Man and society social science summary. What is social studies? Bogolyubov: social studies

Society in the broad and narrow sense. Signs of society.

Topic 2.

Functions of society: production of goods,
management, reproduction, socialization, formation of ideology, transfer of experience to generations.

Topic 3.

Society is a system. Society is a developing system. Spheres of society: economic, political, social, spiritual.

Topic 4.

Concept, types, structure, characteristics and functions of social institutions.

What refers to the subjective and objective factors of the development of society and what is their role.

Topic 6.

Progress. Criteria and inconsistency of progress.

Regression. Signs of regression in society.

Topic 7.

Evolution, revolution, reforms are the ways of development of society. Their features.

Topic 8.

Signs of modernization and innovation, their role in society.

Topic 9.

The importance of choosing the right alternative path for the development of society.

Topic 10.

The concept of social relations. their features and types.

The concept of civilization. Local and linear-stage civilizations. Western and Eastern civilization.

The concept of formation, features of the five types of formations according to K. Marx.

Traditional, industrial, post-industrial society. Open-closed, simple-complex society.

Topic 14.

Nature in the narrow and broad sense, interaction between nature and society, commonalities and differences between society and nature, protection of nature.

The concept of global problems, their signs and causes of occurrence. Types of global problems, solutions.

What is globalization? Causes and consequences of globalization

What does archeology, history, political science, law, sociology, economics, philosophy and other social sciences study?

What is social studies? What was this science called before? Let's turn to compound words. Based on the name, we can say that this is the science of society. But what does it mean?

Concept of society

It seems very easy to give an explanation. Everyone has heard about the society of book lovers, fishermen and hunters. This term is also found in economic (business) activities - limited liability company, joint stock company, etc. The concept can also be used in historical science. For example, it is used to determine socio-economic pharmacy - feudal or capitalist. Many people define society as a collective of people, a meeting, etc.

Social studies: Bogolyubov on the signs of human society

This question is key in this science. Without it, it is impossible to fully understand what social science is. It has the following characteristics:

• Isolation from nature. It is implied that man is no longer as dependent on its vagaries and climate as primitive people and animals. We have learned to build houses, accumulate supplies in case of crop failure, replace many natural materials with artificial ones, etc.
• Closely connected with nature. Separation does not mean complete abandonment. Despite all the achievements in science and technology, man is constantly in contact with nature. It is enough to remember how many lives are claimed by tsunamis, how much destruction occurs from hurricanes, to understand the connection with nature.
• Society implies a system of unifying forms of people. They are different: political or economic associations, workers or cooperative groups, as well as all kinds of social institutions. All this is combined into a single system, which bears the scientific term “society”.
• Methods of interaction between associations. For the functioning of the system, tools and methods of maintaining unity and integrity are necessary. They are forms of human interaction.

Thus, Bogolyubov’s social science provides a complete, comprehensive definition of this concept in a broad sense. Colleagues at work are a work collective, and not a society in the understanding of science, despite the fact that at the everyday level it may be called that.

Spheres of public life

Social studies lessons are completely based on this concept. Spheres are particles of a single system. Each segment plays a specific role and maintains the unity of society. There are four of them:

• Economic sphere. This is everything related to the production, distribution and exchange of material goods and services.
• Political. This includes all social management institutions. This is keyly connected with such a concept as the state.
• Social. Associated with human communication within society.
• Spiritual. Aimed at satisfying non-material human needs.

Therefore, the question of what social science is can also be answered that it is a science that studies their role in human life and the ways of interaction between them.

The role of social studies

Indeed, many people think this science is useless. And most of the humanities too. Until the 20th century, no attention was paid to them at all. Only mathematical and applied sciences were valued in life. The main emphasis in development was placed on them. This is what led to a sharp technological leap in the development of mankind. No one was interested in what social science was and for what purpose this science was needed.

But the so-called technocracy has borne fruit. By subordinating all industry and automation, people faced the deepest crisis on the planet. It resulted in two wars, previously unheard of in scale. In just half a century, more people have died on the fields of new, technical battles than in the entire history of mankind before.

Results

Thus, the leap in science and technology made it possible to create an unheard of weapon that in a few minutes will completely destroy the planet with all living organisms on it. Atomic and hydrogen bombs are capable of deviating the Earth from its course, which will lead to its death as a cosmic body.

