4 years of age and adults: the disease appeared at 2 years of age or earlier.

Treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

The most common medications to treat eczema are:

skin softeners - used constantly to moisturize dry skin;
topical corticosteroids - used to relieve swelling and redness during an exacerbation of the disease.

Other remedies are used to relieve the symptoms of eczema, including:

oral corticosteroids for acute symptoms;
antihistamines for severe itching;
antibiotics for infectious lesions of dermatitis;
topical immunosuppressants that suppress your body's immune system, such as products containing pimecrolimus, tacrolimus.

The doctor will prescribe additional treatment if necessary.

Biologically active additives

Some people use dietary supplements, such as dietary supplements and herbal remedies, to treat eczema. They help some, but there is no conclusive evidence that they effectively treat eczema.

In addition to taking medications, you can also do certain things at home to help relieve symptoms.

If this or that clothing causes skin irritation, try not to wear it; are less likely to cause irritation to fabrics made from natural materials, such as cotton;
if dermatitis worsens at high temperatures, keep the house cool;
Avoid using soaps and detergents, which may cause symptoms of dermatitis.

Skin softeners

ointment for very dry skin;
cream or lotion for less dry skin;
face and hand product;
body product;
an emollient that should be used instead of soap;
an emollient that should be added to the bath or used in the shower.

Use emollients constantly, including during remission - when there are no symptoms. It may be worth keeping a separate supply at work or school.

For best effect:

use a large amount of product;
apply it to the skin in the direction of hair growth;
do not rub the product into the skin;
for very dry skin, apply the product every 2-3 hours;
After a bath or shower, carefully pat your skin with a towel and apply the product to damp skin;
do not use other people's skin softening products;
Do not take the product from the jar with your finger - use a spoon or dispenser, as this helps reduce the risk of spreading infection.

It is important to continue using emollients during flare-ups as this is when the skin needs the most moisture. During an exacerbation, regularly apply a large amount of the product to the skin.

Topical corticosteroids

cream for use on visible areas of the skin, such as the face and hands;
ointment for use at night and for severe exacerbations.

If you need to take corticosteroids frequently, see your doctor regularly to make sure your treatment is working and that you are using it correctly.

apply the recommended amount of topical corticosteroid to the affected area;
Apply the product within 48 hours after the flare-up has passed.
Apply skin softener first and wait 30 minutes for the product to be absorbed;
If you or your child take corticosteroids for a long time, you may need to reduce how often you use them.

Consult your doctor.

The standard unit of topical corticosteroids is the FTU, or fingertip unit:

one FTU is a strip of corticosteroid equal to the length of the last phalanx of the index finger;
One FTU is enough to treat an area of skin the size of two adult palms.

When topical corticosteroids are used, they may cause a slight burning or tingling sensation. With long-term use of strong corticosteroids, they can cause:

thinning of the skin, especially at the bend of the elbow or knee;
dilation of small vessels in the form of bluish-red spots, especially on the cheeks;
acne (acne);
increased body hair growth.

These side effects are rare.

Antihistamines for eczema

If you are taking antihistamines, do not drive the next day if you still feel drowsy. The sedative effect is likely to increase with alcohol consumption.

Corticosteroids in tablet form

In rare cases, during severe flare-ups, your doctor may prescribe corticosteroids in pill form. They are also used for exacerbation of bronchial asthma.

You may be prescribed prednisone once a day, usually in the morning, for 1 to 2 weeks.

If oral corticosteroids are taken frequently or for a long time, it may cause side effects, including:

high blood pressure (hypertension);
brittle bones (osteoporosis);
influence on growth in children.

Therefore, it is unlikely that your doctor will prescribe corticosteroid tablets more than once a year without first referring you to a specialist.

Infection of dermatitis lesions

Referral to a specialist

it is unclear what type of dermatitis you have;
the prescribed treatment does not help;
dermatitis greatly interferes with your daily life;
The causes of dermatitis are not known.

