Economic and geographical characteristics of Hungary. Air-tours - multidisciplinary travel agency - Geography of Hungary

Hungary is rich in underground waters, thermal and medicinal springs. Groundwater reserves are found throughout almost the entire territory of the country and are concentrated under its flat parts, lying at a depth of 500 - 1500 m. From geological faults stretching from north to south in the middle part of the country, numerous large and small flows of mineral and medicinal minerals make their way to the surface of the earth thermal waters. The daily influx of water from all sources reaches 70 million liters. Thanks to this, per capita, Hungary is the country richest in mineral and medicinal waters in Europe. The largest and most famous hydrotherapy resorts are located in the Balaton area, in Budapest, near Miskolc and in Alfold.

West of the Danube is Lake Balaton, the largest in Central Europe and the warmest in the region. Of the rivers, besides the Danube, the Tisza is important.

There are many manifestations of karst in the limestone mountains, especially in the North Borsod Karst Mountains, and there are hot mineral springs.

The soil cover is very diverse (about 35 soil regions with their own complex of soils are distinguished). The dominant type is chestnut and podzolic soils, covering about 40% of the country's territory. About 25% of Hungary's area is occupied by black soil. Various brown forest soils are also widespread. Almost 3/5 of the country's territory is occupied by arable land.

Previously, there were many forests in the country. In our time, vegetation has been greatly modified by humans. Forests occupy 13.5% of the area, mainly on mountain slopes, above 300 - 400 m. In some mountainous areas, artificial forest plantations have been created. The vegetation of the lowlands belongs to the forest-steppe type, and in the Great Hungarian Lowland there are steppes known as “pusta” or “pushta”. Relatively low elevations prevent the emergence of natural forest, which occupies about 15 - 18% of the country's territory. Forest-steppes and steppes are almost everywhere replaced by cultivated vegetation.

The fauna is typical of Central Europe and, thanks to intensive hunting, is rich. Main species: red deer, roe deer, wild boar, brown hare. Among the birds, the most common are pheasant, gray partridge, wild duck, and stork. Hungary has five national parks, one of which, Hortobágy, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Waterfowl live along the banks of rivers and lakes. Wide variety of freshwater fish species.

Hungary is located in the southern temperate zone. The climate in this country is temperate continental, with influences from the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It is determined by the influence of western winds and the location of the country inside the Carpathian mountain arc. The mountains trap cold air masses from the north and northeast, so winters are mild and summers are long and hot. Spring is early, relatively rainy, with changeable weather. Autumn is long and warm, but there are frequent fogs and rains. Snow rarely falls in winter: 2 - 5 times a year. The sun shines in Budapest 2054 hours a year, of which 1526 hours occur between April and September. Precipitation on the plains ranges from 900 mm per year in the southwest to 450 mm per year in the northeast.

Hungary is not rich in natural resources: deposits of bauxite and lignite, as well as already severely depleted reserves of natural gas and oil, are of industrial importance. Deposits of uranium and copper-polymetallic ores are not currently being developed. The country does not have large reserves of iron ore, coal or oil; reserves of many other types of raw materials are quite limited. The main mineral deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous regions and are associated with alpine folding. Fuel and energy resources in Hungary are represented by deposits of coal, natural gas and oil. The quality and calorific value of coal is low. Of all reserves, more than 60% is lignite, approximately 25% is brown coal and only 15% is hard coal. A significant part of the fields suitable for development are characterized by unfavorable conditions: very limited thickness of the layers, their oblique bedding, and fragmentation. Therefore, the coal industry has recently been curtailing production at small and even medium-sized low-profit mines, and at the same time large deposits of brown coal and lignite are being developed in places where open-pit mining is possible. Coal reserves are concentrated in the Mecek Mountains. Coal found in the Komolo region is classified as coking coal.

More articles on geography

Geographical and historical-cultural characteristics of Latvia
The purpose of the work is to give a historical and cultural description of Latvia. The objectives are to consistently characterize most areas of the region - from geographical to economic and cultural. By...

Geopolitical assessment of the federal district of the Russian Federation. Geopolitical superstructure of the Northwestern Federal District
The relevance of the topic is that by studying the state of the superstructure in each specific area, we will be able to identify the disadvantages and advantages, advantages and threats of the federal district as a whole, and...

Famous Norwegians. Polar explorers and discoverers
Russians and Norwegians were the first among other European peoples to begin to develop the Arctic space and made it their sphere of life, so the northern element received a great deal of...

HUNGARY (Magyarorszag), the Hungarian People's Republic (Magyar Nйpkцztрсазг), is a state in Central Europe. It borders on the north with , in the east - with and , in the south - with , in the west - with . Area 93 thousand km 2. Population 10.7 million people. (1982). The capital is Budapest. Administratively, Hungary is divided into 19 regions, which include 97 districts. The official language is Hungarian. The monetary unit is the forint. Hungary - member since 1949.

General characteristics of the farm. National income in 1981 exceeded 620 billion forints; of which 59.5% accounted for industry, 17.7% for agriculture and forestry, 13.0% for trade, 9.1% for transport and 0.7% for other industries. In the total social product, the share of industry increased from 1929 to 1980 from 38% to 51%, which was ensured by faster growth rates in the mining, metallurgical, chemical industries, mechanical engineering, etc.

The share of the mining industry in the total industrial production of Hungary is about 6.3% (1980). Fuel and energy balance of Hungary (1980%): petroleum products 32.1, gas products 27.2, coal products 27.1, thermal energy 4.3, hydropower 0.1, electricity imports 9.2. Electricity production 23.9 MWh (1980). Hungary participates in the unified energy system of the socialist countries "World", receiving electricity from the CCCP. The length of the railway is 8142 km (1980), of which 1613 km are electrified; highways 29,759 km (1980). The main river ports: on the Danube - Budapest, Gyor, Komarom, Dunaföldvár, Baia, Mohács; on Tisza - Szeged, Szolnok.

Nature. Hungary is located in the northern part of the Middle Danube basin, closed in the west by the Alps, in the north, east and southeast by the Carpathians. Most of Hungary's territory is occupied by plains and hilly areas. The Danube divides Hungary into two parts. To the east of the Danube there is the Greater Middle Danube Lowland - Alföld, bounded from the north by a chain of low mountains; the highest mountain is Kekesh (1015 m). Most of the right bank of the Danube is occupied by Dunantul - a hill with heights of 150-200 m, which is crossed by a strip of low (400-700 m) Middle Hungarian mountains (Transdanubian midlands). In the north-west of the country stretches the Lesser Middle Danube Lowland (Kishalföld), limited on the west by the Sopron and Köszeg Mountains (foothills of the Alps). 500-800 m.

The climate is temperate continental, with hot summers and relatively cold winters. The average temperature in July is 20-22.5°C, in January from -2 to -4°C. Precipitation on the plains ranges from 900 mm per year in the southwest to 450 mm in the northeast.

