Graphic digital system for teeth designation. How teeth are numbered in dentistry

7. Social, individual, mass consciousness

Common consciousness(width cm) – ideas, views, theories, perceptions, feelings, moods, cat warehouse in society, reflection and service of social existence. (In narrow cm) - a defined spirit of the system, including socially significant ones, fixed and used in the practical activities of people, resulting in an ideal reflection of action, general existence.

The general consciousness is related to society as a whole, so it should be considered as the aggregate characteristics of the entire social system as a whole. General consciousness has its own laws of development. It is the head of other subsystems and instinctively influences all subsystems.

Within the general consciousness, clan groups of consciousness were distinguished. Durkheim: a group thinks and feels completely differently than its members would do if they were divided.

Structure of common consciousness: ordinary (a collection of ideas, ideas, feelings, received in everyday life) and theoretical (systematization of knowledge, aimed at revealing the essence of the world, general existence). They include sublevels in the department of dominant 1 of 2 aspects: the cognitive aspect (the desire of people to know and reflect things) and the value aspect (evaluation in terms of needs and ideals).

At the everyday level, emphases: empirical knowledge (an element of knowledge obtained as a result of superficial contact with action) and general psychology (the essence of feelings, habits, traditions, which is formed into the conditions of everyday life. People who have these ideas -I, introduced the ODA class).

On theory ur vyd: ideology (value aspect) and science (cognition). Science is the object of correct knowledge about the world, here in 1st place is knowledge about the world. Ideology is an orderly system of ideas and theories, reflecting action from the position of interests of defined social groups or society as a whole. The needs are realized and there are interests.

Social consciousness Consciousness is not only individual, personal, but also includes a social function. The structure of social consciousness is complex and multifaceted, and is in dialectical interaction with the consciousness of the individual. In the structure of social consciousness there are such levels as theoretical and everyday consciousness. The first forms social psychology, the second – ideology. Ordinary consciousness is formed spontaneously in the everyday life of people. Theoretical consciousness reflects the essence, patterns of the surrounding natural and social world. Social consciousness appears in various forms: socio-political views and theories, legal views, science, philosophy, morality, art, religion. The differentiation of social consciousness in its modern form is the result of long-term development. Primitive society corresponded to a primitive, undifferentiated consciousness. Mental labor was not separated from physical labor and mental labor was directly woven into labor relations and into everyday life. The first in the historical development of man were such forms of social consciousness as morality, art, and religion. Then, as human society develops, the entire spectrum of forms of social consciousness arises, which is allocated to a special sphere of social activity. Let's consider individual forms of social consciousness: - political consciousness is a systematized, theoretical expression of public views on the political organization of society, on the forms of the state, on relations between various social groups, classes, parties, on relations with other states and nations; - legal consciousness in theoretical form expresses the legal consciousness of society, the nature and purpose of legal relations, norms and institutions, issues of legislation, court, and prosecutor's office. The goal is to establish a legal order that corresponds to the interests of a particular society; - morality– a system of views and assessments that regulate the behavior of individuals, a means of educating and strengthening certain moral principles and relationships; - art– a special form of human activity associated with the mastery of reality through artistic images; - religion and philosophy – forms of social consciousness that are most distant from material conditions. Religion is older than philosophy and is a necessary stage in the development of mankind. Expresses the surrounding world through a system of worldview based on faith and religious postulates. Social and individual consciousness are in close unity. Social consciousness is interindividual in nature and does not depend on the individual. For specific people it is objective. Every individual throughout his life, through relationships with other people, through training and education, is influenced by social consciousness, although he does not treat this influence passively, but selectively, actively. Social norms of consciousness spiritually influence the individual, form his worldview, moral attitudes, aesthetic ideas. Public consciousness can be defined as a public mind that develops and functions according to its own laws. The views of the individual, which most fully meet the interests of the era and time, after the completion of individual existence, become the property of society. For example, the work of outstanding writers, thinkers, scientists, etc. In this case, individual consciousness, manifested in the work of a particular person, acquires the status of social consciousness, replenishes and develops it, giving it the features of a certain era. Consciousness cannot be derived from the mere process of reflecting objects of the natural world: the “subject-object” relationship cannot give rise to consciousness. To do this, the subject must be included in a more complex system of social practice, in the context of public life. Each of us, coming into this world, inherits a spiritual culture, which we must master in order to acquire our own human essence and be able to think like a human being. We enter into a dialogue with public consciousness, and this consciousness opposing us is a reality, the same as, for example, the state or the law. We can rebel against this spiritual force, but just as in the case of the state, our rebellion can turn out to be not only senseless, but also tragic if we do not take into account those forms and methods of spiritual life that objectively oppose us. In order to transform the historically established system of spiritual life, you must first master it. Social consciousness arose simultaneously and in unity with the emergence of social existence. Nature as a whole is indifferent to the existence of the human mind, and without it society could not only arise and develop, but also exist for a single day and hour. Due to the fact that society is an objective-subjective reality, social being and social consciousness are, as it were, “loaded” with each other: without the energy of consciousness, social being is static and even dead. But while emphasizing the unity of social existence and social consciousness, we must not forget their differences, their specific disunity. The historical relationship between social existence and social consciousness in their relative independence is realized in such a way that, if in the early stages of the development of society social consciousness was formed under the direct influence of existence, then later this influence acquired an increasingly indirect character - through the state, political, legal relations, etc. , and the reverse influence of social consciousness on existence is, on the contrary, acquiring an increasingly direct character. The very possibility of such a direct influence of social consciousness on social existence lies in the ability of consciousness to correctly reflect existence. Consciousness as a reflection and as an active creative activity represents the unity of two inseparable aspects of the same process: in its influence on existence, it can both evaluate it, revealing its hidden meaning, predict it, and transform it through the practical activity of people. And therefore, the social consciousness of the era can not only reflect existence, but actively contribute to its restructuring. This is the historically established function of social consciousness, which makes it an objectively necessary and really existing element of any social structure. Possessing an objective nature and immanent laws of development, social consciousness can either lag behind or ahead of existence within the framework of the evolutionary process that is natural for a given society. In this regard, social consciousness can play the role of an active stimulator of the social process, or a mechanism for its inhibition. The powerful transformative force of social consciousness is capable of influencing all existence as a whole, revealing the meaning of its evolution and predicting prospects. In this regard, it differs from the subjective (in the sense of subjective reality) finite and limited individual consciousness. The power of the social whole over the individual is expressed here in the individual’s obligatory acceptance of historically established forms of spiritual development of reality, those methods and means by which the production of spiritual values ​​is carried out, the semantic content that has been accumulated by humanity for centuries and without which the formation of personality is impossible.

Individual consciousness - this is the consciousness of an individual, reflecting his individual existence and, through it, to one degree or another, social existence. Social consciousness is the totality of individual consciousnesses. Along with the peculiarities of the consciousness of individual individuals, it carries within itself a general content inherent in the entire mass of individual consciousness. As the collective consciousness of individuals, developed by them in the process of their joint activity and communication, social consciousness can be decisive only in relation to the consciousness of a given individual. This does not exclude the possibility of individual consciousness going beyond the limits of existing social consciousness. 1. Each individual consciousness is formed under the influence of individual existence, lifestyle and social consciousness. In this case, the most important role is played by the individual way of life of a person, through which the content of social life is refracted. Another factor in the formation of individual consciousness is the process of assimilation by the individual of social consciousness. This process is called internalization in psychology and sociology. In the mechanism of the formation of individual consciousness, it is therefore necessary to distinguish between two unequal aspects: the subject’s independent awareness of existence and his assimilation of the existing system of views. The main thing in this process is not the internalization of society's views; and the individual’s awareness of his own and society’s material life. Recognition of interiorization as the main mechanism for the formation of individual consciousness leads to an exaggeration of the determination of the internal by the external, to an underestimation of the internal conditionality of this determination, to ignoring the ability of the individual to create himself, his being. Individual consciousness - consciousness of the human individual (primary). It is defined in philosophy as subjective consciousness, since it is limited in time and space. Individual consciousness is determined by individual existence and arises under the influence of the consciousness of all humanity. 2 main levels of individual consciousness: 1. Initial (primary) – “passive”, “mirror”. It is formed under the influence of the external environment and external consciousness on a person. Main forms: concepts and knowledge in general. The main factors in the formation of individual consciousness: educational activity of the environment, educational activity of society, cognitive activity of the person himself. 2. Secondary – “active”, “creative”. Man transforms and organizes the world. The concept of intelligence is associated with this level. The end product of this level and consciousness in general are ideal objects that arise in human heads. Basic forms: goals, ideals, faith. The main factors: will, thinking - the core and system-forming element. Between the first and second levels there is an intermediate "semi-active" level. Main forms: the phenomenon of consciousness - memory, which is selective in nature, it is always in demand; opinions; doubts.

MASS CONSCIOUSNESS - a specific type of social consciousness that has become widespread and very important in modern societies. Like class, national, professional and other group forms of social consciousness, mass consciousness is distinguished not by its epistemological properties (content, level and quality of reflection of reality, etc.), but primarily by the specific properties of its bearer, the subject. Moreover, in contrast to the above-mentioned forms of social consciousness, the carriers of which are certain groups of society ( classes, nation, etc.), in the case of mass consciousness, a special totality acts as such a subject ( a bunch of, community) individuals, called mass. Typical (different-scale) examples of the masses: participants in broad political, sociocultural and other movements of our time; audiences of various media and media channels; consumers of certain socially “colored” (eg, prestigious, fashionable) goods and services; members of various amateur (interest) associations and clubs; “fans” of football and other sports teams, etc.

Among the most significant features of any mass are: 1) the statistical nature of a given community, which is expressed in the fact that it coincides with a multitude of discrete “units”, without representing any independent, holistic formation, different from its constituent elements; 2) the stochastic (probabilistic) nature of a given community, which consists in the fact that the “entry” of individuals into it is disordered, random, carried out according to the formula “may or may not be”, as a result of which such a community is always distinguished by “blurred ”, open borders, uncertain quantitative and qualitative composition; 3) the situational nature of the existence of a given community, expressed in the fact that it is formed and functions exclusively on the basis and within the boundaries of one or another specific activity, is impossible outside of it, as a result of which it always turns out to be an unstable formation, changing from case to case, from one specific situation to another; 4) clearly expressed heterogeneity (heterogeneity, “mixedness”) of the composition of a given community, its frankly out-group (or intergroup) nature, manifested in the fact that in the mass the boundaries between all social, demographic, political, regional and other existing in society are “destroyed” in groups.

The listed properties of the mass completely determine its inherent type of consciousness, the features of its content and structure, methods of formation and functioning. In terms of content, mass consciousness is a broad set of ideas, judgments, perceptions, illusions, feelings, moods, in one form or another reflecting all aspects of social life without exception. At the same time, in terms of its content, mass consciousness is much narrower than social consciousness as a whole, since beyond its boundaries there remains a great many “plots” that are not accessible to the understanding of the masses and/or do not affect their interests (cf., for example, the content of science, law, etc. .d.).

In its structure, mass consciousness is an extremely complex, conglomerate formation that arises at the “intersection” of all known types of social consciousness - sensual and rational, everyday and theoretical, abstract and artistic, contemplative and associated with volitional actions, etc. Throwing (in this connection) into the eyes of the properties of the structure of mass consciousness - its fragmentation, porosity, inconsistency, ability to rapid, unexpected changes.

Like the masses themselves, mass consciousness in modern societies arises and is formed primarily in the process of massification of the basic conditions and forms of human life (in the spheres of production, consumption, communication, socio-political participation, leisure), giving rise to the same or similar aspirations and interests , needs, skills, inclinations, etc. The action of these conditions and forms of being is consolidated and completed in the production and distribution of the corresponding types of mass culture, primarily associated with the functioning of the media and propaganda. With their help, the specified interests, needs, aspirations of the general population are formed in the form of a series of standard images of reality, ways of cognizing it and behavior patterns.

Being a spiritual product of the objective processes of massification of human practices, mass consciousness itself exerts the most active influence on many aspects of society's life, acting as a powerful regulator of mass forms of people's behavior. At the same time, the main forms of expression and functioning of mass consciousness are public opinion and public mood.

In Western philosophy and sociology, mass consciousness has been illuminated from various positions - openly anti-democratic, identifying the masses with the “crowd”, “rabble” (J. Burkhard, G. Le Bon, X. Ortega y Gasset); social-critical, considering the mass as a negative product of modern inhumane types of societies (E. Fromm, D. Riesman, R. C. Mills, G. Marcuse); positivist, linking the emergence of the masses with scientific and technological progress, the activities of modern media (G. Bloomer, E. Shils, D. Martindale). In Russian science, for decades, positive research into mass consciousness was essentially prohibited due to the complete incompatibility of this issue with the ideological attitudes prevailing in society. At the same time, the first works on this subject appeared in the USSR already in the 60s.