The author of the school textbooks “Social Studies” Bogolyubov believes the same. He studied for many years considering the humanities a waste of time. But then the realization came that technology without human development is capable of destroying all living things. It is with the development of humanity, morality, law, with an increase in the level of education, culture and spirituality that it is necessary to improve and introduce new devices. And without theoretical knowledge this is impossible. Social studies as a science is designed to bridge the gap in knowledge. By studying the spheres of life, a person will learn what morality and values, culture and religion are, will treat the surrounding nature with care, with respect for people and himself.

1.1. Natural and social in man. (Man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution.)

1.2. Worldview, its types and forms

1.3. Types of knowledge

1.4. The concept of truth, its criteria

1.5. Thinking and activity

1.6. Needs and interests

1.7. Freedom and Necessity in Human Activity

1.8. System structure of society: elements and subsystems

1.9. Basic institutions of society

1.10. The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture

1.11. The science. Main features of scientific thinking. Natural, social and human sciences

1.12. Education, its importance for the individual and society

1.13. Religion

1.14. Art

1.15. Morality

1.16. Concept of social progress

1.17. Multivariate social development (types of societies)

1.18. Threats of the 21st century (global problems)

1.1. Natural and social in man.

( Man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution)

Anthropogenesis - the process of origin and formation of a person’s physical type.

Anthroposociogenesis - the process of formation of a person’s social essence.

Human - biosociospiritual being , the highest stage of development of organisms on Earth.

A person combines two principles, two natures: biological and socio-spiritual. The biological, natural component is manifested in the structure and characteristics of the human body, congenital (genetic) inclinations, and abilities. However, one can only become a full-fledged person in society, interacting with other people and social institutions. Only in society is consciousness, thinking, skills and knowledge formed.

Biological differences between humans and animals:

upright posture, upright walking;

developed articulatory apparatus (speech organs);

lack of dense hair;

large volume of the brain (in relation to the body);

developed hand, capable of fine motor skills.

Socio-spiritual differences between humans and animals:

thinking and articulate speech;

conscious creative activity;

creating culture;

creation of tools;

spiritual life.

Individual - a person as a representative of society and the human race (primarily the biological component).

Individuality - specific, unique, inimitable properties and qualities inherent only to this person (both innate and acquired in society).

Personality - the highest stage of human development, at which he acts as a subject of conscious activity and as a bearer of socially significant properties and qualities.

Socially significant personality traits include:

active life position;

having your own opinion and the ability to defend it;

developed communication skills;

responsibility;

availability of education, etc.

Personality structure:

social status - a person’s position in the social hierarchy;

social role - a pattern of behavior expected by society from a person with a certain status;

orientation - the determination of human behavior by the highest values, attitudes, meaning of life, worldview.

A person is not a person from the moment of birth, but becomes one through the process of socialization.

The most important social characteristic of a person is the presence of consciousness.

There are several basic understandings of the term consciousness:

the totality of all human knowledge;

focus on a specific object;

self-awareness, self-report - observation of the mind over its own activities;

a collection of individual and collective ideas.

Since ideas characteristic of the entire society play a large role in individual consciousness, we speak of social consciousness.

Social consciousness - consciousness inherent in large groups of people, possessing a number of ideas, principles, relationships, habits, morals, and traditions that are similar to most of these people.

Social consciousness is formed, firstly, thanks to the convergence of interests and activities of large groups of people; secondly, thanks to the wide dissemination of ideas present in the public consciousness through education, the media, and party activities.

Social consciousness is formed under the influence of social activity and largely corresponds to it. However, in some cases, the development of social consciousness may lag behind the development of social existence (remnants of consciousness); and in other cases - to get ahead (advanced consciousness).

Forms of social consciousness are passed on from generation to generation and actively influence the life of society.

Structure of public consciousness:

philosophy;

political consciousness;

legal consciousness;

• aesthetic consciousness;

The relationship between individual and social consciousness .

There are no hard boundaries between individual and social consciousness; they constantly interact.

Individual consciousness, on the one hand, is formed under the influence of social consciousness, and on the other hand, it selects the most acceptable content of social consciousness for itself.

