Dysbacteriosis causes symptoms principles of recovery. Dysbacteriosis

Prenatal factors * complicated course of pregnancy and childbirth (caesarean section) * presence of an infectious disease in the mother (colpitis, mastitis) - postnatal factors * resuscitation measures * late breastfeeding * presence of small purulent infections * early artificial feeding * dyspeptic symptoms (including .including congenital fermentopathy of the digestive canal, or primary malabsorption syndrome) - at an early age * early artificial feeding * food allergies * dyspeptic symptoms (including dysregulatory, due to immaturity of the ANS) * the presence of diathesis, anemia, malnutrition, rickets * the presence of an infectious or somatic disease * congenital intestinal malformations; - in preschool and school age * poor nutrition or unhealthy eating habits (abuse of sweets, carbonated drinks) * presence of atopy * vegetative-visceral form of ANS dysfunction * obesity of all types; - regardless of age * previous intestinal infections * use of antibacterial drugs * chemotherapy and radiotherapy * hormone therapy * surgical interventions * stress.

The greater the number of unfavorable factors, the greater the likelihood of clinically significant intestinal dysbiosis. The presence of risk factors is an indication for correction of intestinal dysbiosis without preliminary laboratory assessment of the intestinal microbial landscape.

Diagnosis and clinical signs of intestinal dysbiosis

The microflora of feces is extremely variable, which does not allow assessing the state of the intestinal microbiocenosis and obtaining operational information about the composition of its microorganisms. In practice, to diagnose intestinal dysbiosis, 15-20 types of microorganisms contained in feces are studied, in particular, the number of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, enterobacteria, and E. coli , Proteus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi of the genus Candida. The severity of dysbacteriosis is assessed by the degree of decrease in the number of bifidobacteria and other obligate microorganisms, as well as an increase in the number of UPM.

Quantitative and qualitative ratio of components in the intestinal biocenosis.

Currently, an alternative to bacteriological research methods are chemical methods of differentiation of microorganisms, in particular, gas chromatography (GC) combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS method is based on the determination of the components of bacterial cells formed as a result of their natural death or exposure to the immune system. Minor lipid components of microorganism membranes are used as markers. Based on their content and quantity, up to 170 types of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, as well as fungi, can be determined within a few hours in various biological environments.

The most thoroughly studied representatives of the microflora of the colon that can grow in the presence of oxygen (aerobes) or reproduce both in the presence of oxygen and without it (facultative anaerobes) are Escherichia coli. However, there are difficulties in isolating aerobes and facultative anaerobes, which are present in smaller numbers than the predominant species of microorganisms.

In clinical practice, when studying intestinal microflora, the most accessible method is serial dilution, which allows for qualitative and quantitative assessment of both aerobic and the most important anaerobic microorganisms.

Clinical signs of colon dysbiosis depend on the degree of microflora inhibition and the severity of the patient’s condition. The clinical classification refers specifically to dysbiosis of the large intestine, since it is not possible to study the microflora of the small intestine under standard laboratory conditions. Stool: low-calorie (diarrhea or constipation), mixed with mucus, possibly streaked with blood. In the coprogram: digested fiber, starch, increased number of leukocytes, mucus.

Clinical manifestations of intestinal dysbiosis are nonspecific, their severity depends on the duration and severity of the disorders, and the presence of concomitant pathological conditions.

The most frequently identified syndromes are * diarrheal or constipation * dyskinetic (hiccoughs, belching, regurgitation, vomiting) * malabsorption (malabsorption) * maldigestion (digestive disorders) * endogenous intoxication (hypotrophy, delayed physical development, hypovitaminosis, polydeficiency anemia) * dermointestinal (allergic dermatitis, allergic dermatosis) * asthenoneurotic (decreased appetite, etc.).

Comparative signs of acute intestinal infections caused by UPM and intestinal dysbiosis.

Dysbacteriosis is a violation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of normal microflora.

Reasons for the development of dysbiosis

1) diseases that occur with intestinal damage: acute and chronic dysentery, salmonellosis, intestinal helminthiases, chronic colitis and enterocolitis, nonspecific ulcerative colitis, etc.;

2) massive intake of antibiotics into the body;

3) the use of chemotherapeutic agents and radiation exposure;

4) prematurity of newborns, early transfer to artificial feeding, toxicosis of pregnancy;

5) purulent infectious diseases in children (sepsis, pneumonia, pyoderma, omphalitis, otitis, etc.). Dysbacteriosis of the first degree (latent, compensated form) is characterized by minor changes in the aerobic part of the microbiome (increase or decrease in the amount of E. coli). Bifidoflora and lactoflora are not changed. As a rule, intestinal dysfunctions are not recorded. This degree of dysbacteriosis, measured after the use of bacterial biological preparations, indicates their normalizing effect.

Dysbacteriosis of the II degree (subcompensated form of dysbiosis) - against the background of a slight decrease in the quantitative content of bifidobacteria, quantitative and qualitative changes in E. coli or other opportunistic microorganisms are revealed.

Dysbacteriosis of the second degree is a borderline condition and indicates that the subject can be classified as a “risk” group. If this form of dysbiosis is detected during treatment with bacterial preparations, then we can talk about the beginning of normalization of the intestinal microbiocenosis.

It is advisable to prescribe bacterial preparations until normal microflora is restored, even in cases where there are no obvious clinical manifestations or intestinal dysfunction.