A dermatologist may suggest the following treatment options:

phototherapy - irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light;
wraps - bandages with medicines or wet wraps are applied to the skin;
immunosuppressants to suppress your immune system;
highly active topical corticosteroids;
additional help on how to use treatments correctly - for example, a nurse can show you how to do something correctly;
psychological support;
alitretinoin (as of April 2014, this drug is not yet registered in Russia).

Typical side effects when taking alitretinoin:

headache;
dry mouth and eyes;
decreased number of red blood cells (anemia);
increased levels of fatty substances in the blood called cholesterol and triglycerides;
joint or muscle pain.

Complications of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Complications from atopic dermatitis can impair both physical and mental health, especially in children.

redness;
the release of fluid from cracks in the skin (wetting) and the formation of crusts when drying;
high fever and general malaise.

Staph infections are treated with antibiotics.

painful foci of the disease that progresses rapidly;
groups of fluid-filled blisters that burst and leave non-healing ulcers on the skin;
in some cases – high fever and general malaise.

Call your doctor right away if you think you or your child may have eczema herpes. If the condition is serious, call an ambulance by calling 03 from a landline phone, 112 or 911 from a mobile phone.

Which doctor should I consult for atopic dermatitis (eczema)?

Using the NaPopravka service you can find a good dermatologist - a specialist in skin diseases. You can also choose a decent dermatological clinic, where you will undergo a comprehensive diagnosis and prescribe a comprehensive treatment. After visiting a specialist, share with us your impressions of the appointment by leaving a review about the doctor or clinic.

Localization and translation prepared by Napopravku.ru. NHS Choices provided the original content for free. It is available from www.nhs.uk. NHS Choices has not reviewed, and takes no responsibility for, the localization or translation of its original content

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During his life, almost every person encounters skin inflammations, which are very diverse in the form of manifestation and the cause of their occurrence. This is due to the spread of household chemicals, endogenous influences, infectious factors, and as a consequence of all this - a general decrease in immunity. Skin diseases can occur at any age, and are first observed even in newborns, such as childhood eczema and atopic dermatitis. This form of the disease combines two types of skin inflammation - atopic dermatitis and eczema. In both cases, these pathologies are characterized by certain changes in the skin and at the same time, each of them has its own characteristics and differences.

Atopic dermatitis belongs to a group of childhood dermatoses united by a number of common symptoms. It is a hereditary constitutional allergic disease, characterized by an immediate reaction. The manifestation of symptoms depends on the age period, the individual characteristics of the child, as well as a number of internal and external causes. When the inflammatory process has developed, and especially when it is combined with respiratory allergies, patients show high sensitivity to a number of food, household and pollen provocateurs.

Stages of development of atopic dermatitis

The stages of development of this disease can be represented as follows:

Eczema and atopic dermatitis - from the first months of life to 2 years. Patients experience manifestations of exudative diathesis, and gastrointestinal disorders of an allergic nature may occur. This type in children is characterized by mild swelling of the skin, a tendency to retain salt and water, and excess nutrition. Sensitization of a child occurs through the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract, partly through the skin. It is possible to transfer the allergen through breast milk.

Typical morphological elements are various rashes (rash, blisters, etc.), located against the background of erythema. The affected areas are clearly delimited from healthy skin. They are located mainly on the face (forehead and cheeks), and later can spread to the scalp, torso, and bends of the limbs. The rash is accompanied by severe itching. When the blisters open, profuse weeping appears, and when scratched, a bloody discharge appears. The course of the disease is characterized by alternating exacerbations and remissions. As the acute inflammatory process subsides, the skin of the eczematous lesions turns pale, the weeping stops, serous crusts appear, then peeling. However, the next exacerbation occurs before the skin process is completely completed. A complication of secondary infection is often observed.

Between eczema and atopic dermatitis, as with many other diseases, there are similar symptoms. In order not to confuse one disease with another, it is important to contact a specialist in time.

By the end of the first – beginning of the second year of life, respiratory allergens begin to influence the development of the disease. By this age, symptoms change, and a gradual transformation of the skin process into neurodermatitis occurs. Subsequently, some patients develop respiratory allergies and develop dermorespiratory syndrome.