Television (TV) is a powerful means of influencing the mental state of both the individual and the masses. We wrote about the terrifying impact of TV on the psyche of the masses in our previous studies. Therefore, now, having only outlined this kind of impact (including schemes for manipulating mass mental consciousness through the media), we will try to find mechanisms for the positive impact of the influence of mass media and information, considering the issue of the possible beneficial influence of the media on the psyche of the masses.

First, we will briefly list the mechanisms of influence with the help of the media on the mass media audience, considering this in a thesis.

There is a problem of modern man's susceptibility to manipulation through television. It is impossible for most individuals to refuse to watch television, because the specificity of the television signal and the presentation of the material is structured in such a way as to first provoke symptoms of psychopathology in the individual, and later remove them through television broadcasting, thereby ensuring a stable addiction (akin to drug addiction).

Anyone who has watched TV for a long time is in this kind of addiction. They can no longer refuse to watch television, because if they avoid watching, such individuals may develop conditions that resemble the symptoms of neurosis in their characteristics.

The significant effect of manipulative techniques is based on provoking symptoms of borderline psychopathology in the individual’s psyche. Through a television signal, television encodes the individual’s psyche. This coding is based on the laws of the psyche, according to which any information first enters the subconscious, and from there it affects consciousness. Thus, through television broadcasting it becomes possible to simulate the behavior of the individual and the masses.

“Television production is a “commodity” akin to a spiritual drug,” notes Professor S.G. Kara-Murza. - A person in modern urban society is dependent on television...

... the impact (of television) is such that a person partially loses his free will and spends much more time in front of the screen than his needs for information and entertainment require...

As in the case of drugs, a person, consuming a modern... television program, cannot rationally assess the nature of its impact on his psyche and behavior.

Moreover, since he becomes “dependent” on television, he continues to consume its products even if he is aware of its harmful effects.”

The first mass broadcasting began in Nazi Germany, during the 1936 Olympic Games (Hitler was the first to understand and begin to use the manipulative capabilities of TV). A little earlier, in April 1935, the first television showroom for 30 people with two televisions appeared in Berlin, and in the fall of 1935 a television theater with a projector for 300 people opened.

In the United States in 1946, only 0.2% of American households had a television. In 1962, this figure rose to 90%, and by 1980, almost 98% of American households had televisions, with some households having two or three televisions.

In the Soviet Union, regular television broadcasting began in 1931 from the building of the Moscow Radio Center on Nikolskaya Street (now the Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network - RTRS). And the first television receiver appeared in 1949. (called KVN-49, it was black and white, the screen was slightly larger than the size of a postcard, to enlarge the image, a lens was used, attached to the screen, which approximately doubled the image.)

Until the mid-80s. in our country there were only two or three channels, and while almost 96% of the country’s population could watch the first channel, not everyone could watch the two channels (depending on the region), only about 88% nationwide. Only a third of the country had three channels. Moreover, the majority of television receivers (two-thirds) remained black and white even before the 90s.

When conducting a television broadcast, there is an impact on the psyche through the use of various forms of information transfer; The simultaneous participation of the organs of vision and hearing further engages the layers of the subconscious, thereby achieving the maximum manipulative effect.

After 20-25 minutes of watching a television program, the brain begins to absorb any information that comes through the television broadcast.

Let us remember that one of the principles of mass manipulation is suggestion.

The action of television advertising is based on this principle. For example, a person is shown some kind of commercial. Suppose, at first, such a person has a clear rejection of the material being demonstrated (ie, his idea of ​​this product is different). Such a person looks, listens, justifying himself by the fact that he will not buy anything like that. This kind of calms myself down. In fact, if any signal enters the information field of a person for a long time, then the information is inevitably deposited in the subconscious. So, if in the future there will be a choice between what product to buy, such a person will unconsciously give preference to the product about which he has already “heard something”. Moreover. It is this product that will subsequently evoke a positive associative series in his memory. Like something familiar. As a result, when such a person faces a choice of a product about which he knows nothing, and a product about which he has already heard something, he will instinctively (i.e. subconsciously) reach for a familiar product. Moreover, in this case, the time factor is often important. If for a long time we have information about a product, it automatically becomes something close to our psyche, which means that a person can unconsciously make a choice in favor of such a product (a similar brand of goods, brand).

Speaking about modern means of mass influence on the audience, we must talk about the combination of advertising and mass media (MSC). By influencing the subconscious of the individual, advertising leads to the fact that the person no longer belongs to himself. He submits to the principles and standards of life imposed on him. And even if he consciously still resists some of them, subconsciously he is already making a choice in favor of one or another psychological attitude on the part of the manipulators.

Manipulators can also form an inferiority complex among certain groups of the population who do not have the opportunity to buy a particular product. A product that suits a particular lifestyle.

(Example: TV, through programs of a certain orientation, creates an image of successful people who have the means to buy any goods for themselves. People want to get closer to the same level of consumption, hence the increase in loans from banks, and in general - the increase in neurotic addictions and anger in society; Loans have to be repaid.)

Foreign scientists identify five stages of interaction between society and television. Thus, at the first stage, cultural scientist Kottak notes attention primarily to the source of information (TV), and not to the information itself. At the second stage, some assessment of information occurs. This or that individual is already beginning to accept or reject this or that information. In addition, the possession of a television at this stage is already noted by the individual as an increase in his own social status, and therefore begins to be perceived mostly in a positive aspect.

The third stage characterizes the development of mass television. Many families can afford to buy a television set. At the fourth stage, adults not only spend a significant amount of time in front of the TV, but it also begins to build their lives through the information they once received through TV viewing. The fifth stage characterizes the emergence of cable television, which means that selectivity in receiving this or that information is growing.

At the same time, the modern stage of development of television is characterized by changes occurring from simply watching television programs through a television set (as happened in the 20th century), to such types of television as satellite (worldwide), cable (subscriber), cassette (TV via laser discs), captioned television (videotext, teletext).

In addition, we must also talk about the fact that the manipulation of the mental consciousness of the masses is inherent in any television broadcast. As noted by Associate Professor, Candidate of Philological Sciences A.N. Fortunatov: “In the very specifics of television information, there is a need to be perceived uncritically, to meet the expectations of the audience, its stereotypes and stable ideas about reality. A TV program from the very first seconds should signal to the viewer that it is addressed specifically to him, meets his needs. After that, such impulses should be repeated with sufficient frequency so that the person sitting in front of the screen does not have motives to change the channel. The viewer acts as a kind of “resonator” between his own ideas about the world and what he sees on TV, receiving “out of the box” confirmation of the correctness of his choice. In turn, the social adequacy of programs becomes the result of intense creative search, the preservation by directors and journalists of a “sense of truth” for the referent part of the audience. And “the formation of tastes” is a collective process that equally concerns both the television people themselves and the consumers of their information.”

In this case, we should talk about information management (through television in particular, and mass media in general). Moreover, considering the issue of management, we can note (based on the example of Perestroika and the destruction as a result of the social structure of Soviet society) that the effectiveness of such actions was built on the methodological basis of Antonio Gramsci, who believed that a mass revolution would be too difficult to destroy society, since it is a change “basis”, which is relatively difficult in modern conditions. And in this case it is easier to change the “superstructures”, that is, in other words, to direct a manipulative influence on the intelligentsia, because changing their worldview will turn out to be noticeably more advantageous, including in terms of time, than trying to change the consciousness of the entire society at once

Manipulation of mass psychic consciousness through television.

Through a television signal, the following types of manipulation of public - mass - consciousness become possible.

1). Fabrication of facts.

In this case, the manipulation effect occurs as a result of small deviations used in the supply of material, but always acting in the same direction.

Manipulators only tell the truth when the truth can be easily verified.

In other cases, they try to present the material in the way they need. Moreover, lying becomes most effective when it is based on a stereotype embedded in the subconscious.

“The main methods of fabricating facts were worked out ... in the department of Goebbels,” notes Professor Kara-Murza. - They were innovative in many ways and baffled Western specialists. So, the fascists introduced the method of securing false reports with truthful, even very unpleasant ones for them. In such a “packaging” the lie passed without fail.”

2). Selection of reality events for material.

In this case, an effective condition for programming thinking is the control of the media, in order to present uniform information, but in different words.

The activities of opposition media are also allowed. But their activity is under control, and in fact does not go beyond the limits of broadcasting allowed by them.

In addition, the media use the so-called. the principle of democracy of noise, when a message unnecessary by the manipulator simply must die under a powerful release of versatile information.

3). Gray and black information.

“In the second half of the twentieth century,” notes Kara-Murza, “... the media began to use the technology of psychological warfare.

The 1948 American Military Dictionary defines psychological warfare as: “It is a systematic propaganda effort to influence the views, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of enemy, neutral, or friendly foreign groups in support of national policy.” In ... the manual (1964) states that the purpose of such a war is "undermining the political and social structure of the country ... to such a degree of degradation of the national consciousness that the state becomes unable to resist."

4). Major psychoses.

In the thinking of the individual, notes Kara-Murza, a certain, mosaic type of culture has developed. The media are a factor in strengthening this type of thinking, accustoming the individual to think in stereotypes, and not to include intelligence when analyzing media materials.

S. Moscovici wrote”: “The grammar of persuasion is based on affirmation and repetition, on these two dominant rules.”

Le Bon noted: "Repetition is being introduced ... into the depths of the subconscious, where the motives of our actions are born."

In other words, it is the excessive repetition that eventually dulls the consciousness, forcing any received information to be deposited in the subconscious with virtually no changes. Note that from the subconscious, after a certain period of time, all information eventually ends up in the mind.

“...repetition is one of those “psychological tricks” that dulls the mind and affects unconscious mechanisms,” writes Kara-Murza. “When this technique is abused, stereotypes intensify into stable prejudices, and a person becomes dull.”

6) Fragmentation and urgency.

In this manipulation technique used by the media, integral information is divided into fragments so that the individual cannot connect them into a single whole and comprehend the problem.

“This is the fundamental principle of mosaic culture,” writes Kara-Murza. - There are many technical techniques used for fragmentation: articles in a newspaper are broken into parts and placed on different pages, text or a TV show is broken up by advertising.

G. Schiller gives a description of this technology: “Take, for example, the principle ... of the layout of the first page of a large daily newspaper. What is common to all is the complete heterogeneity of the material presented and the absolute denial of the interconnection of the social phenomena covered. Discussion programs that dominate radio and television provide compelling examples of fragmentation as a form of presentation. Whatever is said is completely lost in subsequent advertisements... and gossip."

P. Freire considers fragmentation “a characteristic technique of cultural suppression,” which is accepted as a specific form of presenting information in the United States.

From the USA, this technique has spread to all media systems involved in manipulation.

G. Schiller explains the effectiveness of this technique: “When the holistic nature of a social problem is deliberately avoided, and fragmentary information about it is offered as reliable “information,” then the results of this approach are always the same: misunderstanding... apathy and, as a rule, indifference.”

By tearing information about an important... event into pieces, it is possible to sharply reduce... the impact of the message or completely deprive it of its meaning. The media “construct” the flow of messages in such a way as to create a false image of reality in the viewer.

7) Simplification, stereotyping.

This type of manipulation is based on the fact that the individual is a product of the so-called. mosaic culture. His consciousness is created by the media.

“The media themselves,” notes Prof. Kara-Murza, - quickly became the object of study... and soon connections between the simplicity of the message and its perception were discovered and even mathematically expressed. The media, unlike high culture, are intended specifically for the masses. Therefore, they set strict limits on the complexity and originality of messages...

The justification for this, as Kara-Murza notes, is the rule that a representative of the masses is able to adequately assimilate only simple information.

“The concept of simplification was put forward in the early 20s by Lippmann,” writes Kara-Murza. - ... (Lippman) believed that the process of perception is just a mechanical adjustment of a still unknown phenomenon to a stable general formula (stereotype). Therefore, the press must standardize the phenomenon that has become the object of the message. At the same time, in his words, the editor should rely on stereotypes and routine opinions and "ruthlessly ignore the subtleties."

The person must perceive the message effortlessly... without internal struggle and critical analysis.

8). Sensationalism.

In this case, the same principle is preserved - to present information in such a way that it was not possible to form a single whole. But at the same time some kind of pseudo-sensation stands out. And under the guise of it, truly important news is hushed up (if this news for some reason is dangerous for the circles that control the media).

