What is an impersonal offer? Impersonal offer

Impersonal sentences are one-component sentences, the main member of which names a process or state independent of the active agent (or a feature independent of its bearer). For example: It's dawning; I can not sleep; It's cold outside.

The semantic basis of impersonal sentences is the absence of an active figure (or bearer of a feature), since an indication of the figure (or bearer of a feature) in a sentence can still be, but in a form that does not allow a grammatical subject. Wed. examples: I sing easily And It's easy for me to sing. In an impersonal sentence It's easy for me to sing there is an indication of the actor (me), but the form of the predicate verb does not allow the nominative case and the action is presented as occurring independently of the actor. – The street is dark And It is dark outside. In a two-part sentence The street is dark the bearer of the attribute (street) is designated, and in the impersonal It is dark outside the sign appears as existing regardless of its bearer, and the sign also somewhat changes its quality: it turns into a state.

In impersonal sentences (unlike two-part sentences), the predicative feature does not depend on the subject, although it is correlated with it. Formally, this is expressed in inadmissibility of the nominative case form in impersonal sentences: main member of impersonal sentences fundamentally incompatible with the nominative case. Incompatibility the main member of an impersonal sentence with the nominative case form is the main and general formal feature of impersonal sentences.

Semantic types of impersonal sentences

Verbal impersonalproposals are made up of three groups:

As the main member of an impersonal sentence it is usedimpersonal verbs

(no suffix -xia and with the suffix - Xia): it’s getting light, it’s drizzling, it’s chilling, it’s nauseating; not feeling well, sleeping, feeling hungry, getting dark, dozing etc. These verbs have the grammatical form of the 3rd person singular. numbers, and in the past tense - the form cf. kind of units numbers: it's dawning - it's dawning, it's chilling - it's chilling, it's getting dark - it's getting dark etc. Verbs are not allowed to be used with them. noun or pronouns in them. case.

– the action occurs independently of the actor, i.e. the semantics of such verbs is incompatible with the idea of an active agent.

Impersonal verbs can mean:

– state of nature, environment: It was freezing worse than in the morning(G.); It was already getting dark when the troops arrived at their overnight camp. (L.T.); He was shivering and aching (L. T.);

– obligation, necessity and other modal shades (this verb is most often used with an infinitive): She could talk more calmly about her fate and what she should do(P.); I miss your tenderness, you miss my care(Thorn.).

2. As the main member of an impersonal sentence it is usedpersonal verb in impersonal use. These verbs take the third person singular form or the neuter form. Wed: The air is fresher.–It's getting cooler outside; The wind howls.–There is a howling in the chimney; The sun warmed the earth.–It was warm at noon.

Personal verbs can mean:

– state of nature, natural phenomena and state of the environment: It got a little quiet at night(Gonch.);The snow fell less often, it became a little lighter(Leon.);It creaked, whistled and howled in the forest(Sick.);

My ears are blocked(Gr.);My head is still pounding(G.);It even took Pavel Vasilyevich’s breath away(M.-Sib.);

– sensory perceptions, sensations : There was a whiff of dampness coming from the house(L.);...There was a strong, stuffy smell of ink and paints(Ch.);

– actions of mythical, unreal force: I haven't been lucky forever(N.);...He was carried away to the ancient world, and he talked about the Aegina marbles(T.);

- an action performed by an indirect subject : And the wind finally knocked down that tree(Kr.);The stars are shrouded in darkness(A.N.T.);

3. The main member of an impersonal sentence can be expressedshort passive participle with the suffix - n-, -en- or -T-.

– the value of the state is transmitted as the result of the action taken: The Tushin battery was forgotten(L. T.); Already sent in pursuit(P.);

– In cases where the participle has a modal meaning, the predicate necessarily includes an infinitive: Why was I destined to die, just as I am now destined to live?(Yu. Germ.).

4. Adverbial impersonaloffers are represented in modern Russian primarily by sentences with impersonal predicative words as the main member. These are “adverbs with the meaning of state”, a category of state: easy, fun, cozy, embarrassing; sorry, hunting, lack of time, time. May be a comparative form: It's getting warmer(Shuksh.).

Impersonal sentences with state category words on-Omay mean:

– state of nature or environment: The room becomes quiet(M.G.);Look, it's late, it's cold(L.);

– mental or physical state of living beings: Why is it so painful and so difficult for me?(L.);You're a little cold(T.);I am ashamed of your congratulations, I am scared of your proud words!(Bruce.); Such sentences often have an adjoining infinitive as part of the predicate: It's good to float on the river at night(M.G.);

– visual or auditory perception: For a long time now neither the sound of a bell nor the sound of wheels on the flint road was heard.(L.);

– the meaning of obligation, necessity, possibility and other modal shades are conveyed by special words ( need, need etc.) in combination with the infinitive: I need to go to the commandant(L.);

Impersonal sentences with impersonal predicative words that morphologically coincide with nouns ( sin, shame, disgrace, horror, pity, time, time, leisure, laziness, hunting, reluctance), in combination with an infinitive mean:

– assessment of the action from the moral and ethical side: It's a sin to laugh at old age(Gr.);

– emotional state of a person: And I was sorry to tell the truth(Fet);

– obligation regarding the time of action: I had a good friend– where better to be–yes, sometimes we didn’t have time to talk to him(Sim.); modal-volitional shades: I would like to dance(A.N.T.).

