Gingivitis in adults: causes, symptoms and treatment. Gingivitis: symptoms and treatment Treatment of catarrhal form

What is gingivitis, what are its location features, what treatment methods are considered the most effective in domestic medicine? What preventive measures should be taken, how to organize hygiene in case of illness, during and after treatment?

What is gingivitis?

Dental problems concern every person. No matter how hard he tries to maintain oral hygiene, thoroughly brush his teeth in the mornings and evenings, monitor his diet, and carry out preventive measures, the disease can overtake him, and at the most inopportune moment.

What is especially important is that diseases in the oral cavity may not affect the teeth at all, but this does not make them any less dangerous; they also affect well-being and pose a serious threat to health. Quite often in their practice, dentists note the development of gingivitis, an inflammatory process that occurs in the gums without affecting the tissue connecting the gum to the tooth.

As mentioned above, gingivitis is considered to be the occurrence of a focus of inflammation in the gums. The word comes from the Latin “gingivitis” and refers to a group of periodontal diseases. Treatment is required, otherwise progress will occur, but not in favor of the person; gingivitis can develop into periodontitis, a more serious disease that requires complex and lengthy treatment.

Symptoms

There are various classifications of this disease, which are based on the characteristics of the pathology, the causes that cause it, the location of its spread, and the nature of its course. Dentists divide gingivitis into several types, each of which has its own symptoms.

There are also general signs of developing gingivitis; of course, it is difficult to independently establish a diagnosis without special education and sufficient diagnostic experience. But every adult can determine that the inflammatory process is developing not in the tooth, but in the gum (the pathology can also manifest itself in children under three years of age).

The main symptoms of a developing inflammatory process will be:

• redness of the gums at the site of the outbreak of the disease, which indicates the beginning of the inflammatory process;
• swelling of the gums;
• bleeding;
• pain that intensifies as inflammation develops;
• the appearance of dental plaque, as a consequence of this process - an unpleasant odor from the oral cavity;
• an increase in the volume of periodontal papillae (this symptom can only be determined by a qualified specialist, as well as the formation of false pathological pockets);
• purple-blue tint.

It is important to remember that these are general symptoms that can appear all or in groups, depending on what type of gingivitis is present in the mouth and diagnosed by a specialist. In some people, symptoms may manifest themselves in completely different ways, which is why you should not even try to diagnose yourself and prescribe treatment.

Types and classifications

There are various classifications of the disease that take into account different aspects of its occurrence, development, and course. There are primary and secondary gingivitis. Primary received this name because it is an independent disease that appears in the absence of other pathologies in the body.

Secondary gingivitis, most often, is a consequence of certain systemic diseases already present in the body. Determining the nature of the disease using this parameter is important for establishing a treatment method.

For primary gingivitis, medications are prescribed that directly affect the disease. Secondary requires complex treatment, not only the prescription of medications that prevent the development of pathology in the gums, but also other diseases present in the body.

Another classification divides this disease according to the reasons that cause it, since this factor also plays a role in a certain way in determining treatment methods and choosing medications. In this classification, the following types of gingivitis are distinguished:

• traumatic - due to incorrect technology for installing crowns, fillings, braces;
• chemical – associated with chronic intoxication with harmful substances: mercury, lead, tobacco smoking is in the same group;
• thermal - the appearance is possible from radiation injuries or burns;
• medicinal – develops while taking any medications prescribed by a doctor (most often appears during the use of antibiotics);
• infectious – caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi.

The next division of the disease into types is related to the area of ​​distribution. The following types of gingivitis are distinguished:

• papillitis – pathology of the gingival papilla in the interdental space;
• marginal gingivitis – the free gingival margin is affected;
• focal - with clear boundaries of inflammation;
• diffuse - as opposed to focal, massive areas of the gums are affected.

The disease can also occur in acute, chronic or recurrent forms. In terms of severity, it can be mild, moderate, or severe, when the inflammatory process develops not only on the surface of the gums, but also deep in the tissues.

At the onset of the disease, a person must be well prepared theoretically, that is, know what gingivitis is, symptoms and treatment. He can get all the necessary information from his doctor. The specialist will tell you exactly what form of gingivitis the patient has, what it threatens, and how to deal with it.

The most common form of inflammation in the gums is called catarrhal gingivitis. The presence of this pathology is indicated by the following symptoms - slight swelling in the gums, redness, deposits can be seen on the teeth, and they can be soft and hard. In some cases, bleeding may occur with this form; you can see what gingivitis looks like; the photo clearly demonstrates the main symptoms.

This form of the disease has another name – hyperplastic gingivitis. This type is much less common because it is associated not with infections or poor care, but with pathologies of the human endocrine system. The following categories of adult patients are listed as at risk:

• teenagers who experience disproportionate growth of organs and tissues and the formation of the endocrine system;
• pregnant women whose bodies are in a special situation;
• patients with diabetes mellitus, since many processes in their body have a specific course.

Among the symptoms are those already mentioned above, for example, bleeding, redness, dental plaque. There are other indicators of the disease: the appearance of false pathological pockets, the formation and subsequent discharge of pus, an unpleasant odor, and in severe cases, the gums acquire a purplish-bluish color.

Chronic gingivitis

It is a kind of continuation of acute gingivitis, the inflammation is sluggish in nature, the pain is mild. There is a peculiar problem: a person can only find out about the presence of chronic gingivitis during a routine examination at the dentist, that is, it is quite late to start treatment.

Although symptoms may appear earlier, you may notice bad breath, red gums, and bleeding, especially when brushing. The presence of dental plaque is another characteristic symptom of chronic gingivitis.

Causes

There are quite a large number of real reasons leading to the appearance and development of gingivitis. Scientists have also compiled a fairly long list of risk factors that, under a certain set of circumstances, lead to the development of pathology.

The main cause of the development of this dental disease is microbial plaque; it accumulates on the teeth, tongue, palate, and inner surface of the cheeks. Microbial plaque appears as a result of poor oral hygiene and failure to comply with basic rules of care and prevention.

The second important reason that can affect the development of inflammatory processes in the gums and lead to gingivitis is orthodontic treatment, or rather, a violation of the technologies and methods of its implementation. Coupled with poor care of the oral cavity, teeth and gums, this also provokes the development of pathology, that is, it contributes to the intensive development of microorganisms dangerous to humans.