“The continuous bombardment of consciousness ... especially with “bad news” .., - notes Kara-Murza, - performs an important function of maintaining the necessary level of “nervousness” ... This nervousness, a feeling of continuous crisis, dramatically increases people's suggestibility and reduces the ability to critical perception ... ".

Having briefly considered the ways of manipulation through the media, we will try to identify possible ways of healing through watching television.

As it becomes known, one of the forms of influence on the psyche of the individual and the masses is the initiation in the psyche of the individual (the masses) of general neuroticism. In the masses, this becomes possible through induction, infection, actively transmitted in the crowd, from one individual to another. By the way, this is one of the principles of managing the masses: first, you need to turn any mass, any collection of individuals into a crowd, and then manage it, using in this case already methods of management applied as to sick people (neurotics).

As is known, a gathering in one place (meeting) of even intellectually developed individuals constitutes a crowd, because in such a gathering, as in a crowd, the threshold of criticality is noticeably reduced, i.e. mental censorship has been weakened. Therefore, information entering consciousness is no longer subject to such criticality as if it were sent to the consciousness of an individual who is not burdened by association with other individuals, or the consciousness of an individual who mentally adequately perceives the reality. Illness (neurosis, for example), as well as any form of mental instability as a result of some other kind of illness (acute respiratory infection, for example, or flu, or any other form of malaise), as well as increased fatigue, alcohol intoxication, etc. - are some example of the so-called. altered states of consciousness, when the psyche (consciousness) of the individual can no longer put up any barriers to the penetration of new information, in order to evaluate various types of information. (Note that such an assessment is necessary and characterizes the psyche of a healthy person. The individual’s brain is generally designed in such a way that it is not able to remember all the information coming into it from the outside world, therefore all information after the action of censorship of the psyche, as a result of which only part of the information enters consciousness and is used in the near future, it is deposited in the subconscious. And already there, in the subconscious, such information is located throughout the life of the individual, and can pass into consciousness even after several decades.)

What positive aspects of the influence of television can be observed?

Here, in our opinion, at least two trends are observed. So, let's look at them briefly first, outlining the problem.

Firstly, this is an elementary acting out of the neurotic states of the psyche of the individual (the masses) by watching television programs (including feature films) and through empathy, for example, with the characters of such a film or program, or empathy for what is happening on the screen. The individual seems to be immersed in a state of another reality, during which his psyche begins to experience previously uncharacteristic mechanisms of adaptation (evaluating information), but the very fact of positive information entering the brain (consciousness) (positive - because an uninteresting program on TV is not enough whoever watches, at best, switching the channel, or even turning off the TV set) will have a general beneficial effect on the psyche of both the individual and the individuals united in the masses.

Secondly, using the principles listed at the beginning, according to which the psyche of almost any individual is susceptible to information received from the television screen, and when watching television programs it is certainly deposited in the subconscious and subsequently influences consciousness, let’s try to assume that if we introduce a certain barrier of criticality (consisting of selective viewing of television programs; reorientation of such programs to a positive educational aspect), then we can thus use the influence of television in an exclusively positive way, for example, for what television, in fact, was originally intended for: to increase the capabilities of the individual and the masses to obtain information, knowledge, i.e. to training (education).

Let's look at the above two points in more detail.

It is known that the most effective management of the psyche of both the individual and individuals united in masses becomes possible if such an individual (or mass) is perceived as neurotic. It should be noted that in fact, the psyche of any individual, without exception, is susceptible to neuroticism. Someone has learned in the process of life to hide possible deviants of their own state of mind. This also lies in the plane of the structure of the individual’s psyche, and can be veiled by the so-called. a mask, or some fictitious image that such an individual tries on himself, as a result of which he models other behavior patterns that were previously unusual for him. It should be noted that any individual can get used to such a fictional image quite firmly. And while control over his psyche is firmly maintained by consciousness (including through the censorship inherent in consciousness, a kind of criticality of the psyche), such an individual will remain under the influence of a mask, or a fictitious image invented by him and projected onto the world around him. Then, when such an individual is placed in a state of altered states of consciousness (caused, for example, by changes in the psyche under the influence of alcohol, fear, anger, etc.), then it will be possible to say that in such a state the individual’s psyche is temporarily freed from superficial layer (caused both by the action and by the very existence of the mask), which means that the censorship of the psyche weakens (criticality in the way of information received from the outside world), and as a result of this, due to the disappearance of a certain barrier, an obstacle to the information coming from the outside world, the mask may temporarily disappear - i.e. such an individual becomes, as it were, himself. The path is not forever, only for a while, but during this time it is possible to manage to introduce a number of postulates into his psyche, which will subsequently lead (through the programming of the subconscious, and the appearance of certain stable patterns of behavior there) to appropriate actions (through the initial appearance of thoughts in the vein of the underlying postulates, information embedded in the psyche during a temporary weakening of criticality, censorship of the psyche). In this case, the most effective is neurosis (causing neurosis, neurotic dependence), because in the state of neurosis, during neurotic dependence, the individual’s psyche is most susceptible to outside influences.

At the same time, we can also talk about the fact that when influencing a mass it is possible to deliberately provoke the development of neurotic dependence; and at the same time, the mechanisms used will most likely be much larger in scale, and something similar will be carried out much easier, because when being in a mass, the psyche of an individual begins to obey the laws of the crowd, and therefore becomes noticeably more susceptible to influence from the outside, manipulative influence .

Influence from the outside, or manipulative influence, occurs as a result of a forced change in consciousness due to the influence exerted on the psyche by manipulators. In this case, the role of manipulators will be those who seek to impose their will on another, using such methods and methods of influence in which the manipulated (object of manipulation) does not realize that he is fulfilling the attitudes of another person (attitudes embedded in his psyche from the outside, another individual or group of individuals), and at the same time passes off such attitudes as his own. That is, he believes that he commits some actions himself, of his own free will, and with his own consent.

At the same time, he simply loses sight of the fact that such attitudes were previously embedded in his subconscious by a manipulator. Moreover, here we can already notice that, based on the properties of the psyche, it should be said that any information received into the psyche is deposited in the subconscious, and from there it influences the consciousness (and therefore the behavior) of the individual for an almost unlimited time.

That is, we must say that if, in the process of any influence (both positive and negative), any information ends up in the spectrum of an individual’s attention, then it is deposited in the subconscious. And from there it exerts its influence on consciousness (and therefore actions). Especially if such information is evoked or provoked in any way.

By the way, in this case we can talk about such methods of influencing the psyche of the individual and the masses as NLP, or neurolinguistic programming. In this case, for example, certain “anchors” are formed in the individual’s psyche, when exposed to which it is possible to subsequently evoke certain (previously laid down) program settings, most often of a positive nature. An example of an “anchor” is an old photograph that shows you when you were a child with your parents. Or any material object (photo, clothing, watch, etc.) that evokes a positive association in the individual’s psyche.

The method of “anchoring” is the attraction of positive memories for the purpose of subsequently modeling the behavior of such an individual (with the aim of imposing one’s will on him). In this case (as a result of the use of “anchors,” the mental barrier to information from manipulators is removed by evoking positive memories in the individual’s psyche. For manipulators in this case, it is necessary to calculate the effort, as well as identify those memories from the past, when reminded of which the object manipulation, the barrier of criticality on the path of information emanating from the manipulator is reduced.

The name “anchor” also comes from the fact that, as a result of certain technologies, it is possible to program the object of manipulation as if “for the future”, placing “anchors” while such an individual experiences any positive emotions. An “anchor” can be placed by word, gesture, etc. Later, when repeating such a word or gesture at the moment necessary for the manipulator, he can be sure that precisely at this moment (i.e., at the moment following such a word or gesture) the censorship of the psyche of the manipulated will be temporarily weakened, which means he will be able to fulfill the will imposed on him, and to do so with joy, delight, and self-animation.

In essence, NLP is nothing more than a scientifically substantiated (more practical than theoretically substantiated) method of introducing into the consciousness (subconscious) of another individual in order to impose one's own attitudes. In fact, one of the forms of NLP is modeling the behavior of another individual, identifying with him, programming him to fulfill the settings of the manipulator. At the same time, the object of manipulation is introduced into a certain form of hypnosis, when the individual is not sleeping, but is in a kind of trance, fulfilling the will of the manipulator's installation imposed on him. Well, or a psychotherapist, depending on what aspect of such influence we are considering: therapeutic or manipulative.

By the way, the effect of the technique is constantly tested, including and in politics. For example, it was clearly noticeable that during the so-called. orange revolution in Ukraine, as a result of which the legitimate government was overthrown, just the methods of manipulating the masses with the help of NLP were used (apparently not only NLP).

Based on the opinion of NLP representatives that consciousness is limited by the factor of information analysis, a kind of attack (involvement) of the subconscious occurs, by, for example, using the capabilities of the word (hence linguistic programming), and the formation as a result of such influence of a kind of hypnotic speech patterns. It should be noted that quite important in NLP are methods of influence based on non-verbal communication (posture, facial expressions, voice timbre, etc.). Verbal and non-verbal patterns (learned through observation of an individual) form such mechanisms, known in NLP as modalities. It is important to understand the modality through which the object of manipulation communicates with the outside world. But even at the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that rarely does a person use only one modality. But even for such an individual some modalities will be key. In addition, it should be understood that every individual has his own, subjective view of the world. Therefore, in order to competently influence such an individual, it is necessary to first understand the approach of such a person, take, as it were, his position of view of the world around him, and then, having infiltrated Thus, in his psyche, one should carefully change the opinion of such an individual on the nature of any issues, bringing him to his point of view. It is precisely in this case that those methods of manipulation, methods of influencing the psyche in order to change the attitudes of the object of manipulation and fulfill the desires of the manipulator, which we considered in our previous monographs (books), and which we will consider in some combined version in the corresponding chapter, turn out to be very productive of this study.

Returning to the issue of neurolinguistic programming, let us note that NLP is based primarily on practice (unlike most other psychotherapeutic techniques, which have a more integrated theoretical part). Just as a result of data obtained empirically, models of representative systems were discovered, suggesting a reduction in negative (traumatic) experience for the psyche (through, among other things, a conscious change in assessments of events from the past), changes in submodality, and as the ultimate goal - change behavior. At the same time, NLP followers try to notice the behavior of people they are interested in, with the goal of repeating words, gestures, and any other actions that unconsciously evoke thoughts of identification in the object of manipulation.

It should also be noted that manipulation in itself is not good or bad. First of all, various forms of manipulation are used by all people without exception who come into communicative contact with other individuals. That is, communication or communication is already the beginning of manipulation, because in any communication there is a goal of achieving some result of such communication. Another question is that most manipulations of other people in life occur unconsciously (that is, the conscious use of manipulation techniques is not pursued). Moreover, you should also pay attention to the fact that most of these methods are, as it were, adapted by each individual to life empirically. This means that in the process of one’s own life experience those patterns and mechanisms of behavior were found, as well as those opportunities that are available to someone, and at the same time this “someone”, unconsciously remembering the effect of using such opportunities in communication with other individuals - unconsciously repeats them when similar situations arise (intuitively anticipating the appropriate moment).

The postulate that any communication is already communication is based on our opinion that any communication is communication. And the purpose of any communication is information. This means that communication between individuals is an exchange of information. And at the same time, based on the fact that everyone wants him to be right, or for his point of view to be approved, then we can already talk about the unconscious desire of any individual to manipulate. Moreover, in a conscious person (as, indeed, in neurotics, in individuals with symptoms of borderline states, as in a number of individuals with certain forms of psychopathology), the desire to gain the upper hand in an argument, as well as to be convincing in one’s own words, is a trait inherent in into the very existence of the psyche.

Based on this, it becomes completely justified that in any communication between individuals there is one or another share of the use of manipulative technologies. Another question, we repeat, is this happening consciously or unconsciously. Which, however, does not play a definite role. Perhaps with a small exception due to the fact that if an individual uses any form of manipulation consciously, then his desire to influence another individual (or a group of individuals) is a little more clearly visible. Although even at this point it is worth noting that with experienced manipulators who know how to “impose” their opinions on others, this happens as if automatically, that is, unconsciously. Communication through manipulation for such individuals becomes part of their life. Therefore, it is quite clear that regardless of the significance of achieving a particular result, such individuals will use methods tested in practice - methods that bring them results.