The rivers of Hungary belong to the Danube water basin. Its largest tributary is the Tisza. Lakes - Balaton (596 km 2), Velence (26 km 2), the extreme southern part of Fertő (23 km 2); Kišköre reservoir. Oak, beech and, to a lesser extent, coniferous forests cover 13.6% of Hungary's area. On the plains, 85-90% of the territory is occupied by agricultural land.

Geological structure. The territory of Hungary as a whole is part of an area of intermountain depressions of geologically heterogeneous structure, lying between the Alpine, Carpathian and Dinaric ranges.

Based on the nature of the geological structure on the territory of Hungary, protrusions, their deposits and depressions can be distinguished. The foundation of the territory of Hungary, lowered in places to 5-7 thousand meters, is complex and, in the southern part, rocks. The foundation is dissected by structural lines in a north-eastern direction and has a block structure, reflected on the surface by the chains of mountains of the Hungarian middle mountains, Mecsek, Villany, etc. The territory of Hungary is intersected by the Middle Hungarian deep fault, with which all significant deposits of non-ferrous metal ores are associated. The most ancient (Late Proterozoic) metamorphic rocks come to the surface along the edges and are exposed by wells in its southern part.

The Paleozoic stage of development of the territory of Hungary is associated with manifestations of Caledonian and Variscan tectogenesis, which was reflected in the weak Paleozoic rocks of the Lesser Hungarian Basin, the Balaton zone, the Uppony, Szendrö and Northern Mecsek mountains (Breton and Sudeten phases of folding). The most ancient deposits containing organic remains (graptolites) are Silurian, discovered north of Lake Balaton. Devonian sediments (, and shales) are known in the Szendrö Mountains and the basement rocks of the Lesser Hungarian Basin. Carboniferous marine sediments (sometimes low-carboniferous) are preserved in separate spots under the cover; The Carboniferous also includes granitoids that come to the surface in the Mecsek Mountains (southern zone) and Velence (northern zone) and exposed in the Northeast (up to the city of Kecskemet) and in the southwest (south of Lake Balaton). Uranium mineralization is associated with Permian deposits (a sequence of red sandstones and conglomerates) in the Mechek Mountains.

During the Early Triassic marine transgression, shallow-water, mostly carbonate, rocks were formed; on average (acidic) volcanism occurred; In the Late Triassic, a thick (several thousand meters) layer of limestone and dolomite accumulated. At the beginning, red-colored limestones were deposited in the Transdanubian middle mountains in shallow sea conditions, and in the Meczek Mountains - containing coal deposits. Middle Jurassic deposits are characterized by open, deeper depressions, which is explained by the maximum expansion of the sea.

In the Early Cretaceous, differentiation of sedimentation processes occurred in various structural zones, and alkaline (basic) volcanism began in the Mechek zone. In the Middle Cretaceous, fold and thrust dislocations occurred. In the Transdanubian middle mountains in the middle and late Cretaceous, as well as in the middle Eocene, the formation and formation of deposits was associated with and seas; Upper Cretaceous reef limestones - hydrocarbons. At the base of the cover of the Great Hungarian Basin, southeast of the Middle Hungarian Fault, in the mobile Mecsek-Debrecen zone, drilling revealed , which accumulated from the Late Cretaceous to the Oligocene. To the northwest of the Middle Hungarian fault, powerful volcanism of calc-alkaline andesite-dacite composition appeared in the late Eocene, which is associated with various ore formation. In the Transdanubian middle mountains, at the end of the Eocene - beginning of the Oligocene, marine and continental molasse accumulated. During the Sava phase of folding, tectonic structures of a northwestern direction are formed and powerful outpourings of acidic volcanics occur. During the Styrian phase, large grabens in a northeastern direction are filled with epicontinental marine sediments, at the base of which coal deposits are formed. In the intra-Carpathian volcanic arc in the Miocene, andesite-rhyolite volcanism appeared, which is associated with polymetallic mineralization.

In the Late Miocene, superimposed depressions were formed, in which layers of fine- and, to a lesser extent, coarse-clastic sediments up to 2-3 thousand meters thick accumulated. In the Pliocene, individual depressions merged into a single large Pannonian depression, which was filled with lacustrine sediments, and in the Quaternary period - with thick sediments. A large number of oil and gas deposits are associated with Pliocene deposits.

Seismicity. Hungary does not belong to seismically active regions of the Earth. The distribution of seismic regions is controlled by the degree of dissection of the basement faults of the territory of Hungary and the strike of these faults. In the 20th century, 10 earthquakes with magnitudes up to 7-9 were recorded in Hungary.

Hydrogeology. On the territory of Hungary, the following hydrogeological areas are distinguished, relating mainly to rocks of Cenozoic and partially Paleozoic and Mesozoic age: the Greater Middle Danube and Lesser Hungarian lowlands and the southern part of the Transdanubian region; volcanic mountains and intermountain depressions of northern Hungary with a predominance of; region of the Transdanubian midlands, northern Hungary and the Mecsek-Villany mountains. In the latter, the aquifers are associated with fractured, karstified carbonate rocks, usually covered by impermeable sediments, but sometimes exposed at the surface. Pressure waters are of particular importance in the heavily karstified Triassic dolomites and limestones of the Transdanubian midlands, since the developed deposits of bauxite, coal and manganese ores are below the static groundwater level. In basins of loose porous sediments of the Pannonian stage and Quaternary age, the thickness of aquifer reaches 1000-6000 m.

Due to the low thickness within the Hungarian Basin (25-30 km) and the high geothermal gradient (17-18 m per 1°C), a significant part of the deep waters has an elevated temperature. Cold ones are used for domestic and industrial purposes, medium-thermal ones are used for medicinal purposes, high-thermal ones (t above 70°C), obtained from deep wells, are used for domestic and agricultural purposes. Thermal waters have been tapped by more than 500 wells. Of their total output, approximately 50% is used for swimming pools, 30% for heating in agriculture, 3% for heating residential buildings, 15% for water supply, 2% for other purposes.

According to the chemical composition, waters are divided into simple thermal, alkaline-hydrocarbonate, calcium-magnesium-hydrocarbonate, chloride, bitter sulfate, ferruginous, hydrogen sulfide, bromine iodide, and radioactive.

Minerals. The most important mineral resources are bauxite, natural gas, brown coal, non-metallic minerals and raw materials for the production of building materials. After the discovery of the Rechk deposit (1959), Hungary expanded its raw material base, and. There are small oil fields, and (Table 1).