Among the impersonal sentences, a peculiar group stands out impersonal-genitiveproposals, the structural feature of which is:

– the presence of a negative word in combination with the genitive case. For example, a negative word no, no: There is no longer any position in society, no former honor, no right to invite people to visit you.(Ch.);

– impersonal form of verbs to be, to become, to appear with negation: There wasn’t a penny, but suddenly it was Altyn(last);There was a hoarse, muffled bark, but not even a dog appeared.(T.);

– a noun in the genitive case with the negation of neither: Not a sound!.. And you see the blue vault of the sky...(N.);No letters, no news. No matter how much you ask them, they forget(Sim.);

– negative pronouns nothing, no one and etc.: - It seems like someone is there... –Nobody(Ch.).

Infinitive sentences

The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action possible or impossible, necessary, inevitable.

In infinitive sentences there cannot be an impersonal verb or an impersonal predicative word, since if they are present, the infinitive takes a dependent position, being an adjacent part of the main member of the impersonal sentence. Wed: I want to go to Crimea(impersonal sentence, infinitive depends on the verb want). – Let's go to Crimea!(infinitive sentence, infinitive in independent position).

The semantic specificity of infinitive sentences is their designation of potential action, i.e. an action that is destined to take place, which is desirable or undesirable, possible or impossible, necessary, expedient or impractical, etc. Such sentences in some classifications are combined with impersonal ones. Indeed, they have a common syntactic feature: subjectlessness, incompatibility of the main member, the infinitive, with the nominative case.

Infinitive sentences have different modal meanings:

– obligation, necessity, possibility and impossibility, inevitability of action, etc.: Face to face you can't see the face(Ec.); We have countless friends(Pinch.);

– the meaning of an incentive to action, a command, an order: Do not place canes, umbrellas or suitcases!; Do not lean on the handrails! –Be silent!–the forester thundered and stepped twice(T.);

– the impulse can be addressed to the subject of speech himself: Tomorrow or, if circumstances permit, tonight we will meet the command

– infinitive sentences with an interrogative particle whether convey a hesitant assumption, doubt: What, shouldn't I clean up?

– infinitive sentences with a particle would acquire the meaning of desirability: You should live here until autumn(Ch.);

– particle would often combined in infinitive sentences with particles only, only, at least, if etc. In such sentences, the meaning of desirability is conveyed more softly: Just to fall asleep(Fet); ... At least take a look at Moscow with one eye!(Ch.);

– infinitive sentences are synonymous with impersonal sentences with modal impersonal predicative words necessary, impossible, necessary, must etc. They are distinguished by greater expression, conciseness, and tension. Hey, Azamat, don't blow your head off!(L.); They shouldn't listen to this speech (Sim.).

– Structurally, such impersonal sentences differ from infinitive ones in that modal meanings in them are conveyed lexically (in words necessary, necessary, necessary etc.), while in infinitive sentences modal meanings are contained in the very form of the infinitive and in the general intonational design of the sentence. Wed: You need to get down to business. - You should get busy!

One of the most common types of one-part sentences. The peculiarity is that, unlike definite-personal and indefinite-personal, they do not indicate the bearer of the attribute.

Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences in which a single main member denotes an action or characteristic with the producer or carrier eliminated.

An impersonal sentence is used when the speaker’s attention is entirely focused on the action, and not on the one who produces it. This emphasis on action occurs when:

a) manufacturer unknown:

Ex: There was thunder and hooting all around.

b) the action is spontaneous in nature:

Ex: The bridge was flooded in the spring.

c) the actor is known, but in itself he is not important, but the result is important:

Ex: My head is pounding.

It's drizzling.

The main member of an impersonal sentence can be expressed:

Impersonal verb:

Ex: It's getting light. It's freezing. Not feeling well. It was getting dark. It's fun.

Personal verb in impersonal meaning:

Ex: It’s getting cooler outside.

There's a howling in the chimney.

The boat was broken by a wave.

An impersonal predicate word (with or without an infinitive):

Ex: It’s solemn and wonderful in heaven.

What do you want, old man?

You can see far all around!

A short passive participle in the neuter form:

Ex: The Tushin battery was forgotten.

How few roads have been traveled

How many mistakes have been made (S. Ksenia).

A negative word or construction expressing negation:

Ex: There’s no counting of centuries

There is no rye, no trail

No letters, no spring.

Infinitive sentences- these are one-part sentences with the main member being a predicate, an expressed independent infinitive, denoting a possible (impossible), necessary or inevitable action:

Ex: You, no see such battles. (Yu. Lermontov)

Face to face not see.

No friends count we have.

And until dawn rage fire.

Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in the composition of the predicative basis.