Quite interesting in NLP are the so-called system objects, when the consequences of any of your actions in the present time have their result in the near future. For example, helping someone now (by, for example, increasing his own self-esteem as a result of a positive verbal assessment in your eyes) can to some extent have a positive effect later, when such an individual “repays you with favor” by speaking favorably about you in communication with other individuals who know or do not know you. It should be noted that in this case in most cases there is (and should not be) any conscious intent. And this, apparently, comes precisely from the property of the psyche that any information initially accumulates in the subconscious. And only after, transforming (that is, entering into a certain correlate with the information already available in the individual’s psyche) it enters consciousness. But at already comes from the consciousness of the individual himself, which means that such an individual, when releasing it into the external environment, uses those mechanisms that he himself has adapted and are based on his life experience, that is, on patterns of behavior and perception of reality emitted from the consciousness of the individuals themselves . Moreover, such information is usually presented “in your own words”, and is also delivered at the most convenient, appropriate moment for the perception of such information by a possible interlocutor (this ability is achieved intuitively, and is based on the postulate that for any information there is a good time ; because even the information necessary for the interlocutor, if it comes at a time when the attention of such an individual is distracted by other information, will not receive, as we know, due attention in his consciousness, having stumbled upon the unconscious barriers that the psyche always puts in the way of any - often new information.)

It is clear that for better memorability, any information must be repeated. Therefore, if the individual you need over the course of some time once again receives a correlate of the information that you want to convey to him, then this will probably turn out to be the most justified. Although everything becomes noticeable in each individual case, and depends both on the structure of the psyche and on the development of the ability to analyze information by one or another individual (his psyche, intellect, life experience). Therefore, sometimes it turns out to be important not to overdo it (because this way you can achieve the opposite effect to the expected one).

By and large, NLP extends within the mainstream of psychology, because it studies ways of influencing another individual (or groups of individuals - a section of social psychology). Therefore, in order to study such methods, it is necessary to study the psyche of another individual, find out how he looks at the world, what he thinks, etc. And at the same time, just like any form of psychology, NLP strives to develop those mechanisms that can significantly facilitate such communication.

In addition, it is known that neurophysiology has developed scientific methods of influencing the mental consciousness of the individual and the masses through a coded signal.

“The results obtained by computer psychotechnology methods,” writes E. V. Polikarpova. - Evidence that there is an organic relationship between neurophysiological, mental structures and social values. ... one should take into account the fact that the mental structures of a social person are formed on a neurophysiological basis, without which the existence of ethical norms and values ​​is impossible. Today, structural-functional relationships that determine the indicative function of a specific mental structure represent the central problem of the neurological sciences. The most common model postulates that, at the neuronal level, each mental structure can be identified with one or another physical state of the brain's neural network, formed as a result of the physical and/or electrical activity of a gradually forming group of clearly defined, although spatially separated, neurons. The significance of all of this is that the fundamental predisposition of the human brain to make moral judgments is rooted in its ability to create mental structures involved in evaluating “oneself as another.”

And at the same time, it should be noted that the advent of television is a kind of revolution, the consequences of which humanity has not yet fully comprehended. Moreover, with the advent of television, dramatic changes occur in mass mental consciousness. The consciousness of most individuals loses the ability for analytical (and generally mental) work. Due to ready-made schemes imposed by editors - patterns of perception - various stereotypes are developed in the individual’s psyche, that is, models of response to a particular life situation. Therefore, when it occurs, such an individual subconsciously performs an action previously modeled by the editors of certain television programs.

In this way, television, as it were, programs the individual. Immediately or after a while (depending on the predisposition of the psyche and the strength of influence), such an individual will perform actions that earlier (before entering his consciousness, and actually intended for such an act) lie in line with the program that the brain of such an individual-viewer has absorbed.

How does the impact on consciousness occur through new information received, for example, through a word?

E. V. Polikarpova describes such a model: “The scheme for processing verbal information is as follows: “First, the word is encrypted in electrical impulses of the brain, regardless of its semantic content, like complex sound signals. The resulting impulse activity of neurons (code) addresses the long-term memory accumulated as a result of individual experience, activating it. After the activation of long-term memory, a new electrical cipher appears - a semantic code. Now the heard word, having passed through the stage of acoustic code, “comes to life” in the brain and causes other, more complex mental processes.” It is the doctrine of the work of the first and second signaling systems that provides a neurophysiological explanation of hypnosuggestive and other phenomena in the intellectual, emotional and volitional spheres of a person.”

That is, we have before us direct (scientific) confirmation of what Freud wrote about more than a hundred years ago, and what we have mentioned more than once on the pages of our research. If translated into the language of psychoanalysis, the above information confirms the fact that initially any word (a word - as a result of the action of information, the receipt of information) is deposited in the unconscious of the individual (in the subconscious); further, it is mixed with information that was already previously in the subconscious (including the collective unconscious); and, finally, the newly received information involves the corresponding archetypes, which means that such information (sometimes in a slightly processed form) passes into consciousness and is reflected in the deeds and actions of the individual.

At the same time, there are even more subtle connections and interactions between speech (word) and the brain (consciousness).

“It has been established in neurobiology,” notes E. V. Polikarpova, “that the interaction of the brain and speech occurs at three levels, namely: a large complex of neural structures located in the left and right hemispheres, which serves to represent concepts in the brain; a smaller neural complex, located mainly in the left hemisphere, forms words and sentences; Between these two levels, an important complex of neural structures located in the left hemisphere plays the role of an intermediary.”

Also, modern medicine scientifically answers the question of how this or that information from the subconscious enters the consciousness (i.e., the priority factor).

“The development of science,” writes E.V. Polikarpova, “significantly expands the scope of rational and experimental analysis of nature, shows the decisive role of brain structures in the functioning of human consciousness. Studies of the structures of semantic memory show, for example, that even the most abstract concepts (“capital”, “fate”, etc.) have emotional intensity, which, depending on the experience, upbringing, knowledge and faith of the individual, determines the range of subjective assessments.” The latter, as is known, guide human behavior, which is especially important in the era of rapid development of information culture with its electronic mass media.

To explain this phenomenon, K. Pribram put forward a hypothesis according to which positive reinforcement in the case of positive feedback about the results of an action causes the release of norepinephrine in synapses. This substance stimulates the release of ribonucleic acids, which facilitates protein synthesis in nerve cells. The sequence of synthesized protein molecules is a code by which information is recorded in long-term memory. Negative reinforcement induces a chain of processes that ends with a rejection of the chosen method of action. An important aspect of these processes is the release of serotonin, which influences the activation of inhibitory cells or relieves their suppression.”

E.V. Polikarpova draws attention to the fact that in modern society the individual’s imagination plays an important role. Moreover, it turns out that imagination for the most part is under the control of the subconscious (rather than consciousness). Moreover, according to some scientists, the individual’s brain is capable of creating imaginary associations 20 orders of magnitude greater than the number of atoms in the universe. Therefore, it is understandable that such diversity cannot be expressed in verbal form. The subconscious comes into play. Another way to explain such abilities as hypnosis, insight, shamanic rituals, etc. very difficult.

“In scientific psychology, imagination is defined as a form of mental reflection, when new images or associations are generated on the basis of previously formed ideas,” writes E. V. Polikarpova. - Research shows that memory, which stores sensory images, plays a significant role in the work of imagination. In the process of the “work” of the imagination, not only elements of a particular image are retrieved from memory, but also images of another modality (for example, a visual image can evoke an associated smell), which is accompanied by a number of sequential electrical and molecular changes in certain parts of the neural network. In terms of our research topic, this position acquires significant significance - it shows that the influence of the media on human consciousness is due to the physical and chemical processes of fixation and consolidation of perceived information at the neural level of the functioning of the individual’s brain. Figuratively speaking, in the neural structures of the human brain, through the media, physical paths and tracks are laid along which flows of information move and with which certain stereotypes of thinking and behavioral attitudes embedded in the consciousness of the individual are associated.”

In addition, it significantly affects any communication (communication) and the role of the subconscious. One could even say that the subconscious plays a key role in the effectiveness of a communicative act. In this case, we must also talk about the non-verbal aspect of communication. For example, gestures, facial expressions, the appearance of a speaker who suddenly involved some archetype in the viewer’s unconscious, or negative projection - identification (replacement of an image) by one individual with another. In this case, it is possible to deliberately, using manipulative technologies, influence the behavior of an individual, for example, by focusing attention on one or another emotional component of the issue, and thereby provoking behavior patterns that were previously embedded (via TV) in the individual’s subconscious.

“... various kinds of psychotechnologies are now being intensively developed to control the behavior of an individual,” writes E. V. Polikarpova. - ...a person in current conditions is under the powerful influence of the technogenic information and information-psychological environment. The development of technical civilization has caused the effect of turning off the ability of the human brain to consciously control the information flows affecting it. However, this uncontrolled piece of information is perceived by the brain and psyche, which changes the state and behavior of a person against his will and desire.

...The highest control system in a living organism, as is known, is the psyche and therefore, by artificially changing its emotional structures, it is possible to control not only a complex of beliefs and ideas, but also somatic processes. At the level of the subject’s consciousness, this is usually reflected as faith, conviction, a stable idea, opinion, etc., which forms the “core” of the personality - the image of “I” with all the multidimensionality of its relationships with surrounding realities.”

In addition, considering the influence of television on the psyche, we can say that as a result of mass influences through a television signal, the individual’s psyche weanes him from thinking. However, when the advantage of using ready-made schemes is imposed, in order to develop these schemes yourself, it is quite likely that after some time, criticism (criticism) towards the information received will first disappear. And after that, the individual’s psyche will, as it were, subconsciously be drawn to ready-made schemes for solving the issue (problem). Thus, a certain kind of moral degradation will be observed, but manipulators of public consciousness will wean the masses to first call things by their proper names, and then understanding itself will disappear.

In addition, as E.V. Polikarpova correctly noted, in the age of information progress, an individual can no longer be content with information acquired through his own life experience. Therefore, he builds his life partly according to the patterns that television induces into his consciousness. In addition, “thanks to the concentrated impact of information technologies used by the mass media, an individual almost inevitably loses an objectified criterion of truth. The fact is that the practice available to him, which acts as a criterion for the truth of his ideas about the world around him, is no longer material, but informational, “virtual” in nature. The latter is determined by the ideas that dominate in certain social groups and the “media space” created by the media. The significance of an event is now determined not by its real consequences, but primarily by the prevailing opinions and perceptions in a social group and the “media space”. “Individual consciousness, entering the information world, finds itself, as it were, in a hall of mirrors, the walls, floor and ceiling of which reflect each other and the lost external influences are so bizarre, endless and varied that they deprive the observer of a sense of reality - and, accordingly, a number of other related with this sense of qualities, including responsibility. He begins to relate himself no longer to reality, but... to the prevailing opinions about this reality in his environment.”

It should be noted that as a result of the activities of mass communication to restructure consciousness, individuals are forced to act as a result of an extremely aggressive information environment. E.V. Polikarpova cites such characteristics of such an environment as a constant surplus of unnecessary information, clogging up the information that is necessary, the excessive presence in the information of the unreality (fictionality) of what is happening, etc. .

Returning to the role of television as a factor of manipulation, we repeat that it has a suggestive effect on the psyche of both the individual and the masses. Moreover, the suggestive role of television, as we have already noted, also plays a positive role, because individuals (the masses) when watching a television program seem to act out their neurosis, removing, among other things, many internal complexes that are present in the psyche of any individual, and especially neurotic. Films such as, for example, “Cargo 200,” in terms of the strength of the achieved effects on the audience and the associated affective experiences of the psyche, are capable of achieving a much greater effect than many psychotherapeutic techniques that require a methodical and thoughtful immersion of the patient into his inner world. That is, during one viewing of a film of similar content, such a possible patient immediately relieves himself of the burden of painful psychosymtomotic problems, experiencing catharsis and cleansing.

Considering the mechanisms for achieving such effects-results through a television or film, we will present classical methods of engaging in the psyche of the masses that emotional component, thanks to which, in fact, feelings are born in the soul that help to empathize with the characters of films through unconscious involvement in the plot and action played out on the screen. screen.

Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor A.V. Fedorov provides the following diagram of the probability of achieving an effect on the viewer, which directors should use:

“Orchestration” - psychological pressure in the form of constant repetition of certain facts, regardless of the truth;

- “selection” (“juggling”) - selection of certain trends - for example, only positive or negative, distortion, exaggeration (understatement) of these trends;

- “blushing” (embellishment of facts);

- “pasting labels” (for example, accusatory, offensive, etc.);

- “transfer” (“projection”) - the transfer of any qualities (positive, negative) to another phenomenon (or person);

- “the game of common people”, which includes, for example, the most simplified form of presenting information.