Dysbacteriosis grade III - a significantly reduced level of bifid flora (105-107) combined with a decrease in lactoflora and a sharp change in the level of E. coli. Following the decrease in bifid flora, the relationships in the composition of the intestinal microflora are disrupted, conditions are created for the manifestation of the pathogenic properties of opportunistic microorganisms. As a rule, intestinal dysfunction occurs with grade III dysbiosis. It is necessary to immediately prescribe bifidumbacterin, lactobacterin or bificol.

Dysbacteriosis of the IV degree - absence of bifid flora, a significant decrease in lacto flora and a change in the amount of E. coli (decrease or increase), an increase in both obligate and facultative and not typical for a healthy person types of opportunistic microorganisms in associations. The normal relationships in the composition of the intestinal microbiocenosis are disrupted, as a result of which its protective and vitamin-synthesizing function decreases, enzymatic processes change, and undesirable metabolic products of opportunistic microorganisms increase. All this leads to dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and destructive changes in the intestinal wall, bacteremia and sepsis, since the general and local resistance of the body is reduced and the pathogenic effect of opportunistic microorganisms is realized. It was revealed that this degree of dysbiosis, especially in newborns with sepsis, can lead to the development of perforated ulcerative necrotizing enterocolitis. In such cases, the appointment of bifidumbacterin is mandatory.

Intestinal dysbiosis is a disease that occurs due to a disruption of the microflora of this part of the digestive system. As a result, it is accompanied by a species change in the bacteria living in it.

And there is a decrease in beneficial lacto- and bifidobacteria. But pathogenic flora, on the contrary, is increasing. As a result, intestinal function is disrupted.

Normally, there are about 500 species of different microorganisms in the human intestine. And the weight of which can reach up to 3 kg. These are the so-called symbiont bacteria. Which are involved during the process of digesting food.

Microorganisms provide the following assistance:

• firstly, in the digestion of food;
• secondly, in the synthesis of vitamins;
• in addition, in the removal of toxins and carcinogenic substances;
• and the splitting of all unnecessary elements.

The main representatives of the intestinal flora include aerobic lactobacilli And anaerobic bifidobacteria .

The following three types of bacteria take part in the digestion of food:

• beneficial (bifidobacteria, lactobacilli). Their task comes first. maintain a certain ratio of remaining bacteria in the stomach. Also prevent, during. development of allergic diseases, weakening of the immune system. And many other negative effects on the human body. In addition, they control the number of harmful bacteria;
• neutral. They live in a certain place. They do not bring any particular benefit or harm;
• harmful (candida fungus, staphylococcus, streptococcus). They provoke various diseases and disruptions in the gastrointestinal tract.

Symptoms of dysbiosis

Abnormal stool. with dysbiosis, it occurs due to the fact that excess bile acid accumulates in the human intestines. As a result, water from the intestines begins to be less absorbed. Which helps loosen stools. As a result, the integrity of the mucous membrane of the digestive organ is compromised.

Flatulence - strong gas formation. Which leads to frequent release of gas and bloating. Because of this, the patient may experience dull pain due to stretching of the intestinal walls. And the reason for this symptom is the excess in the microflora of bacteria. As a result, which cause rotting and fermentation.

Stomach ache. However, most often it is absent. But many patients complain of discomfort. In addition, if pain occurs, it is often localized in the lower abdomen.

Rumbling in the stomach. This discomfort is caused by the accumulation of gases. Since it has no way out naturally. The intestinal muscles also contract. In addition, gases begin to accumulate during the fermentation process against the background of dysbacteriosis. And hyperactive muscle function can be explained by the absorption of various bacterial toxins. This symptom is especially characteristic of dysbacteriosis in children. And in older people, dysbiosis more often occurs with signs of paralytic intestinal obstruction (intestinal muscles do not contract). Therefore, there can be no rumbling in the stomach.

Bad breath. Intestinal dysbiosis can give an unpleasant odor. This is due to the processes of rotting and fermentation. As a result, gases are formed that rise up the gastrointestinal tract. And at the same time, belching with an unpleasant odor or taste is possible. Or just bad breath. These symptoms can appear even with slight deviations in the composition of the microflora. And they may be the only manifestations of the disease.

Food intolerance. First of all, this applies to whole milk. Some people experience diarrhea when they consume it. And the stool is liquefied, with foam.

Possible intoxication of the body with symptoms such as: rises to 38 degrees. Headache, general malaise and weakness, and sleep disturbance also appear. Intoxication occurs primarily when metabolic products accumulate in the human body.

Causes of dysbiosis

There are a large number of factors that can cause changes in the composition of normal intestinal microflora. Some of them are easily remedied, while others require years of ongoing treatment.

In infants, the development of dysbacteriosis is often facilitated by prematurity and early artificial feeding. Also feeding with the wrong mixtures, intrauterine infections, maternal illnesses.

When suffering from dysbacteriosis, symptoms can be traced as with enterocolitis. Or, inflammation of the large and small intestines. And the doctor’s task is, first of all, to make the correct diagnosis. That is, exclude the above pathologies of the digestive organs.

However, it is difficult to diagnose dysbiosis without tests. Because the symptoms of the disease are very similar to the symptoms of other diseases. To make a diagnosis, the doctor needs to have diagnostic results. And after collecting the patient’s complaints and palpation, the specialist prescribes 2-3 necessary procedures.