Hungary ranks 6th in the world in terms of bauxite reserves. The main deposits are concentrated in the central part of the country, southwest of Budapest. Bauxite deposits are Cretaceous in age and directly overlie the surface of Upper Triassic dolomite or limestone in karst depressions or tectonic depressions. The deposits contain Cretaceous, often Eocene deposits, sometimes younger formations that do not have a direct genetic connection with bauxite. There are several types of deposits: strata (Iskászentgyörgy, Halimba, Nagyedyháza), lens-shaped (Nyirád, Iharkut), karst (Iharkut, Fenöfö), tectonic-grabbed (Bakonyoslop, Fenöfö), nested (Nagyharskány) and their combinations. The thickness of the deposits is 1-30 m (sometimes reaching 100 m), mineral composition: Al 2 O 3 - 46-58%, SiO 2 - 1-10%, Fe 2 O 3 - 17-27%, TiO 2 - 2-3 %. Bauxite contains 0.005% Ga 2 O 3 and 0.14% V 2 O 5, part of which is extracted during processing. The ore is mainly of the gibbsite-boehmite type. The most typical bauxite deposits are Halimba and Nyirad. The Halimba deposit, discovered in 1920 and explored in 1943, is located in the southwest of the Transdanubian middle mountains in the southern part of the Bakony Mountains, in a bowl-shaped depression, and is the largest in Hungary. The sheet-type bauxite deposit is underlain by Upper Triassic dolomites and Dachstein limestones, disturbed by karst sinkholes and tectonic dislocations. On an area of about 20 km 2, several deposits of bauxite with an area of 1-7 km 2, of irregular shape, with a thickness of 8-10 m were identified. The bauxites are covered by Upper Cretaceous, and then Eocene and Miocene deposits with a total thickness of 50-400 m. The entire productive strata gradually sinks to the north -northwest in the direction of the Lesser Hungarian Basin at an average angle of about 10°. Industrial ore areas form irregularly shaped bodies within the entire bauxite sequence. The average composition of Halimba bauxite: Al 2 O 3 - 50.6%, SiO 2 - 8.7%. High grade bauxites contain: Al 2 O 3 - 56.1%, SiO 2 - 2.7%, Fe 2 O 3 - 24.3%, TiO 2 - 2.7%. Associated components include V, Zr, B, Nb and Ga. The deposits are boehmite (54.8%) with an insignificant content of hydrargillite (0.6%).

The Nyirad bauxite deposit, explored in 1927, is located in the southwest of the Transdanubian middle mountains, in the northern foothills of the southern part of the Bakony Mountains, in the coastal part of the Jurassic Cretaceous. On an area of 30 km 2 there are numerous bauxite bodies - lenses of irregular shape, 0.1-10 ha in size, 1-30 m thick, less often up to 50 m. Bauxite deposits are underlain by loose, crumbling dolomite. The roof contains Eocene clays, marls, limestones, and in some places, Miocene and Pleistocene clastic deposits on bauxite. Industrial ores are usually located in the middle of bauxite bodies. Bauxite is characterized by the following average contents: Al 2 O 3 - 51.2%, SiO 2 - 6.0%; for high-grade bauxites Al 2 O 3 - 55.5%, SiO 2 - 2.4%, Fe 2 Os - 25.2%, TiO 2 - 3.1%.

Gyöngyöszóróssi is the only exploited field in Hungary. It is confined to the andesitic strata of the stratovolcano of the Matra Mountains of Middle Miocene age. In faults of northern, northwestern and northeastern strike, 21 steeply dipping hydrothermal quartz veins with a thickness of 1-3 m were identified. They contain: Pb 1.16%, Zn 3.07%, Cu 0.25%.

Hungary's copper ore resources are associated with the Rechk deposit, located northeast of the Matra Mountains. Here, from the mid-12th century until 1978, thin hydrothermal copper ore stocks were mined, confined to the andesite strata of the Upper Eocene stratovolcano. In 1959, wells 1000-1200 m deep under the Eocene volcanic strata in the intrusion of subvolcanic andesite intruded into Triassic carbonate rocks revealed a porphyry copper deposit at a depth of 500-1200 m with an ore content of 0.8-1.0% Cu and 0.005 % Mo, and on the flanks there are hydrothermal metasomatic polymetallic ores containing 1-2% Pb, 4-5% Zn and about 0.2-0.4% Cu. On the northwestern and southeastern flanks, the deposit was opened in two depths of 1200 m, which at a depth of 900 and 1100 m are connected by main transport workings.

Among the non-metallic deposits, there are known deposits of refractory clays, as well as non-metallic building materials. Refractory clays of lagoonal origin occur in the Lower Oligocene sandstones (Felshöpeten deposit), the thickness of the layers is 1-5 m. The main mineral is kaolinite, the content of SiO 2 is 48-76%, Al 2 O 3 - 15-26%, Fe 2 O 3 - 1 .7-3.5%. On the territory of Hungary there are several bentonite deposits with a montmorillonite content of over 25%, which were formed as a result of alteration of rhyolite tuffs (hydrothermal, limnic, etc.) of Sarmatian age. The Ishtenmezeye deposit in the Matra Mountains is represented by a bentonite deposit with a thickness of 1-3 m; in the Tokaj Mountains, the Ratka and Koldu deposits are multilayer deposits containing kaolin along with bentonite. The Bomboi-Kiraihegy kaolin deposit is associated with oxidation zones. In Bodrogsegi there is a kaolin stock 240 m long, 70 m wide and 70 m thick; Al 2 O 3 content - 28-34%. In the eastern part of the Tokaj Mountains (Fyzerradvan) there is a deposit of illite, which has great plasticity and contains 7-15% K 2 O.

The thickness of the deposit is 8-10 m. In the northeast of the Tokaj Mountains there are deposits of volcanic glass, glass lava and perlite (has the ability to swell 10-15 times). In the Hungarian midlands there are deposits of dolomite (28-31% CaO, 21-36% MgO, up to 0.1% Fe 2 O 3) and limestone (95-97% CaCO 3, 0.08-0.18% Fe 2 O 3).

History of the development of mineral resources. The first evidence of the use of stone tools for the production dates back to a period of approximately 700-500 thousand years ago at the Lower Paleolithic-Olduvai site of Verteszselos on the Danube. The use of flint, quartz, quartzite, and limestone dates back to Paleolithic times; oxpa was used for ritual purposes (Lovash village). The beginning of the Neolithic period (6th millennium BC) is associated with widespread mining of clays and sands for the manufacture of pottery and the construction of dwellings (Kiskorös culture). The Neolithic also includes flint quarries (Sümeg, Tata). In the 5th thousand BC. There is a massive use of copper for forging and casting tools and jewelry. The ore sources of this metal were probably located within the Balkan Peninsula or Transylvania. During the same period, gold was used to produce jewelry (Tisapolgar-Bodrogkerestur culture). For the 13th-12th centuries BC. there is a maximum production of bronze tools dating from the Early Metal Age. The main mining centers were located within the Eastern Alps and Transylvania. With the advent of the first iron tools at the beginning of the 1st millennium or at the turn of the 2nd-1st millennium BC. Copper mining in these areas is declining.

