Does a rash occur with chlamydial infection? Forum sexually transmitted and skin diseases: consequences of chlamydia - Forum sexually transmitted and skin diseases

Chlamydia and chlamydophilosis- these are groups of infectious diseases, etiologically related, of anthroponotic and zoonotic nature, which are caused by chlamydia and chlamydophila.

Chlamydia and chlamydophila is a type of infectious gram-negative microorganisms with a diameter of 0.25-1.5 microns, occupying an intermediate position between bacteria, rickettsia and viruses. Initially, they were classified as viruses due to their ability to multiply in the cytoplasm of cells and persist in them for a long time, but in recent years the proximity of these microorganisms to bacteria has been established, with which they are similar in the presence of DNA, RNA, bacterial membrane, ability to divide, and sensitivity to antibiotics. Chlamydia and chlamydophila have a similar development cycle, the same chemical composition, a common generic group-specific antigen (lipopolysaccharide complex), as well as species-specific and type-specific antigens. Chlamydia and chlamydophila are obligate intracellular pathogens, since they are not capable of synthesizing their own ATP and require energy substrates from the host cell.

Pathogens exist in two forms - in the form of elementary and reticular bodies. Elementary bodies are a spore-like form of the pathogen, have a rigid shell, infectious properties, are stable in the environment, and are not sensitive to antibiotics. The strength of the cell wall is ensured by the outer and inner membranes. The inner cytoplasmic membrane contains lipopolysaccharides. Mayor Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP or OMP-1) and Outer Membrane Protein (OMP-2) are built into the outer membrane. Reticular bodies are an intracellular multiplying form that is sensitive to the action of antibacterial agents.

After infection of cells with elementary bodies, four consequences are possible: destruction of pathogens in phagolysosomes, reproduction, persistence or L-like transformation. During the reproductive path, elementary bodies turn into reticular bodies, which binary divide 8-12 times. As a result, cytoplasmic inclusions are formed - microcolonies of chlamydia. After 36-48 hours, a new generation of elementary bodies is formed, the exit of which from the cell leads to its death. The duration of the pathogen development cycle determines the duration of antibacterial therapy, which should correspond to 6-8 reproduction cycles.

Under the influence of a number of factors (nutrient deficiency in the cell, low interferon levels, inadequate therapy, etc.), reproduction can slow down and even stop at the stage of intermediate bodies (persistence of the pathogen). At the same time, the synthesis of the main outer membrane protein MOMP decreases and heat shock protein with a molecular weight of 60 kD - HSP-60 (Hot Shok Protein HSP-60) begins to form in large quantities. It is an activator of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, female infertility due to occlusion of the fallopian tubes and intrauterine fetal death.

As a result of an inadequate immune response and the use of penicillin antibiotics, chlamydia and chlamydophila form L-forms, which persist in cells for a long time and can be transmitted to daughter cells during division. After the action of the transforming factors ceases, they revert to their original form.

Chlamydia and chlamydophila have tropism for columnar epithelial cells of the respiratory and urogenital tracts, alveolocytes, vascular endothelium, endocardium, macrophages, and lymphoid tissue.

The anthroponotic pathogens Chl.trachomatis and Chi.pneumoniae, as well as the anthropozoonotic intracellular pathogen Chl.psittaci, are pathogenic for humans. Quite often, especially in people with immunosuppression, a mixed infection with mycoplasmas, herpes viruses, opportunistic bacteria, and fungi develops.

It has now been established that some representatives of the order Chlamydiales, pathogenic for animals, can cause diseases in humans - conjunctivitis (Chl.felis), abortion (Chi.abortus), pneumonia and bronchiolitis (a representative of the family Simkaniaceae, S.negevensis).

Chlamydia and chlamydophila are sensitive to high temperature, ultraviolet radiation, 70% ethanol, 0.5% phenol solution, 2% Lysol solution, 0.1% potassium iodide solution, 0.5% potassium permanganate solution, 6% hydrogen peroxide solution. The pathogens are resistant to exposure for 10 minutes with a 0.5% solution of chloramine, but treatment with a 2% solution for one minute leads to their death.

Etiology. According to the modern classification (K. Everett, 1999), the family Chlamydiaceae, which previously included only one genus Chlamydia, is currently divided into two genera - Chlamydia and Chlamydophila. The genus Chlamydia includes Chl.trachomatis, Chl.suis, Chl.muridarum, the genus Chlamydophila includes Chl.psittaci, Chi.pneumoniae, Chl.pecorum, Chi.abortus, ChI.caviae, Chl.felis.

Diagnosing genital chlamydia can be difficult, especially in women, because the disease often has no symptoms. Left untreated in women, it can lead to inflammation of the fallopian tubes (salpingitis), causing pelvic inflammatory disease. It increases the risk of scarring, which can lead to infertility and or ectopic pregnancy. In men, lack of treatment leads to epididymitis. In underdeveloped countries, other types of chlamydia cause an eye infection (trachoma), which is a leading cause of blindness. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common cause of mild pneumonia; there is also an assumption that it is the cause of coronary heart disease. Ornithosis, a type of pneumonia that occurs in people who have a lot of exposure to birds and who work in poultry farms, is caused by Chlamydia psittaci.

Causes

Symptoms

For diseases of the genital organs:

Pain or burning when urinating, redness and itching around the urethra may occur. . Discharge from the penis or vagina. . Painful swelling of the scrotum; inflamed, painful lymph nodes in the groin. . Pain in the lower abdomen.

For eye damage:

Inflammation of the eyelids and white of the eye (conjunctivitis).

For chlamydia pneumonia:

Watery discharge from the penis or vagina, swelling of the testes, difficulty breathing, cough, high fever, inflammation of the inner lining of the eyelids or the whites of the eyes.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis is based on taking into account a complex of data from the epidemic history, clinical symptoms and laboratory examination. For laboratory diagnostics, a combination of direct and indirect pathogen detection methods is used.

Direct methods:

1. Microbiological study - isolating a pure culture of pathogens and determining their sensitivity to antibiotics. 2. Cytological examination of smears stained according to Romanovsky-Giemsa or May-Grunwald-Giemsa. 3. Immunofluorescence reaction (direct and indirect) - determination of pathogen antigens using genus- and species-specific antibodies. 4. Molecular genetic methods. The PCR method is quite quick to perform and has high specificity and sensitivity. However, it should be remembered that PCR detects not the pathogen itself, but its DNA, so caution is required in interpreting the results when assessing the effectiveness of therapy.

Indirect methods:

1. Express diagnostic methods - immunochromatographic and enzyme-specific tests (used in screening studies). 2. Serological methods are based on determining a specific humoral immune response. Chlamydia and chlamydophila are weak inducers of antibody genesis. The antibody titer is never high, so serodiagnosis is recommended to be combined with methods of direct detection of the pathogen. . IgM antibodies appear 5 days after primary infection. Their titer reaches a maximum at 1-2 weeks, then stabilizes and decreases. IgM antibodies disappear after 2-3 months. They are not formed during reactivation and reinfection. . Antibodies of the IgA class begin to be synthesized 10-14 days after the initial infection. The content of these antibodies decreases by 2-4 months from the onset of the disease. In case of recovery, they disappear. During reactivation and reinfection, the content of antibodies of this class increases again. With effective treatment, the IgA content decreases by 2-3 times, with ineffectiveness it remains unchanged. . IgG antibodies appear 15-20 days after primary infection. Their titer first increases, then stabilizes and decreases. After recovery, a low titer of antibodies of this class may persist for several years. In the chronic form, the titer remains quite high. During reactivation and reinfection, the content of IgG antibodies increases significantly (booster effect). During active replication of pathogens, antibodies are synthesized against the main outer membrane protein (MOMP), and during persistence, antibodies against heat shock protein (HSP-60). An indicator of the effectiveness of the treatment is a decrease in the titer of IgG antibodies by 2-3 times.

Serological markers for diagnosis and determination of the form of the disease are presented in Table.

Serological markers for the diagnosis of chlamydia and chlamydophilosis

Differential diagnosis. In respiratory chlamydia and chlamydophilosis, the leading clinical syndrome is “Prolonged paroxysmal cough.” Differential diagnosis is carried out with infectious diseases - with whooping cough, parapertussis, mycoplasmosis, CMV; with non-infectious diseases - with a foreign body, cystic fibrosis, tuberculous bronchoadenitis, mediastinal tumor, bronchial asthma. Differential diagnosis is based on a comprehensive analysis of medical history, clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination.

Epidemiology. Chlamydia and chlamydophilosis are characterized by a wide epidemic distribution. Antibodies to Chi.pneumoniae are found in 10-30% of children aged 1-15 years, in 50% of people aged 20 years and in 70-80% of elderly people. In the majority of those examined, they indicate a previous illness, but in 8-10% they reflect a current infection. It has been established that Chi.pneumoniae is the etiological agent of acute respiratory diseases in 10-30% of children in economically developed countries and in 35-95% in Asian and African countries. Under unfavorable socio-economic conditions, the frequency of pneumochlamydophilosis increases 2-3 times, and when other family members become ill, it increases 4-5 times. Chlamydophilosis caused by Chl.pneumoniae occurs in the form of sporadic diseases and epidemic outbreaks. Epidemic rises are observed once every four to five years.

Every year in our country, 1 million patients with urogenital chlamydia caused by Chl.trachomatis are registered. This disease affects 10-20% of women of childbearing age, which is the reason for the high incidence of intrauterine chlamydia.

Psittacosis is characterized by sporadic incidence and small outbreaks among persons in contact with sick birds. Antibodies to Chl.psittaci are found in 8% of children, 24.5% of poultry farm workers and 37.5% of people who have ornamental birds at home. A survey of adults with pneumonia showed that in 10-20% the disease has an ornithosis etiology.