In addition to pathogenic microorganisms, bacteria provoke the development of gingivitis; quite often they play a major negative role. Much less often, dentists note cases of gum inflammation caused by the development of viruses or the presence of a fungal disease in the human body.

Among the risk factors there are those that depend only on the person, the organization of his own regime, nutrition, rest, sleep. Scientists, as a result of serious and long-term research, have come to the following conclusions: the development of gingivitis is influenced by:

• non-compliance with the rules and regulations of personal oral hygiene;
• malnutrition and lack of vitamins;
• disruption of the normal functioning of the immune system, depressive states;
• a number of diseases, such as acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections, influenza, sore throats, occurring in acute and chronic forms;
• poisoning with heavy metals such as lead, mercury, bismuth;
• ignoring the dentist’s instructions, refusing a preventive examination and necessary treatment.

Among the risk factors that contribute to the development of gingivitis, age from 3 to 6 years is considered the most “favorable” for becoming acquainted with this pathology. The presence of diabetes mellitus, as well as pregnancy, can also worsen the condition of the oral cavity and lead to the development of various dental diseases, including gingivitis.

In the list of dangerous habits that influence the development of this pathology, smoking is at the top. Dentists have noted cases of gingivitis in women who used oral contraceptives, which is associated with changes in hormonal levels.

It is also known that other dental problems can cause gingivitis. This applies to problematic fillings installed on complex teeth, pathologies associated with malocclusion.

Knowing the main cause of the disease helps the specialist choose the optimal treatment method that will lead to the best results, will not be very difficult for the patient and will not be burdensome on the wallet.

Treatment options

Firstly, you need to abandon self-diagnosis and self-medication; without special education and practical experience, there is a risk of establishing an incorrect diagnosis and prescribing treatment. An experienced specialist will determine the true cause that provokes the development of the pathology, a number of side factors that influence the course of the disease. Depending on this, he will select the optimal method, prescribe medications, and talk about preventive measures.

Secondly, the prescription of treatment should go in parallel with the implementation of the most thorough oral care. You can use toothpastes that are designed specifically for patients with gingivitis. Most often, in the treatment of inflammatory processes, local treatment is prescribed; at the same time, teeth are cleaned of hard and soft dental deposits that contribute to the development of pathogenic microbes. can also be used to combat severe inflammation.

In some cases, when the cause of gingivitis is improper dental treatment, it is necessary to install new fillings, crowns, and correct bites. The list of treatment methods includes medicinal treatment of gums with various drugs:

• antiseptics: hydrogen peroxide, furatsilin solution;
• anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs.

The knowledge of traditional medicine is actively used in the treatment of gum inflammation. A number of plants are known that have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects: chamomile, calendula, linden, oak bark, sage, eucalyptus, St. John's wort. The most common method is preparing infusions, decoctions and rinsing.

Physiotherapeutic procedures are also indicated for the treatment of inflammation. Modern dental clinics use laser and ultraviolet radiation, electrophoresis with the use of drugs. Also, gum massage has become part of the treatment practice; it can be carried out using different methods (vibromassage, hydromassage). It increases blood circulation in the gums, promotes blood circulation, eliminates congestion and inflammatory processes.

The process of treating catarrhal gingivitis begins with organizing proper oral care and removing tartar. The patient does the first on his own; it is better to remove tartar under the supervision of a doctor who has all the necessary tools. He can control the stone removal process using mirrors, which is impossible to do at home. Removing tartar eliminates the cause of the infection, so you can begin treatment with complete peace of mind.

The dentist will remove tartar, treat the surface of the teeth, and polish it, so to speak. This is done so that the surface becomes smooth (it is rough immediately after removal); the smooth surface prevents the adhesion of food residues and the appearance of new deposits. The list of medicines may include solutions (chlorhexidine), gels (cholisal-gel), medicinal ointments that act in a targeted manner. When treating hypertrophic gingivitis, it is important to pay attention to general well-being and organize the use of medications that normalize hormonal levels and increase immunity.

Gingivitis during pregnancy

Any pathology in the oral cavity brings with it big problems, but it is especially important for a pregnant woman to get rid of inflammatory processes, since the presence of inflammation can adversely affect the health of the unborn baby. Experts say that the main reason for the development of gingivitis in expectant mothers is changes in hormonal levels associated with pregnancy and changes in the body.

The acid-base balance in the oral cavity changes, increased acidity appears, this leads to the formation of dental plaque, the appearance of odor and, worst of all, the creation of a favorable environment for the proliferation of microbes and viruses.

The second factor contributing to the disease is a decrease in calcium levels in a woman’s body, since this chemical element is actively used to build the child’s skeleton. The loss of calcium affects the condition of a pregnant woman’s teeth, the enamel becomes thinner, and its sensitivity increases.

The third factor in the disease in pregnant women may be metabolic disorders associated with changes in diet, lack of vitamins, micro- and macroelements, and nutrients.

Gingivitis can occur at any stage of fetal development, even in the last trimester. When a disease is detected, it is necessary to begin treatment as early as possible, since the development of the inflammatory process can negatively affect the child. Foci of inflammation become a favorable place for the proliferation of bacteria and viruses, weakening the immunity of the mother and the child she is expecting.

Prevention

Among preventive measures, oral hygiene occupies a central place; this is a dental axiom that does not require any proof. Hygiene means brushing your teeth regularly, thoroughly, and with high quality. This should be done once a day, in the morning, after breakfast, in the evening, before bed. During the day, after each meal, it is advisable to rinse your mouth with water and clean the interdental space from stuck pieces of food using toothpicks or dental floss.

Recently, toothpastes enriched with vitamins, plant extracts and anti-inflammatory effects have appeared. They are mandatory for use when identifying a disease, as well as professional mouth rinses that have become popular recently. The toothbrush also plays a role in fighting germs and should be hard enough to thoroughly clean the teeth, tongue, palate and cheeks. On the other hand, it should not injure the gums, since injuries and scratches can lead to inflammation and the development of gingivitis.

If bleeding occurs, it is recommended to use the softest brushes (Soft), but only while the treatment process is underway. In the future, it is necessary to return to medium-hard toothbrushes, which are good for massaging the gums.

Don’t forget about visiting the dentist; make it a rule to visit this specialist at least twice a year (if there are no problems). It is also important to seek qualified help when identifying symptoms of gingivitis (swelling of the gums, redness, bleeding, pain).