In impersonal sentences with an infinitive, the predicate includes a verb or a word of the state category to which the infinitive adjoins:

Pr.: Yes, you can survive in the heat, in thunderstorms, in frosts, yes, you can go hungry and cold, go to death, but these three birches cannot be given to anyone during your lifetime (Simonov).

In infinitive sentences, the infinitive does not depend on any word, but, on the contrary, all words are subject to it in semantic and grammatical terms:

Ex: No catch up with you 6shen threes! (Nekrasov).

Azamat, no blow your heads off!

Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in general meaning. As we have already said, the bulk of impersonal sentences denote an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor, while in infinitive sentences the actor is encouraged to take active action; the desirability and necessity of active action are noted: Ex: Stand up. Get out!

In infinitive sentences, modality is determined by the form of the sentence itself and intonation.

Ex: Always shine, shine everywhere, until the last days, shine - and no nails! This is my slogan and the sun! (M.).

Sometimes modality can be expressed in particles:

Ex: I should pick a big, big bouquet here and quietly bring it to the bedside (C).

It’s not for you to tell, it’s not for me to listen (proverb).

The issue of infinitive sentences in grammar is controversial. Some linguists distinguish them as an independent type, others consider them a type of impersonal. (In school textbooks, infinitive sentences are considered as part of impersonal sentences).

Nominative sentences - These are one-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by the idiom of a noun (sometimes a pronoun) or a quantitative-nominal combination. Together with intonation, nominative sentences express the idea of being, the existence of named objects and phenomena.

Etc.: Evening. Night. Autumn. Silence.

The concept of being acts as the logical basis of grammatical meaning. This concept is manifested by special grammatical means: the form of the idiom of the noun, the quantitative-nominal combination, and especially intonation. Nominative sentences, in principle, do not depend on the context, are not constrained, are not connected, but the existential meaning is often clarified by the context. The main meaning is the affirmation of existence, on which indicative, emotional meanings and expressions of will are layered. Intonation plays an important role in nominative sentences.

By composition nominative sentences can be uncommon and widespread (even widespread):

Project: 1916 Trenches... Mud. (unexpanded proposals).

Cold government paper, absurd beloved land.

(common suggestion)

By function nominative sentences are:

1) descriptive (being, existential):

Ex: Fog. River.

2) index (particles here, there, indicate the proximity and distance of an object):

Pr.: Here is the forest. Here is the school, etc.

3) predicative nominatives or message nominative (evaluative-existential):

Ex: Warm. Sunny. Joyfully - beauty!

4) incentive offers, which are divided into 2 groups:

Incentives and wishes:

Ex: Attention. Hello. Good afternoon.

Incentive-imperative, conditioned by a situation requiring a quick response from the addressee.

Ex: Scalpel (operation in progress). Fire (fighting in progress).

5) proper names (these include names of books, magazines, paintings, inscriptions on signs, etc.)

Not all linguists consider them to be sentences.

Vocative sentences ("sentences-addresses") are assessed differently. Some scientists distinguish them into a special type of one-component sentences, while others include them among the nominative ones, while others consider them as indivisible.

Vocative sentences are addresses complicated by the expression of an undifferentiated thought, feeling, or expression of will. An address can be easily distinguished from a vocative sentence

Pr.: Save me, Vania, save me (appeal).

Vania, she called - Ivan Andreevich! (vocative sentence, the name of the interlocutor is complicated by the desire to attract his attention).

The following groups of vocative sentences are distinguished by meaning:

1) vocative sentences-appeals, in which the addressee of the speech is named in order to attract his attention:

Ex: Sentinel! - Novikov called out sternly.

2) vocative sentences expressing an emotional reaction to the words and actions of the interlocutor:

Ex: -Mom! - Katya moaned, not knowing where to hide from shame and praise.

Grandmother! - Olesya said reproachfully, with emphasis.

The main member of a vocative sentence cannot be considered either a predicate or a subject, however, it can be determined by other members, for example, an application, which is the case with the main member - a pronoun.

Vocative sentences stand on the border between monocomponent and indivisible sentences. Conditionally including vocative sentences into one-part sentences (following A.A. Shakhmatov), it should be said that they are not typical one-part sentences, and this determines the ability of vocative sentences to pass into the category of indivisible sentences when they lose the lexical significance of nouns.

Control questions

1. What are the structural features of each type of one-part sentence?

2. How do infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences?

3. What types of sentences should not be confused with one-part sentences?

4. Why can’t nominative sentences be negative or interrogative?

Usually impersonal sentences are divided according to the method of expressing the main member into two groups:

1) sentences with the main member - an impersonal verb (or its equivalent);

2) sentences with the word category of state in the main member.

IN first group There are three varieties.

1.1. The main member is expressed by the conjugated form of the impersonal verb:

It's getting light. Oh, how quickly the night has passed!(A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit)

In this case, not only the model of a simple verbal predicate can be used, cf.:

Outside the window it was starting to get light .