The source of infections caused by Chl.pneumoniae and Chl.trachomatis is a sick person, the sources of ornithosis are sick birds, possibly a sick person. Chl.trachomatis is transmitted by sexual, household contact and vertical routes, Chl.pneumoniae - by airborne droplets, Chl.psittaci - by aerogenic (airborne dust, airborne droplets), household contact and nutritional routes. Infection of children often occurs from sick parents (“familial chlamydia”).

Pathogenesis. There are several stages in the pathogenesis of chlamydia and chlamydophilosis.

1. Introduction and reproduction at the entrance gate. The site of entry is the epithelium of the conjunctiva, mucous membranes of the respiratory and urogenital tracts. There is a rapid proliferation of pathogens in cells, which is accompanied by cytolysis and the spread of chlamydia and chlamydophiles per continuitatem. 2. Dissemination. As a result of the accumulation of pathogens, they enter the blood and lymph, spread throughout the body and affect internal organs. The pathogens have a special tropism for the endothelium of capillaries, endocardium and lymphoid tissue. Chlamydia and chlamydophila infect macrophages, within which they also disseminate throughout the body. 3. Development of serous inflammation. The pathogens are fixed in the joints, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, capillary endothelium, endocardium, and central nervous system. In the affected tissues, a massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages occurs, which leads to the formation of serous inflammation. As a result of the migration of macrophages and lymphocytes, granulomas arise, which subsequently undergo fibrosclerotic transformation. 4. Development of the immune response, induction of IDS and autoimmune reactions. Innate resistance factors (macrophages, interferon system, lysozyme) and the immune response of cellular and humoral types are involved in the elimination of chlamydia and chlamydophils. A clone of sensitized cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8) and antibodies of the IgM, IgA, and IgG classes is formed. Due to the immunosuppressive activity of pathogens, an immunodeficiency state (IDS) develops. The activation processes of T-lymphocytes are disrupted, the number of B-lymphocytes and the production of immunoglobulins decreases, and the content of circulating immune complexes increases. There is a decrease in the phagocytic and digestive activity of phagocytes, the production of interferon is disrupted, and the activity of the complement system decreases. As a result, opportunistic microflora and pathogens of opportunistic infections (mycoplasmas, herpes viruses, candida, etc.) are activated. On the other hand, the development of IDS contributes to the disruption of the body’s sanitation from chlamydia and chlamydophiles, which can persist for a long time in the form of intermediate bodies in macrophages, elementary bodies in the intercellular space or L-forms in infected cells. An important role in the pathogenesis of the disease is played by the induction of autoimmune reactions, which are more often realized in individuals with a genetic predisposition (HLA phenotype B27). Post-infectious immunity is short-term and unstable, so repeated reinfection is possible. 5. Outcomes. The outcomes of primary infection are recovery, transition to chronic or latent forms. In the latent form, pathogens are stored in cells in the form of intermediate bodies or L-forms. In conditions of IDS, their reversion into full-fledged forms occurs, which is manifested by the clinical reactivation of the disease. An important role in the pathogenesis of the chronic form is played by the overproduction of HSP-60 intermediate bodies (HSP-60), which leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor) by macrophages. Macrophages generate reactive oxygen species that damage tissue. In addition, fibroblasts are activated, which leads to sclerotic changes in the affected organs. It has now been established that chronic infection caused by Chl.pneumoniae contributes to the development of a wide range of diseases previously considered purely somatic. These include pathologies of the respiratory system (bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema), the cardiovascular system (atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, aortic aneurysm, vasculitis), the central nervous system (Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke), skin (erythema nodosum), joints (arthritis), etc.

Classification. Due to the variety of clinical manifestations, there is no generally accepted classification of chlamydia and chlamydophilosis. Clinical forms of chlamydial and chlamydophilic infections are ornithosis, urogenital chlamydia, ophthalmochlamydia, inguinal lymphogranulomatosis, Reiter's disease, erythema nodosum, pathology of the respiratory system, nervous and cardiovascular systems, and intrauterine chlamydia.

Clinic. Pathology of the respiratory system. In infants it is more often associated with Chl.trachomatis, in children older than one year - with Chl.pneumoniae. It has been established that Chl.pneumoniae is the etiological agent of acute pharyngitis and otitis media in 5% of children aged 5-14 years, tonsillitis - in 20%, sinusitis - in 15%, laryngotracheitis - in 15%, bronchitis - in 20-25% , community-acquired pneumonia - in 10% of patients. The vast majority of patients have an association of chlamydia and chlamydophila with mycoplasmas, respiratory viruses, herpes viruses, bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci, branchhamella, hemophila, klebsiella, E. coli, etc.), fungi.

Clinical forms of respiratory pathology are rhinopharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis, laryngotracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchial asthma.

When the upper respiratory tract is affected, nasopharyngitis or pharyngotonsillitis develops. Against the background of moderate symptoms of intoxication, mucopurulent discharge from the nose, sore throat and sore throat appear. Pharyngoscopy reveals hyperemia of the oropharyngeal mucosa and enlarged tonsils. Conjunctivitis and enlarged submandibular, cervical, supraclavicular, axillary and cubital lymph nodes are noted. Later, some children develop pathology of the ENT organs, lower respiratory tract and lungs. The disease is characterized by a long course, relapses are possible.

Otitis and sinusitis begin gradually. Symptoms of intoxication and local signs are mild. The disease lasts a long time - over several weeks and months, standard antibacterial therapy is ineffective. In the absence of timely diagnosis and treatment, the pathology of the upper respiratory tract and upper respiratory tract becomes chronic, and a mixed infection develops. As a result, patients become part of the group of frequently ill children.

Laryngotracheitis is characterized by a triad of symptoms - barking cough, hoarseness, inspiratory shortness of breath against a background of moderate symptoms of intoxication. The course of the disease is protracted, relapses are possible.

Bronchitis develops 4-12 weeks after infection, often as a continuation of inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. It is characterized by a gradual onset and moderate symptoms of intoxication. A distinctive feature is a dry paroxysmal whooping cough without reprises (“staccato”). During auscultation, dry, large- and medium-bubbly moist rales are heard. Half of the children develop broncho-obstructive syndrome. Later the cough becomes wet. Recovery occurs after 10-14 days, but half of the patients have a protracted and relapsing course of the disease.

Some patients develop atypical pneumonia. The disease begins gradually with a dry cough and moderate symptoms of intoxication. Subsequently, the cough becomes paroxysmal, but, unlike whooping cough, is not accompanied by recurrences. At the end of the first week, shortness of breath, cyanosis, and physical findings (dry and varied moist rales, crepitations) appear. There is a dissociation between distinct local signs of pneumonia and mild symptoms of intoxication. The radiograph reveals multiple cellular shadows of low intensity without clear boundaries, swelling of the lung tissue, and increased pulmonary pattern. A third of children have lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, and possibly loose stools. In some patients, pneumonia occurs with severe symptoms of intoxication up to infectious-toxic shock and severe complications (lung abscess, pleurisy, pneumothorax). A blood test reveals leukocytosis (up to 20 x 10 9 per l), eosinophilia (10-15%), neutrophilia with a shift to band, a significant increase in ESR (up to 40-60 mm/h). The disease is characterized by a protracted course and resistance to standard antibacterial therapy.

Quite often, especially with chronic damage to the respiratory system, extra-respiratory manifestations occur (lymphadenopathy, reactive arthritis, vegetative-vascular dystonia, biliary dyskinesia, pyelonephritis), which indicates the systemic nature of the pathological process.

In recent years, it has been established that in a third of children with bronchial asthma, the disease is associated with an infection caused by Chl.pneumoniae. This pathogen is involved in the formation of chronic inflammation and remodeling of the respiratory mucosa, enhances bronchial hyperreactivity, and induces IgE production. Symptoms of bronchial obstruction occur in the autumn-winter period against the background of symptoms of damage to various parts of the respiratory tract. In adult patients, the role of Chl.pneumoniae in the development of chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema is being studied.

Psittacosis is an infectious disease caused by Ch.psittaci, transmitted from infected birds mainly by aerogenic means.

The incubation period lasts from 7 to 14 days (sometimes up to 25 days).

In 1/5 of the patients, prodromal symptoms are observed within 2-4 days in the form of malaise, general weakness, weakness, loss of appetite, nausea and arthralgia. In other patients, the disease begins suddenly.

The height of the disease is characterized by an increase in body temperature to 39-40 ° C, chills, weakness, weakness, headache, dizziness, pain in the chest, muscles, and joints. Appetite is reduced. Some patients experience nausea, vomiting, and sore throat when swallowing.

Upon examination, injection of blood vessels in the sclera and conjunctiva and facial hyperemia are determined. A maculopapular or roseola rash sometimes appears on the skin. 1/4 of patients experience nosebleeds. Catarrhal symptoms (runny nose, nasal congestion, sore throat, hoarseness, hyperemia of the oropharyngeal mucosa) are mild.

On the 3-5th day of illness, against the background of febrile fever and intoxication, symptoms of lung damage appear - moderate dry cough, chest pain. Physical data in the first days are scarce. Subsequently, auscultation in certain areas can reveal weakened or harsh breathing, dry and fine wheezing, and crepitations. Pneumonic foci are localized mainly in the lower lobes. The right lung is affected more often than the left. X-ray pneumonia occurs as interstitial (in 50% of patients), small focal (in 30%), large focal (in 10%) and lobar (in 10%).

The discrepancy between relatively minor changes in the lungs and pronounced symptoms of intoxication is noteworthy.

By the end of the first week of illness, most patients have an enlarged liver.

The reverse development of clinical symptoms of ornithosis pneumonia in most patients occurs slowly, within 3-4 weeks. However, in some patients, radiographic changes persist for 4-5 months. Relapses occur in 20% of patients.

The atypical course of acute psittacosis may be accompanied by the development of serous meningitis and occur without lung damage. Rare atypical forms include psittacosis hepatitis and endocarditis.