The following laboratory diagnostic methods are used:

The study of the ratio of microorganisms is carried out by inoculating feces in a special nutrient medium. Which is favorable for the growth of bacteria. Then, after a few days, the number of bacteria in one gram of material is calculated.

Biochemical analysis for dysbacteriosis is carried out more quickly and simplified. This method is based on identifying the spectrum of fatty acids. Which serve as a product of the vital activity of microorganisms. A biochemical study will determine not only the imbalance of intestinal microflora. But also the sections of the gastrointestinal tract where disturbances appeared. And also the stage of the disease.

The method is used even more widely in the diagnosis of intestinal dysbiosis polymerase chain reaction. PCR diagnostics determination of types of microorganisms. It allows you to identify representatives of the intestinal microflora. Which are not in the intestinal lumen. And today this method is the main one. But its accuracy leaves much to be desired. And the information content of the analysis is very low. This is due to the limited range of microbes that can be detected with PCR diagnostics.

Chemical research methods can also be used for diagnosis. This mass spectrometry And gas-liquid chromatography . First of all, a study of the intestinal contents is carried out to determine the concentration of microbial waste products. And on the basis of which the composition and ratio of intestinal microflora is calculated. However, a significant disadvantage of this method is its cost, requirements for equipment and calculations.

Treatment of intestinal dysbiosis

In the treatment of dysbiosis, drugs based on microorganisms are used - prebiotics and probiotics .

Probiotics consist of live microorganisms. Which regulate intestinal microflora. First of all, the most important function of such microbes is the ability to survive. As when storing the drug. So it is directly in the intestinal ecosystem.

Several groups of probiotics are prescribed. Thus, monocomponent ones contain one type of microbe: bifidobacteria , lactobacilli or colibacteria . And multicomponent ones contain combinations of the main strains of bifidobacteria, lactobacteria and colibacteria.

Combined preparations consist of symbiotic communities of the main representatives of the intestinal flora. They also contain compounds that stimulate the growth of normal microflora. There are also recombinant probiotics. Which contain not only the necessary bacteria. But also cloned genes for the synthesis of alpha-interferon.

Prebiotics are drugs of non-microbial origin. And prebiotics include non-digestible disaccharides . Which stimulate the growth and activity of its own flora. And they also inhibit the development of pathogenic microorganisms.

Meanwhile, treatment of intestinal dysbiosis is prescribed in a comprehensive manner. First of all, it depends on the degree of the disease. Since dysbiosis develops under the influence of many factors. It is important to eliminate the cause of its development. Otherwise, taking probiotics will not have a positive effect. Of course, eliminating foci of infection and chronic diseases is the main task in the treatment of dysbiosis.

Diet and proper nutrition

However, there is no special diet for every person. But just follow some rules. Firstly, avoid unwashed fruits and low-quality products. Secondly, eat small meals every three hours. And finally, eat hot liquid food every day: soup, broth.

The following principles of proper nutrition for dysbiosis:

• regularly eat at the same time;
• eat warm food (within 25-40 degrees) and avoid too cold or hot food;
• avoid spicy foods;
• chew food thoroughly;
• eat food frequently (every two and a half hours) and in small portions;
• drink plenty of water, but not during meals (so as not to interfere with the digestion of food).

When following a diet, you can eat the following foods:

• white or rye bread – preferably not fresh, but yesterday’s bread;
• crackers;
• soups in low-fat broths with pureed cereals and vegetables;
• boiled, steamed or stewed meat dishes;
• lean meats;
• lean fish, boiled, steamed, stewed or fried without breading;
• vegetables (excluding cabbage, legumes and mushrooms) boiled, baked or steamed;
• fruits and berries in jelly, compote, puree or mousse;
• baked or raw grated apples;
• low-fat dairy products;
• butter in small quantities;
• sauces without spices;
• all drinks except alcoholic, carbonated, kvass and fruit drinks.

Also, along with the diet, patients may be prescribed probiotics and prebiotics. These drugs also improve intestinal function and restore the healthy composition of the flora.

Traditional recipes for dysbiosis

To settle beneficial bacteria in the intestines, you can use the following recipe. First of all, take half a liter of clean warm water and dilute a tablespoon of honey and sugar in it. Then put it in a warm place for a couple of hours. Next, the fermented mixture should be drunk at once. After everything, don’t eat for about three hours. This is a good remedy for the treatment and prevention of dysbiosis.

Also restores microflora well serum . Which is obtained when preparing cottage cheese. First of all, take homemade milk and add a tablespoon of kefir to it. Then put it on fire. Next, wait until the milk begins to curdle. Then throw it on gauze. And the liquid after that is the useful serum. Subsequently, it should be drunk warm on an empty stomach.

Garlic curdled milk .

First of all, boil 1 liter of pasteurized or homemade milk (no difference). Then leave to cool.

Then cut off a small crust from the black bread. And rub it generously with garlic. Next, put it in a container with milk for fermentation.

And let it sit for 24 hours at room temperature. Finally, you can pour it into a jar or can. Subsequently store in the refrigerator.

Kumis .

First of all, mix kumis, beet juice, carrots and cucumber in equal parts. Subsequently, drink the prepared mixture three tablespoons before each meal.

Oak bark.

First of all, cook a few pieces over low heat. Next, cover the container with a lid and let the bark brew. Then strain and drink half a glass of the broth in the morning and evening. It is also a good astringent and anti-inflammatory.

Bloodroot.