The typical meaning of this type of impersonal sentences is the state of the environment ( It's getting colder, It's getting dark etc.) or subject-person ( The patient is shivering; Masha wasn't feeling well this morning). In addition, when using verbs such as carry / get lucky, colloquial bring, get lucky, sentences express a modal assessment of a certain situation in relation to a person (in other words, an assessment of the favor of fate towards him):

Gritting my teeth, I proved to myself that I could do what others could not, and that courage arose that I lack today. And me lucky (Sati Spivakova. Not everything);

Magdalenebad luck , because her feelings were addressed to the concrete - for not yet crucified and not risen - Christ. No luck with her mortals and Tsvetaeva, who lost sight of them long before anything resembling Golgotha appeared on the horizon. Pasternak, apparently lucky a little more; at least he is able to ask this question(I.A. Brodsky. Note to the commentary).

A noticeable group consists of impersonal verbs, which are used only as a modal connective of the main member, built according to the model of a compound verbal (or complex) predicate: had to, happened, lucky etc. In this case, the first place also comes to the interpretation of a certain situation as (not) happening by the will of fate. Wed:

But soon I had to make sure that my first impressions were incomplete and incorrect

What was remarkable about his high-cheeked face were his eyes, large, greenish, and surprisingly widely spaced; I'll probably never never saw eyes so wide apart(V. Bogomolov. Ivan).

1.2. The main member is expressed by a personal verb in an impersonal meaning:

It's already getting dark outside.

In this case, other models of the predicate can also be used ( it's starting to get dark and so on.).

The typical meaning of this variety is the same as in case 1.1, cf. examples with the meaning of the state (or change of state) of the subject - person or non-person:

Stepanida shook, as if in a fever, her body became unbearably hot, cold sweat flowed down her back, and she felt: something was about to be decided(V. Bykov. Sign of trouble);

The engine roared, "Meteor" shook large tremors, a weak and increasing slip was felt(V. G. Rasputin. Unexpectedly).

As in type 1.1, the verb forming an impersonal construction can play the role of a modal connective of the main member, built according to the model of a compound verbal predicate:

It happenedI suddenlyget sick , so much so that at times it seemed like life was hanging in the balance, but it all happened in the taiga, at the beginning of the hunting season, in the fall(M. Tarkovsky. Life and Book);

Kazarin remained silent in response, rightly concluding that freedom of opinion in a besieged fortress no need to demand (D. Bykov. Spelling).

A special place in type 1.2 is occupied by sentences of the form The boat was overturned by the wind. They, unlike most impersonal sentences, can be considered as periphrases of two-part ( The wind capsized the boat), which, like the passive periphrasis ( The boat is overturned by the wind), put in the center of attention the object experiencing (experienced) external influence. The difference between an impersonal periphrase and a passive one is that the word form in TV. P. ( by the wind) loses the meaning of an active subject and acquires the meaning of an instrument in the hands of some unknown force (for example, a natural element). The overall meaning of the construction, thus, turns out to be even more passive than in the standard passive periphrasis: not only the object of influence (aka the subject of the state that arose as a result of this influence), but also the subject of this influence are deprived of the active principle, which is “given” to an unnamed force :

The newspaper could be crumpled, collected in a heap by the wind, or soaked by rain, either dogs or cattle crushed it with their snout...(V.P. Astafiev. Migrating goose);

Pavel Alekseevich was first struck by a simple thoughtthat all, all doctors are involved in complicity in a shameful accusation(L. E. Ulitskaya. Kukotsky’s case).

1.3. The main member is expressed by the reflexive form of a personal verb in an impersonal meaning:

I can not sleep. No fire(A.S. Pushkin. Poems composed at night during insomnia).

Impersonal sentences with the model of a compound verbal predicate, in which the role of the modal connective is played by an impersonal reflexive verb, are widely used. I want to / I wanted(see below for an example from V.V. Mayakovsky).

In terms of syntagmatic properties and semantics, such reflexive forms also represent impersonal verbs (they cannot be combined with the I. p. name), but their difference from the impersonal ones proper is that they retain a close connection with the irreflexive personal verbs from which they educated, and in their predominantly occasional nature. If the actual impersonal verbs are very few in number and are presented in dictionaries, then the impersonal reflexive forms are formed from imperfective verbs almost without restrictions, but are brightly colored by occasionality, and dictionaries record only the most common of them. For example, in the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov (2nd ed., M., 1952) verbs are presented want, sleep(with litter without), but there are no verbs walk, ride. Wed. in a poetic text:

Very

know us I want to,

star Ursa,

How do you like it

at night

is going on,

How do you like it

at night rides!

(V.V. Mayakovsky. Proletarka, proletarian, come to the planetarium)

The typical meaning of sentences with impersonal reflexive forms is the state of the subject, indirectly described as his attitude to the action. At the same time, the attitude towards an action is thought of only as “success” or, conversely, “failure” in its execution. I can not sleep means roughly ‘my condition is such that I cannot [am unable to] sleep’. The state can also be indirectly characterized through a verb adverbial adverb:

Or maybe he[Lermontov. - M.D.] and doesn't happen in public? He sits in Serednikovo, in his circle of relatives, in that “antique” room, where it was once written so well? It was written then, but not so much now (A. Marchenko. Lermontov).