Psittacosis can occur in the form of chronic pneumonia or chronic psittacosis without lung damage.

Ornithosis is characterized by leukopenia or normocytosis (leukocytosis is observed when there is a layer of bacterial infection), and an increase in ESR.

Complications rarely develop. Myocarditis, thrombophlebitis, hepatitis, empyema, purulent otitis, and neuritis may occur.

Basic diagnostic signs of psittacosis:

The disease occurs after close contact with dead or sick birds; . the presence of severe intoxication with scanty catarrhal syndrome; . development of predominantly interstitial pneumonia; . torpid course of pneumonia.

Urogenital chlamydia. Chlamydial urogenital infection has no specific symptoms. It can occur in the form of urethritis, cystitis, epididymitis, prostatitis, proctitis, cervicitis, adnexitis, endometritis, salpingitis. Chlamydial infection is one of the etiological factors of infertility.

Damage to the organ of vision. This group includes trachoma, paratrachoma and conjunctivitis with inclusions of adults and newborns. Trachoma is a specific contagious keratoconjunctivitis. In Russia, it has been eliminated since 1969. Paratrachoma is purulent conjunctivitis, which is characterized by bilateral eye damage, hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles of the conjunctiva, and scanty discharge from the eyes. The duration of the disease is about a week. In some patients, conjunctivitis is accompanied by the development of keratitis, episcleritis, iridocyclitis, and uveitis.

Inguinal lymphogranulomatosis. Inguinal lymphogranulomatosis is an infectious disease caused by chlamydia serovars LI, L2, L3 and is transmitted sexually. It manifests itself as an ulcer at the site of pathogen penetration, regional lymphadenitis with suppuration and scarring. This disease does not exist in our country, but imported cases may appear. Adults usually get sick. Children can get sick after contact with adults. Transmission of infection through contaminated underwear, hands, and hygiene items is possible.

Reiter's disease. Reiter's disease (urethro-oculo-synovial syndrome) is associated with various etiological agents, but in the majority of patients (70%) Ch. trachomatis is isolated.

The disease is more often registered in young men, but can also occur in children. Genetic predisposition (HLA B27), inferiority of the immune system, and characteristics of the immune response to certain strains of chlamydia play a role in the pathogenesis.

Reiter's disease is a combination of damage to the urethra (100% of patients), joints (90-95%), eyes (30-40% of patients).

The disease begins with acute urethritis, which subsequently acquires a protracted course with exacerbations. Then polyarthritis and eye damage occur, while the body temperature rises and the general condition worsens. Joint damage is usually multiple; large joints of the legs are often involved in the pathological process. They are not affected simultaneously, but sequentially. Patients are bothered by joint pain, sometimes severe. Swelling, hyperemia of the skin, limited mobility and joint deformation appear. Clinical manifestations of polyarthritis are observed within 3-4 weeks and are prone to recurrence.

Conjunctivitis is usually bilateral, characterized by swelling, the presence of mucopurulent discharge, and lasts about a week. Some patients develop episcleritis, keratitis, iritis, iridocyclitis, chorioretinitis with decreased visual acuity.

In addition to this triad, patients may experience exanthemas, damage to the oral mucosa, and changes in internal organs.

Erythema nodosum. The etiological agents of erythema nodosum (infectious-allergic vasculitis), in addition to Chl.pneumoniae, are mycobacteria, Shigella, Yersinia, streptococci, Brucella, etc. Changes in the skin appear 2-3 weeks after the onset of the disease. Body temperature rises, bright red painful nodes up to 3-10 cm in diameter appear on the shins, rising above the skin level. They successively change their color to bluish, greenish and yellow, disappearing after 2-3 weeks.

Pathology of the cardiovascular system. In generalized forms of chlamydia and chlamydophilosis, damage occurs to the myocardium, pericardium, endocardium, heart valves and blood vessels. Quite often, tachycardia, disturbances in conduction and heart rhythm, and metabolic changes in the myocardium are recorded. In recent years, it has been established that during chronic infection caused by Chl.pneumoniae, the pathogen enters the wall of blood vessels and causes the development of vasculitis. As a result, autoimmune reactions are triggered, lipid peroxidation is activated, and thrombogenic factors are produced, which is one of the pathogenetic factors in the development of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Pathology of the nervous system. Some patients with acute forms of chlamydia and chlamydophilosis develop pathology from the nervous system - meningitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, myelitis, polyradiculoneuropathy. Quite often there is an association of chlamydia and chlamydophila with enteroviruses, meningococci, pneumococci, candida, and borellia. Meningitis is characterized by an acute onset, the appearance of fever, symptoms of intoxication, cerebral and meningeal symptoms, and a long, undulating course. An increase in body temperature can last up to 1.5-2.5 months, meningeal signs - up to 2-3 weeks. In addition, there are other manifestations of chlamydial or chlamydophilic infection - conjunctivitis, catarrhal symptoms, otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, etc. When examining the cerebrospinal fluid, lymphocytic or mixed pleocytosis is detected up to 100-1000 cells/ml, a moderate increase in protein . The role of chronic infection with Chl.pneumoniae in the development of stroke, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis is currently being studied.

Intrauterine chlamydia. The frequency of urogenital chlamydia caused by Chl.trachomatis in pregnant women is 2-48%, the risk of vertical transmission is 40-80%. The incidence of intrauterine chlamydia in newborns is 5-7%. Chlamydia is responsible for 5.5–14.4% of stillbirths and 36.1% of perinatal mortality.

Infection of a child occurs in the antenatal and intranatal periods. Long-term persistence of Chl.trachomatis is accompanied by the expression of HPS-60, which has 50% homology with a similar protein in the epithelium of the decidua and fetal cells, so the production of protective antibodies can initiate its death. Antenatal infection mainly occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy (during this period, reactivation of chronic urogenital chlamydia is most often observed), and therefore congenital malformations are quite rare.

The pathogenesis of intrauterine chlamydial infection has a number of features. Inflammation in the placenta and fetal membranes, deposition of immune complexes lead to the development of fetoplacental insufficiency, chronic intrauterine fetal hypoxia, intrauterine growth retardation, premature birth, and early rupture of amniotic fluid. There is a delay in the differentiation of cells of the central nervous system and lungs, and the production of surfactant decreases. The role of chlamydia in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and Wilson-Mikiti syndrome is currently being studied. Massive proliferation of pathogens and cell destruction is accompanied by a systemic inflammatory reaction with a massive release of proinflammatory cytokines and biologically active substances. As a result, microcirculation is disrupted in the lungs, brain, intestines, liver and other organs, and hemodynamics suffer. With intrapartum infection, taking into account the dose of the pathogen and the condition of the child, inflammatory changes occur at different times - from several days to several months of life.

Due to the lack of specific symptoms in children, taking into account risk groups in the mother is important for timely diagnosis. These include chronic diseases of the urogenital tract, infertility, miscarriages, ectopic pregnancy, complications after abortion, stillbirth and death of children at an early age from pneumonia, gestosis in the second half of pregnancy, polyhydramnios, threatened miscarriage, fetoplacental insufficiency, premature birth, early discharge of amniotic fluid , weakness of labor, premature placental abruption, increased body temperature during childbirth and the postpartum period.

Children with intrauterine chlamydia are characterized by prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, low Apgar score, delayed recovery of body weight after birth, damage to the conjunctiva, respiratory system, urogenital tract, lungs, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, liver, lymphoid tissue, hemostasis system. The disease occurs in acute, chronic and latent forms. A generalized course or isolated damage to individual organs is possible. Clinical symptoms occur at birth or appear during the first 6–8 months of life.

In the generalized form, there is a combined lesion of various organ systems. Early symptoms include changes in the central nervous system, which are associated with the development of cerebral edema, serous choriomeningitis with cotton wool granulomas in the meninges, or meningoencephalitis. Anxiety, sleep disturbance, muscle dystonia, suppression of physiological reflexes, tremor, cyanosis and marbling of the skin are observed. These symptoms are persistent and can increase over time. Choriomeningitis is manifested by fever, vomiting, bulging fontanel, meningeal symptoms, red dermographism; meningoencephalitis - impaired consciousness, repeated attacks of seizures and apnea. On the 3-4th day of life, changes in the cardiovascular system appear, associated with the development of myocarditis, damage to the endocardium and heart valves, and hemodynamic disturbances. During auscultation, tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, systolic murmur are recorded, on the ECG there are signs of overload of the right parts, on the chest x-ray there is a picture of a “wet lung”, “spherical heart”. During the first week of life, most full-term newborns experience difficulty breathing through the nose, mild shortness of breath, and decreased breathing in the lungs. With massive aspiration of amniotic fluid and in premature babies, 4-12 hours after birth, against the background of severe symptoms of intoxication, a clinical picture of respiratory distress syndrome develops - shortness of breath with the participation of auxiliary muscles, gray-cyanotic skin color, a small amount of fine bubbling moist rales in the lungs, edema, persistent hypoxemia. Cough and its equivalents (choking, accumulation of mucus in the upper respiratory tract), changes in the X-ray picture appear later - towards the end of the first - beginning of the second week. Some patients experience icteric syndrome associated with hemolysis or the development of hepatitis. Half of the children have lymphadenopathy, and a third have hepatosplenomegapy. Gastroenteropathy is manifested by regurgitation, vomiting, bloating, diaper rash, diarrhea, and intestinal paresis. A blood test reveals leukocytosis, neutrophilia with a shift to the left to myelocytes, eosinophilia, and monocytosis. The generalized form is characterized by high mortality in the first hours and days of children's lives.