During the Roman Empire, in the 1st-4th centuries, gold, silver and salt were mined. Within the Carpathian Basin, traces of mines dating back to the Middle Ages and the 16th-19th centuries have been established. According to archival data, in the 12th-15th centuries, production of gold, silver and copper in Hungary reached 30-40% of European levels. The economic and legal conditions of mining in Hungary of that period were reflected in the legal book of King Béla IV (1245) and numerous archival documents. Evidence of mining operations of this time was revealed at the Rudabanya, Telkibanya and other mines. The first mentions of oil manifestations in Hungary (Olah, Agricola) date back to the 16th century. In the 17th century, mining in Hungary fell into decline, mainly due to the Turkish dominion. In the 18th century, there was a new rise in the mining industry and its further development: in Uibanya, for the first time on the continent, a “fire engine” was used, the predecessor of the steam engine (1722), in Selakna - the first water pump (1749). Oil production in Hungary began around 1850 from previously known oil sources in the flysch deposits of the Eastern Carpathians and the Neogene Muraköz basin, coal mining in the 18th century in Bränbergbanya and grew rapidly due to the development of the Danube shipping company and then the massive construction of railways.

Mining. In the structure of the mining industry in Hungary, the main place (by value) is occupied by the fuel and energy and bauxite industries (Table 2). For the location of mining facilities, see the map.

Hungary imports oil, petroleum products, gas, coal, iron ore, and non-ferrous metals.

Oil and gas industry. After 1080, the first private companies were organized, which discovered heavy oil deposits in the Upper Pannonian deposits in Tataros-Derna (Great Hungarian Plain) and in the Jurassic in Steyerlakanina (Transylvania), which accounted for 90% of oil production in the country until 1906. In 1909, the largest at that time in Europe the Kissharmash gas field. Subsequent geological mapping and exploration led to the discovery of most of the gas fields in numerous terrigenous productive formations of the Tortonian and Sarmatian. In 1911 the oil and gas industry was nationalized. Geological exploration for oil and gas led to the discovery in 1935 of the Mihai carbon dioxide field, the oil and gas fields of Budafa (1937) and Lovasi (1940). In 1951 the Nadlengyel oil field was discovered. A detailed study of the Alföld territory led to the discovery of gas and oil fields: Pustaföldvár (1958), Hajduszoboszló (1959), Illes (1962), Sank (1964), Algyö (1965), Ferencszállás (1969), Szeged (1972). As a result of these discoveries, the center of gravity of production has moved from the southwest of the country to the eastern regions. From 1945 to 1981, about 5,800 wells were drilled with a total length of almost 10 million meters. In 1945, 10 accumulations of oil and gas were known, and by 1982 more than 140. At the Aldieu field, which is considered the largest, to increase from the so-called base oil deposits (Aldieu 1-2, Szeged-1) since the beginning of operation (1969), two-way water injection has been carried out to maintain reservoir pressure (at oil-gas and oil-water contacts), as a result of which the oil recovery factor is above 40%. In the "old" Transdanubian fields, a combined method of injection under pressure of CO 2 and water is used in order to increase production. The deepest wells: in the Transdanubia region - Lovasi-II (5400 m), and in the Alföld - Hodmezova-Sharhely-I (5842 m). The Alföld is operated by the Nagyalföld Oil and Gas Production Enterprise (Szolnok), which accounts for the bulk of the country's production. The largest oil refinery is located in Sazkhalombatta.

Coal industry. Before the discovery of oil and gas fields, coal was the main energy source (80% of the country's energy needs in 1949). By the early 1980s, coal accounted for 25% of the country's total energy needs. The share of coal industry products in the country's gross national product is 0.7% (1978). Coal production reached its maximum level in 1965 - 31.4 million tons; in 1980, 25.7 million tons of commercial coal were produced, including 3.1 million tons of hard coal (of which 84% was coking), 14.1 million. tons of brown and 8.5 million tons of lignite. 12.6% of stone, 5% of brown and 85% of lignite are mined - a total of 8.25 million tons, or 32% of total production.

In 1980, 44 and 7 operated in Hungary. The predominant (72% of underground production) are mines with a production capacity of up to 600 thousand tons per year. Average annual production per mine is about 400 thousand tons per year. The mining and geological conditions of development are very complex: 67% of mines are dangerous due to methane, 42% are dangerous due to fire, 52% are dangerous due to coal dust explosions and 62% due to karst water outbursts. The strata are replete with disturbances, and the host rocks are unstable. The average thickness of the seams (layers) developed in the mines is 3.4 m (for hard coal), 2.5 m (for brown coal). About 83% of production is obtained from seams with a thickness of 1-3.5 m, the rest - from thick seams (the share of thin seams is less than 0.5%). Formations with a dip angle of up to 25° are mainly developed. Longwall mining (95%) and total collapse roof management (more than 97%) predominate. There were 113 longwall faces in operation at the mines (average longwall length 70 m), of which 47 were complexly mechanized (about 62% of longwall production). The latter use support of domestic, Soviet and Western European production.

Excavation with narrow-cut augers predominates (64%); Plows account for 11% of production. The average daily load on the active longwall is about 600 tons, including more than 750 tons on the complex-mechanized one. In horizontal thick layers (Dorog and Tatabanya deposits), the development system is horizontal layers with hydraulic filling with sand during drilling and blasting and pneumatic jackhammers. Work is carried out at a depth of 130-350 m. On steep (up to 70°) seams of coking coal (the Mechek deposit, where development is carried out at a depth of 400-800 m), shield mining complexes are used. The level of loading mechanization is about 55%. When carrying out preparatory workings, tunneling machines are used. Over 85% of mine workings are secured with metal, monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete. Along with electric locomotive haulage, automated ones are used to transport coal and rock, and monorails are being introduced to deliver materials. There are 9 central mine rescue stations and, in addition, mine rescue stations at individual mines. At the largest quarry named after. Maurice Thorez produces 7 million tons of coal per year and develops a thick seam of brown coal (strip ratio 6.4 m 3 /t). The development system is transport-free (19%) and with conveyor transport (78%). The main excavation equipment is multi-scoop and rotary. Transport of coal from faces - .

There are three coal preparation plants in Hungary with an average productivity of 1.7 million tons per year each. 95% of mined coal is enriched. Four briquette factories produce 1.25 million tons of briquettes per year. The coal industry employs over 50 thousand mining workers, including about 3 thousand in quarries. The shift productivity of a worker in the mines is about 1.7 tons, in the quarries it is more than 10 tons. In the future, coal production in Hungary will increase to 30 million tons. The construction of four mines and the reconstruction of two existing ones (Tatabanya region) are underway. It is planned to build new mines, which should be fully mechanized.

Geothermal energy (about 1300 MW per year) is used for agriculture, home heating, industry, medicinal and health purposes.