- “sifting” of information (for example, for media texts that claim to be documentary, effectively reasoned selection of true and false, clearing information from “blush” and “labels” by comparison with actual facts, etc.);

Removing the halo of “typicality”, “common people”, “authority” from information;

Critical analysis of the goals and interests of the “agency”/authors of the media text.”

Professor A.V. Fedorov, among the factors influencing the attractiveness of television and cinema, cites the demonstration of scenes of violence, which, in our opinion, cause an additional surge of the viewer’s emotions, and therefore his even greater involvement in the viewing process.

“...media violence,” writes prof. A.V. Fedorov, - is increasingly penetrating Russian society, where in practice there is neither an effective age rating system for viewing and selling audiovisual products, nor a control system in relation to the demonstration of scenes of violence on the screen; and where, despite all the efforts of individual enthusiastic teachers, the media education movement in schools, colleges and universities, institutions of additional education and leisure remains poorly developed.

...As a result of long-term research, J. Cantor... classified in detail seven possible reasons for the attractiveness of scenes of violence for audiences (primarily minors):

1) the desire to experience excitement (media violence excites, increases emotional excitement. There is evidence that viewing scenes with violence or threats of violence significantly activates empathy, increases heart rate and blood pressure, even in adults. The impact of media violence on the level of anxiety has been reflected in experiments in the time of which the heartbeat and skin temperature were measured...; in our study among 450 schoolchildren, 13.1% noted excitement among the main factors of contact with violence, another 9.1% of respondents of this age indicated their emotional alertness;

2) the desire to virtually experience aggression (empathy effect): many media recipients like to virtually participate in aggressive actions. For example, in one study, “48% of schoolchildren responded that they always sympathize with the victim, and 45% said that they always sympathize with the “bad guy.” Slightly more (59%) emphasized that they want to be “good heroes.” A minority (39%) admitted that they enjoy watching people fight, hurt each other, etc. on screen. These data suggest that fascination with media texts containing naturalistic depictions of scenes of violence is directly related to the process of obtaining pleasure from contemplating such scenes, to frequent identification with the aggressor, and not with a positive character or victim”...; according to our research, 8.4% experienced a feeling of aggressiveness in connection with watching screen violence, and a feeling of bitterness - 7.8% of 450 schoolchildren surveyed;

3) ignoring restrictions (the “forbidden fruit” effect): parents often limit children’s access to media violence, which is why such episodes become more desirable for a certain part of minors;

4) an attempt to see violence and aggression as reflecting one’s own experience. In this sense, aggressive people like to watch programs that show behavior that is characteristic of them. Research shows that people who behave aggressively in real life opt for more aggressive programs... This conclusion is confirmed by K.A. Tarasov’s research into the so-called “risk group”...

5) study of the surrounding criminal world (comprehension of the role of violence in society and the area where a given audience lives); people "for whom violence is an integral part of their social circle are more interested in violence on screen" ...

6) self-soothing (premonition effect): contact with media texts containing scenes of violence sometimes helps people to escape from their own life fears and real problems, since, for example, the typical plot of television series ends with the triumph of order and justice... About the recreational factor that attracts them to media texts, said every tenth student I surveyed;

7) gender effect (the role of violence in the gender component of socialization). In children's audiences, there is a gender difference in the perception of scenes of violence. "When boys and girls watch the same television program, the former may be more susceptible to the 'aggression effect' and identify with the typical aggressive male character, while girls experience more fear because they identify with the typical female victim character." ; During our research, it was clearly recorded that among male schoolchildren there are twice as many active fans of screen violence as female ones. Among the 450 students I surveyed from 7 to 17 years old, 21.0% of fans of violence on screen were boys and only 12.4% were girls. These conclusions are confirmed by other Russian researchers...

In addition to J. Cantor’s classification, there is a classification of the reasons for the attractiveness of media violence for audiences, developed in the process of many years of research by J. Goldstein:

1) Subjective characteristics. The greatest interest in the topic of violence is shown by: men; individuals: more prone to aggressiveness than usual; whose needs for arousal and thrill can be defined as moderate to high; who are in search of their social "I", or a way to make friends with peers; prone to “forbidden fruit”; those who want to see justice restored; capable of maintaining an emotional distance so that visual images do not cause too much excitement.

2) Use of scenes containing violence: to control mood; to regulate anxiety and arousal; to be able to express emotions;

3) Characteristics of depictions of violence that increase their appeal: unreality (music, editing, scenery); exaggeration or distortion, fantastic genre; predictable result; fair ending);

4) Context. Violent scenes (such as war or crime) are more appealing in a safe, familiar environment.

In addition, there is an opinion that scenes of violence/aggression in media texts “psychologically prepare a person for intense emotional situations; allow you to demonstrate in a symbolic form your physical activity and ability to act in crisis situations, to carry out mental self-regulation in moments of confusion...

...Based on the analysis of the results of the research and the studied works of domestic and foreign scientists, notes prof. A. V. Fedorov, - we have developed the following typology of perception of media violence by the audience:

Active, purposeful positive perception of screen violence at the level of identification with the environment, plot and/or with cruel/aggressive characters of the media text;

Passive (without a clearly expressed attitude) perception of screen violence at the level of partial identification with the environment, plot and/or cruel/aggressive characters of the media text;

Active, targeted negative perception of screen violence at the level of identification with the environment, plot and/or victims of cruel/aggressive characters in a media text;

Active, targeted negative perception of screen violence at the level of opposition to the position/actions of cruel/aggressive characters in a media text and/or the position of the creators of the media text.

...based on the above, - draws the attention of Prof. A. V. Fedorov, - the main reasons for the attractiveness of media texts containing scenes of violence among the audience can be summarized as follows: entertainment, recreation, compensation, the desire to experience excitement/fear; the desire to virtually experience aggression (empathy effect); identification with an aggressive character or a victim character (identification effect); ignoring restrictions (the “forbidden fruit” effect); trying to see violence/aggression as reflecting one's own experience; studying the surrounding criminal world (comprehension of the role of violence in society and in the area where a given audience lives); self-soothing effect, i.e. the effect of anticipation of a happy ending and the realization that “this whole nightmare is not happening to me”; gender effect, etc.).

All this is fully consistent with the main theories of “media effects”, which describe the following mechanisms of influence of audiovisual works containing scenes of violence:

Manipulating feelings of fear (for example, stimulating feelings of fear of aggression and violence);

Teaching the audience violent/aggressive actions with their subsequent commission in real life (violence as an acceptable way to solve any problems);

Stimulation, arousal of the aggressive, imitative instincts of the audience, its appetite in relation to scenes of violence (especially in relation to the audience with a disturbed psyche);

- “instilling” in the audience a sense of indifference, indifference to victims of violence, lowering the threshold of sensitivity in relation to violence in real life;

- “cathartic”, virtual and safe for others outlet of aggressive emotions that do not lead to negative consequences in real life.”

The role of television in influencing the subconscious of the individual and the masses is truly enormous. As we have already noted, as a result of such influence, patterns of behavior are formed in the individual’s psyche, that is, stable formations that lead to the reflection of data embedded in the subconscious in the individual’s subsequent actions. In this case, we are not only talking about the direct relationship between the subconscious and consciousness, but also about the fact that any information that comes into the zone of visibility, audibility, or feeling by an individual is always deposited in the subconscious, and then affects the consciousness. The consciousness of individuals or a mass cannot exist on its own, and always depends solely on the subconscious. It is there, in the subconscious, that an individual’s thoughts, desires, and actions are born. And it is on the subconscious that the main influence of mass media in general, and television in particular, is directed.

Moreover, we must also talk about the fact that the majority of individuals perceive TV as real life. This dependence is especially evident in children, adolescents and young adults, and in people whose intellectual level is below the general average IQ. Despite the fact that such people not only exist, but there are a large number of them, everyone knows who has set out to analyze the behavior of individuals in places where people are concentrated, in public (crowded) places.

At the same time, special attention should be paid to the fact that the use of modern media (television also plays an important role) has by now significantly destroyed the anti-suggestive barrier in the psyche. From which an impressive part of the information received through external sources passes almost unhindered into the consciousness (subconscious). Over the years of use and development of modern mass media, the individual’s psyche has already mimicked in a certain way, adapting to new conditions of existence. This means that we can also say that it becomes easier for newly received information to find its reflection in the individual’s psyche. Accordingly, those settings (sets to perform any actions as a result of the birth of thoughts of a similar orientation) that were laid down in the subconscious simultaneously with the entry of information into the brain from the media (mass media) and mass communication media (mass media) will be fulfilled after the programmed time. . Information is like a time bomb. But unlike the latter, the information bomb works for sure. Because any information placed in the subconscious of an individual will be reflected in a projection to the outside world. The only question is time itself.

In conclusion, I would like to note that television, being the strongest stimulator of the mental consciousness of the masses, carries both negative and positive functions. We have already talked about the negative impact of TV. Manipulation with the help of TV is one of the most effective ways to influence the psyche of the masses. But at the same time, we should also talk about the positive role of television technology. During television broadcasting, a massive and versatile effect on the psyche of the individual occurs. Television simultaneously involves the organs of sight and hearing, influences one or another archetype of the collective unconscious, and thus a video sequence passes before the individual, aimed at the perception of information by the psyche of the individual as a whole. And such a complex order, as you know, greatly contributes to an increase in the suggestibility of the individual's psyche. The barrier to criticality of the individual's psyche weakens. This means that information from the outside world fills the contents of the psyche much faster, being deposited in the subconscious, and influencing the consciousness, that is, controlling the subsequent behavior of the individual (through the birth of thoughts of a corresponding direction, etc.). It is this factor that is used in manipulative technologies. Manipulation is an impact on the subconscious and, further, on consciousness (on consciousness through the subconscious), in order to change the previous attitudes of the individual. Moreover, the changes themselves can be both in a negative and in a positive aspect. The latter will be used, for example, in training or education. At the same time, we note once again that the effectiveness of training will be much higher if you build a similar process with an impact on the subconscious.

Since January 15, 1936, the Berlin television center has shown programs with a standard of 180 lines daily from 20.00 to 22.00. His staff began preparing to cover the Olympic Games. The presence of television cameras on them was associated with the prestige of German science and technology and acquired a political character. During the games held in Berlin in August 1936, the volume of live broadcasts increased to 8 hours a day. Screening rooms operated in 25 locations in Berlin. It was reported that a total of 150 thousand people watched the Olympics on television. The games could also be seen in Hamburg, where the cable was laid. Later, coaxial communication was also established with Leipzig, Nuremberg, Munich and Cologne. (A.N. Fortunatov. Problems of the history of television: philosophical and cultural approach. Course of lectures. Nizhny Novgorod. 2007.)

© Sergey Zelinsky, 2008
© Published with the kind permission of the author

2. Socio-psychological mechanisms of influence on group and mass consciousness

In our time, the mass media (media) have a huge psychological impact on the consciousness and subconsciousness of a person.

Through the mass media, a huge amount of information is being bombarded, which affects the individual and mass consciousness.

With the development of information technology, the possibilities of influencing and manipulating human consciousness have sharply increased.

The media today is a powerful factor of influence on the group and mass consciousness of people. Mass communication is the process of disseminating information and influence in society through special means: print, television, radio, cinema, etc., as a result of which the message goes immediately to large groups of people.

Mass communication influences the spread of standards of perception of reality, cultural norms, and standards of behavior. In recent years, much attention has been paid to advertising, mass culture, and the influence of technical means of communication on society; interest in global problems of information dissemination and new information realities is intensifying.

Mass communication has a formative and reinforcing effect on social stereotypes, i.e. schematic and simplified ideas about social objects that are widespread in society. Stereotypes may apply to other nationalities, classes, groups, etc. The perception of an out-group through stereotypes has two sides: positive (a stereotype provides relatively quick knowledge and allows one to classify the group as a broader class of phenomena) and negative (filling a stereotype with negative characteristics leads to the formation of intergroup hostility).

The ability to control mass consciousness and behavior is associated with the action of a number of elements lying in the sphere of the unconscious. The most significant of them from the point of view of mass influence are attitudes and stereotypes. An attitude is a state of internal readiness of a subject to react in a certain way to objects of reality or to information about them. There are positive and negative attitudes.

Most attitudes are acquired by a person in ready-made form from social experience and culture. Mass consciousness extremely rarely strives to develop an attitude towards social and political phenomena and processes. It prefers to receive it ready-made from the media.

Racial, ethnic and religious attitudes occupy a particularly strong position in the mass consciousness.