Localized forms include conjunctivitis (40% of children), nasopharyngitis (15-20%), bronchitis and pneumonia (10-20%), gastroenteritis and proctitis (5%), vulvitis and urethritis (15% of patients). The incidence of chlamydial conjunctivitis is 14/1000 newborns. On the 3rd to 15th day of life, moderate mucopurulent discharge from the eyes, sticking of the eyelids after sleep, pseudomembranous formations in the conjunctival sac, and papillary hyperplasia appear. Due to the underdevelopment of lymphoid follicles, their hyperplasia occurs later - at the end of the first - beginning of the second month. The disease usually lasts 3-4 weeks and can be complicated by dacryocystitis, keratitis and uveitis.

Nasopharyngitis is characterized by mucopurulent nasal discharge, prolonged cough, and hyperemia of the oropharyngeal mucosa. Some children develop otitis media. The incidence of chlamydial pneumonia is 8-10/1000 newborns. Symptoms appear between 4-5 days and 6-8 months (usually 1-3 months). The disease begins gradually, is characterized by mild symptoms of intoxication, a prolonged paroxysmal cough without recurrence, which is accompanied by the discharge of viscous sputum. By the end of the first week of the disease, grunting breathing or shortness of breath (up to 60-80 breaths per minute), physical changes - weakened breathing, fine moist rales on both sides. There is a discrepancy between shortness of breath and mild general and local symptoms of pneumonia. Extra-respiratory symptoms are noted: conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, diarrhea. X-ray examination reveals bilateral interstitial infiltrates, increased pulmonary pattern, swelling of the lung tissue, and pleural reaction; in the blood test - leukocytosis, neutrophilia, eosinophilia, a significant increase in ESR (20-50 mm/h). The duration of the disease is 2-5 weeks, relapses are possible.

Chlamydial vulvovaginitis and urethritis are characterized by hyperemia of the genital mucosa, mucopurulent discharge, and the appearance of persistent diaper rash in the perianal area. Damage to the gastrointestinal tract is accompanied by regurgitation, vomiting, bloating, diaper rash, and diarrhea.

Treatment

Treatment is complex, includes methods of etiotropic, pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy with mandatory monitoring of clinical and laboratory parameters. Timely examination of all family members and, if necessary, their treatment is important. Patients are prescribed a regimen taking into account the severity of the disease and therapeutic nutrition enriched with vitamins and microelements.

Etiotropic therapy includes the use of antibiotics, interferon preparations and its inducers. Antibiotics of three groups are effective against chlamydia and chlamydophila - macrolides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. Taking into account the age restrictions for tetracyclines (in children over 8 years of age) and fluoroquinolones (in patients over 17 years of age), macrolides are most often used in childhood.

Of the group of macrolides, the most effective is azithromycin (sumamed). There are several regimens for prescribing the drug - 10 mg/kg/day in 1 oral dose on days 1, 2 and 3 of treatment; 10 mg/kg/day in 1 oral dose on day 1, then 5 mg/kg/day on days 2, 3, 4 and 5 of treatment. In recent years, the effectiveness of a prolonged regimen of azithromycin has been proven - 10 mg/kg/day in 1 oral dose on days 1, 7 and 14 of treatment. Other macrolides also have high antichlamydial activity: clarithromycin, spiramycin, roxithromycin, josamycin, and to a lesser extent, midecamycin and erythromycin. In the acute form, these drugs are prescribed in an age-specific dose for 10-14 days. For chronic forms, pulse therapy is used - two or more courses of 7-10 days with an interval of 7-10 days with a change of antibiotic.

Along with antibiotics, interferon preparations and its inducers are prescribed according to prolonged regimens.

For local treatment of conjunctivitis, eye ointments colbiocin, eubetal, 1% erythromycin or tetracycline ointment are used for 2-3 weeks. For urethritis, a local antiseptic, Miramistin, is recommended.

In severe and complicated forms, immunoglobulins are used for intravenous administration - immunovenin, intraglobin, intratext, octagam, gabriglobin, pentaglobin, etc.

Pathogenetic therapy includes the administration of cytokine drugs (leukinferon, roncoleukin, etc.) and immunomodulators (thymalin, tactivin, thymogen, imunofan, polyoxidonium, imunorix, lycopid, etc.) under the control of an immunogram. Taking into account the duration of antibacterial therapy, probiotics (bifiform, bifidumbacterin-forte, probifor, linex, etc.) are used to prevent dysbiosis. Detoxification therapy is carried out, multivitamins, vitamin-mineral complexes, antioxidants, herbal adaptogens are prescribed, according to indications - metabolic therapy drugs (riboxin, cocarboxylase, cytochrome, elkar, carnitor, kudesan, etc.), antihistamines, protease inhibitors (contrical, trasylol, Gordox), vasoactive drugs (Cavinton, Actovegin, cinnarizine, pentoxifylline, etc.). For Reiter's disease, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used, and glucocorticoids are used if indicated. For dry paroxysmal coughs, antitussive drugs are prescribed - Sinecode, Glauvent, Tussup-Rex, Paxeladin, Libexin, Stoptussin, etc. For wet coughs, mucolytics (bromhexine, ambroxol, carbocysteine, acetylcysteine, etc.) and traditional expectorants (terpinhydrate, mucaltin, etc.) are used. glycyram, bronchicum, breast preparations, coldrex, lycorine, tussin, etc.).

Symptomatic therapy includes the prescription of antipyretic drugs and cardiac glycosides as indicated.

Rehabilitation. Convalescents of ornithosis are recommended to be examined by a pediatrician and an infectious disease specialist 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months after recovery, ornithosis markers using ELISA and PCR methods 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after recovery, and chest x-ray after 6, 12 , 18 and 24 months after recovery; for convalescents of respiratory chlamydia - examination by a pediatrician 3 and 6 months after recovery, serological markers of chlamydia using ELISA and PCR methods 3 and 6 months after recovery. According to indications, it is recommended to consult specialists (pulmonologist, neurologist, immunologist, etc.), and study the immune status once every 3-6 months. A protective regimen, multivitamins and herbal adaptogens are prescribed in courses of 1 month for 3-12 months, immunomodulators under the control of an immunogram, exercise therapy, massage, physiotherapy, and spa treatment.

Prevention

An aerosol vaccine is under development, so non-specific measures are of primary importance. Prevention of ornithosis consists of limiting contact with birds, constant veterinary supervision of farm, urban and ornamental birds, isolation of patients with ornithosis until complete clinical recovery. Sputum and secretions are disinfected with a 5% solution of Lysol or a 2% solution of chloramine for 3 hours, boiled in a 2% solution of soda for 30 minutes. The spread of respiratory chlamydia is prevented by timely diagnosis and treatment of the disease, isolation of patients until complete clinical recovery. To prevent “familial chlamydia”, timely diagnosis and treatment of the disease in all family members is necessary; to prevent urogenital chlamydia, moral education of adolescents, promotion of hygiene skills, use of condoms, examination and, if necessary, treatment of sexual partners are necessary. Prevention of intrauterine chlamydia involves timely examination and treatment of women of childbearing age and pregnant women. Prevention of chlamydial conjunctivitis is carried out by twice instilling a 30% sodium sulfacyl solution into the conjunctival sac and applying 1% tetracycline or erythromycin ointment.

Genital chlamydia is an insidious disease that often causes female infertility and pregnancy failure among women. The occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases is caused by gram-negative bacteria - chlamydia. The disease is most often transmitted through sexual contact, and less commonly through household contact. For example, through linen, hygiene items, bath accessories, provided they are used by a sick person.

Symptoms of the disease in women differ from those that occur in men. However, they can be very different. Often the disease occurs without any symptoms, which leads to complications. It is extremely important for women who care about their health to know about chlamydia.

Causes and risk factors

The causative agents of chlamydia in women are intracellular microorganisms Chlamydia trachomatis. These bacteria can remain in the human body for a long time without causing clinical manifestations, but if the body’s defenses are weakened, chlamydia begins to intensify its activity and growth, causing signs of chlamydia in women. The most common route of transmission of chlamydia is sexual intercourse - both through traditional and non-traditional types of unprotected sexual intercourse.

In addition, transmission of chlamydia can occur during fetal development or during childbirth from mother to child as the fetus passes through the birth canal. Contact and household transmission of the disease is also observed - through hands, personal hygiene items, bed linen, etc., contaminated with infected secretions. Such cases of infection are rare, since chlamydia quickly dies outside the body. There are known cases of transmission of chlamydia during blood transfusions.

First signs

More often, chlamydia infection does not produce symptoms, but in some cases certain complaints are observed.

The first signs of chlamydia in women:

1. Feeling of slight pain and discomfort when urinating;
2. Feeling of increased moisture in the genitals;
3. A burning sensation in the external genital area and itching in the urethra;
4. Mucopurulent discharge from the vagina. Upon examination, discharge appears when pressing on the affected area;
5. Nagging pain in the lower abdomen;
6. Defect in the form of erosion in the cervix;
7. Heaviness and pain in the lumbar spine;
8. Menstrual irregularities;
9. General weakness and increased body temperature.

Chlamydial conjunctivitis can also occur when the eyes are involved in the pathological process.

Symptoms of chlamydia in women

This disease can be asymptomatic for many years; signs of the disease are found in only 30–40% of women. However, the hidden course of the process is not at all safe: chlamydia, even without any symptoms, can cause many complications, including infertility. The incubation period of the disease is 2–4 weeks, so the appearance of any symptoms is often not associated with past sexual contact.

Depending on the organ affected by the infection, various diseases occur and obvious symptoms appear.