Knowledge, knowledge and once again knowledge - these are the main “three pillars” that help to cope with serious dental problems and eliminate gingivitis. Only after this can you look at the world happily and with a smile!

Gingivitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of the gum margin. Inflammation can cover the gums around all the teeth and then it is called generalized.

Early stage gingivitis is quite common. Between the ages of 14 and 19 years, gingivitis occurs in 80% of cases. In adults, gingivitis can develop into a more complex disease - periodontitis.

Anatomy of teeth and gums

• Free gum – surrounds the teeth and is pale pink in color. Between the teeth and gums there is a small space about one millimeter deep called the gum pocket.
• The attached part of the gum is located behind the free gum and differs in color (red like coral). This part of the gum is tightly connected to the alveolar processes of the jaws.

1. The main function of gums is to hold teeth in place.
2. Gums protect deeper structures

Reasons for the development of gingivitis

Reduced immunity plays an important role in the development of the disease. This leads to a weakened immune response and the development of a large number of microbes in the oral cavity.
Factors that increase the risk of developing gingivitis:

• Changes in the quantity and quality of saliva secreted. As a rule, with this pathology, a reduced number of protective factors is found in saliva.
• Mouth breathing (not normal). Leads to the accumulation of various microorganisms in the oral cavity. During normal breathing (through the nose), germs are neutralized in the nasal cavity.
• Mechanical trauma to the gums (for example, due to careless brushing of teeth)
• Chemical trauma to the gums - eating strong acids (acetic essence)
• Physical trauma to the gums (usually from eating foods that are too hot or too cold)
• Hormonal imbalances can lead to hypertrophic gingivitis
• Anomalies of dental development (deep bite, crowded teeth)
• Frequent hypothermia, sore throats. Lead to weakening of the body's defenses.

• Initial inflammation (acute gingivitis) occurs approximately 3-4 days after the formation of microbial plaque on the teeth. If a person has good immunity, the disease ends in a few days. When the immune system fails to cope, the disease becomes protracted.

• Secondary inflammation (chronic gingivitis) occurs 3-4 weeks after acute gingivitis. Chronic gingivitis occurs in phases: first there is an exacerbation, which is then replaced by a temporary remission (improvement of the condition). Then the phases are repeated.

Types of gingivitis: catarrhal, hypertrophic, ulcerative, atrophic

Symptoms of gingivitis

Itching of the gums - usually appears when eating, characterized by an unpleasant sensation and the desire to scratch the gums.

Sore gums, which makes it difficult to eat, worsens when brushing your teeth, and sometimes affects speech. Very often the pain is accompanied by an increase in body temperature to 39 degrees Celsius.
With the hypertrophic form of gingivitis, patients complain of gum overgrowth and deformation of the interdental spaces of the gums.

When examining the oral cavity, you can identify symptoms such as:

• Hyperemia and swelling of the gums in the area of ​​several teeth in a localized form, or in the area of ​​all teeth in a diffuse form
• Dentogingival joints, unlike periodontitis, are not damaged
• Presence of plaque or tartar
• With ulcerative necrotic gingivitis, the appearance of ulcers with elements of dead tissue

Diagnosis of gingivitis

Microbial index- used to determine the amount of microbial plaque accumulation. This index is necessary to prescribe correct treatment.

Bleeding index speaks for the severity of gingivitis.

General blood analysis may be unchanged or with a slight increase in the number of leukocytes and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). In severe cases, they resort to studying capillary blood from the affected gum to determine the degree of inflammation.

X-ray examination of teeth– at the early stage of the inflammatory process, bone tissue is not affected. With chronic gingivitis, changes such as: areas of osteoporosis (decreased bone density) are possible.

Treatment of gingivitis

Treatmentcatarrhal gingivitis	First stage treatment of catarrhal gingivitis: Removal of tartar and soft bacterial plaque. This procedure is performed only in the dentist's office. Tartar and soft bacterial plaque are removed using special ultrasonic units. After this, the surface of the teeth from which dental deposits were previously removed must be polished. This procedure significantly reduces the risk of tartar formation. Second phase treatment of catarrhal gingivitis. This stage includes anti-inflammatory therapy. It is carried out either at the dentist (in severe cases) or at home. Rinse with chlorhexidine or furamistin or furatsilin is prescribed. Rinse with 0.05% chlorhexidine solution after each meal. Before rinsing with this solution, rinse your mouth with plain water to remove any remaining food. After this, rinse your mouth with 10-15 milliliters of solution for at least 25 seconds. Rinsing with furamistin solution 0.01% is carried out according to the same rules described above. Rinse with furatsilin solution. A ready-made solution of 0.02% is used, or you can crush one tablet of furatsilin and then dilute it with a glass of warm water. In addition to rinsing, gels or ointments should be used. These products are used after rinsing, having previously dried the surface on which you will apply the gel with a cotton or gauze swab. Gels: 1. Cholisal. The gel is applied to the inflamed areas of the gums 3 times a day and has an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. 2.Solcoseryl (tooth gel). The drug heals bleeding gums well. It must be applied on both sides of the gums. 3. Asepta gel. The drug is well suited for the treatment of chronic gingivitis (relieves chronic inflammation, itching). Apply 2-3 times a day. Apident ointment - active. An ointment based on natural ingredients relieves pain and inflammation well. The ointment is applied to the inflamed areas and gently rubbed in a circular motion for better absorption. The duration of anti-inflammatory treatment is on average 10-20 days. Third stage. Examination of teeth by a dentist for the possibility of caries. Caries, as a secondary and chronic infection, can cause chronic gum inflammation. Fourth stage. After the symptoms of gingivitis disappear, the dentist will teach you proper oral hygiene. This measure will significantly reduce the risk of recurrence of the disease.
Treatment of ulcerative-necrotizing gingivitis	In addition to the treatment described above, surgical treatment is necessary. It consists of removing dead gum tissue. Repeated courses of antibiotics locally and systemically are required. Treatment of intoxication using various solutions and vitamins. The use of drugs that restore the gum mucosa.
Treatment of hypertrophic gingivitis	An obligatory part of the treatment is the removal of plaque and suppression of the inflammatory process. If treatment does not help, then other methods of therapy are used, which depend on the form of hypertrophic gingivitis. Edema form (swelling of the gums predominates) - drugs are used that reduce hypertrophy (sclerosing drugs). Anesthesia is performed, then a drug (10% calcium chloride solution or 25% magnesium sulfate solution) is injected into the gums. Several such injections are prescribed. The interval between them is 2-3 days. Fibrous form (hypertrophy due to fibrous tissue predominates). With this form, surgical treatment is used (removal of hypertrophic areas). After surgery, anti-inflammatory therapy and vitamin therapy are prescribed, as well as various gels for wound healing.