Behind the opposition once (then) it was written well - now it’s not very (written) a characteristic of the poet’s general state of mind is implied: the entire paragraph from which the example is extracted is devoted to reflections on the reasons for the complete absence of memoirs or epistolary information about M. Yu. Lermontov’s two-week stay in Moscow in January 1838.

The above example demonstrates another important feature of sentences of the type under consideration. In the absence of negation, they are able to express a positive assessment without the use of adverbs: Then it was written = It was well written then. The acquisition of a connotation of a qualitative characteristic of a state semantically brings the impersonal reflexive forms of the verb closer to the words of the category of the state.

Co. second group relate sentences whose main member includes a state category word or its equivalent.

2.1. In sentences with in words of state category models of a compound nominal predicate or a complex predicate can be used. Since these subtypes are semantically different, we will consider them separately.

2.1.1. Sentences with a compound nominal predicate model (formal or semi-nominal connective + state category word) usually report the state of the environment or the subject-person:

And immediately in Balaklava it becomes spacious, freshly, cosy and at home businesslike, as if in the rooms after the departure of sensational, smoking, littering uninvited guests(A.I. Kuprin. Listrigons);

To me boring, demon(A.S. Pushkin. Scene from Faust);

It is clear to those people it was difficult, - they left, but where - it is unknown(P. P. Bazhov. Ermakov’s swans).

2.1.2. Sentences with a compound predicate model are most often modifications of sentences with a compound verbal predicate with a modal connective. It is known, for example, that although the Russian language has a verb must, it is almost never used - it is so cumbersome and inconvenient. Unlike speakers of many other languages, who have no difficulty pronouncing I'm mushing...(Ukrainian), Musze... (Polish), I must...(English) Ich soll...(German), a native Russian speaker will never say “ I have to...", although there is nothing wrong with this design. Instead of a cumbersome verb in the Russian language, a single-root short adjective is used, and a compound verbal predicate with a modal connective turns into a complex three-term one: By evening I should have finished all things.

The same mechanism underlies impersonal sentences with a complex predicate model, including the state category word as a component with a modal meaning:

To me it was time to get ready on the road.

Using instead of a word it's time other words of the state category, we get variants of the same sentence with other modal shades:

To me it was necessary to get ready on the road;

To me it was possible to gather on the road;

To me it was impossible to gather on the road;

To me I was too lazy to get ready on the road;

To me it was fun to get together on the road;

To me it was sad to get ready on the road;

To me it was a shame to get ready on the road etc.

This impersonal sentence model is one of the most common in the Russian language. As is easy to see from the simplest examples given, it allows us to express an extraordinary richness of modal shades, which is far from being covered by the semantics of verbs with modal meaning.

The typical meaning of this model is the attitude of the subject to the action (indicated by the infinitive).

The question of qualification of these same sentences, but with a changed word order, is controversial:

Getting ready for a trip is always fun.

Obvious division, expressed intonation and emphasized in this case by a dash, optional filling of the subject position ( to whom), the ability to insert a pronoun-particle This- all these signs speak in favor of interpreting such statements as two-part sentences, where the infinitive group is the subject, and the word of the state category (with a connective) is the predicate. The meaning of such statements is different: this is no longer the relation of the subject to the action, but a characteristic of the action as such, conceivable in abstraction from any specific subject.

It's not good to offend little ones!;

It’s not good (it) to offend little ones!, or

(It’s) not good to offend little ones!

In the last two cases, we have, rather, two-part constructions, which are interpreted differently: in the absence of a pronoun This infinitive group offend the little ones replaces the subject position, and in the presence of a pronoun This it is precisely this that becomes the subject, and the infinitive group is “degraded in rank”, turning into an appendix to the subject.

When analyzing such statements, it is necessary to pay special attention to both word order and intonation. Wed. examples:

Why does it all happen like this, that a good person is in desolation, but for someone else happiness suggests itself? I know, I know, little mother, that it's not good to think that that this is freethinking(F. M. Dostoevsky. Poor people);

― To tell the truth - it was bad to see that, when he[Gregory. - M.D.] sat astride Bobyl's back(M. Gorky. The Life of Klim Samgin).

In these examples we have impersonal sentences, the pronoun This in V. p. is an addition. But:

― This is not good, Crooks, for your part, think I'm an idiot! (M. Gorky. Charlie Man);

― What are you standing behind, like... It's not good to stand behind someone's back, impolite. Lyuba sat down(V. M. Shukshin. Red viburnum);

No, I think It's not good to take someone else's honey. And he didn’t take it. Although I really wanted to(Denis Akhalashvili. Monks and honey);

Zakharka is silent, only winces slightly. It’s not good to talk while hunting, to boast (V.P. Astafiev. Zakharka).

In these examples we have two-part sentences.

2.2. A close equivalent of the word state category is short passive participle in designs like:

You swimming is prohibited .

The typical meaning of such sentences is also formulated as the attitude of the subject to the action, but an additional shade is possible here. For word forms like forbidden, ordered, allowed, entrusted, planned the connection with the verb is preserved, which is manifested in the ability to extend such a word form with an agentive addition (naming the subject of the action indicated by the verbal form):

- You can't swim.