1. – infection of the urethra by chlamydia with the development of burning and pain when relieving minor needs.
2. – inflammatory processes in the Bartholin gland, which is located on both sides at the entrance to the vagina. Manifested by pain, swelling and redness on the affected side, and increased body temperature.
3. Erosion and inflammation of the cervix (endocervicitis), accompanied by nagging pain in the lower abdomen, the appearance of mucopurulent discharge, and often bleeding after sexual intercourse.
4. and – inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries (often a combined pathology). Pain in the right or left side, menstrual irregularities, increased body temperature - such symptoms allow one to suspect chlamydia of the appendages in women.
5. (inflammation of the inner layer of the uterus) - characteristic symptoms: high body temperature, uterine bleeding, mucopurulent discharge, severe pain behind the pubis.
6. Chlamydial pharyngitis - occurs when infected during oral sex. Characterized by a sore throat and pain when swallowing.
7. Pelvioperitonitis is a lesion of the peritoneum in the pelvic area. In this case, quite sharp abdominal pain, constipation, bloating, and tension in the abdominal wall occur.
8. Arthritis (Reiter's syndrome) - chronic chlamydia in women can lead to autoimmune inflammation of the joints.
9. Chlamydial proctitis is inflammation of the rectal mucosa (after unprotected anal intercourse) with the appearance of pain, mucopurulent discharge from the anus.
10. - the first signs of chlamydial inflammation are characterized by cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and increased body temperature.
11. – damage to the eyes with the development of lacrimation, redness, burning. It develops when an infection is introduced into the eyes with dirty hands or when sharing towels.

The infection itself can be hidden - the first symptoms will appear along with the diseases provoked by the infection!

Diagnostics

Methods to help diagnose chlamydia:

1. Bacteriological seeding of microflora. The presence of bacteria is determined. It can use blood, urine, and genital secretions.
2. PCR. A polymerase chain reaction within a few hours will help identify the causative agent of the disease even from one small fragment, if one was present in the source material.
3. REEF. Analysis of the immunofluorescence reaction by staining the material with a special reagent. If chlamydia is present, a fluorescent microscope will highlight them.
4. ELISA. Antibodies to chlamydia are determined using an enzyme immunoassay in blood. It is clarified at what stage the disease is.
5. Smear. A small amount of discharge from the urethra and vagina is examined using a microscope.

Laboratory tests are of great importance for making a correct diagnosis, since existing chlamydia: unexpressed symptoms in women are very common and occur in a latent form. A blood test and vaginal smear are taken in several stages - at the beginning of treatment and a control test at the end.

What chlamydia looks like: photo

The photo below shows how the disease manifests itself in women.

What will happen if left untreated?

Complications of chlamydia in women:

1. The adhesive process leads to chronic pain in the pelvic area.
2. Salpingoophoritis is complicated by pelvioperitonitis - inflammation of the pelvic peritoneum. The acute phase of the disease occurs with high body temperature and severe pain in the lower abdomen. As the disease moves into the chronic phase, the severity of clinical symptoms smoothes out.
3. When the infection spreads to the upper abdominal cavity, severe pain appears in the right hypochondrium, which indicates damage to the liver capsule (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome). The development of a powerful adhesive process leads to chronic pain in the upper abdominal cavity.
4. Chronic inflammatory disease of the cervix, pelvic organs, and abdominal organs is a dangerous complication of chlamydia in women. Multiple adhesions cause the development of pregnancy pathology and infection of the fetus either during pregnancy or during childbirth.
5. Some chlamydia have a heat shock protein that can cause autoimmune reactions. Such patients develop Reiter's syndrome, in which inflammation of the vagina is combined with reactive arthritis of one or more joints and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eye (conjunctivitis). The syndrome develops 20 times more often in men.

Most often, chlamydia in women often occurs with smoothed symptoms and takes on a chronic form with a minimum number of external manifestations, having a significant impact on the human reproductive system.

Does my sexual partner (husband, boyfriend) need treatment?

If you have been diagnosed with chlamydia, be sure to tell your sexual partner. He needs to see a urologist and get tested for sexually transmitted infections.

Even if your partner does not have chlamydia, he still needs to undergo treatment.

Treatment of chlamydia in women

The problem of complex treatment of chlamydial infection in women should be solved taking into account the clinical picture of the patient. There are no ready-made algorithms or general treatment regimens for chlamydia in women, since in each specific case it is necessary to take into account the state of the immune system, concomitant diseases, and the state of the intestinal microflora.

The presence of concomitant sexually transmitted infections must be taken into account in order for the choice of antibiotic to be as effective as possible in the presence of a mixed infection.

• Azithromycin 500 mg 2 tablets. once, or Doxycycline 0.1 twice a day for 7 days.
• With this regimen, the effectiveness of treatment reaches 97%.

Second row:

• Erythromycin 500 mg 4 times a day for 6 hours 7 days
• Ofloxacin 300 mg twice daily every 12 hours for 7 days
• Roxithromycin 150 mg twice daily every 12 hours 7 days
• Spiramycin 3 million units every 8 hours 7 days

For pregnant:

• Erythromycin 500 mg every 6 hours 4 times a day for 7 days
• Josamycin 750 mg 3 times a day after 8 hours 7 days
• Spiramycin 3 million units every 8 hours 3 times a day for 7 days.

All information about drugs and treatment regimens is for informational purposes only. Treatment of chlamydia is carried out only by a qualified specialist based on test results, the patient’s medical history, and over time, taking into account the criteria for cure.

Immunomodulators

They are an important component of effective therapy for chlamydia and are used for acute and chronic chlamydial infections. These include: “Methyluracil”, “Timalin”, “Taquitin”, “Lysozyme”, “Viferon”, “Polyoxidonium”, “Cycloferon”.

Recently, the drug “Polyoxidonium” has been very widely used for the treatment of female chlamydia, especially if an atypical form of urogenital chlamydia is present. "Polyoxidonium" helps to increase the production of antibodies, and also reduces the side effects of other drugs, shortens the recovery period, and increases the body's resistance to other infections.

But it is worth remembering that self-administration of any medications, especially immunomodulators, is strictly prohibited.

Treatment regimens for chlamydia in women

Effective treatment of infection in women is based on taking drugs that destroy chlamydia or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The doctor gives a general assessment of the patient’s body condition, identifies concomitant diseases in order to prescribe the correct therapy.

Treatment regimens for chlamydia in women:

1. Sluggish chlamydia. In the first two weeks, immunotherapy and systemic enzyme therapy are performed. Then the doctor prescribes antibiotics, multivitamins, and antifungal agents. To restore and support the body, the gynecologist prescribes physical procedures, local treatment, probiotics, and hepatoprotectors. The treatment regimen from the start of taking antibiotics is identical to that of acute chlamydia.
2. Acute chlamydia. The following medications are prescribed: the antibiotic doxycycline (3 weeks, 100 mg 2 times a day), an immunomodulator of the doctor’s choice, multivitamins. After 7 days, systemic enzyme therapy is carried out. If fungal infections are present, the drugs Fluconazole and Nystatin are used. In combination with therapeutic agents, probiotics and hepatoprotectors are prescribed, physical procedures, and local treatment are prescribed.
3. Chronic chlamydia. Inductotherapy is carried out for two weeks, Amiksin is prescribed for 30 days (every other day). Systemic enzyme therapy is carried out (2 weeks). 10 days after the start of treatment for the infection, antibiotics are prescribed (the amount of the drug is identical to the amount used in the treatment of an acute disease), and multivitamins. Physiotherapy is carried out, hepatoprotectors are used. Treatment of chronic chlamydia in women may be accompanied by taking hyaluronidase drugs (for example, Longidase, 1 suppository every 10 days).

Prevention

For effective prevention, you need to know and follow the following rules:

1. Avoid promiscuity.
2. Mandatory use of condoms for all types of sex.
3. Remember that there are other ways of becoming infected with chlamydia other than sexually, and be wary in this regard.
4. Remember that even one unprotected sexual contact leads to infection with chlamydia.
5. Mandatory examination after unprotected sexual intercourse for the presence of sexually transmitted infections.
6. If chlamydia is diagnosed, it is necessary to stop sexual intercourse, notify sexual partners, tighten personal hygiene, and take all measures regarding family members living nearby to protect them from infection through household means.

Chlamydia, based on the above, is easier to prevent than to treat.

Chlamydia is a developing pathological process in the body that was sexually transmitted and can affect a number of organs. Chlamydia cannot be attributed to any group of bacteria or viruses, but despite this, microorganisms can affect not only the genitals. With chlamydia, the functioning of blood vessels and the heart, the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is impaired, and even deterioration of the condition of joints and teeth is observed. However, doctors consider suppositories for chlamydia to be an effective method of treating this disease for women.

Types of suppositories

Treatment of a disease such as chlamydia with suppositories is considered one of the simplest solutions, since drugs of this type can be dispensed without a doctor's prescription. But, despite their availability in pharmacies, a very important aspect of any treatment is consultation with a specialist and confirmation of the diagnosis. The use of suppositories during therapy is allowed for both women and men.

Drugs have two methods of administration:

1. Rectal. This type of suppository is inserted into the rectum, thereby making it possible for men to use this type of drug;
2. Vaginal. Such suppositories are inserted into the vagina and, naturally, are prescribed only to women and girls.

Unfortunately, there is no universal drug for the treatment of chlamydia yet, and that is why it is very important to consult with a specialist to determine the correct and effective method of treatment based on the tests, and in no case self-medicate.

Since both types of suppositories can be used to treat chlamydia in women, drugs that have characteristic administration features should be considered.

Candles "Polyoxidonium"

Doctors consider Polyoxidonium one of the most effective medicines, since these suppositories affect not only chlamydia themselves, but are also an effective immunomodulator. Suppositories can be used both vaginally and rectally.

Advantages of the drug:

• increases the amount of released antibodies necessary to fight the disease;
• assists leukocytes and phagocytes;
• enhances the effect of antibiotics on the body;
• reduces the required duration of treatment with antibacterial drugs.

The drug "Genferon"

The next, but no less popular drug for the treatment of chlamydia is “Genferon”, as it is available in two forms, respectively, suitable for both sexes.

A characteristic feature of these suppositories is their ability to destroy not only chlamydia, but also other microorganisms:

• thrush and other pathogenic fungi;
• mycoplasma;
• trichomonas;
• ureaplasma.