Traditional methods of treating gingivitis

• pine needles– have an antimicrobial effect and also eliminate bad breath.

• Sage- has an anti-inflammatory effect and also reduces bleeding gums.

• Herbal collection– helps relieve inflammation, bleeding and pain, as well as eliminate bad breath.

• Aloe– used to prevent bleeding gums.

Directions for use: chew fresh washed aloe leaves 2-3 times a day.

• turnip leaves– to relieve bleeding and inflammation.

• pharmaceutical camomile– has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect.

How to choose the right toothbrush and toothpaste?

Toothpaste should be selected individually based on what your teeth and gums need. Ingredients to pay attention to when choosing toothpaste:

• Chlorides and potassium nitrate – included in pastes for sensitive teeth
• Pyrophosphates are chemical compounds that fight the formation of plaque and tartar.
• Fluoride – reduces the risk of developing caries
• Lightening components – lighten the color of teeth. However, the use of such toothpastes should be limited to 2 times a week, as these components can damage the enamel.
• Sodium sulfate – reduces pain from stomatitis
• Toothpaste should not contain toxic antimicrobial substances

• Typically, a paste containing fluoride compounds is recommended for children.
• Calcium paste is recommended for teenagers
• Adults - according to indications

Prevention of gingivitis

Eating a healthy diet will also reduce your risk of developing gingivitis. You should eat more fruits and vegetables in various forms (boiled, stewed, fresh). You should limit your consumption of sweets (chocolate, cakes, candies).

Contact your dentist if symptoms of the disease appear, as well as a preventive examination at the dentist once every six months.

Gingivitis in children and pregnant women

• compliance with the rules of personal oral hygiene;
• timely treatment of dental caries;
• preventive examinations at the dentist at least twice a year, including for the purpose of removing tartar;
• strengthening the immune system;
• normalization of diet;
• correction of bite (if necessary);
• contacting a periodontist at the first symptoms of gum inflammation.

Make an appointment at the Good Dentist Clinic and start taking care of your oral health right now!

Symptoms of gingivitis

Gingivitis is characterized by:

• inflammation of the gums: the gums hurt, starting from its edge or interdental space;
• bleeding gums: gums bleed both when brushing your teeth and when eating food, especially hard food;
• unpleasant sensations when touching the gums.

It is necessary to consult a doctor when the first signs of the disease appear (minor inflammation or bleeding of the gums), since it is much easier to relieve inflammation and cure gingivitis in a child and an adult at an early stage.

Classification of gingivitis

Types of gum inflammation are usually classified:

• by form (by type of manifestation of symptoms);
• by severity;
• along the process.

According to its form, gingivitis is usually divided into:

• Catarrhal gingivitis: the most common form. Occurs due to poor oral hygiene, complicated by weakened immunity. Characteristic manifestations are bleeding and inflammation of the gums; treatment involves the use of local anti-inflammatory drugs and sanitation of the oral cavity.
• Ulcerative-necrotizing gingivitis, or acute ulcerative gingivitis: can develop against the background of catarrhal gingivitis with a lack of vitamins and the presence of bad habits. The main symptom is the presence of gray ulcerative lesions on the gums, as well as a strong bad breath. Treatment of ulcerative gingivitis, including purulent one, involves thorough sanitation and removal of ulcers under local anesthesia.
• Hypertrophic gingivitis: this type of gum inflammation occurs due to hormonal imbalances or intoxication, including a lack of vitamin A. It is characterized by swelling of the gums and a change in its color. Treatment for hypertrophic gingivitis involves surgical excision of the overgrown gum tissue under local anesthesia. In some cases, treatment of hypertrophic gingivitis involves only medication.

According to the severity, gingivitis is usually divided into stages:

• Mild stage: can occur even if hygiene rules are observed due to stress or vitamin deficiency. The main symptom is that the gums are inflamed, which may even bleed slightly. Inflammation of the gums near the tooth does not spread further (may occur due to dental exposure, including after treatment or tooth extraction). The mild stage of gingivitis in adults and children usually does not cause any particular discomfort, but it must be treated, since the sooner the inflammation of the gums near and around the tooth is removed, the lower the risk of complications. Treatment involves the local use of anti-inflammatory drugs.
• Middle stage: develops if treatment is not started at an early stage. Characterized by a larger area of ​​gum inflammation. It is treated with sanitation and anti-inflammatory drugs.
• Severe stage: develops due to systematic violations of oral hygiene, characterized by significant inflammation of a large area of ​​​​the gums. The gums bleed even from a light touch. It is treated with long-term use of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs and complete sanitation of the oral cavity.

According to the type of course, gingivitis is usually divided into acute and chronic.:

• Acute gingivitis: characterized by severe inflammation and painful condition of the gums. It may occur against the background of problems with the gastrointestinal tract, severe stress, or lack of vitamins. During treatment, the necessary sanitation of the oral cavity is possible only after acute inflammation has been relieved.
• Chronic gingivitis: characterized by a sluggish course with possible periods of exacerbation. The main symptoms of the chronic form of the disease are redness of tissues, bleeding when brushing teeth, and bad breath. The main principles of treatment are medications and sanitation procedures, including the removal of plaque and tartar.

Gingivitis (gum inflammation) in adults

The characteristic signs of gingivitis in adults correspond to one of the types of the disease described above. A feature of gingivitis in adults can be significant neglect of the disease due to irregular visits to the dentist over a long period of time. How to treat gums?

Treatment methods may vary depending on the form of gingivitis (ulcerative, severe or mild stage), but most often it involves the use of anti-inflammatory drugs (in some cases antibiotics) in combination with comprehensive sanitation of the oral cavity - treatment of caries, removal of plaque, etc. It is also possible to adjust eating behavior: introducing more fruits and vegetables into the diet, reducing the amount of fatty foods consumed.

Gum inflammation in children

Inflammation of the gums in a child most often occurs not only due to ignorance/non-compliance with hygiene rules, but also due to improper bite. Possible causes of gingivitis in a child may also be problems with self-cleaning teeth due to a lack of solid food or due to milk teeth being removed too early. A large amount of sugar-containing foods can also provoke the development of the disease.