Thus, many Russians who have a negative attitude towards Caucasians, Jews or Wahhabis may have never participated in real conflicts with representatives of these groups, but have seen relevant stories on TV, read or heard from friends. This allows some not very clean politicians, if necessary, to update these guidelines for specific political purposes, for example, to gain mass support in elections.

In these cases, we can talk about group or mass installations. It should be emphasized that it is precisely as a result of the action of attitudes that are unconscious to the narrator himself that the sharpening or even the addition of specific details occurs in the process of transmitting hearing.

In social psychology, it is customary to distinguish several functions of attitude in the process of cognition and motivation of behavior: cognitive (regulates the process of cognition), affective (channels emotions), evaluative (predetermines assessments) and behavioral (directs behavior).

In addition to the indicated functions of the attitude, one more one should be highlighted, the most significant from the point of view of its impact on mass consciousness and behavior. This is the function of a barrier. The attitude formed in the human mind does not allow information into it that could contradict it.

American political scientists even coined the special term “Teflon president,” explaining the immunity of the mass consciousness to any negative information concerning US President R. Reagan.

The barrier function gives the installation special stability, making it useless to try to convince the person making a decision based on the installation. At best, he will not hear our arguments, at worst, he will form a negative attitude towards us as a source of information. Therefore, when setting oneself the task of managing mass consciousness and behavior, one should, first of all, use existing attitudes to achieve the goal, in some cases try to form new ones based on them, and not waste much effort on trying to break or destroy existing attitudes, especially those entrenched in mass consciousness for a long time.

Currently, numerous theories have been proposed to explain the mechanisms of influence of mass communication on group and mass consciousness. The most popular of these are the uses and gratifications theory and the dependency theory. The first emphasizes that a person acts as an active filter of information, and not its passive recipient. He selects media messages in order to satisfy some of his needs. Thus, the media audience is active and purposeful, and the person - the initiator of the choice of message - is well aware of his desires and needs. He, knowing his own needs, looks for various ways to satisfy them, one of which is the media: they seem to enter into an argument with other sources of satisfying needs. For example, the need for entertainment can be satisfied not only by sitting in front of the TV, but also by meeting friends, visiting a football match or a pub.

The process of influence of mass communication on group and mass consciousness can be described as follows. Social institutions and the media, interacting with the audience, form various needs, interests and drives in people. Once formed, this motivational system begins, in turn, to influence where and in what area a person will look for sources of satisfying needs. Having chosen certain sources, a person may later find himself in a certain dependence on them. For example, older people, due to decreased mobility, communicate little, which increases their dependence on media such as television. Teenagers may become addicted to the video industry because these types of hobbies conform to the norms of that social group.

Exclusively psychological means of influence include verbal, paralinguistic and non-verbal.

Verbal signals are words, and first of all their meaning, but also the nature of the words used, the selection of expressions, the correctness of speech or various types of its incorrectness.

Paralinguistic signals are features of the pronunciation of speech, individual words and sounds. Paralanguage tells us how to interpret words and provides additional information for interpretation. Paralinguistic means - accompany speech, complement the emotional side of communication (whistle in surprise, sigh in despair, etc.)

Nonverbal signals - body language includes five components: A) Gestures (a method of symbolic use of hands); B) Facial expressions (the way of using facial expressions); C) Body position (way to hold ourselves (our body)); D) Proxemics (a way of using space. The distance between interlocutors depends on the age and gender of the communicants, and on the degree of acquaintance between them); D) Tactile communication (touching, patting, etc., the use of tactile elements of communication indicates mutual relations, status, degree of friendship between communicants).

Types of psychological influence:

1. Argumentation. Expressing and discussing arguments in favor of a certain decision or position with the aim of forming or changing the interlocutor’s attitude towards this decision or position. 2. Persuasion. Conscious, reasoned influence on another person or group of people, with the goal of changing judgment, attitudes, intentions or decisions. 3. Self-promotion. Declaring your goals and presenting evidence of your competence and qualifications in order to be appreciated and thereby gain advantages in a selection situation (appointment to a position). 4. Suggestion. Conscious unreasoned influence on a person or group of people, aimed at changing their state, attitude towards something and predisposition to certain actions. 5. Infection. The transfer of one’s state or attitude to another person or group of people who in some way (not yet explained) adopt this state or attitude. This state can be transmitted both involuntarily and voluntarily, and can also be acquired (involuntarily or voluntarily).

6. Awakening the impulse to imitation. The ability to create a desire to be like you. This ability can manifest itself both involuntarily and voluntarily. The desire to imitate and imitate (copying someone else's behavior and way of thinking) can also be voluntary or involuntary. 7. Building favor. Attracting the involuntary attention of the addressee to oneself by demonstrating one’s own originality and attractiveness, expressing favorable judgments about the addressee, imitating him or providing him with a service. 8. Request. An appeal to the addressee to satisfy the needs or desires of the initiator of the influence.

9. Ignoring. Deliberate inattention, absent-mindedness towards the partner, his statements and actions. Most often perceived as a sign of neglect and disrespect, but in some cases it acts as a tactful form of forgiveness for tactlessness or awkwardness committed by a partner 10. Coercion. The threat of the initiator using his control capabilities in order to achieve the required behavior from the addressee. Controlling capabilities are the powers to deprive the recipient of any benefits or to change the conditions of his life and work. The most severe forms of coercion may involve threats of physical harm. Subjectively, coercion is experienced as pressure: by the initiator - as his own pressure, by the addressee - as pressure from the initiator or “circumstances”. 11. Destructive criticism. Expressing disparaging or offensive judgments about a person’s personality and/or rude aggressive condemnation, slander or ridicule of his deeds and actions. The destructiveness of such criticism is that it does not allow a person to “save face”, diverts his energy to fight the negative emotions that have arisen, and takes away his faith in himself.

12. Attack. A sudden attack on another's psyche, carried out with or without conscious intent, as a form of release of emotional tension. Expressing disparaging or offensive judgments about a person’s personality; gross aggressive condemnation, slander or ridicule of his deeds and actions; a reminder of the shameful or regrettable facts of his biography; categorical imposition of one's advice, etc. 13. Manipulation. Hidden encouragement of the recipient to experience certain states, make decisions and/or perform actions necessary for the initiator to achieve his own goals.

Almost everyone who wants to influence others does this not because insight came to him, the absolute truth was revealed and he felt worthy to decide for others, but because he pursues or defends his interests. Take, for example, the scheme used in religious sects. The main element is another newly minted messiah, upon whom a “revelation” has descended, i.e., more competent in the spiritual field than the rest, who knows the “path to salvation.” There is a support group that infects victims with “their example”... There are many known cases of taking over not only the souls and bodies, but also the property of sectarians. Impact on a spiritual level is perhaps one of the most powerful types of psychological influence.

Due to the rapid pace of development of the information environment, the possibilities of hidden information and psychological influences on individual, group and mass consciousness, as well as the mental states of people, are expanding.

Negative information and psychological influences are, first of all, manipulative influences on the individual, on his ideas and emotional-volitional sphere, on group and mass consciousness, an instrument of psychological pressure with the aim of overtly or covertly inducing subjects to act to the detriment of their own interests in the interests of individual persons, groups or organizations carrying out these impacts.

The emergence of new forms and means of “hidden” influence on individual, group and mass consciousness requires the organization of special monitoring of the information environment. This type of influence may include: psychosemantic, subliminal, electromagnetic, acoustic and other types of influence.

The media are the main instrument of political manipulation, since they have rich and virtually unlimited resource capabilities to influence mass consciousness.

The purpose of manipulation is to influence a person through channels that are least consciously controlled, and thus introduce into the mass consciousness socio-political myths (Greek mythos - word, narrative, legend) - illusory ideas that affirm certain values ​​and norms and are perceived primarily by faith, without rational, critical understanding.

Exposure to television, cinema, etc. capable of activating the mechanisms of socio-psychological imitation, infection, fashion suggestion and, consequently, shaping the thoughts, feelings, and needs of young people. The means of mass communications are capable of influencing the opinions and assessments of the audience with great psychological pressure, offering everyone the same norm, measure and stereotype of impressions. A characteristic feature of mass communication of our time is persuasive communication. There are two main ways of persuasion: direct and indirect. The direct method consists of providing a system of arguments, the indirect method uses indirect factors, hints, and inclines to approval without hesitation.

It has been experimentally revealed that the effectiveness of social influences depends on various characteristics of the audience. These include the following characteristics.

· Age. During the second decade of a person's life and at the beginning of the third, intensive personality formation occurs, and the attitudes that arose during this period tend to remain unchanged throughout subsequent life. The attitudes of young people are less stable.

· Self-esteem. People with low self-esteem are often too slow to understand a message and therefore difficult to persuade. People with high self-esteem understand everything quickly, but prefer to stick to their views. It is easiest to influence people with adequate self-esteem.

· Values. With a direct method of communication, if it is consistent with our ideas, it convinces us. If it makes us think about counterarguments, we remain with the same opinion.

· Motivation. If a person has the motivation to think about the topic of the message, then he is more willing to believe the communicator, more favorable and less inclined to find counterarguments.

Advertising is rightfully considered one of the most powerful means of influencing mass consciousness. The psychological impact of advertising is manifested in the processes of processing advertising messages: emotions, thoughts, possible solutions that determine specific human behavioral acts.

There are four components of the psychological impact of advertising:

· cognitive (obtaining new information through information processing processes: sensation, perception, attention, associative thinking, memory);

· affective (formation of an emotional attitude that stimulates desires and experiences);

· regulatory (inducement to specific actions);

· communicative (integrating the advertising consumer into the context of information).

Among the methods of psychological influence of advertising on people, due to the age-related specifics of mental development, the following have the greatest influence: psychological infection (due to the impact on the emotional sphere of the individual); imitation (the child’s appropriation of different models of behavior, views, and worldviews of adults); suggestion (high subtestivity due to unformed personality integrity).

Worldview is formed under the influence of social conditions, upbringing and education, and to this we can confidently add the influence of the media, advertising, and fashion. It affects norms of behavior, attitudes towards work, towards other people, the nature of life aspirations, tastes and interests.

List of used literature

1. Shepel V.M. Imageology: secrets of personal charm. -2nd ed.-M.: Culture and Sports, UNITY, 2003. 2. Perelygina E.B. Psychology of image: Textbook. - M.: Aspect Press, 2002, P.118.

3. Burns R. Development of “Self-concept” and education. M., 1986, pp. 30-34.

4. Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. – M.: Aspect Press, 1999, pp. 171-173.

5. Evgenieva T.V. Attitudes and stereotypes of mass consciousness. Website of the educational project Elitarium. www.elitarium.ru.

6. Zelinsky S.A. The theory of mass manipulation. Information and psychological impact on mass consciousness. – St. Petersburg: Publishing and Trading House “Skifia”, 2008, pp. 252-270.

Forming an active image of the head of the municipality, reducing the manipulations used and closer interaction between the population and the authorities. 3 Basic recommendations and proposals for forming an active image of the head of a municipality 3.1 Interaction of the population with the local government as an image formation technology An active image of the authorities presupposes an active...

Case; - has a positive effect on the aesthetic level and visual environment of the company. If we summarize all the advantages that a corporate identity provides, then we can call it one of the main means of creating a favorable image of a company, a brand image. First of all, it should be noted that the concept of corporate identity is interpreted in a narrow and broad sense. By corporate identity in the narrow sense...

... ; computer; personal meetings of politicians with the public. The communication policy of a democratic state includes: 1) development and improvement of legal norms regulating political communication, protecting the interests of the individual, society and the state from the dissemination of inhumane information; 2) establishment and development of state and independent media (creation of a modern...

Conflict or instability. Much also depends on the degree to which mass communication implements its own information functions. Based on this, the main goal of this work is to study the psychological effects of mass communication. At the same time, the purpose of the work is revealed through the solution of the following tasks: - to reflect the concept of mass communication; -characterize the main psychological...

The means of mass communication include a fairly expanded arsenal of ways to influence the subconscious in order to introduce appropriate attitudes and establish patterns of behavior. Mass communications, as we noted earlier, include, in addition to the media (mass media), cinema, theater, videos, etc., that is, everything through which one can influence a mass audience, which is transmitted through any media (for example, postcards or advertising posters can also be classified as media).

Communication is information, a message. Communication means are ways of transmitting messages over large areas. Mass communication means the involvement of the masses in such a process. And if we combine all this, it turns out that in terms of the strength of their influence on the mental consciousness of the masses, the media of mass communication have a prevailing importance. They play almost a primary role in the factor of involving a mass audience, mass impact on the psyche. Moreover, many miss the peculiarity of the impact of information on the psyche. The fact is that any information, even if it has not received its “response” from consciousness, is deposited in the subconscious (in the unconscious of the psyche), and later has an impact on consciousness.