She also has the ability to treat dysbiosis. First of all, three tablespoons of this herb need to be poured with a liter of boiling water. Next, put it in a thermos overnight. Subsequently, drink this decoction 2-3 times a day, one-third of a glass.

Oatmeal jelly.

It is prepared as follows. First of all, pour half a glass of unrefined oatmeal with a liter of water and let it cook. Then remove the foam and place in a water bath. And cook for a couple of hours. Next, you need to strain the prepared jelly and drink half a glass before each meal. This is an excellent remedy for intestinal and stomach health.

Dysbacteriosis means a violation of the natural balance of microflora. The intestines are inhabited by opportunistic microflora. The number of the latter group of bacteria is strictly controlled by the immune system.

If for some reason our body’s defense system weakens, these microorganisms become active, leading to the development of the disease. As a result, the number of beneficial bacteria decreases, while the number of opportunistic pathogens increases sharply. Most often, this process develops unnoticed by the person himself, and it begins to manifest itself in the later stages.

Normal intestinal microflora plays an irreplaceable role in the functioning of our body. First of all, it is worth highlighting the protective function. Bacteria do not allow foreign microorganisms that can cause disease to settle in the intestines. Bifidobacteria secrete special substances that suppress the development of foreign microbes.

But that’s not all, beneficial bacteria stimulate the immune system, remove toxic substances, participate in digestion processes, and suppress allergic reactions. Moreover, bifidobacteria engulf cancer cell precursors, exerting an anticarcinogenic effect. Dysbacteriosis can be caused by intestinal infections or irrational use of antibacterial agents.

But sometimes emotional overload and prolonged stress can provoke an imbalance in the intestinal microflora. Dysbacteriosis in women brings a lot of inconvenience and interferes with enjoying life. The pathological process causes side symptoms that negatively affect the condition of vital organs and systems.

With dysbacteriosis, opportunistic microorganisms get out of control

Causes

Perhaps the most common cause of dysbiosis in women is taking antibiotics. These are highly effective drugs that destroy pathogenic microorganisms - causative agents of the inflammatory process. But at the same time, they also affect beneficial microflora. This is why doctors recommend taking probiotics and lactic acid bacteria along with antibiotics.

A decrease in the number of beneficial bacterial microflora can also cause diseases of the digestive tract. For example, during infectious lesions, beneficial bacteria are digested and destroyed. Diseases such as salmonellosis and dysentery, in ninety percent of cases, cause changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal flora.

Important! Dysbacteriosis is not a disease, but only a consequence of some existing pathology.

One cannot fail to note the radical diets that the fair sex resort to in the desire to get their figure in order. Severe dietary restrictions lead to nutritional deficiencies and the development of dysbiosis. Fasting days can be carried out, but not more often than once or twice a week. But these are not all the reasons that disrupt the intestinal microflora.

The following factors can also cause dysbiosis:

• frequent use of enemas;
• abuse of teas and other weight loss products;
• allergy;
• avitaminosis;
• stress and overwork;
• helminthic infestations;
• taking hormonal drugs, in particular oral contraceptives;
• frequent colds and acute respiratory viral infections;
• chemotherapy and radiation therapy;
• state of immunodeficiency;
• hardware methods of intestinal cleansing;
• abuse of laxatives.

Long-term mono-diets can cause dysbiosis

Symptoms

The first signs of intestinal dysbiosis in women usually go unnoticed. They are attributed to lack of sleep, overwork or stress. And the disorder is actively developing at this time, bringing with it more and more unpleasant manifestations. Symptoms of intestinal dysbiosis in women can be divided into several main groups.

Most often, the disease manifests itself in the form of dyspeptic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), but sometimes the first signs are skin dermatitis and allergic reactions. Common symptoms include sleep disturbances, weakness, fatigue, headaches, and increased body temperature.

Allergic reactions

Against the background of dysbacteriosis, allergies to food usually appear. An insufficient number of lactic bacteria, which are responsible for the normal digestion and absorption of food, leads to rejection, which clinically manifests itself in the form of allergies. First, abdominal pain, rumbling, and intestinal disorders appear.

As the pathological process progresses, other symptoms appear:

• profuse lacrimation;
• sneezing;
• skin hyperemia;
• runny nose;
• hives;
• dermatitis.

If after eating a woman has an allergic reaction for the first time, which is not relieved by antihistamines, dysbacteriosis can be suspected

Vaginal dysbiosis

The acidic environment of the vagina is inhabited by lactobacilli, the number of which is significantly reduced during dysbiosis. The first symptoms of dysbiosis include dryness of the vulva and vagina, an unpleasant odor during hygienic procedures, the appearance of pathological discharge, and insufficient lubrication during sexual intercourse. Experts distinguish two forms of dysbiosis: vaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis.

Important! In fifty percent of cases, women with intestinal dysbiosis experience a disturbance in the vaginal microflora.

With thrush or vaginal candidiasis, a burning sensation, itching of the vulva, pathological cheesy discharge and an unpleasant odor occur. The causative agent of the disease is yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. The disease is transmitted from one sexual partner to another.

Thrush is treated with antifungal drugs and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Bacterial vaginosis causes a gray or cream-colored discharge with a foul odor. As in the previous case, the disease can be transmitted through sexual contact. Treatment is carried out using antibacterial therapy.

Dyspeptic disorders

A classic sign of intestinal dysbiosis is digestive disorders. Women may experience constipation or diarrhea. There may also be a painful urge to defecate, but feces are not released. As the pathology progresses, other symptoms appear:

• decreased appetite;
• bloating;
• rumbling;
• abdominal pain;
• the appearance of mucus in the stool;
• belching;
• incomplete bowel movement;
• metallic taste in the mouth;
• nausea, vomiting.