Bauxite mining industry. Bauxite deposits were first discovered in the early 1900s in the area of Halimba, Ganta and Epleña. Bauxite mining began in 1926 with the development of the Gant deposit (0.5 million tons were mined in 1938), the first alumina was obtained in 1934, and metallic aluminum has been produced since 1935. Bauxite deposits are located at depths of up to several hundred meters and have a thickness from a few meters to 100 m. Near-surface deposits are developed by quarries, and deep-lying deposits by mines. Due to the fact that most of the bauxite deposits lie below the level of karst waters, preliminary drainage of the deposit areas is carried out using well systems

Socio-economic development of Hungary

1.2 Natural resources

Water resources. Hungary is entirely located in the Danube basin, the second largest European river after the Volga. Its length is 2850 km. The length of the section of the channel flowing through the territory of Hungary is 410 km. Most of the country's rivers flow into the Danube, including the Tisza, out of a total length of 960 km. almost 600 km. lies within the borders of Hungary. All these rivers originate in the Alps or Carpathians. The mountainous origin of the rivers determines the peculiarities of their regime. The Danube is characterized by two floods: spring - during the period of snow melting, and summer - during the melting of glaciers in the mountains. The decrease in the number of runoff occurs in October - December. The amplitude of fluctuations in water levels in rivers is significant, so the difference between the highest and lowest water levels observed in the Danube in the Budapest region reaches almost 9 meters. Large areas along the Tisza were at risk of flooding. The hydraulic construction work carried out made it possible to regulate the flow of this river and eliminate the possibility of it overflowing its banks, which ensured stable navigation.

Hungary is home to the largest lake in Central Europe - Lake Balaton. Its surface area is 600 km 2, length - 78 km, width - 15 km. The lake and its surroundings have become a resort and tourist area of international importance. There are quite a few small lakes in the country, especially between the Tisza and Danube rivers. They are surrounded by seating areas. The lakes are also used for fish farming.

Hungary is very rich in groundwater, thermal and medicinal springs. Groundwater reserves are found throughout almost the entire territory of the country and are concentrated under its flat parts, lying at a depth of 500 to 1500 m. The temperature of the water layers is from 30 to 80 degrees. Recently, underground sources are increasingly used to supply populated areas with clean water. From geological faults stretching from north to south in the middle part of the country, numerous large and small streams of mineral and medicinal thermal waters make their way to the surface of the earth. The daily influx of water from all sources reaches 70 million liters. The largest and most famous hydrotherapy resorts are located in the Balaton area, in Budapest, near Miskolc and in Alfold.

Thus, thanks to the wealth of water resources, shipping is widely developed in Hungary, numerous lakes are used for fish farming, and also attract a large number of tourists with their picturesqueness. But hydrotherapy resorts are even more popular. On a per capita basis, Hungary turns out to be the country richest in mineral and medicinal waters in Europe, which is an undeniable advantage in view of the increasingly increasing problem of water shortages in the world.

Mineral resources. Hungary is not rich in mineral resources. The country does not have large reserves of iron ore, coal or oil; reserves of many other types of raw materials are quite limited. The main mineral deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous regions and are associated with alpine folding.

Fuel and energy resources in Hungary are represented by deposits of coal, natural gas and oil. The total geological reserves of coal are currently estimated at almost 9 billion tons. The quality and calorific value of coal is low. Of all reserves, more than 60% is lignite, approximately 25% is brown coal and only 15% is hard coal. A significant part of the fields suitable for development are characterized by unfavorable conditions: very limited thickness of the layers, their oblique bedding, and fragmentation. Therefore, the coal industry has recently been curtailing production at small and even medium-sized low-profit mines, and at the same time large deposits of brown coal and lignite are being developed in places where open-pit mining is possible. Coal reserves are concentrated in the Mecek Mountains. Coal found in the Komolo region is classified as coking coal.

Gas and oil reserves are small in size. They are concentrated in deposits of the Cretaceous and Jurassic periods, in intermountain troughs of various sizes. At the beginning of this century, oil deposits were discovered in the foothills of the Bükk massif, where small-sized layers lay in volcanic tuffs. After several years of mining, they were completely depleted. Larger oil deposits were discovered later southwest of Lake Balaton, in the Zana region. Their development began in the late 30s and was carried out quite intensively over two and a half decades. By now, reserves here are also largely exhausted. In the 50-60s, the development of the Alföld oil fields began in Hungary, which turned out to be one of the largest in the country and made it possible to maintain the level of production at the achieved level, and subsequently even slightly exceed it. Oil reserves have been found mainly in the central and southern regions of the Alföld. The layers here are located one below the other. They are located at a depth of 3-4 thousand meters and are characterized by relatively low pressure. Currently, the country is exploring predicted oil reserves at a depth of 6-9 thousand meters.

Natural gas fields in Hungary are located in approximately the same areas as oil fields. The largest reserves were discovered in the Alföld province. Over the last decade, more than ½ of the hydrocarbon fuel resources explored here have been gas. The country's natural gas reserves are characterized by low sulfur content, which greatly facilitates its processing and use. However, the calorific value of the produced gas is very uneven: it varies depending on the field from 2.5 to 11 thousand kcal/m 3. The recently discovered reserves contain a high proportion of inert gases, some of which are also used.

Table 1. Characteristics of fuel and energy resources (as of 01/01/2007)

Note:

Minor amount

The country's only iron ore deposits are located in the northeast, near the village of Rudobanya. The average iron content in the ore here is less than 30%. Therefore, its extraction was constantly reduced, and in the second half of the 50s it was completely stopped.

The manganese ore reserves in Hungary are the third largest in Europe. Manganese ore deposits are located in the Bakon Mountains, in the Urkut region, where 90-95% of them are mined.

Figure 1. Dynamics of production of commercial manganese ores

Hungary has one of the most significant bauxite deposits in Europe. The main bauxite deposits are located in Dunantul, north of Balaton - in the Bakony and Vertes mountains. The largest deposits cover an area of several square kilometers, the thickness of the layers varies from 2 to 30 meters. Total reserves are estimated at more than 100 million tons. Approximately 45% of them are of medium and high quality. Hungary ranks sixth in the world in bauxite mining. In the mountains of Börzeny, Matra and Zemplén there are small deposits of polymetallic ores containing tin, lead, and molybdenum.

Figure 2. Dynamics of bauxite production, thousand tons/year

The uranium ores discovered in Hungary are important. Their deposits were discovered in the south of the country, near the city of Pecs. Uranium ore here lies at a depth of up to 1 thousand meters. These reserves are sufficient to provide fuel for nuclear power plants with a total capacity of about 400 MW.

Hungary is well supplied with raw materials for the production of building materials. These are limestones, sand, building stone, kaolin, perlite, quartzites. At the same time, there are no other types of minerals in the country; there are no reserves of rocks containing potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, and used in the production of mineral fertilizers.

Thus, we can say that Hungary is not rich in natural resources. The only mineral found in significant quantities is bauxite.

Geographical and historical-cultural characteristics of Latvia

Soil The main type of soil in Latvia is podzolic. This is due to climate (excess of precipitation over evaporation) and vegetation (predominance of coniferous species). Typical podzolic soils formed under coniferous forests...

Geography and economy of Israel

Israel is significantly limited in resources. Israel's mineral resources are scarce due to the predominance of the geological structure of sedimentary rocks. Iron ore deposits insignificant in quantity and quality in the Kaftali Mountains...