These suppositories are capable of stopping all processes of development of pathogenic organisms not only with chlamydia, but also with other listed developing pathological processes.

Candles "Hexicon"

The drug Hexicon, the main component of which is chlorhexidine, is considered very popular. These suppositories work well against gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms.

Hexicon suppositories can cope with the following bacteria:

• chlamydia;
• Treponema;
• ureaplasma;
• Trichomonas;
• gardnerella.

It is worth noting that these suppositories are prescribed exclusively to women, since suppositories

Hexicon has an exclusively vaginal method of administration, therefore, it is simply not suitable for men. The distinctive ability of these suppositories is their ability not only to destroy pathological bacteria, but also to restore the vaginal microflora.

In addition, Hexicon is considered a safe medicine that can be used both during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Candles "Viferon"

These suppositories not only act as an immunomodulator, but also perfectly destroy all structures of pathogenic bacteria and microorganisms. An unusual factor in the use of these suppositories is considered to be an increase in the body's production.

In addition, with the help of Viferon, treatment of chlamydia in women, if necessary, can be carried out for a long time, since this drug is not capable of leading to the formation of antibodies that negatively affect interferon.

The drug "Betadine"

These suppositories have properties that are incredibly important for treating a disease such as chlamydia:

• targeting and antimicrobial effects;
• antiseptic abilities;
• disinfectant effect on the body.

Correct use of suppositories for chlamydia

Every person should clearly understand that chlamydia in any form is a very dangerous disease that requires immediate medical intervention and early treatment.

However, many people forget about the individuality of the human body. That is why suppositories for chlamydia, which can help one person, may not give results for another.

If chlamydia is diagnosed, under no circumstances should you select medications on your own, since it is only after undergoing the necessary examination and taking all tests that the correct treatment regimen is selected. It is through properly selected treatment that the effectiveness of therapy will be visible.

The treatment regimen for chlamydia in women involves several basic rules that must be followed to quickly and effectively get rid of the disease:

1. The first stage of treatment is the use of drugs that actively destroy viruses and bacteria, while being able to stop the process of further spread of chlamydia.
2. The second stage is the use of suppositories that have an immunomodulatory effect.

Suppositories for vaginal administration are used 1 suppository 2 times a day. The course of treatment with drugs of this type ranges from 7 to 21 days, depending on the patient’s condition and the effectiveness of the therapy.

If, after passing the necessary tests in the middle of the course of treatment, chlamydia is not detected, the chosen treatment method can be revised. If, after completing a course of treatment of 21 days, the presence of pathological microorganisms is detected in the tests, therapy will continue, but the dosage and timing of treatment will be revised.

So-called individual dosages of drugs can be prescribed by specialists in cases where the disease has become chronic. In this case, treatment can last up to 3 months.

With the rectal method of administering suppositories, as with the vaginal route, in most cases it is necessary to administer 1 suppository twice a day. The duration of therapy with this method varies: the course ranges from 10 to 25 days.

Conclusion

Chlamydia is a very dangerous disease for both women and men, because its effect on the body, if treated incorrectly or without treatment at all, can have a very detrimental effect on the health of the patient and his partner. For therapy to be effective, it is necessary to undergo regular medical examinations and not neglect the advice of a doctor. The health of any person is in his own hands.

Rash, discharge, and other signs of chlamydia

Diseases of the genital area are leaders among numerous infectious diseases in terms of prevalence and scale. One of these diseases is chlamydia.

Chlamydia is an extremely common sexually transmitted disease. In some cases, the manifestations of the disease do not make themselves felt, and the lack of clinical characteristic complaints in patients aggravates the situation.

However, the disease is widespread. Thus, chlamydia, the symptoms of which are mild, are serious disruptors of the normal rhythm of life, and a person can tolerate them without knowing this fact.

Symptoms, signs and complications of the disease will be discussed within the material.

Causes of the disease

At the same time, chlamydia (signs are not immediately apparent) are resistant to numerous drugs; they can enter the body for various reasons. There are several ways to transmit the disease.

In recent years, a urogenital type disease caused by the action of a pathogen of the trachomatis group has become widespread.

Transmission of this infection occurs exclusively through sexual intercourse; due to the sensitivity of microorganisms, household infection is impossible.

The infectious strain can also be transmitted vertically - from the expectant mother to the fetus in the womb.

Another probable strain of infection is pneumonic chlamydia, transmitted through airborne droplets.

Typically, this disease entails the formation of serious respiratory diseases - sore throat, pharyngitis, pneumonia and other difficulties associated with the functioning of the respiratory tract. But if a person has a well-developed immune system, then such signs of chlamydia are not scary for him.

Manifestation in men

As in females, the manifestations of chlamydia in men are minor or accompanied by their absence.

If symptoms are present, they are observed at the initial stage of the disease and are represented by a general inflammatory process of the urinary tract.

Urethritis can last for several months, and there are no other factors indicating this particular infection.

There are several points to note:

For any manifestations or changes, you must consult a specialist.

Prevention of chlamydia in men, prescribed by a doctor, plays an important role in the health of the stronger sex.

Manifestation in women

In 70% of cases, there are no obvious manifestations of the disease, but if they are present, they are usually common to most patients.

Since the prevention of chlamydia in women plays an important role, it is necessary to consult a doctor in a timely manner (when the first symptoms appear), who will prescribe several effective measures.

• Purulent or mucous discharge from the vagina, having an unpleasant odor and a yellowish color.
• Pain in the area of ​​the external and internal genital organs.
• A rash due to chlamydia may appear on the genitals. But it happens extremely rarely.
• A feeling of itching and burning when going to the toilet, a strong desire to scratch the skin.
• The occurrence of pain in the lower abdomen and pelvic organs.
• A slight increase in body temperature, often symbolizing signs of intoxication.

If chlamydia, the symptoms and treatment of which are difficult, occurs during pregnancy, this can cause negative consequences for the intrauterine development of the fetus.

Actually, like chlamydia in men, the symptoms in women have considerable similarities and can be confused with other bacterial, viral and infectious diseases.

Complications of the disease

We looked at the main symptoms of chlamydia, as well as photographs of the manifestations of the disease. But it is also worth considering certain complications that the disease causes.

For men:

• Impotence;
• infertility;
• urethritis;
• sexual dysfunction;
• decreased sperm activity;
• diseases of other organs.

Among women:

• Inability to conceive and bear a child;
• cancerous tumors and formations of the reproductive system;
• urinary tract diseases;
• arrest of intrauterine development of the fetus (during pregnancy);
• problems with the functioning of other organs.

Thus, rashes due to chlamydia (photos presented in the article) are serious lesions and pose serious threats to the life of the fetus and mother.

In addition, they pose a health hazard, especially if the treatment process is not addressed in a timely manner.

Be attentive to your health and, if possible, undergo preventive tests for STDs in order to prevent irreversible consequences in your body.

Metronidazole: comprehensive information about the drug and instructions for use

Detailed instructions, analogues, reviews

Description of the drug

The advantage of this medication is that its active components are absorbed into any fluids inside the patient’s body, which leads to the treatment of the disease even in the most isolated areas of the body. In addition, Metronidazole is completely absorbed into the intestinal cavity, but does not in any way affect blood plasma proteins.

After taking the medication, one half of it is metabolized to the active substance, the second part remains in its original state and is absorbed in the right place. After completion of therapy, the remaining drug is excreted along with urine and feces due to the functioning of the kidneys.

Metronidazole has proven itself to be an effective treatment for a wide range of possible microorganisms, and when a doctor prescribes the maximum dosage for a therapeutic result, the drug also assumes a bactericidal effect.

In addition, in combined treatment with Metronidazole and other penicillin drugs, for example, with the antibiotic Amoxicillin (as an option, ampicillin + metronidazole), it can also affect some strains of microorganisms that are resistant to pure metronidazole.

The cost of such a drug can vary from 10 to 120 rubles, depending on the dosage of the active substance, the number of tablets in one package, the country of manufacture and the region in which this medicine will be distributed. Metronidazole is often available without a prescription, although taking it without a doctor's prescription can cause side effects.

Release form

The name of the drug is considered telling, since its active substance is called metronidazole. Typically, the drug can be presented to consumers in the form of tablets, suppositories for rectal and vaginal administration, as well as ointments and solutions.

Metronidazole types:

• Metronidazole tablets orally. Typically, in tablet form, the drug appears as flat-cylindrical tablets of a yellowish-green hue, with a characteristic score and chamfer on their surface. In one such tablet, the dosage of the active component is 0.25 g. The dosage of taking the tablets is determined by the attending physician. One package contains 10 tablets.
• Cream for external use (Metrogyl metronidazole gel). Typically, such a drug requires a strict dosage - 0.01 g of the active ingredient is contained in 1 g of such a product. There are a number of diseases that can be cured with this particular form of Metronidazole. One percent cream suggests 25 grams.
• Intravaginal suppositories. In this presentation, Metronidazole involves elongated suppositories of a white or yellowish hue, which are prescribed for the treatment of certain diseases. The dosage of this form of Metronidazole suggests 0.125 g, 0.25 g, and 0.5 g of the active component in one suppository. One cell package contains 7 candles.
• Solution. In this form, Metronidazole is prescribed by a doctor to administer intravenous metronidazole injections. The solution is a greenish liquid, 1 ml of which contains 5 g of the active component of the drug. One bottle of this solution contains 10 ml.

In addition, in the tablet form of Metronidazole, in addition to the active component, potato starch, steatite and cetylacetic acid are added as complementary components.

In the cream you can find vaseline oil, sterile water, propanetriol, wax in the form of an emulsion, propanediol, para-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ether sodium salt and nipagin.

Metronidazole suppositories are supplemented with polyethylene glycol 1500 and polyethylene glycol 400. The drug solution includes additional components - citric acid, purified water, sodium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium chloride.