After two years and older (12 years), the disease manifests itself in the form of diffuse or localized neurodermatitis. The latter form is less typical. At this stage, this dermatitis is characterized by infiltration and thickening of the skin, severe itching, and scratching.

With diffuse neurodermatitis, changes spread throughout the entire skin, the skin is very dry, pigmented, with pronounced peeling. Children are nervous, irritable, and their sleep is disturbed. Scratching often leads to complications with secondary infection.

In the localized form, there is a favorite location of lesions: in the elbows, popliteal cavities, in the neck, wrists and femoral buttock folds. Painful areas are limited on the periphery by flat, shiny papules.

It is in the second stage of development of atopic dermatitis that a child may develop allergic ringitis and bronchial asthma, which aggravates the course of the disease. At this time, children often develop foci of chronic bacterial infection in the ENT organs. Many people experience dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and biliary dyskinesia.

Treatment methods

Treatment methods for this dermatitis have some specific features, since the tendency of the disease to worsen significantly complicates this process. Great importance is attached to diets that exclude foods that are poorly tolerated by patients and contain known food irritants. According to indications, digestive enzymes and choleretic agents are prescribed. It is necessary to get rid of foci of chronic infections in a timely manner. For local treatment, a special ointment (based on zinc intal, etc.), baby cream, and various lotions are used. Be sure to use antipruritic drugs.

Eczema and its main symptoms

Eczema is a prolonged inflammation of the skin with signs of allergies. Occurs in nervous and endocrine disorders, diseases of the stomach, liver, and intestines. Long-term infections can increase a person's susceptibility to certain irritants. In children it manifests itself in the form of exudative diathesis. Typically, the disease causes allergic reactions to certain foods, flowering plants, chemicals, and medications. These signs can accelerate the development of eczema or lead to further exacerbation. Sometimes the disease forms near a non-healing burn or ulcer, especially on the legs, and is called microbial eczema.

Main signs: the skin turns red, various rashes appear in the form of small scattered bubbles with liquid inside. When opened, weeping areas and pink compactions form in these areas, which sometimes merge and form plaques. Next, cracks, crusts and scratches appear due to itching. Little by little, the skin in these places becomes coarser and thickens. Typically, these manifestations: in adults, form on the back of the hands, feet and forearms; in children, on the surface of the face, on the side of the neck and torso. With poor nutrition, stress and other negative conditions, the disease most often worsens and spreads throughout the body. Eczema ointment will help quickly relieve skin discomfort.

One of the reasons why both eczema and atopic dermatitis can occur is an allergic reaction caused by a certain food product.

Treatment of eczema

It is advisable to carry out therapeutic measures under the supervision of a specialist and they should be completed until complete healing. It is necessary to adhere to dairy-vegetable foods, excluding products that can provoke allergic reactions. During illness, avoid additional skin irritation from contact with household chemicals, tight clothing, etc. Nutrition for infants is agreed with the pediatrician. It is necessary to monitor the normal functioning of the child’s intestines; you should not wrap him up or dress him in clothes made of synthetics and wool. Fresh air, sun and air baths have a beneficial effect on the course of the disease. It is also useful to bathe with the addition of bran and decoctions of soothing herbs, and to use baby cream or ointment for eczema for local irritation. For general therapy, antihistamines are prescribed, local treatment is carried out using special drugs prescribed by a dermatologist. Typically, eczema ointment or cream contains: zinc, tar and other similar elements.

Familiarity with the main manifestations of the above diseases gives an understanding of some concepts that must be adhered to when faced with them. First of all, take into account that the clinical signs of disease processes, in some cases, are very similar, and in order to understand them, it is advisable to seek the help of an experienced specialist. After the diagnosis has been clarified, during treatment it is necessary to follow all the doctor’s instructions and lead a healthy lifestyle. For prevention, it is important to eat right, rest on time, and treat chronic infections and other diseases. Expectant mothers should not abuse sweets, smoked meats and other products that cause undesirable reactions in the human body.