Geography of India

Far East of Russia

The Far East is rich in raw materials. This gives it the opportunity to occupy an important place in the country’s economy in a number of raw materials positions. Thus, in the all-Russian production of individual resources, the Far East accounts for (%): diamonds - 98...

Comprehensive physical and geographical characteristics of the Guiana Plateau

Large reserves of oil, natural gas, and iron ore are concentrated in the depths of the Guiana Plateau. Deposits of nickel, cobalt, copper, and polymetals ores have been explored; deposits of coal, bauxite, sulfur, and asbestos are also known...

Mogoituysky district of Trans-Baikal Territory

Natural resources, economy and ecological state of the Khabarovsk Territory

Khabarovsk region climate industry 4.6.1 Vegetation. Forest resources Vegetation and soils. Soddy-podzolic soils are common, and in flat areas there are meadow-marsh and bog soils...

Characteristics of the Muromsky district of the Vladimir region and its development strategy

On the territory of the region there are deposits of mineral building materials: clays and loams for the production of bricks, sands for additives to concrete, sands for silicate bricks and road construction work...

Economy of the Astrakhan region

The main wealth of the subsoil of the Astrakhan region is hydrocarbon raw materials, which largely determine the socio-economic development of the region. 7 oil, gas and gas condensate fields have been identified in the region...

Economic and geographical comparative characteristics of the Atyrau region and the Republic of Dagestan

An important resource of Dagestan is the Caspian Sea, the greatest of the closed bodies of water on the planet. The coastline within the republic stretches for 360 km. from the mouth of the river Kum to the southern borders with Azerbaijan...

Economic and geographical characteristics of the Far Eastern economic region

The natural resources of the Far East are distinguished by sharp contrasts, which is due to the enormous extent of the territory from north to south. Most of it is occupied by mountains and highlands. There are more than 20 active volcanoes in Kamchatka...

Economic and geographical characteristics of the Omsk region

The peculiarities of the geological structure of the territory of the Omsk region determined the formation of minerals of only sedimentary origin. Non-metallic minerals predominate among them - clays, loams, sands...

Economic and geographical characteristics of the Sakhalin region

The climate is temperate, monsoon. The average January temperature is from?6 °C (in the south) to?24 °C degrees (in the north), the average August temperature is from +19 °C (in the south) to +10 °C (in the north); precipitation - on the plains about 600 mm per year, in the mountains up to 1200 mm per year...

Economic geography of the Astrakhan region

The Astrakhan region is located in the lower Volga region. This explains the richness and diversity. In physical and geographical terms, the territory of Astrakhan is divided into three parts...

Economic geography and regional studies

In the geographical environment, natural conditions and natural resources are distinguished. Natural conditions are objects and forces of nature that are essential at a given level of development of productive forces for life and economics...

Landlocked, it is surrounded on all sides by land borders with other states. The capital of Hungary is the city. Other large Hungarian cities are Debrecen, Miskolc, Szeged, Pecs, Győr, Nyiregyháza, Kecskemét, Szekesfehérvár. The largest city in the country is its capital - Budapest. The city also has a population of over a million people. The rest of the Hungarian cities do not have a population of over a million people. Hungary has a population of almost 10 million people and is a fairly densely populated country in Europe. Hungary is one of the few countries in the European Union that is not part of the euro area, but has its own national currency, the forint. The country is located in the same time zone. The difference with universal time is one hour.

Hungary has land borders with, and.

In Hungary, about 20% of the territory is covered by forests. Basically, the country's territory is dominated by flat terrain.

Despite the fact that the country is dominated by plains, there are several mountain systems and ranges: the Matra massif, the Bükk massif, the Western Carpathians, the Bakony Mountains, the Börzen massif, the Alpokalya massif. The highest point in Hungary is Mount Kekes. The height of this peak is 1014 meters.

Hungary has many famous and large rivers. The largest of them is the Danube. The length of the Danube across Hungary is 417 km. The longest river is the Tisza - its length on Hungarian territory is 579 km. Other large rivers in Hungary: Zadwa (length in Hungary 170 km), Raba (length in Hungary 160 km), Ipel (length in Hungary 145 km), Drava (length in Hungary 143 km), Zala (length in Hungary 143 km), Hungary 139 km), Körös (length in Hungary 138 km), Sajó (length in Hungary 123 km), Szío (length in Hungary 121 km), Gornad (length in Hungary 118 km). Hungary also has picturesque lakes. The largest and most beautiful Hungarian lake is Lake Balaton. It is considered the largest lake in Central Europe. Other large Hungarian lakes are Vadkert, Velence, Selid, Feneketlen, Heviz, Ereg.

Hungary is administratively divided into twenty counties (provinces): Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jas-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom- Esztergom, Nograd, Pest (Budapest), Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprém, Zala, Budapest.

Map

Roads

Hungary has an excellent railway network. Hungarian trains run exactly on schedule; from Budapest you can travel by train to any corner of the country.

Hungary has at its disposal several high-speed highways that are not inferior in quality to German or Dutch ones. The country's road network also allows access to any populated area.

Story

Hungary has a rich history, this state has gone through many historical eras, and there were many states on its territory:

a) the so-called period “Hungary before the Hungarians” - the settlement of Slavic tribes on the territory of modern Hungary, the formation of the state of Great Moravia, the beginning of the migration of Hungarians from the Southern Urals and the territory of modern Bashkiria (c), the fall of Great Moravia under the pressure of arriving Hungarian tribes, (the so-called The era of the conquest of the Great Homeland on the Danube) - until 955;

b) the Kingdom of Hungary - since 1000, the conversion of Hungarians to the Catholic faith, attempts to extend their influence to Kievan Rus, wars with Byzantium, loss of part of the lands as a result of military conflicts;

c) Hungary under the Mongol-Tatar yoke (since 1241) - Mongol-Tatar raids on the Danube steppes, capture of cities, deportation of the population to the Golden Horde into captivity and slavery;

d) strengthening of the Hungarian Kingdom after the departure of the Mongol-Tatars (since 1300) - expansion of territories from the Baltic to the Black Sea, capture of Italian principalities and annexation of their territories to the Hungarian crown, capture of Serbia, wars with the Czech Hussites), attempts by the Austrian Empire to annex Hungary;

e) Hungary as a part - since 1526 - forced Islamization of the Hungarian population, simultaneous wars with the Austrian Empire, loss of independence, division of Hungary into two parts: the western part became part of the Ottoman Empire, the eastern part became part of the Habsburg Empire (Austrian Empire);

f) Hungary is completely part of the Austrian Empire - the reconquest of the western Hungarian lands captured by the Turks by the Austrians - since 1687;

g) Hungary as part of Austria-Hungary - since 1867 - participation in the First World War, defeat in the war, the collapse of Austria-Hungary into Austria and Hungary;

h) Hungarian People's Republic (since 1919) - the fall of royal power, republican form of government;

i) Hungarian Soviet Republic (since 1919) - communist rule, the seizure of part of Hungary by Romania, occupation of the country by Romania, the fall of the communist regime, a military coup led by Admiral Horthy;

j) Horthy Hungary (1920 - 1944) - rapprochement and alliance with, war against Nazi Germany, liberation of Hungary from the Nazis;

k) Hungarian People's Republic (1949 - 1989), - the establishment of a socialist system in the country;

l) Modern Hungary - the fall of the communist regime (1989), economic reforms, accession to NATO and the European Union.