Let's look at this in more detail. So, how does the process of influence of information from the outside on an individual or mass occur? Firstly, information (its varying degree in the significance factor) is any message received or passing through an individual. Secondly, the psyche through consciousness can only evaluate

to part of the incoming information. Such information passes through consciousness, and such a structure of the psyche as censorship is involved in its processing (evaluation). Price-

The zura of the psyche stands in the way of information appearing in the zone of its perception by the individual, and is a kind of protective shield, redistributing information received from the outside world between consciousness and the unconscious (subconscious). That is, it is the censorship of the psyche that is a certain watershed that affects the flow of this or that information into the consciousness or subconscious. As a result of the work of psychic censorship, part of the information enters consciousness (it allows information to enter consciousness). And most of it (for one reason or another, “rejected” by the psyche at that time) is not allowed through the censorship of the psyche, and such information is deposited in the subconscious. And thirdly, information that passes into the subconscious (and such information can pass both as a result of its rejection by consciousness, or immediately, bypassing the censorship of the psyche) after some time begins to influence consciousness, and through consciousness, on any (all) ) the thoughts of an individual and the subsequent appearance of corresponding desires, and therefore actions, following these thoughts. This fact is very important and it is necessary to pay special attention to it. Any information received into the subconscious, over time, begins to influence the thoughts, actions, desires, and general behavior of the individual. Moreover, you should also pay attention to the fact that all information that has ever passed by the individual is deposited in the subconscious. And it doesn’t matter whether we remember it or not (that is, whether such information passed through consciousness or not), a single rule applies here: any information that was ever in the area of ​​the individual’s presence (that is, information that he could see or hear, information assessed by the psyche using the organs of vision, hearing, smell, touch, even information that is not there, but which only seems to the individual) - such information is certainly deposited in the subconscious, in the unconscious of the psyche, from where it soon begins its impact.

In this case, such information can enter into some kind of correlation with information already available in the subconscious. After all, the subconscious or unconscious - I

This part of the psyche is formed throughout the life of both the individual and the existence of previous generations in general (the so-called collective unconscious). Such information is mixed with already existing information. Moreover, in each individual case, everything always happens exclusively individually, that is, for each individual in different ways, but one thing is the same: always information from the subconscious over time either passes into consciousness, or - even to an even greater extent - begins to unconsciously influence thoughts, desires and actions of the individual. This is exactly the case when this or that individual says that he committed this or that act unconsciously. And indeed it is. If information is not in the spectrum of attention of consciousness, this does not mean at all that it does not have an impact on the psyche of such an individual. Here there is generally no dependent connection between whether such information entered consciousness or not. All the same (or even to a greater extent than is usually noted), such information, having entered into interaction with information already available in the individual’s psyche, will begin to influence the behavior of such an individual. And, as they say, there is no other way. This must be known and taken into account when predicting various types of behavioral motivation. Therefore, when any information passes through the psyche of an individual, when such information falls into the spectrum of actions of his psyche, when information passes through the actions of the individual’s various sense organs, it should always be said that this information is first deposited in the psyche (in the depths of the psyche ) of an individual, and then begins to influence such an individual’s perception of life.

And this is where it is very important to highlight the role of mass communication. Because it is precisely through this kind of influence that a kind of processing of the mental consciousness of the masses occurs, processing is already

not one individual, but individuals united in groups, in masses. And therefore, precisely in this case, it is necessary to remember that if any information comes from (and with the help of) the media (television, cinema, glossy magazines, etc.), then such information will certainly settle in the individual’s psyche. It all settles without a trace. It settles completely regardless of whether the consciousness has had time to process part of such information or not. Did the individual remember the information entering his consciousness or not? The very fact that such information already exists speaks for itself, as it were, that such information has already been deposited forever in his subconscious. And such information can have an impact on consciousness both now or tomorrow, and after many years or decades. The time factor does not play a role here. This kind of information never leaves the subconscious. It can, at best, only move into the background, hide for a while in the depths of the psyche, because the individual’s memory is structured in such a way that it requires constant updating of existing (stored) information in order to remember new amounts of information. In this case, it really doesn’t matter whether such information passed through consciousness or not. Although if it has passed, then this kind of impact can intensify if the information received involves the emotional component of the psyche. Any emotions, emotional content of semantic load only enhance the individual’s psyche’s perception of this kind of information. Such information immediately hits the senses. And it is known that if feelings are involved, then censorship of the psyche can no longer exert its full effect, because what concerns feelings and emotions breaks the defense of the psyche and such information generally immediately passes into the subconscious. Moreover, in order to separate information entering the subconscious through the psychic barrier called censorship, and information immediately entering the subconscious, we note that, probably, in the first case, such information is not deposited very deeply, but in the second it penetrates further. But it cannot be said that in the first case, information will subsequently pass into consciousness (as if again into consciousness) faster than information that did not pass through consciousness (and therefore evaluation) before. You can't say that. The information extracted from the subconscious is influenced by many different factors, including archetypes. Just by using one or another archetype, it is possible to remove information from the subconscious and translate it into consciousness. And this already means that such information will have an impact on the behavior of the individual.

Having dwelled a little on archetypes, we note that archetypes are understood as the formation in the subconscious of certain images, the subsequent impact on which can cause some positive associations in the psyche of the individual and through this influence the information received by the individual "here and now", that is, the information evaluated individual at the present time. The archetype is formed through the systematic flow of some information (i.e., through the flow of information over a period of time), and most often it is formed in childhood (early childhood) or adolescence. In general, it should be noted that a significant part of the information that enters the psyche of an individual during early childhood, childhood or adolescence (youth is already to a lesser extent, although depending on individual empathy it may in other cases prevail153). With the help of this or that archetype, the unconscious is able to influence consciousness. Moreover, Jung himself assumed that archetypes are already embedded in human nature from birth. This position is in direct relationship with the theory of C. G. Jung about the collective unconscious.

In addition, since the archetypes that are in the unconscious are themselves unconscious, it becomes understandable that their impact on consciousness is not realized, just as in most cases any form of influence on consciousness of information stored in the subconscious is not realized. (Without any at least minimal analysis, this becomes incomprehensible and inexplicable. But if you disassemble any event that has taken place into details, into parts, much falls into place.)

Introducing the concept of "collective unconscious", Jung wrote: "... the surface layer of the unconscious is to a certain extent personal. We call it the personal unconscious. However, this layer rests on another, deeper one, which has its origin and is no longer acquired from personal experience. This innate deeper layer is the so-called collective unconscious. I have chosen the term "collective" because we are talking about the unconscious, which has not an individual, but a universal nature. This means that it includes, in contrast to the personal soul, the contents and patterns of behavior that. are the same everywhere and for all individuals. In other words, the collective unconscious is identical in all people and thus forms the universal basis of the mental life of everyone, being supra-personal by nature.

Considering the issue of the formation of archetypes and their subsequent influence on the individual’s psyche, Professor

V. A. Medvedev, starting from Freud’s psychoanalysis155, gives an example of the dependence of the psyche on the archetypes existing in it. Archetypes formed, among other things, during the life of such an individual.

“To summarize the case of the Wolf Man,” writes

V.A. Medvedev156 - Sigmund Freud proposed to distinguish in the “boiling cauldron” of the unconscious three levels of organization of mental material, each of which carries a specific source and potential of its desires, pouring into the general reservoir of libido energy. The first level consists of factors derived from repressed individual (and, above all, infantile) experience. Manifestations of the unconscious

The physical activity of this level is precisely the subject of the analyst’s work with the client. It is they who provide the mass of material on the basis of which the basic lines of interpretive schemes are formed within the framework of the therapeutic strategy chosen by the analyst. But this strategy can be purely voluntaristic, if we do not take into account the presence of an immanent structuring logic among the factors of the personal (repressed) unconscious, derived from the next, second level of organization of the unconscious. Freud designated this level as “phylogenetic heritable patterns”, which represent “the sediments of the history of human culture.” And it is precisely applied analysis, psychoanalysis of the symbolism of the cultural environment, that makes it possible to find echoes of phylogenetic patterns in individual and collective mental reactions. The most important circumstance is that the resulting intervention of this kind of schemes forms those very “phylogenetic praphantasies”, which, according to Freud, expressed in 1915 in his famous lectures on introduction to psychoanalysis, are the source and secret of human neuroticism (as an individual , and mass). These schemes, in turn, were considered by Freud as mental representations of an even deeper tertiary layer, a kind of “core of the unconscious.”

Sergei Pankeev (Freud's patient. S.Z.) absorbed into the structure of his identity almost all the cultural provocations that great Russian literature bestows on its adept. Its potential psychopathology is quite transparent for a researcher who considers it from the standpoint of psychoanalysis, that is, from the neutral point of view of the adaptive (adaptive) standards of Western European civilization. Russian literature is our Old Testament, if we consider it from the point of view of its deep psychological significance. Its main task is to psychologically tear us away

from the mother and prevent slipping to the original symbiosis by instilling fear of the image of the Woman and the formation of strategies to escape from her (Onegin), revenge on her (Pechorin), ignoring her in closed male communities (Chichikov), hatred for her, pushing to self-destruction (Bazarov ), passive-masochistic self-punishment for loving her (Oblomov), horror of her, transforming into her deification (Dostoevsky’s heroes), etc. This vaccination, traditionally received by all representatives of the educated class, allowed and allows to live in Russia, to be involved in the phylogenetic (tribal) power of the Motherland, at least somehow resisting the total dragging of her children into oral-symbiotic forms of mass depersonalization. If not for her, the great Russian literature, created by suffering heroes-mother-killers, truly "superfluous people" of our native culture for the needs of their own kind, Jung's words, once introduced into Russian cultural use by Alexander Etkind, would have been absolutely correct: "In Russia there is no and there can be no psychoanalysis. In it, people live like fish in a school."

Sergei Pankeyev (whose life can be viewed as a cultural feat, like a desperate jerk of a fish wanting to come to land and showing the way to its fellow members of the school) was seriously ill with an archetype awakened in him by the cultural influence of classical Russian literature, and the particularly acute course of this disease was determined by a number of incidental circumstances of his personal biography. Just like Onegin, he, being “the heir of all his relatives,” eventually fell ill with the “Russian blues.” He was connected with Pechorin (or rather, with Lermontov) by such deep identification ties, even to the point of emphasizing external similarities, that after the death of his sister, forming in himself the “courage to live,” Pankeev undertook a therapeutic trip to the Caucasus, visiting all the places where “Hero” was set. of our time" and ending the trip at the site of the famous duel at the foot of Mashuk. He was brought closer to Chichikov by his status as a “Kherson landowner,” and from Oblomov he simply borrowed the symptomatic background of his neurosis - the inability to carry out any activity on his own, even to the point of failure

get dressed and get up from the couch. He borrowed the basic symptom of his second neurosis from Gogol, and the Russian reader of Dr. Ruth Mac Brunswick’s report on psychotherapy for the strange fear of “losing one’s nose” becomes extremely clear about the impossibility of penetrating into the soul of a client whose cultural foundations of the unconscious are not only not close to the analyst, but also civilized. They are completely alien. Pankeev simply had a “family romance” with Dostoevsky’s heroes: his father and his brothers were called “the Karamazov brothers” (and not by accident!), and he explicitly or implicitly modeled his own life on the figure of Prince Myshkin. For a complete set, only Tolstoy is missing, but with him Pankeev misfired, which, however, did not harm the analysis at all. According to the patient himself, “the world in which Tolstoy lived and which Tolstoy describes was alien to Freud... As a psychologist, he could not penetrate as deeply as Dostoevsky was able to do...”. Pankeyev wrote in his memoirs that from the age of thirteen he revered the great Russian writers and poets “almost like saints.”

Speaking about archetypes, you should pay attention to the fact that the formation of archetypes can continue throughout the life of an individual. For example, Soviet films from the times of the USSR participate in the formation of archetypes, since, when splitting, they evoke in the individual’s psyche those images that subsequently form positive patterns of behavior in his psyche. Exposure to such images temporarily evokes in the individual’s soul a feeling of something exceptionally good and positive, which means that the censorship of the psyche weakens for such a time and information coming from the outside world can not only be deposited in the subconscious, but also deposited with the mark of something something important and necessary, positive for the psyche and subsequently influence both the adoption of a particular decision in general and the appearance of any thoughts in particular.