Women begin to experience abdominal pain, rumbling, bloating

Hypovitaminosis

With dysbacteriosis, nutrients enter the intestines, but are not absorbed by the mucous membranes and are excreted from the body almost unchanged. Vitamin deficiency manifests itself as follows:

• dry and pale skin;
• sticking in the corners of the eyes;
• hair loss;
• brittle nails.

Vitamin deficiency in dysbacteriosis manifests itself in the form of dry skin, hair loss and brittle nails.

Features of the examination

To obtain reliable research results, it is not enough to have a qualified doctor and modern equipment nearby. Much depends on the patients themselves, or rather, their awareness in terms of preparation. What does it mean?

Three days before taking a stool test, you must exclude from your diet foods that cause fermentation, namely: meat and fish dishes, alcoholic beverages, and beets. You should also stop taking antibacterial and laxatives. This even applies to rectal suppositories and Vaseline oil.

To obtain biological material, you must wait for spontaneous bowel movements, but do not resort to laxatives. Feces should be placed in a special sterile container, which is purchased in advance at the pharmacy. If you haven’t found such a container, then use a container you have at home, but it must be sterilized before use.

Approximately ten grams of sample is sufficient for analysis. Try to deliver the biomaterial to the laboratory as soon as possible. If there is a delay, the death of anaerobic microorganisms will occur, which will distort the results.

To diagnose dysbacteriosis, coproscopy is performed

Using a coprogram, the following elements can be detected in stool:

• worm eggs;
• slime;
• red blood cells;
• fatty inclusions;
• undigested fiber and more.

As an additional method, a biochemical analysis of stool can be performed. Unlike a coprogram, this analysis extends the delivery time to the laboratory to a day. The technique allows you to find out the composition of microorganisms in the intestines. Women should not be tested during their period. Also, at least two weeks must pass after antibiotic therapy.

Bacteriological culture plays an irreplaceable role in the diagnosis of dysbiosis. The material must be delivered as soon as possible after defecation. The analysis provides information about the quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora and identifies microorganisms by their properties.

How to treat?

Treatment of dysbiosis is a whole range of measures aimed at eliminating the very cause of the disorder, as well as restoring the natural balance of microflora. Drug therapy is complemented by dietary nutrition and the use of folk recipes.

Medications

To combat dysbiosis, the following medications are prescribed:

• probiotics populate the intestines with beneficial bacteria;
• prebiotics help beneficial bacteria actively multiply in the intestines;
• antibiotics are aimed at suppressing pathogens, but they are prescribed together with probiotics;
• Enzymatic tablets eliminate symptoms of dysbiosis, normalize digestion processes and facilitate intestinal function;
• multivitamin complexes improve the body's resistance, giving it the strength to fight pathogens;
• antifungal drugs fight fungal infections;
• sorbents help remove toxic substances from the body.

Treatment of dysbiosis includes a whole range of measures

Folk recipes

Let's talk about the most famous and effective recipes:

• Add crushed Jerusalem artichoke and salt to boiling milk diluted with water. Cook over medium heat for fifteen minutes. Then drain the milk, add butter and flour, then cook until thickened. Let the Jerusalem artichoke cool. The dish sprinkled with herbs is ready to eat.
• Combine two tablespoons each of plantain, chamomile and mint, as well as one tablespoon each of St. John's wort and agrimony seeds. Mix all ingredients thoroughly and place in a jar. To prepare the product, you need to take a tablespoon of raw materials and pour two glasses of boiling water. The product must be allowed to brew for half an hour, after which it must be strained. You should drink a glass before meals.
• Pour a tablespoon of cinquefoil into a glass of boiling water and simmer over low heat for another twenty minutes. The product must be allowed to brew for 24 hours. You should drink a third of a glass three times a day.
• A clove of garlic should be consumed thirty minutes before meals, washed down with some fermented milk product. And immediately after dinner they eat three cloves of garlic.

Populists' advice can only be used after consulting a doctor

Diet food

Diet plays no less a role in the treatment process than medications. If you are intensively treated with medications, but consume prohibited foods, all therapy may be unsuccessful.

If you have dysbacteriosis, you should switch to eating in small portions. Exclude smoked foods, fatty, fried foods, spicy, pickled, etc. from the diet. It is better to give preference to cereals, fermented milk products, as well as lean meat and fish. It is better to steam food.

If dysbiosis manifests itself as prolonged constipation, the daily menu includes foods rich in fiber:

• fresh berries;
• sour fruits;
• fresh salads;
• bran bread;
• dried fruits compote.

As mentioned above, dysbiosis in most cases develops against the background of weakened immunity, so maintaining the body’s defenses at the proper level will help prevent the development of pathology. To do this, doctors recommend hardening procedures, moderate physical activity, and daily walking.

So, dysbiosis is... It can occur after treatment with antibiotics, abuse of laxatives and enemas. Sometimes the cause of dysbiosis is stressful situations and overwork.

The pathological process manifests itself not only in the form of intestinal disorders; the patient may experience allergic reactions, signs of vitamin deficiency, but also vaginal candidiasis. Treatment begins with a qualitative examination. The main method for diagnosing dysbiosis is coprogram.