- Why is this?

- You are not allowed to swim doctor!

However, examples like this are extremely rare and look artificial; Much more often, the form of T. p. in such constructions denotes not a specific, but a collective subject of action: power (authorities), government, administration etc., - or an act of expression of the authorities (of any scale): decree, order, law, charter, sanctions, order and so on.:

I had formal rights, which interested me very little, because last year our the authorities were forbidden to make wine…(V.B. Shklovsky. Sentimental Journey);

But there’s no other way: administration hospitals are strictly forbidden to let in strangers into the building(Komsomolskaya Pravda, 2001.04.06);

The order was forbidden to nameTrotskyists are fascists and enemies of the people(V.T. Shalamov. About Kolyma);

The plane, registered in Georgia, was detained by Thai authorities on December 11 on suspicion of transporting weapons from North Korea, which UN sanctions prohibit export weapons(RIA Novosti, 2010.02.02).

The following example is very indicative, in which the use of a specific animate noun in the plural. h. turns it into a collective:

Them grandfathers bequeathed to protect such places from damage(F. Iskander. Holy Lake).

In general, cases of using this construction with an agentive addition, as a rule, are colored with a shade of either archaic or official - even in a literary text:

The result was a house in which, as it were, nature intended to live a disabled person who grew old in the royal service and is now modestly raising his son(Yu. N. Tynyanov. Young Vitushishnikov);

There was no one in the passages or in the fortress courtyards: the duty units lay on the walls, the rest - in casemates or in the shade, and only those who the service was ordered to wander: commanders(B. Vasiliev. They were and were not).

The presence of an open position for an agentive complement is associated with another feature that distinguishes the model of an impersonal sentence under consideration from the model with the word of the state category as the modal component of the main member.

In sentences like You can't swim modal meaning of the state category word ( it is forbidden) and the meaning of the infinitive form a single complex; both components of this semantic complex are equally correlated with the subject in D. p. Meanwhile, in sentences like You are not allowed to swim verbal forms are correlated with different persons: the one who forbade and the one who was forbidden cannot be the same person. This means that the infinitive in sentences of this model is, in essence, objective. This raises a difficult theoretical question.

As we remember (see the paragraph on the compound verbal predicate), the objective infinitive is never included in the predicate of a two-part sentence. Is it legal, in this case, to include the objective infinitive in the main member of sentences like You are not allowed to swim?

It should be taken into account that the two-part sentence and the impersonal sentence of the model under consideration represent the same extra-linguistic situation in fundamentally different ways. A two-part construction depicts this situation without violating the relationships between its components:

An impersonal construction with a short participle depicts the same situation in a significantly different way:

[Subject]	→	[subject's action]	→	[An object]	→	[object action]

You	→	forbidden	→	(doctor)	→	bathe

Despite the fact that in a real situation the person designated by the pronoun you, - an object, in an impersonal sentence this word form moves to the initial position, characteristic of the subject, and inevitably begins to be perceived precisely as the subject of the entire sentence. In this case, the significance of the real subject is reduced so much that the corresponding word form moves to a position characteristic of the object, and is often omitted altogether or not even implied. As a result, the complex “short suffering. participle cf. R. + infinitive" actually turns into a synonym for the complex "state category word + infinitive" ( swimming is prohibited = you can't swim) and is thought of as a single whole. Therefore, there are grounds for including the infinitive in the main member of the construction under consideration, despite the initially objective nature of this infinitive.

From the above analysis, it becomes clear why in most cases of use of this model the agentive complement not only does not appear, but is not even implied. This is especially true for former participles accepted, it's supposed to. The difference between genuine communion it's supposed to and its homonym - the word of the category of state - is subtly played out in an old army joke:

[Soldiers bang spoons on tables:]

- There's meat!

- You're supposed to, so eat...

- It’s not supposed to be like that!

- It’s not allowed - don’t eat like that...

Wed. also an example with the word accepted:

All wars are lost The winners are usually considered to be five or six idiots - generals or kings... (Yu. Buida. City of executioners).

Thus, impersonal sentences with forms of short passive participles turn out to be such a section of the syntactic system where the process of transition of words from one part of speech to another is activated. A strong additional factor of this transition is the neuter form, which, as in other types of impersonal sentences ( It was getting dark O s), is actually devoid of real content, since it is not explained by agreement with the neuter subject. The neuter ending loses its signs of inflection and becomes closer to a suffix - the same as in adverbs and words of the state category ( It's cold today O ).

Words like forbidden, ordered, planned etc., still retain a connection with the original verb and allow the introduction of an agential addition into the sentence, which introduces into the meaning of the sentence a shade of prescribed attitude of the subject to the action ( who is forbidden what) from another subject ( prohibited by whom). Other words of this group have already lost the ability to be distributed by an agentive addition and have actually turned into words of the state category. Very indicative in this regard is the completely meaningless remark of Chekhov’s “golden master” Khryukin:

Today it is forbidden to bite!(A.P. Chekhov. Chameleon)

Obviously there is no real action on the verb order and, accordingly, Khryukin does not imply any producer of this action: not ordered for him it’s exactly the same as it is forbidden.