Indications for use

Before you begin treating a disease with Metronidazole, you should carefully study the list of indications for its use. This will help determine in what situations the drug will be effective and efficient.

• Protozoal infections: intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, vaginitis and trichomonas urethritis, as well as balantidiasis.
• Infections caused by the action of anaerobic microorganisms: abdominal infections, in particular liver abscess and peritonitis, bone and joint lesions, nervous system disorders, diseases in the pelvic area, pneumonia, empyema, bacterial endocarditis, lung abscess, sepsis and skin lesions.
• Stomach and duodenal ulcers.
• Pseudomembranous form of colitis.

In addition, the drug metronidazole is often prescribed to patients who have undergone major surgery to prevent the risk of infection. In the process of treating chronic alcohol dependence, Metronidazole is an excellent remedy that prevents the development of many diseases against this background.

Why is Metronidazole prescribed?

Since the drug Metronidazole, with its unique composition, involves the treatment of a wide range of diseases, each group of diseases for which it is prescribed should be considered in detail.

Metronidazole in gynecology

Therefore, the doctor initially identifies the causative agent of the disease, and then writes a prescription for treatment with Metronidazole for diseases such as:

• any diseases of the uterine cavity (inflammatory processes of the mucous membrane, metritis and endometritis);
• inflammatory processes in the ovaries or adnexitis;
• ailments of a woman's fallopian tubes or salpingitis;
• infectious diseases that are sexually transmitted (trichomoniasis, ureplasma and others);
• cystitis at different stages;
• for preventive purposes before or after surgery;
• single dose after labor;
• disturbances of the vaginal microflora and inflammatory processes in it.

For each type of disease, metronidazole is prescribed by a gynecologist, who also selects an individual dosage and treatment regimen. The most commonly used are Metronidazole vaginal gel, Metronidazole Hexicon suppositories, Metronidazole vaginal tablets.

Metronidazole in dentistry

Metronidazole is most often used for gums and teeth that suffer from inflammatory processes. As practice has shown, when taking tablets, the drug is concentrated in the gingival fluid, thereby having a beneficial effect on the gingival plaque. Metronidazole denta gel is commonly used to treat dental problems.

Metronidazole during pregnancy

Most often, the drug is prescribed to women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis. This disease is manifested by an inflammatory process of the vaginal mucosa, so the drug metronidazole eliminates the risk of miscarriage. It is prohibited to take such a drug during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Metronidazole during menstruation

The list of contraindications for this drug does not include the menstrual cycle or any side effects on menstruation. Therefore, various diseases can be treated with Metronidazole during menstruation.

Metronidazole for gums

Among the list of antibiotics that are prescribed for the treatment of gums, the drug Metronidazole occupies a worthy place. Most often, typical diseases of this spectrum are treated for 3 days, after which healing should occur.

It is worth remembering that the drug is not prescribed if a person is intolerant to penicillin and is also taking contraceptives. To treat gum disease, pharmacies sell a special ointment - Metrogyl metronidazole (an antibiotic), which also contains chlorhexidine (an antiseptic).

Metronidazole for women

Since women's internal organs are susceptible to bacteria, women are more likely to get infections. What helps women:

• metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis;
• metronidazole for vaginitis;
• metronidazole for inflammation of the appendages;
• metronidazole for cystitis;
• metronidazole for endometritis;
• metronidazole for trichomoniasis;
• metronidazole for thrush;
• metronidazole for chlamydia, etc.

For women, this drug is prescribed in various forms: metronidazole vaginal tablets, metronidazole vaginal gel, as well as vaginal suppositories and tablets.

Metronidazole for face

This drug is an effective and fast-acting drug for the treatment of acne and pimples on the skin of the face. It is prescribed exclusively by a dermatologist after examination and determination of the causes of acne. The active components of the drug relieve inflammation of the epidermis and also prevent the risk of scar formation. Due to its antibacterial properties and the fact that Metronidazole is an antibiotic, it not only relieves the symptoms of skin disease, but also eliminates its causes.

What acne does the drug treat:

• teenage acne;
• acne consequences of pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract;
• allergic rash;
• demodicosis

With this diagnosis, the doctor prescribes metronidazole acne tablets and writes a prescription.

Metronidazole for men

This drug is an effective remedy in the treatment of the following male diseases:

• a number of diseases caused by protozoa (nonspecific giardiasis, urogenital trichomoniasis, amoebiasis);
• infectious lesions of the respiratory system, namely lung abscess, purulent pneumonia;
• infectious diseases of the brain, meningitis or brain abscess;
• infectious lesions of the abdominal organs, peritonitis or liver abscess;
• in order to prevent infection before and after surgery;
• infectious lesions of the teeth, jaw and gums.

The dosage is determined in different cases by the attending physician; the drug is available for men in the form of gel and tablets.

Metronidazole for external use

Metronidazole is used externally in the form of a cream or gel, which are available in tubes of 15 g and 30 g. Most often, external forms of metronidazole are prescribed for the treatment of diseases of the epidermis:

• acne type “vulgar”;
• acne rosacea, as well as post-steroid acne, a consequence of hormonal therapy;
• seborrhea and eczema;
• any skin lesions of an ulcerative nature (trophic ulcers due to diabetes mellitus, varicose veins, etc.);
• non-healing skin wounds, bedsores;
• cracks in the anus, external hemorrhoids.

The local effect of the drug is aimed at blocking the appearance of any acne and rash.

Metronidazole for prevention

Despite the fact that the drug is an antibiotic, it is often prescribed as a prophylactic against anaerobic infections, namely:

• before performing operations on the intestines (colon, gangrenous and purulent appendicitis);
• after surgery to prevent the risk of infection for the patient.

In general, Metronidazole prevents the risk of any anaerobic infections caused by gram-negative bacteroid species, fusobacteria and cocci.

Metronidazole for worms

Metronidazole for fungus

This drug is an excellent antiseptic, antibacterial and antiprotozoal drug, so it is prescribed for the treatment of any type of fungus. This can be fungal infections of internal organs, organs of the genitourinary system, as well as fungus of the nails and extremities. In this case, any form of release of the drug, cream for external use, tablets for internal therapy, as well as injections with a solution are appropriate.

Metronidazole for diarrhea

The drug treats such an unpleasant symptom as diarrhea only if it is caused by certain bacteria (amebic dysentery or giardia). To determine this factor, doctors conduct a microbiological analysis of stool, after which a course of therapy is prescribed for a week.

Metronidazole for acne

If the formation of a rash on the face and body is caused by an infection, in this case it can be corrected by taking Metronidazole. In particular, the basis for the appearance of acne can be streptococcus, staphylococcus, demodex (skin mite), etc. If acne does not pose a serious threat, it is treated with an external remedy, and if it has reached a complex stage, Metronidazole is prescribed in tablet form.

Metronidazole for alcoholism

The active component of such a product can independently change the metabolism of alcohol in the body. During treatment, the patient will experience a negative conditioned reflex to the smell and taste of alcohol, and later the person will experience an Antabuse-like or disulfiram-like reaction.

Metronidazole for sore throat

The drug copes well with such a complex disease as sore throat. Since the disease is infectious, the use of Metronidazole is quite appropriate. But it is worth understanding that quickly obtaining the effect may be accompanied by some side effects, for example, drowsiness and confusion, nausea and vomiting, metallic taste, rapid heartbeat and increased pulse rate.

Thus, we can conclude that any diseases that are caused by infections, fungi and harmful protozoan microorganisms can be quickly and effectively treated with one drug - Metronidazole.

Instructions for use

In order for the therapy of a particular disease to be successful, you should strictly follow the instructions for the drug Metronidazole, which comes in the package with it. Based on the form of release of the drug and the disease that requires treatment, there are certain doses and treatment regimens.

Instructions for use of tablets

They are taken orally, washed down with plenty of milk, during or after meals. The tablets should not be chewed, crushed, or consumed only whole.

Trichomoniasis

Adults: prescribe 250 mg of the drug twice a day, a course of treatment of 10 days or a double dose, but not longer than 5 days for a quick effect. Women are additionally prescribed a suppository for internal disinfection. After 1-2 weeks, the course of therapy should be repeated.

Children 2-5 years old: the daily dosage of metronidazole is 200 mg of the drug, it is better to divide the dosage into two doses.

Children from 5 to 20 years: 250-375 mg of the active ingredient per day, the dose is divided into two doses.

Children aged 10 years and older: the daily intake of the active substance is 500 mg, but divided into two doses. Therapy takes 10 days.

Children from one year old: the pediatrician prescribes a daily dose of 125 mg of the substance, but divided into two times a day. The course of treatment lasts no longer than 5 days. If therapy lasts no more than 5 days, children 2-4 years old - 250 mg per day, children 5-8 years old - 375 mg per day.

Amoebiasis asymptomatic

Treatment of an adult patient involves 500 mg of the active substance 2-3 times a day. The duration of therapy is 7 days.

Chronic amoebiasis

An adult patient is prescribed 1.5 g of the drug 3 times a day, this treatment regimen lasts 5-10 days.

Acute amoebic dysentery

An adult patient takes 2.25 g of the substance 3 times a day until the symptoms of the disease are eliminated.

Liver abscess

Adult patients: the daily dosage of the substance can reach 2.5 g, the course of such therapy is 5 days, subject to the mandatory use of tetracycline antibiotics.

Children 1-3 years old: a quarter of the adult dosage.

Children 3-7 years old: one third of the indicated dosage for an adult patient.

Children 7-10 years old: the second part of the established dosage for an adult patient.

Ulcerative stomatitis

Adults: take 500 mg of the drug 2 times a day for 5 days. How much metronidazole you can drink is determined by your doctor, based on the specifics of the diagnosis.

Children: Treatment of this disease with Metronidazole is prohibited.