Social consciousness, on the one hand, exists through individual consciousness, and on the other, it adopts only individual elements and achievements of individual consciousness.

Particularly distinguished is mass consciousness - a set of ideas, moods, ideas that reflect certain aspects of social life. Public opinion is a state of mass consciousness that reflects the attitude towards certain social facts.

In addition to consciousness, there is a layer of phenomena and processes that a person is not aware of, but that influence his behavior. In social science this is called the unconscious (in psychology - the subconscious).

The manifestations of the unconscious sphere include:

dreams,

fantasies,

creative insight,

• reservations,

  affects,

  forgetting, etc.

Differences between the unconscious and consciousness:

merging subject with object;

lack of spatiotemporal landmarks;

lack of a cause-and-effect mechanism.

Self-awareness - a person’s definition of himself as an individual capable of making independent decisions and being responsible for them.

Self-knowledge - a person’s comprehension of his individuality in all its diversity (also society’s study of itself).

Reflection - a person’s thoughts about what is happening in his mind.

Self-realization - the most complete identification and implementation by an individual of his goals and ideals, the desire for creative realization.

Self-awareness and self-realization are the basis of social behavior.

Social behavior - purposeful activity towards other people.

Social behavior becomes possible subject to successful socialization of the individual.

Socialization - a lifelong process of interaction between a person and society and its institutions, as a result of which he assimilates social norms, masters social roles, and acquires skills for joint activities.

Personal socialization takes place in two stages:

1. Primary socialization - unconscious and uncritically perceived influence of society, its norms and institutions, leading to the primary assimilation of norms and skills of social interaction. Primary socialization ends with the formation of personality.

2. Secondary socialization - critical and selective development by the individual of new norms and patterns of behavior within the framework of social institutions.

Socialization in society occurs with the help of socialization institutions.

Socialization institutions - social institutions responsible for the socialization of the individual in society. These include:

Agents of Socialization - people who carry out socialization within certain institutions (father, commander (boss), journalist).

Article 3. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “Every person has the right to life, to freedom, to personal security.”

Personal integrity- this is the first prerequisite (condition) of freedom.

Liberty- this is a person’s ability to act in accordance with his interests and goals, based on the knowledge of objective necessity.

Conditions for the existence of freedom:

• A person makes a choice at his own peril and risk, i.e. freedom is inseparable from responsibility for one’s choice.
• The freedom of one should not harm the freedom and interests of another, i.e. freedom cannot be absolute.

Topic 3. Equality

Article 1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “All men are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”

Social equality- this is the presence of equal conditions and opportunities for the free development of abilities and satisfaction of the needs of all members of society, the same social position of people in society.

Equality- this is a formally equal attitude of everyone to rights and laws, as well as a formally equal attitude of the law to everyone.

Beliefs:
— Associated with deep and well-founded confidence in the truth of knowledge;
- This is a firm look in which a person is confident;
— Acts as a regulator of consciousness and behavior of the individual;
— In addition to knowledge and confidence, it includes value orientations that guide activities.
— Beliefs are formed by each individual independently.

Beliefs- these are views that a person considers to be true, and their implementation is good.

Morality

Morality- a special form of social consciousness, a set of moral norms that have received ideological justification in the form of the ideals of good and evil, justice and injustice.

Morality- this is a form of consciousness, a result, a product of thinking about life, affairs, and actions of people.
Moral- this is the area of ​​practical actions, practical behavior, real deeds and actions.
Ethics- these are all moral norms (values), systematically set out.

General signs of morality and law

• Regulate social relations (people's behavior);
• Contribute to the stability of society;
• They are elements of the culture of the people.

Education

Education- a purposeful process of education, training and development in the interests of the individual, society and the state.
Target— introducing an individual to the achievements of human civilization, relaying and preserving its cultural heritage.

Forms of education: full-time, part-time (evening), part-time, self-education, external education, family education.