Eczema and psoriasis

In some ways, eczema resembles psoriasis, which is one of the many types of chronic dermatitis.

Therefore, some of its features should be considered. Psoriasis is characterized by the appearance of monomorphic papular elements of different sizes on the skin. These rashes may be characterized by abundant, flaky, silvery-white scales that tend to coalesce. In this case, large affected areas of bizarre shapes are formed, which are located on the face, scalp, torso, soles and nails. There are winter, summer and mixed psoriasis depending on the seasonality of manifestations. The course of the disease is chronic and affects both children and adults. Psoriasis is also characterized by staged manifestations. There are progressive, stationary and regressive stages of the disease.

Comparison of atopic dermatitis and eczema

Some people mistakenly believe that atopic dermatitis and eczema are the same disease; a comparative table will help you understand the difference between these two diseases.

	*Atopic dermatitis*	*Eczema*
*Causes*	Exposure to external stimuli.	Exposure to allergens.
*Manifestation*	A short period of time after exposure to allergens.	It may appear over a long period of time (month, year).
*Localization*	On the area of skin that has been in contact with the allergen.	It can appear on any part of the body.

Atopic eczema is manifested by damage to the skin by an inflammatory process caused by prolonged exposure to allergens. The disease has a chronic course with periods of remissions and exacerbations. Eczema usually occurs in people who have a hereditary predisposition to allergic reactions caused by a malfunction of the immune system.

Allergens can include household chemicals, synthetic fabrics, latex, and food. Allergic reactions can be provoked by chronic inflammatory processes, helminthic infestations, and stress. The manifestations of eczema are very similar to the symptoms of dermatitis and neurodermatitis, and therefore there is a need for differential diagnosis of these diseases.

There are several types of eczema. They differ in clinical picture and factors involved in the development of the disease.

Atopic eczema may have:

The true form is that contact with a substance that provokes an allergic reaction leads to the appearance of rashes on the arms (especially on the surface of the hands), face, and feet. The skin in the affected area becomes covered with small blisters containing serous contents. After some time, they burst, leaving a weeping and very painful surface.
Microbial form - localized on the wound, burn surface, trophic ulcers affected by the inflammatory process or infected. Damaged skin becomes covered with crusts with a yellowish or greenish tint. When the crust is removed, red, moist, sometimes bleeding areas with clear boundaries are revealed. Foci of inflammation are located asymmetrically and can spread to the adjacent area.
Seborrheic form - inflamed areas are localized in places with intense sebum secretion: on the scalp, in the ears, in the axillary area, on the back. Occurs with increased activity of a fungal infection in combination with disruption of the sebaceous glands. Nodular rashes covered with greasy crusts are observed on the skin. During an exacerbation, hyperemia and swelling in the affected area are sometimes noted; in the advanced stage, the formation of weeping erosions is possible.
Professional uniform - occurs as a result of constant contact with harmful substances in the workplace, prolonged exposure to solar insolation or low temperatures. It manifests itself as itching, dry or serous rash, swelling in the affected area, and occasionally weeping erosions appear. If left untreated, lesions spread over the surface of the body.
Childhood form - occurs in infancy with improper treatment of atopic dermatitis. A small rash covers the forehead, cheeks, and skin folds; wet wounds form at the site of the rash. Subsequently, the inflammatory process covers the surface of the skin in the back, arms, buttocks, and feet.

Causes of atopic eczema

People who have a genetic predisposition to allergization of the body are characterized by an increased level of immunoglobulin E in the blood. In the normal state of the immune system, this protein takes part in neutralizing various types of infection. But if there is a failure in it, his behavior becomes aggressive.

Immunoglobulin E combines into a single complex with the allergen and affects healthy tissues of the body. With the development of eczema, this is manifested by the appearance of rashes on the skin and a number of accompanying symptoms.

Difference between eczema and atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis and eczema have different causes. The similarity of these diseases is the damage to the skin by the inflammatory process. But with dermatitis it is caused by external irritants, and with eczema it is caused by the action of allergens.