Pseudomembranous colitis

In tandem with other effective drugs, Metronidazole is prescribed 500 mg for several days.

The infection is anaerobic

The maximum dosage per day of drug therapy is 1.5-2 g.

Prevention of infection and complications

Before surgery: three doses of the drug over several days, 700-1500 mg.

After surgery: single use of the product in a volume of 1 g.

Instructions for use of Metronidazole gel or ointment

Most often, this drug is used for vaginal use. The attending physician prescribes to the patient a dosage equivalent to a full applicator - that is, 5 g. The drug is administered in the morning and before going to bed. The duration of therapy does not exceed 5 days.

Instructions for use of Metronidazole solution

This form of injection is prescribed to patients who are unable to use tablets or have a complicated infection.

Children over 12 years of age and adult patients: a single dosage of 500 mg of the active substance, the rate of solution administration is approximately 5 ml per minute. Between such administration of the drug should be maintained at least 8 hours. No more than 4 g of metronidazole per day is allowed.

Children under 12 years of age: 7.5 mg of injected solution per kilogram of the child’s body weight. In this case, the received dose should be divided into three doses. The substance is injected at a rate of 5 ml in 6 seconds.

In order to prevent anaerobic infections, before operations on the urinary tract and pelvic area, children over 12 years of age and other adult patients are prescribed 500-1000 mg of the drug during the day, on the second day - 1500 mg or 500 mg of solution every 8 hours.

For those who suffer from kidney or liver dysfunction, the permissible dose per day is 1000 mg, which is divided into three injections.

Before irradiation procedures, a solution is prescribed one hour before each procedure for 102 weeks, 60 mg per kilogram of the patient’s body weight. During irradiation for cervical cancer, such a solution is used by local application. 3 hours before the procedure, 3 g of the drug is diluted in a dimethyl sulfoxide solution and a cotton swab is moistened with it.

Intravenous injections with such a solution are prohibited by doctors in parallel with the administration of other drugs.

Instructions for use of the suppository

To treat female diseases, suppositories are inserted into the vagina. Dosage - 500 mg of the drug per day, single administration before going to bed.

Alcohol compatibility

Any medications based on metronidazole should not be combined with alcoholic beverages.
If you violate this prohibition, side effects will immediately appear, such as:

• excessive salivation;
• red tint of facial skin;
• nausea and vomiting;
• fever and increased body temperature;
• accelerated heartbeat;
• sharp pain and acute spasms in the epigastric region;
• intense headache.

In addition, there is a risk of a severe decrease in blood pressure. Despite the fact that Metronidazole is used to treat alcohol dependence, it is strictly forbidden to combine it with drinking alcohol.

Contraindications and side effects

Side effects from Metronidazole therapy:

• Manifestation of allergies: rash and redness of the dermis, fever, sneezing, and difficulty breathing.
• From the gastrointestinal tract: loss of appetite, a specific taste of metal in the mouth, nausea and weak urge to vomit, symptoms of pain and cutting in the abdominal area, dry mouth.
• Genitourinary system: inability to hold urine, problems with urination, cystitis.
• From the central nervous system: depression, headache, sleep disturbance, hallucinations and increased irritability.
• Other signs: candidiasis, pain in the bones and joints, decreased white blood cell count.

To ensure that taking Metronidazole does not entail the risk of such unpleasant manifestations from therapy, you should strictly follow the instructions and dosages, and also take into account the list of contraindications:

• diseases of the nervous system;
• liver diseases;
• leukopenia;
• intolerance to one or another component of the drug;
• pregnancy, as well as the period of breastfeeding;
• other complex diseases.

Metronidazole analogs

Any drug has several similar drugs, which may differ slightly in composition, but imply the same treatment result. Metronidazole is no exception; it offers several worthy analogues, some of them possibly stronger:

• Suppositories - Trichosept, Flagyl, Metrovit, and Metrovagin.
• Tablets - Trichopolum, Metrogyl, Metronidazole Nycomed, and Efloran.
• Solution - Metrogyl, Klion, Efloran and Metronidazole Nycomed.
• Gel - Metrogyl and Metroseptol, as well as Rozex.

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Chlamydia is a disease that appears in the human body due to the causative agent chlamydia. The disease occurs in both women and men. And its signs can manifest themselves in different ways, since the reproductive system of opposite sexes differs significantly from each other.

In this article we will look at the topic: what is chlamydia in women, how does it manifest itself, how can the disease be recognized, and will also provide a gallery of photos of the symptoms of chlamydia in women.

Interestingly, this disease cannot be called a bacterium, but those microorganisms that enter the body can affect the reproductive system and internal urinary organs, the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and the heart, joints, teeth and blood vessels.

A large list of organs that can be infected with chlamydia makes this infection very dangerous for women and men.

It is worth noting that chlamydia can also cause a number of other diseases, such as otitis media and conjunctivitis, since it mainly occurs on the mucous membrane.

Basically, chlamydia mostly affects the genitourinary system and it is quite difficult to recognize the disease in time, since it can pose a potential threat, but without signs. Only timely detection of the disease will help.

This is a rather unpleasant process that can cause a lot of pain of various properties in the respiratory organs, heart, and even eyes.

We suggest looking at what chlamydia is, photos in women, to understand how you can visually examine the disease itself. Photos of signs of chlamydia in women are presented below.

In the first stages, there are no characteristic signs as such, but such a disease can be quite life-threatening for the female sex, since it can mostly manifest itself when there is already itching, burning, and others.

In the middle stages, a woman may notice that discharge may begin from her vagina. They will have a white-yellow color and a characteristic unpleasant odor. When urinating, you may notice that there are feelings of itching and burning - this is also characteristic of this disease.

This is what chlamydia may look like in women (symptoms, photos):

Routes of infection

It should be noted that such a disease develops differently, depending on how the infection occurred.

When infected, for example, through sexual contact, the disease can begin to progress in the near future, but when transmitted through household contact, the infection may not show signs for a long time.

The first and currently most common route of infection is sexual contact with a person infected with chlamydia. Both men and women can carry the infection, and in this case, aggressive and progressive signs of the disease may occur if there are a large number of chlamydia microorganisms.

Chlamydia infection in females can manifest itself. Thus, we can say with confidence that women have the opportunity to immediately notice the disease in their body.

Chlamydia in women - photos (causes, symptoms):

The second way is vertical. Thus, infection will occur from an infected mother to a newborn child. The route of infection is the most terrible, since the unadapted body of a newborn will find it difficult to fight such a disease.

Before pregnancy and conception itself, a woman must undergo tests, since even in the womb, the child will be a carrier of infection, which in the future can lead to dire consequences.

In case of infection, the child has a high chance that chlamydia microorganisms can enter the eye environment and cause ocular inflammation.

Chlamydia in women (photo):

The third way has not yet been proven, but there is a high probability that a person can become infected with chlamydia through the use of other people’s hygiene products: washcloths, bath towels and other items that directly touch human skin.

Important! Chlamydia infection in women exists in an open environment and in the air for more than 2 days. But small amounts of microorganisms are in no way capable of harming or infecting humans.

Symptoms and photos of chlamydia in women

Chlamydia in women - photos of symptoms:

Symptoms of chlamydia in women are varied and often similar to other sexually transmitted diseases. The same properties can be found in males.

When chlamydia microorganisms enter a woman’s body, they undergo certain stages of how the disease spreads throughout the body.

1. First stage –penetration of a microorganism into the mucous membrane. The processes are invisible to the woman and it is worth noting that some time must pass for the first signs of infection to appear.
2. Second phase – reproduction. Like any cell and bacteria, they have the ability to multiply, but chlamydia microorganisms do it differently. The microorganism itself enters directly into healthy human cells, and under favorable conditions, chlamydia first kills the cell and then creates reproduction. The process takes 2-4 days.
3. The third stage is inflammation. The mucous membrane begins to become inflamed, and the woman observes her body that she has discharge and other signs.

Chlamydia also has main symptoms.

Discharge. This is the most unpleasant sign, since females experience discharge, which is accompanied by an unpleasant odor and color.

With such discharge, you can feel a burning sensation, soreness, inflammation, pain and itching.

These are side symptoms that can occur in a woman’s body.

If you have chlamydia, you may experience severe pain in the genital area, weakness and irritability.

Everything related to diseases of the internal genital organs is always accompanied by unpleasant sensations, which subsequently leads to the appearance of a hormonal imbalance.

It should be taken into account that such signs may not appear in all women.

An increase in body temperature can be a symptom of chlamydia. Body temperature ranges from 37°C to 38°C.

Symptoms appear within 14-30 days after infection. After 14 days, it is possible to notice the manifestations of chlamydia when infected through sexual contact. In cases of infection by other means, properties and symptoms may appear much later.

Complications

ICD code 10 for the diagnosis of chlamydia is additional ailments that can be caused by chlamydia microorganisms. These diseases can be associated with different organs. Again, depending on how the woman was infected (they are listed above).

Under such circumstances, it is imperative to take this factor into account, since chlamydia can begin with damage to the mucous membrane of the eyeballs and then spread throughout the body.

When chlamydia appears, problems can develop with the ocular mucosa and vaginal mucosa. Joints and skeletal conditions may be affected.

Bottom line

As you can understand, this infection is quite complex and some patients cannot recover from it for a long time.

If the body becomes infected, you should definitely consult a gynecologist so that he can conduct an examination and be able to determine the severity of the disease.

Analyzes can show how many chlamydia microorganisms are located directly in a woman’s body.

The most important thing is to remember that the disease may not manifest itself for a long time and it is worth protecting yourself from casual relationships with people who are at risk of infection.

Constant examination by specialists will help maintain health, since in any case, it is better to treat an illness that is just developing and can be treated with medication.

At the first signs of any ailment or in the event of previously unknown neoplasms on the skin or mucous membrane, you should definitely contact a specialist so that he can make the correct diagnosis.

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