Principles of development of modern education

1. humanization of education- great attention of society to the individual, his psychology, interests; focusing efforts on the moral education of a person; changing the relationship between students and teachers, creating an accessible educational environment for people with disabilities;
2. humanization of education- increasing public attention to the study of social and humanitarian disciplines that are of paramount importance in the life and activities of modern man;
3. internationalization of education- creation of a unified education system for different countries, i.e. ensuring the compatibility of various forms and systems of education in different countries, strengthening the academic mobility of students and teachers;
4. specialization of education- early professional guidance, the possibility of in-depth study of individual subjects necessary for further professional activity;
5. informatization of education- the use of computers, information and communication technologies in the educational process, the use of wide information resources;
6. continuity of education- education throughout a person’s life, which is associated with the development of scientific and technological progress, with the need to constantly update one’s knowledge in order to be an active member of society and a competitive specialist.

The education system of the Russian Federation includes educational levels:

Preschool education— nursery, kindergarten;

General education includes three steps:

• Primary general education (grades 1-4), basic general education (grades 5-9), secondary general education (grades 10-11).
• The main goal of general education is the transfer of a minimum of general and specialized knowledge necessary for the normal adaptation of a person to social life;

Vocational education It has the following steps:

• Primary (vocational schools, lyceums), secondary (technical schools, colleges), higher (institutes, universities, academies), postgraduate professional education.
• The purpose of vocational education is the formation of specialists in a certain field of professional activity;

Additional education

• Serves for the development of the creative and sports potential of the individual, contributes to the improvement of personnel qualifications. (Music schools, sports schools, children's art centers, etc.)

Religion

Religion- a special form of social consciousness based on belief in the supernatural, which includes a set of moral norms and rules of behavior, rituals, religious activities and the unification of people in organizations (church, religious community).

Religion- the oldest form of culture.

Reasons for the emergence of religion:

1. Man's powerlessness and fear of the forces of nature.
2. Lack of knowledge to explain natural phenomena.
3. A person's attempt to influence nature and other people.

Early forms of religious beliefs:
Magic- belief in the existence of supernatural connections and relationships between humans and things, animals, spirits, established through a certain type of religious activity with the aim of having a desired impact on the world around them.
Fetishism- belief in the presence of supernatural properties in inanimate objects (amulets, talismans, signs of the Zodiac).
Totemism- belief in the existence of a relationship between an animal or plant and the human race. The totem animal was not worshiped, but it was forbidden to hunt it, its meat was not eaten, it was considered an ancestor helping its descendants.
Animism- belief in spirits and souls existing in objects and independently of them (for example, spirits of mountains, rivers, lakes or stones, trees, etc.)
During the formation of nations there appeared national-state religions, forming the basis of the religious life of individual nations: Judaism among the Jews, Shintaism among the Japanese, Hinduism among the Indians.
The emergence of multinational empires as a result of conquest contributed to the emergence world religions: Buddhism, Christianity (Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism); Islam.

World religions

Functions of religion in the life of modern society:
— worldview: creates a religious picture of the world;
- compensatory: compensates for the limitations, dependence, powerlessness of people;
— religious consolation: suffering, the road to heaven;
— normative: regulates people’s behavior, establishing commandments and regulations that are mandatory for believers;
— promotes the development of the culture of society: writing, printing, art, and also transfers the accumulated heritage from generation to generation;
- unites society or some large social groups;
- is a way of sanctifying and strengthening power.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees all citizens the right to freedom of conscience and freedom of religion. This means that every person has the right to profess any religion or not to profess any, to freely choose, have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and act in accordance with them, subject to compliance with the laws.
In the Russian Federation, the church is separated from the state. This means:
1. The state does not interfere in a citizen’s determination of his attitude to religion and religious affiliation.
2. Parents have the right to raise their children in accordance with their convictions, but taking into account the child’s right to freedom of conscience and religion.
3. The state does not assign religious organizations to perform the functions of state authorities, state institutions and local self-government.
4. The state does not interfere in the activities of religious associations unless they contradict federal law.
5. The state ensures the secular nature of education in state and municipal educational institutions.
In turn, religious associations:
1. Do not interfere in state affairs;
2. Do not participate in elections to state and local government bodies;
3. Do not participate in the activities of political parties and political movements;
4. They do not provide them with material or other assistance.
Atheism- a system of views and beliefs that deny the existence of God and supernatural forces.
Freethinking- this is the human right to freely and critically examine religious ideas, the activities of religious organizations, and the actions of believers.