In connection with all of the above, catarrhal gingivitis in children suggests that treatment begins with the acquisition of hygiene rules and the ability to apply them in practice, which eliminates the main cause of the spread of bacteria. The gaming method is considered the most effective in this case.

In addition, if there is a malocclusion, the child may be referred to an orthodontist to correct the problem.

How to cure gingivitis (gum inflammation) during pregnancy

Gingivitis in pregnant women occurs due to changes in hormonal levels, which leads to changes in the sensitivity of the gums and their inflammation during pregnancy.

The treatment of gingivitis in pregnant women also has its own characteristics. During pregnancy, to treat gum inflammation, preference is given to natural anti-inflammatory and antiseptic substances, so the sooner you start treating gingivitis, the better. Taking antibiotics and other medications is possible only after consultation with a gynecologist.

Gingivitis and its features

How long gingivitis is treated largely depends on the form and severity of the disease, as well as on how consistently the patient follows the doctor’s recommendations and prescriptions. On average, treatment can take from several weeks to several months, if long-term sanitation of the oral cavity is necessary.

Complications of gingivitis

Timely treatment of acute or chronic gingivitis is an opportunity to reduce the risk of more serious diseases, the main of which is periodontitis. Periodontitis involves the involvement in the inflammatory process of not only gum tissue, but also tooth tissue, which with further development of inflammation will lead to teeth becoming loose.

That is why the first thing to do in case of gum inflammation is to consult a doctor in order to begin treatment on time.

Gums are necessary for a person to fix and protect teeth. By its appearance and symptoms, one can determine the general state of health and assess the risk of occurrence and development of disorders. Gingivitis is an inflammation of the outer gum tissue. This disease is the initial stage of periodontitis, a more extensive and deep inflammatory process.

Treatment of gingivitis is aimed at restoring and strengthening the structure of soft tissues, eliminating external and internal factors that provoke further damage and destruction of the mucous membrane. Timely treatment and prevention of gingivitis will help avoid many other dental diseases.

Gingivitis in adults and children most often occurs against the background of reduced general and local immunity, when the body is attacked by bacteria and infections, and it cannot cope with the defense. Doctors associate the development of gingivitis with insufficient hygiene, the presence of persistent bacterial plaque and hard deposits on the teeth.

Gingivitis is common among people with a severe diagnosis, for example, diabetes, obesity, rheumatism, tuberculosis, oncology, kidney or liver failure.

Women often suffer from gingivitis during pregnancy, because serious hormonal changes occur in their body, acidity changes, and immunity decreases.

What causes gingivitis: poor oral hygiene, the presence of plaque or stone, caries and tooth decay, injuries and burns of the mucous membrane, medication treatment, use of braces, poor-quality filling, endocrine disorders, infectious diseases, pathologies of the ENT organs, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, weakened immunity, vitamin deficiency , bad habits, unhealthy diet, taking medications, chronic stress, deficiency of vitamins and minerals, malignant neoplasms.

Classification of gingivitis

With gingivitis, the inflammatory process occurs on the surface of the mucous membrane, affecting the marginal part of the gums and the area between the teeth. The condition is accompanied by a complex of symptoms - swelling, redness, pain, and bleeding of tissues. If inflammation progresses, then the disease takes on an internal course, leading to the destruction of dentogingival attachments, the development of tissue necrosis and tooth mobility.

According to many dentists, the main cause of periodontitis is the lack of proper prevention and treatment of gingivitis.

There are three forms of the disease:

The disease develops against the background of an accumulation of soft microbial plaque, which over time turns into dense deposits of stone on the enamel. Pathogenic microflora penetrates the mucous membrane through microtraumas and cracks, causing inflammation and pain.

The causes of this form of gingivitis are a sharp decrease in immunity and concomitant severe pathologies. A provoking factor may be non-compliance with hygiene and care, lack of timely treatment. In this case, microbes infect the mucous membrane, leading to the appearance of erosions and ulcers on its surface.

It is characterized by a long-term, sluggish inflammatory process, leading to an increase and proliferation of soft tissues. A serious aggravating factor of gingivitis is an imbalance of hormones in the body. In particularly difficult cases, patients urgently need hospitalization and surgical excision of excess mucosa.

Catarrhal inflammation is considered the beginning of the disease. You can understand that the gums have begun to gingivize by the following symptoms - the presence of pain when pressing, swelling, redness and bleeding of the tissue.

Discomfort can be easily eliminated on your own at home. A person carries out disinfection, hydromassage, rinsing, brushes his teeth daily and correctly, uses iodine-glycol paste. The help of a specialist may be needed to remove stone, polish and strengthen the enamel.

If the symptoms of gingivitis and pain become constant, intensify during eating, brushing teeth, or during mechanical pressure, then this indicates the progression of the disease, deterioration of the condition. This requires immediate treatment.

Ulcerative gingivitis has more pronounced and severe symptoms:

• severe pain in the gums;
• constant bleeding;
• gray-white fibrous plaque;
• persistent putrid odor from the mouth;
• erosive and ulcerative formations on the mucous membrane;
• general malaise and weakness.

The hypertrophic form is characterized by a bright red color, severe swelling and loosening of the gums. The painful surface bleeds constantly, especially after eating or brushing teeth. A person’s appetite decreases significantly, their health worsens, headaches appear, and their body temperature rises.

The patient needs urgent professional treatment. The doctor's prescription will depend on the actual condition of the patient, the duration of the disease, and the presence of aggravating factors.

How to cure gingivitis? Treatment of catarrhal gingivitis is aimed at relieving pain and eliminating inflammation. In the acute period, instead of brushing teeth, antiseptic rinses, gum drainage, and anti-inflammatory applications are performed. In the future, the patient needs to establish a regimen of hygiene, treatment and sanitation of the oral cavity.

Scaling is an important method of preventing and treating gingivitis. The method of cleansing the enamel is selected by the doctor individually, depending on the volume, location, structure of mineralized deposits, and the presence of other symptoms.

Treatment of gingivitis in adults includes, firstly, Withcleaning dental plaque. Daily self-cleaning of soft bacterial plaque; if necessary, the dentist recommends professional removal of stone from the enamel.

Secondly, anti-inflammatory therapy. Relief from inflammation is achieved through a course of special treatment, including treatment with an antiseptic gel and the use of medicinal paste. Additionally, rinses are carried out 2-4 times a day with a solution of Chlorhexidine 0.5%.