An allergic reaction can be caused by:

microorganisms (bacteria, viruses);
constant friction of the surface against clothing or other objects;
inflammatory processes in internal organs (rhinitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, etc.);
scratching the skin;
inhalation of dust particles, plant pollen, pet hair;
food products;
medicines;
cosmetics;
insufficient compliance with hygiene rules;
hormonal imbalance.

Atopic dermatitis often develops first, manifesting itself as acute inflammation of certain areas of the skin.

This disease usually affects children; when it appears in infants, it is called diathesis. Then they become covered with bubbles, peeling occurs with the formation of crusts. These symptoms indicate the development of chronic atopic eczema.

An additional difference between these diseases is that with dermatitis there are no blisters or weeping erosions. Recovery occurs immediately after contact with the allergen is eliminated. Dermatitis from eczema also differs in the nature of the rashes - they are located evenly over the entire affected area, the focus of inflammation has clear boundaries, standing out against the background of healthy skin.

How does neurodermatitis differ from eczema and dermatitis?

Just like atopic eczema, dermatitis and neurodermatitis are inflammatory skin lesions. The difference between these pathologies is that not only an allergic, but also a neurogenic component is involved in their development. Neurodermatitis is accompanied by vegetative-vascular dystonia and occurs with periods of remissions and exacerbations. Characteristic of this disease is unbearable itching, which intensifies at night, causing insomnia, irritability and increased nervous excitability.

Let's take a closer look at how atopic eczema differs from neurodermatitis:

Characteristics of differences	Atopic eczema	Neurodermatitis
Shade of rashes	Reddish	White
Nervous system	Violations are mild	There are disorders, increased nervous excitability
Form of rash	Bubbles, small nodules, punctate erosions	Nodules predominate, their fusion is possible
Seasonality of exacerbations	Celebrated mainly in winter and spring	Occurs more often in late autumn and winter
Prevalence of lesions	Distribution of foci of inflammation in different parts of the body	Selected areas of skin
Effect on body weight	Does not affect	In severe cases of the disease, weight loss is possible

In addition, neurodermatitis is characterized by the location of rashes on the face, neck, elbow and popliteal fossae, on the back of the thighs, and in the groin area. The elements of the rash are dry, peeling, pityriasis-like cells are noted, and cracking of the skin occurs in the area of folds. With this disease, the patient feels general weakness and gets tired quickly.

Treatment of eczema and dermatitis

Since these diseases are allergic in nature, it is necessary to completely eliminate the possibility of contact with the types of allergens that cause them. A sick person should balance his emotional state and avoid stressful situations. People with a predisposition to allergies are advised to exclude from their wardrobe clothes made from synthetic fabrics and wool. To wash things, it is better to use soap rather than powder containing a large amount of chemically active substances.

The best way to prevent the occurrence of diathesis in children is breastfeeding. Mother's milk contains substances that protect the baby's body from infectious diseases, allergens and other unfavorable factors. Dermatitis in a child can occur due to contact with the latex from which nipples are made, as well as some materials used to make toys. Very often, eczema is caused by eating foods that cause food allergies. They can be identified by gradual introduction into the diet against the background of a hypoallergenic diet.

Conservative therapy

For eczema and dermatitis, treatment with medications is based on relieving inflammation and restoring the functions of the skin. To eliminate the increased sensitivity of the body, calcium chloride or sodium thiosulfate is prescribed. Antihistamines Zyrtec and Suprastin help prevent the release of histamine, which is involved in the occurrence of rashes and itching. The use of sedatives based on valerian, lemon balm, and motherwort (Novopassit, valerian extract) will help relieve nervous tension and improve sleep.

For atopic eczema, treatment of the skin in areas of inflammation is carried out with topical hormonal ointments (Advantan, Hydrocortisone). They should be prescribed by a doctor. If the surface becomes infected, an ointment with antimicrobial activity (Fusiderm, Oxycort) is applied to the skin. Drying of the affected areas is provided by lotions with Furacillin or a solution of Boric acid. Infants are recommended to treat lesions with Fucarcin.