1. Natural and social in man. (Man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution.) 2. Worldview, its types and forms 3. Types of knowledge 4. The concept of truth, its criteria 5. Thinking and activity 6. Needs and interests 7. Freedom and necessity in human activity 8. Systemic structure of society: elements and subsystems 9. Basic institutions of society 10. The concept of social progress 11. Multivariate social development (types of societies) 20. Threats of the 21st century (global problems)

Human nature Biological principle instincts biological program of development anatomy, physiology to higher mammals Social principle activity communication thinking speech Mental principle the inner world of a person character emotional sphere Man is a subject of socio-historical activity and culture, a biosocial being with consciousness, articulate speech, moral qualities and ability to make tools

One is born as an individual, one becomes an individual, one defends individuality. The concept of “man” is used to characterize the universal qualities and abilities inherent in all people; the concept emphasizes the presence of such a community as the human race Individual - a single representative of the human race, a specific person Individuality - unique originality, distinctive features (internal and external) from other people 1. Personality - a stable system of socially significant traits that characterize the individual as a member of one or another another company. 2. Personality – as a subject of relationships and conscious activity

The difference between man and animals Animals Man Makes tools and uses them as a means of producing material goods Carry out conscious, purposeful creative activity Possesses a highly developed brain, thinking and speech Use only natural tools Behavior is subordinate to instincts Do not have a highly developed brain and cannot speak

Worldview, its types and forms Worldview is a person’s system of views on the world (nature, society, man) as a whole; man's relationship to the world three main forms Mythology is a form of social consciousness, the worldview of ancient society, which combines both fantastic and realistic perception of the surrounding reality. Religion is a form of worldview based on the belief in the presence of fantastic, supernatural forces that influence human life and the world around us. Philosophy is a special, scientific-theoretical type of worldview, based on knowledge (and not on faith)

Types (types) of worldview: everyday, religious, scientific 1. Based on life experience. 2. Views are formed spontaneously. 3. Makes little use of scientific experience 1. Based on religious teachings. 2. Insufficient attention to scientific achievements. 3. Closely related to the spiritual needs of man 1. Based on the achievements of science. 2. Includes a scientific picture of the world

The objectivity of truth is the property of truth, independence from human consciousness, his passions and interests. Relative truth is incomplete, limited, incomplete knowledge about the world around us. Absolute truth is undoubted, unchangeable, complete and exhaustive knowledge about the world. Truth is the correspondence of our knowledge about the subject. the subject itself

Criterion (measure) of truth PRACTICE Human activity aimed at transforming the world around him Material production Accumulated experience Scientific experiment Scientific theory and logical proof Not all ideas can be tested in practice

Needs and interests Motive stimulant Activity What motivates human activity, for the sake of which it is performed Needs Beliefs Emotions Ideals Interests experienced and perceived need by a person for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality “It is important to matter” 1) Conditions, providing satisfaction of needs; 2) these are values ​​characteristic of a certain group of people.

I classification of needs Ideal (spiritual) needs - knowledge of the world, awareness of one’s place in it, the need for spiritual benefits Social needs generated by society. The need for communication, self-realization, and public recognition. Biological needs - experiencing the need for breathing, food, water, clothing, movement, etc. Relationship

Activity as a way of existence of people 1. “Activity is a form of mental activity of the subject, consisting in the motivational achievement of a consciously set goal of cognition or transformation of an object.” 2. Activity is a specific form of a person’s relationship to the world around him and himself with the goal of changing and transforming S O D S OSS

Activity as a way of existence of people Subject is the one who carries out the activity (can be a person, a group of people, an organization, a government body.) Object is what the activity is aimed at (can be natural materials, various objects, spheres or areas of people’s lives.)

Criteria for classification Types of activity Man's relationship to the world around him - Practical - Spiritual Historical process Progressive - Regressive Creative - Destructive Social norms Legal - Illegal Moral - Immoral Social forms of unifying people Collective Mass Individual Ways of existence Monotonous, monotonous, stereotyped Innovative, inventive, creative Spheres of public life Economic, political , social, spiritual Stages of formation and development of a person’s personality Play – learning – work – communication

WAYS OF COGNITION Sensory cognition (using the five basic senses) SensationsPerceptionImagination ConceptJudgmentInference Sensualism (empiricists) Rationalism (rationalists) Rational cognition (using thinking, reason) Cognitive activity Cognition is a reflection and reproduction of reality in the thinking of the subject, the result of which is knowledge about the world; the process of searching for truth. Knowledge is the result of cognition, a true reflection of reality in human thinking; scientific information. thinking a set of mental processes underlying cognition