Third, elimination of negative symptoms and provoking factors. The patient needs to brush his teeth regularly and correctly, and systematically visit the dentist’s office to identify problems and disorders in a timely manner. It is important to treat all teeth that are affected by caries, since they can cause gingivitis and its relapses.

Without appropriate treatment, the disease becomes chronic, and the severity of symptoms may gradually fade away. Pain and bleeding bother the patient only when brushing teeth or eating solid foods.

Aggravating circumstances - colds, decreased immunity, hormonal changes, damage to the mucous surface, destruction of enamel, and so on, cause the growth of microbial plaque. Pathological microorganisms, the concentration of which increases, affect the structure of soft tissues, leading to the appearance of bleeding ulcerations and an unpleasant odor.

Disinfecting rinses and applications are effective additional treatment measures that help reduce inflammation and ensure high-quality restoration of the gums.

How to treat advanced gingivitis:

Visiting the dentist. In order for a doctor to prescribe the correct treatment for gingivitis, he needs to examine the patient, find out the most pronounced symptoms, determine the form and duration of the disease, and identify the main provoking factors.

Oral treatment. The doctor, using special instruments and medications, removes plaque and stone, disinfects erosions and ulcers. After this, the concentration of pathogenic bacteria on the teeth, tongue and mucous membranes is significantly reduced, which is important for suppressing the further development of gingivitis and achieving a sustainable positive result.

Antibiotic therapy. During treatment, the specialist must prescribe a course of antibiotics to quickly destroy the harmful bacterial environment in the body and suppress negative symptoms.

Epithelial restoration. When the patient’s condition normalizes, the doctor may recommend special agents that accelerate the healing of wet wounds, restoration and strengthening of mucous tissues.

Proper care. During treatment and rehabilitation, for preventive purposes, a person must constantly monitor the condition of the oral cavity, the smell and color of the enamel. You need to visit the dentist once every six months.

Treatment of hypertrophic gingivitis

The causes of gingivitis and the accompanying gum dystrophy are serious endocrine disorders. This happens during adolescence or pregnancy, as well as due to incurable diseases - diabetes, goiter, hypofunction or dysfunction of the thyroid gland.

The situation is aggravated if there is an external traumatic factor - altered bite, crowded teeth, overhanging filling, crown shift, and so on.

The opposite cases are known, when the gum volume decreases significantly. The inevitable outcome of such a pathology is tooth displacement, an increase in interdental spaces, and exposure of the hidden part of the tooth - the neck and root.

Treatment of fibrous gingivitis:

• Injection treatment

• Injection treatment

Sclerosing injections are carried out into soft and loose gums. They are effective against symptoms such as swelling and inflammation, and have an analgesic and calming effect.

Typically a solution of glucose 40%, magnesium sulfate 25%, calcium chloride 10% is used. The course consists of 3-4 injections with an interval between them of 1 or 2 days.

• Surgical intervention

When the gums are dense and there is an extensive and interfering growth, then surgical excision of excess tissue is performed. At the same time, other symptoms and traumatic factors are eliminated, and hard plaque is removed.

After the operation, antibacterial treatment, bandages with hormonal drugs for rapid regeneration and tissue repair, painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed.

Hormonal changes that accompany pregnancy are a common cause of gingivitis. Complaints and symptoms in women can be different - increased sensitivity, pain, swelling of the gums, bleeding, cracks, plaque on the mucous membrane, and the appearance of an unpleasant odor.

In severe cases, signs of gingivitis may include decreased appetite, indigestion, increased body temperature, intestinal upset, nervous tension, and a general deterioration in well-being. Treatment of gingivitis during pregnancy should be as gentle as possible, excluding the use of potent antibiotics and hormonal drugs.

Means that can be used to treat and treat the gums of a pregnant woman:

• Miramistin in the form of a spray;
• Hydrogen peroxide 3%;
• Chlorhexidine 0.5%;
• Applications with Levomekol ointment;
• Lizobact lozenges.

For superficial treatment and elimination of symptoms of gingivitis, it is useful and safe to use sea buckthorn or rosehip oil. A good anti-inflammatory effect is achieved by evening rinsing with a warm infusion of chamomile, calendula, sage, and St. John's wort.

The causes of gingivitis in childhood are associated with unfavorable external and internal conditions. Without proper treatment of gingivitis and qualified dental care, the dentogingival connection is disrupted, the inflammatory process reaches the deep tissues, leading to loosening and tooth loss.

Assessment of the condition of the gums and the area of ​​the pathological process should only be carried out by a qualified doctor in a dental office.

In case of gingivitis, treatment of a child involves an integrated approach, which includes correction of the orthodontic system, elimination of general somatic diseases, local hygiene, anti-inflammatory and analgesic therapy.

Treatment and prevention of gingivitis in children:

• professional removal of plaque and stone;
• filling and removal of caries;
• sanitation of foci of infection and inflammation;
• plastic surgery of the lip, mucosal cords;
• consultation with other pediatric specialists - immunologist, pediatrician, gastroenterologist, endocrinologist, otolaryngologist.

To prevent the symptoms of gingivitis from reappearing, parents should strictly follow all doctor’s recommendations, organize and monitor daily hygiene and preventive measures related to the oral cavity, general health and well-being of the child.

The pathological process developing in the gums is accompanied by many unpleasant symptoms and worsens the general condition of the oral cavity. Tissues inflamed from gingivitis hurt, swell, bleed, and destroy. At the same time, appetite decreases and the process of chewing and digesting food is disrupted.

The impossibility of mechanical cleansing leads to an increase and thickening of plaque, darkening of the enamel, and destruction of the mucous surface.

• Schiller-Pisarev test. Soft tissue inflammation affects glycogen levels. The degree of development of the pathology is determined according to a special scale; the darker and brighter its shade, the worse the patient’s condition and the deeper the damage.
• Tartar test. The oral hygiene index is performed using a liquid catalyst that temporarily stains mineralized deposits. The presence of subgingival stone is determined by the dentist using a special probe.

• Kulazhenko test. The analysis allows us to determine the degree of resistance of capillaries in relation to the force of pressure on them. The test is carried out using a special apparatus. The condition of the gums and the severity of gingivitis are determined by the time during which the hematoma appears on it. Normally, this figure is 50-60 seconds; with periodontal damage, it decreases noticeably.
• Hypoxia indicator. The oxygen tension in the gum tissue, determined using a special dental sensor, shows the level of hypoxia. If the oxygen tension is low, this means that the inflammation is long-standing and gingivitis has affected a significant part of the gums.