Use of herbal remedies

Traditional medicine and herbal medicine recommend treating eczema and dermatitis with lotions made from infusions of leaves of stinging nettle, mallow, elderberry, arnica, hops, bearberry, and clover. They relieve inflammation, suppress pathogenic microflora, and have a wound healing effect. To wash the surface of the lesions, a decoction of bear's ear leaves is used, and an infusion of cucumber and laurel leaves is added to the bathing water. You can reduce the burning sensation by moistening the wounds with onion juice or applying a piece of ice to them.

Fireweed oil, obtained from primrose flowers, effectively eliminates the symptoms of eczema. Lubricating the affected areas with this remedy restores the structure of the skin and relieves itching. The course of treatment is 3–4 months. You can also add a couple of spoons of oatmeal to your bath. Water procedures should not be taken for long to avoid softening of the skin. Then it is advisable to lubricate the areas of inflammation with a cream containing calendula extract or vitamin E.

Alternative therapy methods

For atopic eczema, homeopathy, acupuncture, oligotherapy, heliotherapy, reflexology, and yoga help improve the condition of the body. The selection of homeopathic remedies and their dosages should be carried out by a specialist. Acupuncture restores proper circulation of vital energy in the body affected by the disease, improves the condition of the immune system, and relieves allergic manifestations.

Heliotherapy uses solar treatments to treat various diseases. Scientists have noticed a beneficial effect of sun radiation on lesions, but it should be moderate; the best time for walking in the fresh air or visiting the beach is before 11.00 and after 15.00. The therapeutic effect of oligotherapy is based on saturating the body with microelements, the deficiency of which is usually found in atopic dermatitis and eczema. These substances are very important for maintaining healthy skin.

Reflexology uses massaging, pressure and rubbing of the reflex zones located on the hands and feet. The procedure has a positive effect on the nerve endings located in these parts of the body, triggering the body’s self-healing processes.

The surface of the palms and feet is interconnected with other organs and systems, so treatment sessions help normalize blood circulation, improve the immune system, improve mood and well-being. Yoga helps the body relax as much as possible and relieve the negative effects of stress. Controlling your breathing during exercise allows you to saturate all the cells of the body with oxygen and improve the functioning of vital organs.

Allergies psoriasis eczema dermatitis skin diseases. Differences between eczema and dermatitis: how different are they? Natural Treatments

Classification

Terminology

Common

Less common

Signs and symptoms

Causes

Environmental factors

Genetic factors

Diagnostics

Prevention

Control

Lifestyle

Humidifiers

Medications

Corticosteroids

Immunosuppressants

Phototherapy

Alternative medicine

Forecast

Epidemiology

Story

Society and culture

List of used literature:

Review

Other types of dermatitis (eczema)

Symptoms of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Signs of exacerbation of dermatitis

Causes of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Triggers of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Questionnaire for diagnosing eczema

Treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Biologically active additives

Skin softeners

Topical corticosteroids

Antihistamines for eczema

Corticosteroids in tablet form

Infection of dermatitis lesions

Referral to a specialist

Complications of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Which doctor should I consult for atopic dermatitis (eczema)?

Review

Other types of dermatitis (eczema)

Symptoms of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Signs of exacerbation of dermatitis

Causes of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Triggers of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Questionnaire for diagnosing eczema

Treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Biologically active additives

Skin softeners

Topical corticosteroids

Antihistamines for eczema

Corticosteroids in tablet form

Infection of dermatitis lesions

Referral to a specialist

Complications of atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Which doctor should I consult for atopic dermatitis (eczema)?

Stages of development of atopic dermatitis

Treatment methods

Eczema and its main symptoms

Treatment of eczema

Eczema and psoriasis

Comparison of atopic dermatitis and eczema

Causes of atopic eczema

Difference between eczema and atopic dermatitis

How does neurodermatitis differ from eczema and dermatitis?

Treatment of eczema and dermatitis

Conservative therapy

Use of herbal remedies

Alternative therapy methods

Atopic eczema: Video