Minerals

Hungary is not rich in mineral resources, but has a small amount of its own strategic energy resources. Most of the energy resources are imported from other countries, and a larger amount from Russia. Oil is produced in small quantities; more than two-thirds of the required demand is imported from other countries. There are also deposits of coal and natural gas in Hungary, but they also do not meet the country’s full needs for these energy resources.

Other minerals produced in Hungary include bauxite, brown coal, iron ores, manganese ores, lead, and zinc. Molybdenum, tin, lead, uranium, limestone, construction sand, quartzite, perilla, fire clay, kaolin, bentonite, volcanic glass, perlite, dolomite, talc.

Climate

Hungary is one of the sunniest countries in Central Europe. Here the number of sunny days per year significantly exceeds the number of cloudy days. The climate of Hungary is temperate continental. The winter here is mild, snow falls often, but there are no severe frosts in the country. In the mountainous part of the country, winter is more severe. Lots of snowfalls and blizzards. Summer in the lowland part of the country is quite hot and sometimes dry. In mountainous areas, summers are cooler, with frequent rain and thunderstorms.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

1. Geographical location and internal political structure of Hungary

Hungary is a country in central Europe. The capital is Budapest. In the north, Hungary borders the Czech Republic and Slovakia (along the Danube River). In the east it has a common border with Ukraine, as well as Romania. In the south with Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, in the west with Austria. The country's territory is 93 thousand km 2, the population is 10.6 million people.

The internal political structure of Hungary is determined by the Constitution adopted on August 18, 1949, as amended later.

The Republic of Hungary is an independent democratic state, the highest legislative body of which is the State Assembly (parliament). Hungary is a presidential republic. The Head of the Republic is elected for a term of five years.

There are various parties and public organizations in the country. The Hungarian Democratic Forum is one of the largest and most widely supported parties. Other parties include the Union of Free Democrats, the Independent Party of Smallholders, the Hungarian Socialist Party, the Union of Young Democrats, and the Christian Democratic Party.

Administratively, Hungary is divided into regions. The capital of the state - Budapest - together with five other large cities (Miskolc, Debrecen, Gyor, Seyid, Pecs) is under republican subordination. Budapest plays a special role in the life of the country.

About 20% of the population is concentrated here, 40% of industrial products are produced, government bodies, most educational institutions, theaters, and museums are located in the capital.

hungary geographical economy tourism

Hungary is located on the Middle Danube Lowland. The country occupies about 2/3 of the territory of this large tectonic depression, surrounded by mountains. Chains of mountain ranges protect it from the winds. In the west, spurs of the Alps approach the borders of the republic. From the north and east it is bordered by the Carpathian massifs.

The topography of the country defines the slightly hilly, vast plains of the middle Danube basin, as well as its large tributaries Tisza and Drava. The ancient floodplains of these rivers, covered with a thick layer of sand and loess deposits, occupy about 70% of the territory of Hungary. Almost the entire steel part of the country is located in hilly areas and small elevations ranging from 200 to 400 meters above sea level. Mountains make up less than 1% of the territory. The highest point in Hungary is Mount Kekes, 1015 m.

Two large rivers flow in Hungary - the Danube (Hungarian tributaries are of Alpine origin), Tisza (flows from north to south and then south to the Balkans).

The country is located in the southern part of the temperate zone. The climate here is temperate continental. It is influenced by air masses of different natures that form over the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and also over the continental part of Eurasia.

At the end of spring, summer and autumn, the weather and climatic role of Mediterranean air masses increases significantly, which is associated with the increasing influence of the Azores anticyclone in the summer months. This explains the hot weather characteristic of Hungary, starting at the end of April, rainfall in May-June, as well as the long warm and mild autumn period. The average annual air temperature is 9-11 degrees. Summer in Hungary is almost always hot, the average temperature in July is 21 degrees. Winter is short and relatively warm. The average temperature in January is minus 1 degree. Hungary is characterized by long and very warm spring and autumn. On average, about 600 mm of precipitation falls throughout the country throughout the year. Precipitation is distributed unevenly over the territory. In the Alföld regions, their amount does not exceed 50 mm per year, and in the west, near the Bakony, Pilim and Matra massifs, the amount of precipitation reaches 900 - 1000 mm. Short-term droughts often occur.

4. Natural resources

Water resources.

Hungary is entirely located in the Danube basin, the second largest European river after the Volga. Its length is 2850 km. The length of the section of the channel flowing through the territory of Hungary is 410 km. Most of the country's rivers flow into the Danube, including the Tisza, out of a total length of 960 km. Almost 600 km lies within the borders of Hungary. All these rivers originate in the Alps or Carpathians.

The mountainous origin of the rivers determines the peculiarities of their regime. The Danube is characterized by two floods: spring - during the period of snow melting, and summer - during the melting of glaciers in the mountains. The decrease in the number of runoff occurs in October - December. The amplitude of fluctuations in water levels in rivers is significant, so the difference between the highest and lowest water levels observed in the Danube in the Budapest region reaches almost 9 meters. Large areas along the Tisza were at risk of flooding. The hydraulic construction work carried out made it possible to regulate the flow of this river and eliminate the possibility of it overflowing its banks, which ensured stable navigation.

There are quite a few small lakes in the country, especially between the Tisza and Danube rivers. They are surrounded by seating areas. The lakes are also used for fish farming. Hungary is very rich in groundwater, thermal and medicinal springs. Groundwater reserves are found throughout almost the entire territory of the country and are concentrated under its flat parts, lying at a depth of 500 to 1500 m. The temperature of the water layers is from 30 to 80 degrees. Recently, underground sources are increasingly used to supply populated areas with clean water.

From geological faults stretching from north to south in the middle part of the country, numerous large and small streams of mineral and medicinal thermal waters make their way to the surface of the earth. The daily influx of water from all sources reaches 70 million liters. Thanks to this, per capita, Hungary is the country richest in mineral and medicinal waters in Europe. The largest and most famous hydrotherapy resorts are located in the Balaton area, in Budapest, near Miskolc and in Alfold.

Mineral resources.

Hungary is not rich in mineral resources. The country does not have large reserves of iron ore, coal or oil; reserves of many other types of raw materials are quite limited.

The main mineral deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous regions and are associated with alpine folding.