SOCIETY Unified State Exam Questions 1. The concept of “society” in the narrow and broad (philosophical) sense 2. The systemic structure of society: elements and subsystems 3. The main institutions of society 4. The concept of social progress 5. Multivariate social development (types of societies) 6. Threats XXI century (global problems)

The concept of “society” in the narrow sense Society in the narrow sense a group of people united by common interests a specific country a certain historical type of society Society of book lovers Pedagogical society Dog breeders society European society Russian society English society Industrial society Traditional society Archaic society

Man is the primary element of society, society “Second Nature” = culture - created by man Nature - the natural habitat of man - the material world Separated from nature, but closely interconnected with it, part of the material world, including ways of interaction and forms of unification of people Society in the broad sense

Includes relationships associated with the production and consumption of material goods Relationships developing in the process of creation, preservation and development of spiritual goods Includes relationships between various social communities and groups Includes relationships in the field of political activity, governs and manages Macrostructure of society = society as a system ES S D Spheres closely related to each other

Basic institutions of society A social institution is a specific social entity created to meet the most important needs of human society. A social institution is a stable form of organizing joint activities, regulated by norms, traditions and aimed at meeting the needs of society: physiological, existential, social, prestigious, spiritual needs.

Types of social institutions Types of institutions Specific social institution (examples) What needs does it satisfy? Economic Production Market Property Banks 1. Creation of material wealth 2. Extraction of means of subsistence Political State Civil society Institute of power 1. Need for security 2. Maintaining social order Institute of family Family Marriage education 1. Procreation 2. Socialization Cultural Science Education Religion 1. Transfer of experience 2. Spiritual needs

The concept of social progress Regression is a movement from higher to lower, processes of degradation (decline), a return to obsolete forms and structures Progress (movement forward) is a direction of development characterized by a transition from lower to higher, from less perfect to more perfect In the XVIII In the French educational philosopher Jean Antoine Condorcet, the concept of “progress” is introduced into circulation. It has a spatial and temporal characteristic - regression in the development of a particular country, civilization. Humanity as a whole did not regress, but its movement could be delayed and stopped, which is called stagnation

1. Progress of technology and science 2. Discoveries in nuclear physics 3. Use of computers 4. Development of transport 1. Destruction of nature 2. The emergence of nuclear weapons 3. New diseases (fatigue, mental disorders) 4. Air pollution, illness, stress Contradiction between progress and its criteria The process of development of society is contradictory: can both progressive and regressive phenomena be found in it? Criteria for progress 1(.) Measure of freedom, i.e. the degree of individual freedom guaranteed by society. 2(.) Universal criterion - that which contributes to the rise of humanism is progressive, i.e. recognition of HUMAN being the highest value

Traditional (agrarian) society Industrial society Post-industrial (information) society 1. Close connection with nature 2. Agricultural dominance in the economy 3. Stability of customs and traditions 4. Low degree of urbanization 5. Corporate, hierarchical social structure 6. Close human connection with the primary team 1. Consumer attitude towards nature, environmental problems 2. Industry is a dominant force in the economy. Mass production 3. Formation of mass (international in nature) culture 4. Predominance of the urban population over the rural 5. Destruction of class privileges 6. High social mobility 1. Widespread use of information technology 2. Information turns into a factor of production 3. The service sector becomes predominant in the economy 4. There is decentralization of production, flexible small-scale production 5. High social mobility 6. Rule of law

Global problems of our time “globus” – lat. The globe is a planetary problem that has universal significance and affects the vital interests of huge masses of people. – reduction in reserves of raw materials and the problem of limited resources – reduction in reserves of raw materials and food (“North – South”) – a sharp difference in economic development between rich countries and poor ones. The problem of poverty (“North-South”) is a sharp difference in economic development between rich countries and poor ones. – proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The problem of maintaining peace is the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. – a sharp increase in the world population. The demographic problem is a sharp increase in the world's population. – preserving the environment and maintaining the natural balance. Environmental problem – preserving the environment and maintaining the natural balance?