These are the two main groups of impersonal sentences: with impersonal verbs (or their equivalents) and with words of the state category (or their equivalents). However, there are two more types of impersonal sentences that are often included in the first group, although there is insufficient evidence for this. Let's consider them separately.

3. Impersonal sentences with verbs of existence (being) report the presence of something in sufficient quantity or, conversely, the lack or absence of something. These meanings are distributed asymmetrically across the two types of sentences included in this group.

3.1.

being verb/form. connective + (negative) pronoun + infinitive

Capable of expressing both meanings - both presence and absence:

Us there will be something to talk about after the performance;

To me there was no one to discuss with unexpected incident.

However, the option with the meaning of presence is much less common than the option with the meaning of absence. It is worth paying attention to two more differences between the semantic variants of this construction.

A. The variant with the meaning of presence requires that the phrasal stress fall on the existential verb, which here is not a formal connective (remember: the distinctive feature of the formal connective is its regular reversal to zero with the grammatical meaning of the present tense; here, reversal to zero is impossible: Us There is what to talk to you about). Meanwhile, in the variant with the meaning of absence, it is the formal connective that is used, and the phrasal stress falls on the negative prefix (particle).

B. The significantly wider use of the variant with the meaning of absence is supported by the ability to replace the formal connective in it with a semi-nominative one:

Hurry it turned out nowhere;

She felt with sadness[Alexandra Vasilievna. - M.D.], that's nothing to talk about became pray to her(I.A. Bunin. The Cup of Life).

3.2. Sentences with a main member built according to the model:

negative form of being verb + noun. in R. p.

They express only the meaning of absence. This is explained by the fact that this type of impersonal sentences is a negative modification of two-part sentences with the meaning of presence. Wed:

We have there is time talk - We have no time to talk.

Linguistic and contextual synonyms of the verb can be used here as existential ones be: turn out to be, show up, show off, appear, stay, happen, lack etc. Compare:

But in order to have children, who lacked intelligence? (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit);

Neither in movements, nor in looks was not detected they have that one alive curiosity with which a resident of the south, for example an Italian, meets every passing cart and immediately surrounds it(V.P. Botkin. Letters about Spain);

Meanwhile, every time I enter it(apartment - M.D.) were directed, decisively no one in it it didn't turn out (M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita);

But no enemy for now didn't show up, and Nikolka was a little confused - what to do next?(M. A. Bulgakov. The White Guard);

But life appeared again, eyes opened, thoughts appeared. Only no desires appeared (V.T. Shalamov. Kolyma stories).

Sentences with a verb require separate characteristics grab. Unlike the other listed verbs, in this quantitative meaning this verb is unable to be used in a two-part construction. In both varieties of quantitative meaning (‘many’ and ‘little’) it requires the R. p. of the name:

He(Yakonov. - M.D.) I wanted to say that this is a new matter, there is no methodology, no experience, but hassle without that enough- not worth taking(A.I. Solzhenitsyn. In the first circle);

I feel that those around me not enough examples Grandfather's disgrace(F. Iskander. Grandfather).

This feature brings this verb closer to non-verbal quantitative words like a lot of, enough, few, not enough, which regularly control the genitive case of a name in quantitative noun phrases ( a lot of / little to do, enough firewood and so on.). The distance from the verb and some approach to the words of the state category is especially felt in cases where the obligatory (seemingly) addition in the R. clause is omitted:

― We’re working part-time,” Velikiy-Salazkin clarified. - Where is the wire, where are the lingonberries, where are the medicinal herbs. For life enough (V. Aksenov. Romantic Kitousov, Academician Velikiy-Salazkin and the mysterious Margarita).

Almost complete verb equivalence grab 2 words, the category of state is observed in cases when it is used as a modal connective and requires not an addition in the R. p., but a linking infinitive, forming the construction described in paragraph 1.1:

"Lacks also for me become limp from these teeth,” thought Valentina Stepanovna(I. Grekova. Summer in the city).

3.2.1. The following examples deserve special attention:

But the man there was no bread or cabbage soup (K.I. Chukovsky. Korolenko among friends);

Meanwhile, our poetic feast became more and more heated, and money already there was no left not a penny(V.P. Kataev. My Diamond Crown);

From these examples we can see the possibility of the appearance in this construction of a nuance of reinforcement, which is introduced by the use of particles neither or union no no . Like a particle neither, so is the union no no are means secondary negations (this is how they were used by both Chukovsky and Kataev), but they are so effective that they can take on the function primary negation - and then it becomes possible to omit the verb form. This produces constructions of the form:

No fire, no black house,

Wilderness and snow.... To meet me

Only miles are striped

Come across one... (A.S. Pushkin. Winter road).

In “Russian Grammar” and in “Brief Russian Grammar” these constructions are described as separate sentence models. This solution seems redundant: it is obvious that this regular incomplete implementations models with a negative form of an existential verb and the genitive case of a name - a model that itself represents a negative-impersonal modification of a two-part sentence with the meaning of presence.