Prevention and prevention of gingivitis

Timely treatment of gingivitis is an important measure to prevent further development and spread of the disease. With a deep inflammatory process, a gum pocket is formed, trapping dirt, exposing the neck of the tooth.

Deep gum pockets lead to large abscesses, negative symptoms and are difficult to heal, so they must be closed surgically.

Rules for preventing gingivitis:

• Regular.
• Wise choice of toothbrush and mouthwash.
• Selection of additional hygiene products - thread, brush, irrigator.
• Proper nutrition, taking vitamins, healthy lifestyle.
• Timely treatment of teeth and gums.
• Annual preventive examination at the dentist.

What is gingivitis - video

It is important to use the help of specialists in a timely manner, at the very beginning of the disease to stop unpleasant symptoms and quickly stop inflammation, only then will the treatment of gingivitis be successful and its prognosis favorable.

Gums and teeth are a single vital system; their disease is immediately felt by both adults and children. A prolonged inflammatory process leads to a whole range of negative symptoms and consequences, destruction and damage to organs, and serious and irreversible complications.

Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums in which the integrity of the periodontal tissues is not damaged. Without adequate treatment, gingivitis progresses to periodontitis and threatens tooth loss.

Causes

The causative agents of gingivitis are various microorganisms - bacteria, viruses and fungi. The bacteria most often identified with gingivitis are Bacteroides gingivalis, Streptococcus oralis, Actinomycetes comitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The causative agents of the disease are often found in the oral cavity of healthy people, but high immunity helps the body prevent the development of the inflammatory process. When general or local immunity decreases, gingivitis begins.

Causes of gingivitis:

• insufficient oral hygiene;
• lack of adequate treatment for dental diseases;
• diabetes;
• poor nutrition (especially lack of vitamin C);
• decreased immunity;
• bacterial, fungal and viral diseases of the respiratory tract;
• smoking;
• pregnancy;
• difficulty breathing through the nose;
• low-quality dentures and braces.

Many doctors consider gingivitis not a separate disease, but rather the result of other diseases of the oral cavity and the body as a whole. For them, gingivitis is a signal of decreased immunity.

Anyone can get gingivitis, because its causative agents are fairly common bacteria. It has been observed that children under 6 years of age are more likely to suffer from gingivitis than adolescents and adults. Active teething traumatizes tissues, and children’s desire to taste everything runs counter to hygiene requirements.

It has also been noted that men get sick more often than women. This is explained by the characteristics of the endocrine and immune systems and less attention to the condition of the teeth.

People wearing dentures and braces that injure oral tissues are also at risk. Dentists recommend that they clean their mouths with special care after eating, monitor the condition of dentures and braces, and visit the dentist more often for preventive examinations.

A separate risk group includes people who do not have the opportunity to receive quality medical care. Regular dental examinations, treatment and prevention of dental diseases, and removal of plaque reduce the likelihood of gingivitis. Long-term caries, left without professional treatment, leads to the spread of bacteria to other parts of the oral cavity, including the gums.

Symptoms of gingivitis

Dentists distinguish several types of gingivitis, their symptoms are different, but in general the following symptomatic picture can be described:

• redness of the gums and oral mucosa;
• swelling of the gums;
• bleeding gums, especially when brushing your teeth;
• sore gums;
• sensitivity of teeth and gums to hot and cold foods;
• bad breath;
• swelling of the gingival papillae;
• tartar;
• heavy plaque on teeth;
• discharge of pus from the gums;
• burning gums;
• sores on the gums;
• necrosis of interdental papillae and gingival tissues.

The severity of gingivitis symptoms depends on the general condition of the body, the timeliness of medical care and the quality of oral hygiene. With extensive infection of the oral cavity, there is also a slight increase in temperature, weakness, drowsiness, and possibly indigestion. A high temperature indicates that gingivitis is not a primary disease, but arose against the background of more serious infectious processes. Even acute gingivitis by itself does not cause a significant increase in body temperature.

Types of gingivitis

There are several types of gingivitis.

1. Chronic gingivitis appears due to the lack of necessary hygiene, a large amount of deposits on the teeth and is expressed as follows:

• there is no pronounced pain or obvious tissue inflammation;
• gum pockets change slightly in size;
• gums bleed slightly when brushing teeth;
• Gum tissue grows and partially covers the crowns of the teeth.

2. Acute gingivitis has more obvious symptoms and is divided into catarrhal, ulcerative, hypertrophic, atrophic and ulcerative-necrotic types.

Catarrhal gingivitis is caused by an acute bacterial or fungal infection and is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• pronounced redness of the gums;
• acute pain;
• swelling of the gums;
• itching in the mouth;
• slight increase in body temperature;
• general weakness.

Ulcerative gingivitis is accompanied by the formation of ulcers on the gums, in addition, the following is observed:

• severe burning and itching in the mouth;
• bleeding gums;
• pain, especially when eating and performing hygiene procedures.

Hypertrophic gingivitis is associated with hormonal changes in the body and is often observed in adolescents, pregnant women, and people with endocrine diseases. This type of gingivitis can also occur while taking hormonal contraceptives. Symptoms of hypertrophic gingivitis are:

• gingival hyperplasia with swelling of the gingival papillae;
• bleeding gums;
• discharge of pus;
• bad breath;
• heavy dental plaque;
• bluish gum color.

Atrophic gingivitis can be called the opposite of hypertrophic gingivitis. With atrophic gingivitis, the gums decrease in volume, the gum pockets deepen, and the roots of the teeth are exposed. This disease can lead to tooth loss.

Ulcerative-necrotizing gingivitis is characterized by necrosis of the interdental papillae. Other symptoms are:

• inflammation of the oral mucosa;
• bad breath;
• bleeding gums.

The most common type of gingivitis is catarrhal. The chronic variant is also common, but here the clinical picture is blurred, and for many it remains without treatment.

Based on the location of inflammation, localized and generalized gingivitis are distinguished. With a localized variant, several gums are affected, with a generalized variant, all gums and sometimes even neighboring tissues are affected.

Diagnosis of gingivitis

A dentist diagnoses gingivitis. The complexity of diagnosis depends on the degree of the disease and its type. Thus, chronic gingivitis can only be detected by a doctor during an examination, while acute gingivitis, especially catarrhal and ulcerative, can be easily diagnosed by the patient himself by acute pain, excessive redness of the gums or the formation of ulcers on the mucous membrane.