The accuracy of the results depends largely on the correct preparation of the patient himself. The treatment process includes not only taking medications. The patient will also have to adjust his diet by limiting some foods on the menu. Strict adherence to all medical recommendations will help restore intestinal function faster.

This article describes what dysbiosis is, its features, symptoms and causes. The disease differs in types and stages, which are characterized by certain symptoms. The article contains detailed information about treatment.

Brief description of the disease

Intestinal dysbiosis is a common phenomenon that some doctors consider a disease, while others consider it only a dysfunction resulting from another pathology or a certain lifestyle. In both cases, we are talking about a violation of the intestinal microflora, which has unpleasant symptoms and is fraught with various complications and consequences.

Normal microflora

Intestinal biocenosis is a variety of microbes in the large intestine, which are present in certain quantities in every healthy person and are the norm. Microorganisms perform many important functions. Bacteria are common “inhabitants” for the intestines.

Their total weight in this organ in an adult is approximately two to three kilograms. The number of types of microorganisms reaches five hundred. The vast majority of microbes “live” in the large intestine. Other departments receive the minimum. All intestinal microorganisms are conventionally divided into beneficial bacteria and pathogenic ones. The first group includes:

• bifidobacteria;
• lactobacilli;
• coli.

Pathogenic flora includes:

• peptococci;
• Candida mushrooms;
• staphylococci;
• clostridia.

There are relatively few harmful (or facultative) bacteria. In a healthy person, they “sit quietly” because the immune system does not allow them to “stick out”. Their presence in this state is normal and necessary for a certain balance of power.

Microbial diversity is extremely important for the body, since it performs protective functions, synthesizes vitamins, lowers cholesterol levels, helps processed food be absorbed into the intestinal walls, and at the same time activates metabolic processes.

The essence of dysbiosis

Dysbacteriosis is the antonym of normbiocenosis. When it occurs, the balance of the microflora is disturbed. There are fewer beneficial bacteria and their activity decreases. Putrefactive bacteria (opportunistic), on the contrary, multiply quickly, suppressing their “neighbors”.

Extremely unfavorable processes for health begin.

A deficiency of lactobacilli and other beneficial microorganisms leads to digestive disorders, decreased immunity, and a slowdown in metabolic processes. The body does not receive enough nutrients, weakens, and becomes vulnerable.

Sometimes you can hear the term gastric dysbiosis. It is erroneous because the digestive organ does not contain such a number of microorganisms that could play a significant role. It is also wrong to look for differences and similarities between dysbiosis and dysbacteriosis. In this case we are talking about the same thing.

What causes dysbiosis

Imbalance of microflora is always caused by certain factors. The pathogenic process does not start on its own. The causes of dysbiosis, in which beneficial microorganisms die, can be:

Dysbacteriosis can only be cured by knowing what caused it. The factors listed above result from:

Often, severe dysbiosis occurs in people who have flown from one climate zone to another. In the short time of travel, the body does not have time to rebuild itself without consequences. In such cases, there is no need to treat dysbiosis with serious drugs. After the body adapts, normal microflora will be restored. If the signs are pronounced, first aid can be provided in the form of symptomatic treatment.

Types of dysfunction

There are such types of dysbacteriosis as acute and chronic. The first occurs in most cases. With adequate treatment, the microflora is restored within a few weeks, and all symptoms disappear.

The chronic type is much less common. It develops when it is not possible to overcome dysbiosis for months, and sometimes years. As a rule, certain factors hinder recovery. For example, a serious incurable disease, constant stress or alcoholism. Chronic dysbiosis leads to serious consequences for the body.

There is also a classification of pathology according to the type of pathogen. There are fungal dysbacteriosis, Proteus, staphylococcal type and associative. Proteus has the easiest and safest course. The most complex type is considered associative.

Warning! It is difficult to determine which type is present based on one symptom. A high-quality examination is necessary.

Stages of dysbiosis

Like most dysfunctions, dysbiosis has several stages. The manifestations of the disease, as well as treatment, depend on them. The development of pathology occurs in stages:

1. Dysbacteriosis 1st degree. A decrease in the number of Escherichia coli (Escherichia) is recorded. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are present in full.
2. Dysbacteriosis 2nd degree. The number of Escherichia is significantly reduced. There is a slight deficiency of bifidobacteria. The number of pathogenic microorganisms is growing.
3. Dysbacteriosis 3 degrees. There are much fewer bifidobacteria and lactobacilli than needed. Pathogenic flora provokes disruptions in intestinal function.
4. Dysbacteriosis 4 degrees. Bifidoflora is killed. Almost complete absence of lactobacilli. The intestines are subjected to serious destructive processes.

It's easiest to fix the problem at the very beginning. Normalizing the intestinal microflora in the later stages will take a lot of time and effort. In this case, the disease will have time to cause significant damage to the body.

Advice! At the first clinical manifestations, you should consult a doctor.

Symptomatic picture

An imbalance of microflora may not make itself felt for a long time. Symptoms of dysbiosis in adults are often absent in the first stages, appearing only when everything is already quite advanced. And this is the insidiousness of the disease. In addition, the signs of dysbiosis are identical to the manifestations of many other pathologies. There are no specific ones among them.