In the 50-60s, the development of the Alföld oil fields began in Hungary, which turned out to be one of the largest in the country and made it possible to maintain the level of production at the achieved level, and subsequently even slightly exceed it. Oil reserves have been found mainly in the central and southern regions of the Alföld. The layers here are located one below the other. They are located at a depth of 3-4 thousand meters and are characterized by relatively low pressure. Currently, the country is exploring predicted oil reserves at a depth of 6-9 thousand meters.

Natural gas deposits in Hungary are more significant. They are located in approximately the same areas as the oil fields. The largest reserves were discovered in the Alföld province. Over the past decade, of the hydrocarbon fuel resources explored here, most of them have been gas.

The country's natural gas reserves are characterized by low sulfur content, which greatly facilitates its processing and use. However, the calorific value of the produced gas is very uneven: it varies depending on the field from 2.5 to 11 thousand kcal/m3. The recently discovered reserves contain a high proportion of inert gases, some of which are also used.

The country's only iron ore deposits are located in the northeast, near the village of Rudobanya. The average iron content in the ore here is less than 30%. Therefore, its production was constantly reduced, and in the second half of the 50s it was completely stopped.

The manganese ore reserves in Hungary are the third largest in Europe. Manganese ore deposits are located in the Bakon Mountains, in the Urkut region, where 90-95% of them are mined.

In the mountains of Börzeny, Matra and Zemplén there are small deposits of polymetallic ores containing tin, lead, and molybdenum.

5. Population

The population of Hungary is 10.6 million people (1994 data). In Europe, the country ranks 14th in terms of population. The average population density is 115 people per 1 km2.

The official language is Hungarian, which belongs to the Ugric branch of the Finno-Ugric language family. It is spoken by 97% of the population. Germans and Slovaks make up the largest ethnic minorities. The South Slavs (mainly Croats and Serbs) and Romanians have smaller numbers. Believers are predominantly Catholics (64%) and Protestants (23%).

Before World War II, Hungary was an agricultural country. The share of the agricultural population was above 70%. Since the late 40s, during the development of industrialization, the proportion of rural residents has been increasingly reduced. Currently it is about 40%. Approximately 1/5 of the country's population lives within the metropolitan area of Budapest. The largest city after Budapest, Miskolc, is almost 10 times smaller in population. Large cities: Debrecen, Szeged, Pecs, Győr, Székesfekervár

In the 90s, the mortality rate exceeded the birth rate, and natural increase was thus negative. Hungary's population is aging, with almost 1/5 of the population aged 60 years or above. However, a favorable change in the demographic situation is predicted in the future.

6. Features of the economy. Level of economic development

Hungary is an industrial-agrarian country. Share in national income (1993 data) industry - 46.6%, agriculture and forestry - 17.7%, construction - 11.2%, transport and communications - 9%, trade, logistics, procurement - 14% .

The overall level of economic development of Hungary is about 35-40% compared to the United States and is approximately equal to the level of European countries such as Portugal, Greece and Ireland.

In the system of the international division of labor, Hungary acts as a supplier of mechanical engineering products (mainly buses, parts and assemblies for them, portal and floating cranes, communications equipment, medical equipment), chemical industry (including pharmaceuticals, plant protection products), agricultural and food products.

7. Characteristics of the industry

Fuel and energy resources are dominated by coal, mainly brown, and lignites (production of 14.3 million tons in 1993 in the area of the cities of Tatabanya, Dorog, Šalgatarjan, Gyöngyös, Ozd, Miskolc); Coal is mined in the Mecsek Mountains. Bauxite (1.5 million tons), manganese ore, oil (2 million tons), and gas (7.1 billion m) are mined. Electricity production 32.5 billion kWh. (1993), mainly in thermal power plants.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (steel smelting 3.64 million tons - Ozd, Dunaivars, Diosgyor; aluminum - 27.8 thousand tons - Inota, Tatabanya).

The leading branch of the manufacturing industry is mechanical engineering, including: automobile manufacturing (the Ikarus plant in Budapest and Székesfehérvár is Europe's largest manufacturer of buses).

Production of locomotives, ships, cranes.

Electrical and radio-electronic industry (including the production of communications equipment, computer equipment, medical equipment and devices (Budapest, Székesfehérvár)).

Machine tool industry (Budapest, Miskolc, Esztergom).

Production of agricultural machinery and equipment for the light and food industries.

In the chemical industry, an important place is occupied by the production of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, organic synthesis products, and pharmaceuticals; The rubber industry is developing.

The food industry is significant: large meat and dairy and canning enterprises.

The most developed branches of light industry are sewing, leather and footwear, and knitting.

8. Characteristics of agriculture

The soils of Hungary are generally fertile and favorable for the development of agriculture, but their composition and fertility vary greatly. The dominant type is chestnut and podzolic soils, which cover 2/5 of the country's territory. They are found mainly in Dunantul and also in mountainous areas. In western Hungary, where there is more rainfall, predominantly podzolic and acidic soils are found. About 25% of Hungary's area is occupied by black soil. These soils are common in large parts of the Alfeld. Hungarian chernozems are distinguished by a thick humus horizon, weak alkaline reaction, and high fertility.

The composition of agricultural land (6.5 million hectares - 75% of the country's territory): arable land - 77%, meadows and pastures - 19%.

In the structure of agricultural production, the shares of crop farming and livestock farming are approximately equal.

62.6% of the sown area is occupied by grains and legumes, 13% by technical crops, 2.9% by vegetables, 19.1% by fodder.

Main food crops (harvest in million tons 1993):

Wheat - 6.6

Corn - 6.8

Technical (sugar beets, sunflower) - 4.1

Fruit growing, viticulture, and vegetable growing became more developed mainly in the area between the Danube and Tisza rivers and along the coast of Lake Balaton. In livestock farming, pig farming and poultry farming are the most developed. Hungary is a major exporter of chickens, geese, ducks, and turkeys.

Tourism is an important source of foreign exchange. About 30 million people visit Hungary every year. The needs of growing foreign tourism have prompted the implementation of a long-term plan for the development of a network of hotels and campsites. One of the most attractive places for tourists is Budapest, one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The pride of Budapest is the beautiful architectural monuments of the Middle Ages, 18-19 centuries. The magnificent parliament building, built at the beginning of this century, became the symbol of Budapest. The collections of Budapest museums are world famous.

On the territory of the Hungarian capital there are 123 hot healing springs, where baths, Turkish baths, swimming pools, and hydropathic clinics are located.

There are many sanatoriums, holiday homes, hotels, and restaurants on Balaton.

To the north of Balaton is the “capital” of the Bakony mountain region - the city of Veszprém, famous for its Baroque architectural ensembles.

One of the most visited cities is Eger, famous for the heroic defense of its fortress against the invasion of a 150,000-strong Turkish army in 1552.

Western and northwestern Hungary are distinguished by a wealth of architectural monuments: Győr, Sopron, Koszeg, Szombathely, on the territory of which was once the capital of the Roman province of Upper Pannonia-Savaria.

Hungary is a country in the center of Europe, with a huge cultural population, with a rich history, interesting not only for its natural conditions, but also for the people living in it.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...