Diagnosis of gingivitis begins with a visual examination. Next comes an instrumental examination. It is important to determine the stage of the disease and its location - in some cases this is sufficient. In severe cases, it is important to assess the general condition of the body and accurately identify the pathogen. The dentist prescribes a general blood test and microbiological examination of oral discharge.

For hypertrophic gingivitis, consultation with an endocrinologist may be required. In this case, gingivitis can become a symptom of a more serious endocrine disease. Effective treatment of gingivitis requires correction of hormonal levels. If the disease began while taking hormonal medications, they should be discontinued or replaced with others.

For catarrhal and ulcerative gingivitis, consultation with an immunologist may be required. Severe gum inflammation indicates that the body is unable to cope with the infection. The immunologist must determine the patient’s immune status, find the cause of local and general immunodeficiency and suggest ways to increase immunity.

Gingivitis in children must be treated together with pediatricians. The eruption and growth of teeth injures the gums and causes their inflammation. Babies actively explore the world and put various objects into their mouths to taste them. Together with toys and fingers, germs enter the mouth, which cause gingivitis. The pediatrician will suggest optimal oral hygiene for children of different ages and select the most gentle treatment methods.

Treatment of gingivitis

Treatment of gingivitis is selected individually depending on the type of disease, its severity and location.

The most important point in the treatment of gingivitis is the elimination of the inflammatory process, especially with the catarrhal type of the disease. To do this, they resort to antimicrobial and antifungal drugs. For localized inflammation, local remedies are used - rinses, lozenges, creams, gels. For generalized gingivitis, complicated by high fever, weakness and spreading infection, systemic antibiotics are recommended.

For severe pain, which is sometimes accompanied by acute catarrhal gingivitis, periodontists recommend local painkillers - gels and ointments. It is also possible to take painkillers in the form of tablets and capsules.

The second important stage of treatment is the removal of plaque and tartar. Hardened plaque cannot be removed with a regular toothbrush, so teeth cleaning is carried out with professional equipment in a dental office. Ultrasonic cleaning is recommended to remove deposits, since mechanical cleaning will be extremely painful when inflamed. Ultrasound carefully removes soft plaque, tartar, dirt and darkening of the enamel. Ultrasonic cleaning is often combined with cleaning with the Air Flow system. Jets of water and air clean the interdental space, gum pockets, recesses and cracks in the teeth. These procedures are usually painless, but with acute gingivitis, the patient may feel pain and discomfort.

After removing plaque and tartar, dental treatment begins. Statistics show that gingivitis rarely occurs without caries or pulpitis. These dental diseases are often hidden under a thick layer of plaque. If the teeth are not treated, the gums will become inflamed constantly. Children are recommended to undergo fissure sealing - this is a procedure in which the grooves on the chewing surface of the teeth are filled with a special composition. The surface of the tooth becomes smooth and does not allow infection to enter. Fissure sealing is recognized as a reliable prevention of dental diseases in children, which also has a beneficial effect on the condition of the gums.

Necrotizing gingivitis often requires surgery. Dead areas of gum cannot be restored, so they require removal. Surgical treatment is also required for purulent gingivitis. The capsules with pus are opened, the cavities are washed with an antiseptic solution. The help of a surgeon is also required for hypertrophic gingivitis. Overgrown gums must be reduced to normal size. The danger of overgrown gums is that the tooth enamel underneath is not properly cleaned, and there is a high likelihood of developing cervical caries. Hypertrophic gingivitis also spoils the appearance of teeth, and therefore requires surgical treatment for the sake of aesthetic effect.

Complications

Gingivitis can cause complications if this disease is not treated promptly. The main complications are:

• tooth loss;
• spread of infection to deep layers of tissue, including bones;
• spread of infection to other organs and systems.

Gingivitis is especially dangerous for people with severe immunodeficiency. The immune system is unable to localize the infection, and it spreads further and further. In this case, timely diagnosis and effective treatment are especially important.

Constant bleeding of the gums can lead to blood poisoning if the ulcers are not treated properly, pieces of food get into the gum pockets, and hygiene is not maintained. Blood clotting disorders lead to increased bleeding of the gums.

Prevention

Gingivitis is a serious disease, and it is easier to prevent than to cure.

Prevention is based on good and regular dental hygiene. Teeth should be brushed at least 2 times a day, and after each meal you should rinse your mouth with warm water. Your toothbrush should be changed regularly. Electric brushes have proven to be more effective than regular brushes. They remove plaque better and also massage the gums better, increasing tissue density and improving their blood supply.

You should brush not only the teeth themselves, but also the gums, tongue, and inner surfaces of the cheeks. To clean the tongue, it is recommended to use a special scraper. In addition, it is important to clean the interdental space. To do this, you should use dental floss. Active rinsing is also useful. But it’s better not to use toothpicks. Sharp edges injure gums and scratch tooth enamel.

People prone to gum inflammation should rinse their mouths with special balms with anti-inflammatory ingredients. You can use ready-made pharmaceutical products or prepare herbal decoctions. After spicy food, you should rinse your mouth with a soda solution; it normalizes acidity and prevents acids from corroding tissues.

You should visit the dentist once every six months for professional dental hygiene. Ultrasonic cleaning combined with the Air Flow system is recommended. The need for professional teeth cleaning has been proven by numerous clinical studies. During hygiene, the doctor can identify dental diseases and recommend treatment. It is not recommended to delay treatment. Superficial caries is easier to cure than deep caries or pulpitis.

To prevent gingivitis, a nutritious diet rich in vitamins is recommended. Vitamin C is especially important. Dentists recommend eating more fruits and vegetables. They contain many vitamins. In addition, they have a fairly dense structure and are good at cleaning the surface of teeth from plaque. Eating foods rich in calcium will also help maintain dental health. Calcium is absorbed only together with vitamin D, so you should walk more often, take sunbathing, or take synthetic vitamin D drops. This is especially true for residents of northern regions, where sunny days are short and there is an acute lack of vitamin D.

Smoking and alcohol reduce local immunity, damage tooth enamel and cause gum inflammation. Smokers often experience chronic, ulcerative and ulcerative-necrotizing gingivitis. You should give up these bad habits for the sake of healthy teeth and the whole body as a whole.