Dysbiosis is characterized by:

1. Bad breath. Sometimes this is the only sign of dysbiosis. It is explained by putrefactive processes occurring in the intestines.
2. Diarrhea is a common symptom of dysbiosis. It can occur four to six times a day, or even more often. Dangerous due to dehydration. Regular diarrhea is a sure sign that there is something wrong with the intestines. Feces can be foamy and difficult to flush from the walls of the toilet.
3. Constipation is less common than diarrhea. They usually affect elderly patients whose intestinal motility is significantly slower.
4. Unstable stool alternates with constipation and diarrhea. The stool can be very smelly. Sometimes there is an unusual color of stool.
5. Rumbling in the stomach is heard more often in the initial stages. Indicates problems in the intestines. Over time, flatulence intensifies, the person is literally bursting with gases, and his stomach becomes enlarged. There is frequent belching of air.
6. The pain is localized in the intestinal area. The stomach hurts especially severely with constipation, with severe flatulence due to stretching of the intestinal walls. The unpleasant sensation intensifies with pressure.
7. Nausea, vomiting, internal discomfort, unpleasant taste in the mouth. These signs, typical of many gastrointestinal diseases, can also appear with dysbacteriosis. Sometimes heartburn occurs.
8. With dysbiosis, food is poorly absorbed, the body does not receive enough “building materials,” which often leads to weight loss.
9. A deficiency of nutrients in advanced stages is manifested by symptoms such as apathy, drowsiness and depression. A person almost constantly feels general weakness. It does not go away even after a night's rest. The patient wakes up already tired.
10. Dysbacteriosis is rarely accompanied by an increase in temperature. This symptom can make itself felt if there is severe intoxication of the body. Fever is possible with serious exacerbations of chronic dysbiosis.
11. Sometimes allergic reactions may occur after eating familiar foods. Namely - rash, skin hyperemia, itching. Such reactions are explained by a decrease in the body’s protective properties due to disrupted microflora.

Vitamin deficiency resulting from dysbacteriosis can manifest itself as brittle nails, dull hair, as well as pale and dry skin, and puffiness in the corners of the lips. The more serious the stage, the more pronounced the symptoms, which indicate not only a disturbed microflora, but also a general deterioration in health.

Diagnostic measures

Only a professional doctor can make an accurate diagnosis of dysbacteriosis, and you should contact him at the first alarming symptoms. At the initial stage of the examination the following will be carried out:

• conversation with the patient;
• taking anamnesis;
• visual inspection with palpation.

However, only on the basis of the data obtained as a result of these actions, a treatment regimen for dysbiosis cannot be developed. Laboratory research methods are required that will refute or confirm the presence of a problem, determine the type of pathogen, and the stage of the disease.

Today, the main method for diagnosing dysbiosis remains bacteriological analysis of stool. Although it is not perfect (it is expensive, takes a lot of time, and does not exclude errors), there is no better method yet.

It is important to properly prepare for the analysis and collect the material correctly. A few days before the procedure, it is necessary to exclude from the diet everything that can affect the microflora. These are fermented milk products:

• fermented baked milk;
• kefir;
• sour cream;
• kvass;
• any alcohol (especially beer);
• antibiotics.

When collecting material, it is advisable to take a medium portion of feces, not from the toilet, but from a clean piece of paper. Place the piece in a special sterile flask. Deliver to the laboratory no later than two hours after collection.

Attention! Sometimes you have to be tested for dysbacteriosis several times. This is explained by the fact that during the collection of material or during the research, errors are made that affect the result.

To diagnose diseases that are the cause or consequence of dysbiosis, other research methods are used. This is a blood test, ultrasound, MRI, CT. Sometimes an X-ray with contrast is prescribed to determine the condition of the intestines. It complements the results of microbiological analysis of microflora.

Features of treatment

Normalizing the situation with dysbiosis in most cases is not so easy. Comprehensive treatment is required, aimed not only at eliminating the symptoms, but also at eliminating the causes. Its main tasks are:

• inhibition of the growth of pathogenic microorganisms;
• stimulation of the proliferation of beneficial bacteria;
• increasing immunity.

Today in pharmacies there are enough inexpensive but effective drugs for dysbiosis. Their use greatly facilitates the fight against the sore. However, even the best remedies for dysbiosis will not help if you do not adjust your diet and lead a healthy lifestyle. Poor quality food and bad habits will aggravate the situation.

In some cases, treatment of intestinal dysbiosis in adults is not required. Microflora, disturbed after stress, a series of holidays or climate change, is restored by itself. Treatment of dysbiosis after antibiotics may be limited to drugs based on live bacteria.

Complex therapy is required. It takes not one or two days, but several weeks. As a rule, medications for dysbiosis can be taken at home. Only rarely are hospital conditions required.

Drug therapy

In the treatment of dysbiosis, drugs to improve microflora play an important role. These are products containing live bacteria. Their common name is probiotics. In cases where a large number of pathogenic organisms have been sown, treatment should begin with their elimination. Otherwise, beneficial bacteria will have nowhere to settle. Therefore, it is necessary to take antibiotics for dysbiosis. Recommended medications include:

1. Furazolidone is a monoamine oxyase inhibitor. It is considered a powerful antimicrobial agent. Activates the immune system.
2. Metronidazole has antiprotozoal and antimicrobial effects. Widely used for abdominal infections.
3. Levomycetin is considered a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Particularly effective in identifying enterococci.

If a fungal type of dysbiosis is diagnosed, patients are prescribed a drug to combat Candida yeast, Fluconazole. It is not an antibiotic, but is considered an antifungal agent.