An impersonal sentence as a type of one-part sentence. Classification of impersonal sentences.

Impersonal offers. Modality of impersonal sentences.

Remember the rule for forming interrogative sentences. Which ones do you know? Give examples and write them down in your notebook.

Impersonal sentences are sentences in which the action occurs independently of the doer, for example:

It's dawn. To me can't sleep. On the street Cold.

There can still be an indication of the doer in such sentences, but it is impossible to substitute the grammatical subject in such a sentence.

The ways of expressing the predicate in impersonal sentences are very diverse, for example, the use of impersonal verbs as a predicate:

Freezing, dawn, wasn't feeling well

The difference between impersonal verbs and others is that they have one or two frozen forms and are not combined with ideas about an active figure. The category of person in these verbs does not have any meaning; such verbs can be used in sentences expressing a particular state of nature or the environment:

On the street it was cold.

Or the human condition:

To me wasn't feeling well.

Such verbs can be used in sentences expressing the absence or negation of something:

Only you here was missing.

Another way of expressing the predicate in an impersonal sentence is to use finite verbs as impersonal ones:

The dog sitting on the chain howled loudly.

Howled, creaked in the distance thickly, piercingly.

In the second sentence, the verb “howl” is used as an impersonal verb, since we can no longer imagine an active figure with it.

There are a lot of such verbs in the Russian language, so the constructions in which personal verbs are presented as impersonal are varied. They can express both the state of a person and the state of the environment, nature, natural phenomena:

Caplet from bird cherry trees.

There was a whistle, it creaked, howled In the woods.

Snow fell less often at night, in the morning brightened.

The predicate in impersonal sentences can be expressed using a state category word:

In my heart easily And calmly.

In the sky solemnly And wonderful.

Sometimes the predicate in impersonal sentences is expressed by combining a verb or word of the state category with an infinitive:

About bears, like devils, Cantalk endlessly.

Infrequently have to wake up from silence.

The predicate in impersonal sentences can be expressed by the word “no” or a construction expressing negation:

In the sky not a cloud.

No in life of happiness.

The predicate in impersonal sentences can also be expressed by a short passive participle:

In the room it was smoky.

A special category of impersonal sentences are infinitive sentences, in which the predicate is expressed using the infinitive, that is, the indefinite form of the verb. Due to their emotionality and aphorism, these sentences are widely used in proverbs, artistic speech and slogans. The main area of their use is conversational style:

Submit Porfishka here!

Writers turn to infinitive sentences when it is necessary to give a character’s speech a more emotional coloring, so they introduce them into dialogues and monologues. The stylistic possibilities of impersonal sentences are varied, but most often they are used in works of art. With the help of impersonal sentences, you can show the lack of motivation, unconsciousness of a particular desire:

I don't want! - this reluctance is motivated, it is conscious.

To me I do not want. - reluctance is clearly not realized by the actor.

In addition, impersonal sentences are also used in business speech, in resolutions, and announcements:

On the lawns do not go!

It is prohibited to take out books from the library room.

We examined impersonal sentences, found out what function they perform in speech and in what way the predicate can be expressed in these sentences.

Bibliography

Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I., Stepanova E.B. Russian language. Textbook for senior classes of humanitarian schools, Moscow University Publishing House, 2011.
Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu.. Cheshko L.A.. Russian language. 8th grade. Textbook for general education institutions,: Education, 2013
Tests Impersonal sentences ().

Russkiyyazik.ru ().
Terver.ru ().
Genon.ru ().

Homework

Is there a subject, that is, the person performing the action, in a sentence with impersonal verbs?
Are the concepts “impersonal verb” and “impersonal sentence” related?
Can the predicate in impersonal sentences be expressed by the words “no”, “wasn’t”?

Impersonal offers

Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state.

A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action ( The boat is carried ashore); the state of a person or animal (I couldn’t sleep; He was cold); state of the environment ( It's getting dark; Feels fresh); the state of affairs ( Poor staffing; Experiments cannot be postponed), etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences are characterized by “a shade of passivity, inertia.”

According to the school classification, impersonal sentences also include infinitive sentences (that is, sentences with the main member - the predicate, expressed by an independent infinitive).

The main term can be expressed

3rd person singular form of an impersonal or personal verb:

masculine form: You were covered with snow, happiness, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity.(G. Ivanov); There wasn't enough bread even before Christmas time(A. Chekhov);

in a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the 3rd person singular form - will not): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that there was no more humble you and there is no(N. Gumilev).

category of state (compound nominal predicate): And boring and sad, but(M. Lermontov); But no change is visible in them...(A. Pushkin);

a combination of a state category word (with a modal meaning) with an infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that you can’t laugh, then—it’s then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you.(A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven(A. Pushkin);

short passive participle of the neuter gender (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world!(N. Gogol); I'm not tidy!..(A. Chekhov);

infinitive: You won't see battles like this(M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one?(A. Griboyedov); Sing for a long time and ring in the blizzard(S. Yesenin).

What is an impersonal offer? Impersonal offer

The main term can be expressed

see also

See what “Impersonal sentences” are in other dictionaries:

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