Doctors try to use all antibacterial drugs very carefully, giving preference to intestinal antiseptics. They eliminate pathogenic flora without affecting healthy flora. New generation intestinal antiseptics include:

• Dependal-M;
• Sumetrolim;
• Enterosediv;
• Ersefuril;
• Intetrix.

Another drug widely used for dysbiosis is Enterofuril. After treatment with antibiotics and antiseptics, the free space is populated with beneficial bacteria contained in probiotics. For example, live lactobacilli for the intestines are available in Lactobacterin.

Bifidobacteria - in Bifidumbacterin. Both of these drugs are single drugs in tablets for restoring intestinal microflora. Although there are other forms of release of these drugs. In particular, suppositories with lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.

Along with monocomponent drugs, multicomponent drugs containing different types of bacteria can also be prescribed. Effective agents from this group include, for example, Bifiform. There are also combined probiotics containing beneficial and pathogenic organisms - Acipol, Bifiliz. To stimulate the growth of healthy bacteria, Linex is used. Bilaminolact and Ecoflor have a similar effect.

Activated carbon is prescribed to remove toxins from the body. It should be used sparingly. Means of similar action also include Polyphepan, Polysorb. Prebiotics that stimulate the growth of healthy microflora are relevant for dysbiosis. These substances are found in food. Special medications may be prescribed - Hilak Forte, Duphalac (syrups) or Baktistatin capsules.

Treatment of dysbiosis should be comprehensive. It is aimed at eliminating the root cause, which is often gastrointestinal disease. The drugs used depend on the specific pathology. It can be:

1. Omez has a pronounced antiulcer effect.
2. Mezim is an enzyme agent. Prescribed for serious digestive disorders.
3. Pancreatin is used for diseases of the pancreas. Helps improve food digestion.
4. De-nol is indispensable for gastritis. Has an astringent and enveloping effect.

If signs of dysbiosis are pronounced, symptomatic treatment may be required. For example, diarrhea is eliminated with Loperamide. This drug normalizes stool, but has absolutely no effect on the intestinal microflora. The pain is relieved with analgesics. Constipation is treated with laxatives.

Important! Symptomatic treatment is not able to eliminate the cause, therefore it is carried out exclusively as part of complex therapy.

Diet and folk remedies for dysbiosis

Nutrition plays an important role in dysbiosis. Recovery largely depends on it. The purpose of the diet is to protect the intestines from negative influences (mechanical, thermal). Food should be steamed, stewed or boiled. It should be taken on schedule - often, but little by little. You can eat:

• low-fat varieties of fish and meat;
• vegetables, fruits, berries that have undergone heat treatment (except for grapes, bananas, sweet apples);
• greenery;
• cereals;
• nuts;
• legumes

The diet for intestinal dysbiosis in adults excludes:

• fat;
• roast;
• food rich in preservatives;
• spicy;
• fast food;
• ice cream;
• condensed milk;
• most foods that cause flatulence;
• semolina and rice porridge;
• soda;
• alcohol.

Folk remedies for dysbiosis are often based on food. For example, it is proposed to use raspberry, blueberry, pomegranate, cranberry, and strawberry juices as antiseptics. Dill and caraway seeds have a carminative effect, on the basis of which decoctions and infusions are prepared. To get rid of dysbacteriosis, it is recommended to eat more garlic and Jerusalem artichoke.

Herbal treatment is widely used. For example, for diarrhea, fixative decoctions of oak bark are prepared. Mint, calendula, and St. John's wort help relieve pain. Constipation is combated with enemas based on chamomile infusion.

Dysbacteriosis in children

Dysbacteriosis in a child is more common than in an adult. Especially when it comes to babies. The development of pathology is facilitated by an unformed digestive system and the almost complete absence of its own immunity. The risk of infection is higher in artificial babies.

Dysbacteriosis in children manifests itself as frequent loose stools or, conversely, a long absence of stools; anxiety, sleep problems, loss of appetite, prolonged crying. Such babies can be seriously underweight. Symptoms of intestinal dysbiosis in children are not always pronounced. The deviation can only be manifested by a slight rumbling in the stomach. And you should not ignore this sign, because the situation may worsen.

Treatment of intestinal dysbiosis in children depends on the age of the young patient. Artificial infants are transferred to special mixtures and kefir is introduced into the diet. If the child’s nutrition is mother’s milk, then the mother is advised to reconsider her menu. Most often, the reasons are due to his errors.

Older children, as well as children suffering from serious dysbiosis, may be prescribed antibiotics and drugs containing enzymes. But it is necessary to adjust the diet in any case.

Important! Pay special attention to ensuring that the child’s body receives enough vitamins.

So, dysbiosis is not an independent disease, but a consequence of another pathology or an incorrect lifestyle. If you care about prevention, you need to protect your intestines. Eat normally, do not abuse alcohol, try not to take antibiotics unless absolutely necessary, wash your hands before eating, treat all diseases in a timely manner, undergo regular medical examinations, avoid outbreaks of epidemics. For young children, the best preventative measure is breastfeeding.

If dysbiosis does make itself felt, you need to start treating it immediately. The chronic form is fraught with such serious complications as secondary intestinal infections, diverticulitis, enterocolitis, sepsis, and peritonitis.
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With it, the body constantly lacks the necessary substances, which leads to a deterioration in the general condition - both physical and moral. Acute dysbacteriosis can lead to dehydration. This is especially true and dangerous for young children, who may even die.

The disease cannot be ignored. With a competent approach, dysbiosis can be successfully treated and the prognosis is favorable.