At the same time, the role of the subconscious is extremely important for assessing the entire life of an individual. For example, it is known that the media play an important role in imbuing behavior patterns157 into the individual’s psyche. When talking about mass media, we initially take an expanded aspect that is not associated only with the action of the media. In addition to the media, the actions of mass media (MSC) include cinema, theaters, advertising posters and posters on the street, and in general everything that has an impact on the individual through information transmitted to the masses. At the same time, outlining the role of such an influence on the subconscious, we note that such an influence is really great and must be understood based on the predisposition of the individual’s psyche to put into the subconscious any information that has ever passed by him, past his consciousness (consciousness as a factor in the perception of reality ).

In addition, it is not necessary that such information both pass through consciousness and be directly heard or seen (felt) by the individual himself. What is important here is the role of the fact that the subconscious still captures some information, regardless of whether it was analyzed by the conscious mind. For example, an individual may not read newspapers or watch television. But this does not mean at all that information received through the media will not penetrate into his subconscious. And this becomes possible due to the fact that any individual (with the exception of marginalized fellow citizens158) lives in society. This means that, willy-nilly, he is placed in a certain information field, which certainly affects him; moreover, completely regardless of his any desire - reluctance or participation in such a process. His participation is still always there. Because

Even if someone does not read newspapers or watch television (and thereby believes that they are avoiding the manipulative influence of the media), the information transmitted from the media penetrates the subconscious of other individuals (those who read newspapers or watch TV). And then from them, through their words (words are the essence of thoughts; thoughts are the result of using information from the subconscious) or actions (contagiousness, suggestibility, imitation, etc. consequences of the influence of the behavior of one individual on another) one way or another penetrates into consciousness or subconsciousness (subconsciousness - if the psyche builds defense barriers in the way of such information) of the individual who does not read the press or watch TV. And there is no other option here.

Moreover, it is important to note at least two more facts: 1) information received into the subconscious is mixed with information already available there; 2) information located in the subconscious has no statute of limitations. This means that it can be extracted from the subconscious in a year or ten years, as soon as the appropriate opportunity presents itself. Moreover, such a case may present itself as soon as certain behavior patterns are activated. So everything is interconnected here. And new information can be superimposed on the old one precisely because in some way the new information (the effect of it, some emotional part of it, or the part that seemed more significant for the individual at that particular time) turns out to be identical to the effect that was previously is characteristic of previous information that the psyche placed in the subconscious with the corresponding “mark”, and therefore when it turns out that exactly the same information suddenly arrives, information of almost the same direction (including in the informational-semantic plane, and as a direct emotional effect, i.e., in addition to the semantic load, it is also supplemented by an emotional component, regardless of whether it is positive or

negative), then in this case the new incoming information will enter into a certain correlation with the previous information. This means that, due to the strength of its impact, such a union will certainly have an impact on consciousness. As a result, it will already be possible to say that in this way the thoughts, desires and, as a result, the behavior of the individual (his actions) will depend in this case not on some kind of internal consistency or failure of the individual, or the adolescent offender , but solely from what his subconscious was processed before.

Among other things, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the child’s psyche, in terms of the strength of the influence exerted on it, is in a more defenseless position than the psyche of an adult. Frail children's souls simply absorb any information they receive from the external environment. And the external environment is already one way or another (as we found out) shaped, including by the means of mass communication. And for this, as we noted earlier, it does not matter at all whether this or that individual watches TV or not. Someone is sure to watch programs on television (judging by the ratings of TV shows). And since any socially oriented individual is in society, it turns out that he, willy-nilly, receives all the information from the subconscious of the people around him159. And already, as it were, enriched by it, he is forced to unconsciously adjust his life to the information he has. And even if he himself does not want to do anything, he will, because he unconsciously copies the model of social behavior in society. In a society - formed as a result of the influence on the subconscious of individual members united into single masses. Moreover, already in the masses, as we remember, the border of individuality is erased (the individual is an atom), everyone becomes subordinate to a common idea, which means that managing such masses is easier and possible. Moreover, if you turn any group, crowd, meeting, etc. first into the mass, and then into the crowd, then managing such crowds is much easier and more effective. And to turn a group or collection of individuals into a mass,

and then into the crowd, it is necessary to unite them with some common idea, to achieve unquestioning fulfillment of the leader’s will (it is necessary to select a charismatic and even a little fanatically oriented leader), etc. methods that are well known to us as a result of the analysis of the largest historical mass formations.

“Russian Bolsheviks and German National Socialists made a significant contribution to the theory of masses and the rules for operating them,” wrote academician A. A. Zinoviev. - Having used the largest masses in the history of mankind, they then created regimes that excluded the formation of masses. and giving rise to their imitation. In Western countries after the Second World War, favorable conditions developed for the formation of masses of the most diverse types. Large-scale mass movements began to emerge. They have become an important component of civil society. And the initiative in this area passed to the secret services of the West and the media controlled by them. Their activities. “played a serious role in the Cold War” and plays an equally important role in current globalization”160.

Considering the ways of forming masses, Academician A. A. Zinoviev notes161 that “a mass is formed by an accumulation of people at a certain time and in a certain space outside of their constant activity, and at a time when they are to some extent left to themselves. The mass in this sense is formed from ordinary citizens of society as simply free people at a given time, capable of spending this time at their own discretion, having the opportunity to think about their situation, capable of performing some actions without external coercion, freely. They are able to do this mainly during non-working hours, when they lose their job altogether or for some reason are pulled out of their usual way of life. To form a mass, I repeat and emphasize, it is necessary to accumulate in one place and in

the same time of a relatively large number of people who have free time from work and the strength to use it for non-work activities.”

In addition to the spontaneous formation of the masses, Academician A. A. Zinoviev draws attention162 to the fact that recently the masses have begun to be formed intentionally. And the goals of such a meeting among the masses can be supported artificially. From people brought in from outside.

“People can accumulate into masses without a conscious, unified purpose. For the time being, they may not be noticed at all or ignored by the extra-mass forces of society. But they can reach significant sizes and attract public attention. Naturally, there are those who want to influence people in this state and use them to their advantage. These interested forces bring their ideas, slogans, and organization into the spontaneous process. Some kind of grouping of members of the cluster occurs, an active core is identified, their own authorities and leaders appear, joint (namely mass) actions are carried out. External forces that promote the formation of masses and manipulate them can introduce their agents into the mass or transform suitable people from the mass itself into such. A special technology for dealing with the masses is being developed. It is quite primitive from a theoretical point of view. Participants in the process quickly discover it for themselves. But, of course, even here there are difficulties, subtleties and heights. Of course, material resources also play a big role. For example, “revolutions” in Serbia, Georgia and Ukraine would have been unthinkable without monetary expenditures, support in the press and instructions from outside.”163

Tracing the mechanisms of subordination among the masses, academician.

A. A. Zinoviev writes164: “Ideas, Marx said, become material force when they take possession of the masses. But not just any ideas. They must meet the mentality

pits and desires of the masses. They must be extremely simple and verbally understandable to members of the masses without special and long-term education. They should create the impression of a relatively quick fulfillment of the desires of the masses and the promises of ideologists. And even ideas that are most adequate to the mindset of the masses and the real situation do not creep into people’s heads by themselves. They must be drummed into these heads, drummed into them methodically and by special people. To do this, we need an organization specifically dedicated to this matter, which has the means of ideologically indoctrinating the masses, inducing the masses to the desired actions and directing them. All of this has its own variations and levels. The most significant examples in this regard can be the ideas and actions of the Nazis, fascists and Bolsheviks. Especially the latter. Both ideas and the actions of the masses under their influence are not necessarily positive, progressive, creative, etc. They can be negative, reactionary, destructive, etc. The masses can be misled. The forces manipulating them can use them against their own interests. The masses can be bribed, they can play the role of traitors. The masses can get out of control of their manipulators and provocateurs, even impose on them behavior that was not previously included in their plans. The last decades are full of examples of the mentioned phenomena.”

Considering the possibilities of achieving results with the help of such masses, academician. A. A. Zinoviev draws attention to the fact that “in pre-revolutionary Russia, all the factors considered were present. Huge masses have formed: these are millions of peasants and workers, dressed in soldier's overcoats and by the will of circumstances turned into masses in the above sense. There were organizations of revolutionaries who carried out propaganda work among the population. There were ideas that reached millions of people in the simplest and most common sense.

in a clear form: down with the war, land for the peasants, factories for the workers, down with the landowners and capitalists, down with the autocracy, power for the workers, peasants, soldiers! And these ideas corresponded to the interests of the majority of the country's population, including the masses. There were mass media, which at that time were quite effective in terms of manipulating the masses. Means of direct communication between leaders and agitators and the masses were quickly developed - rallies, meetings, demonstrations. The period between the February and October revolutions served as a school for the practical activities of the masses and their management of revolutionary organizations. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, used all this amazingly cleverly. Without this, the revolution could not have been so victorious.”169

Drawing attention to the fact that the masses can also play a negative role in the activities of the state if their ideas are picked up by opportunistically minded rulers, academician. A. A. Zinoviev gave an example of the destruction of the Soviet system as a result of similar circumstances: “In the Soviet years, the formation of accumulations of a sufficiently large number of people from which masses could be formed (in our sense, that is, outside business groups, independent of them and uncontrolled by the authorities) was excluded by the very living conditions of the population. Large gatherings of people outside their work were created by the authorities themselves and under their control on purpose. These are general meetings, rallies, demonstrations, meetings of important personalities, etc. However, by the end of the Brezhnev period, the living conditions of the population began to change. The principles of Soviet social organization began to be violated. A crisis began to brew, the first specifically communist crisis in history. Its possibility was denied by the Soviet authorities and ideology in principle. And the signs of an impending crisis were not taken into account at all. And the crisis began to grip the country in the sense that is being discussed here. A relatively large number of citizens were formed who seemed to have dropped out of the communist organization of life. The control over these people by the authorities and collectives has weakened and sometimes even completely disappeared. Punishment measures have been relaxed. Ideology has lost its influence. The influence of Western anti-communist propaganda and internal criticism of the defects of the Soviet way of life increased. The number of people hostile to everything communist and ready to rebel grew rapidly.

With the rise to supreme power of the perestroika leaders led by Gorbachev, this process intensified. Masses began to form in the strict (accepted here) sense of the word. This process was superimposed by the conscious provocative activities of the perestroikas. The most radical part of them, led by Yeltsin, went especially far in this direction. At first they did not expect too great consequences from their provocation. And when the masses actually rebelled, the perestroikas became puppets of a history no longer under their control. Such masses took to the streets and declared themselves to be a significant factor in social evolution. The masses went further than what the perestroika planners had hoped for. And they forced the perestroikas not only to anti-communist demagoguery, but to practical activities that led the country to an anti-communist coup.

The peculiarity of the current situation was that the rebellious masses of the population found themselves in a kind of historical trap. A situation has developed in society that could be called revolutionary if, in reality, the preconditions for a real revolutionary coup had matured. But there were no such prerequisites. And the masses rushed not forward, not into the future, but back into the past. The pseudo-revolutionary situation could give rise to only one thing: an attempt at counter-revolution in relation to the revolution, as a result of which a communist society arose. From the point of view of the evolution of communism, the masses acted as a deeply reactionary force.”170

It should be understood that the impact on mass consciousness occurs mainly through the media. At the same time, the term “mass consciousness” is very conditional and rather means something understandable to the majority. Or as some final stage of the result of such an impact. While the main (and main) blow is taken by the subconscious. It is the subconscious that, in our opinion, is endowed with the exclusive functions of programming the behavior of the individual and the masses. At the same time, if we consider the psyche of the younger generation, then in this case we should pay attention to the fact that almost any impact on the psyche of a minor (whether a child or a teenager), including the impact from the mass media and the media, is effective, because that the child’s psyche has not yet had time to form mechanisms for confronting any information.

It should be remembered that an additional force that destroys any barriers to the flow of information is a kind of archetypal formation of the psyche, therefore this fact cannot be considered in isolation from the phylogenetic features of the psyche, when it is already inherent in the subconscious of any resident that any information from the media is either true or, at least, the official version of any events. The psyche of a child or teenager received a similar attitude “inherited” (from their parents, and they, in turn, from their parents).

It should also be remembered that several generations grew up under Soviet rule. Including several generations of those who were born and died under the USSR, or were born and formed under the Soviet Union. This means that the experience of the past, the experience of the existence of the USSR, the experience of the system of norms and prohibitions (checks and balances), the system of values ​​that existed under the Soviet Union - must be taken into account at the present time, because they are embedded in the archetypes of memory, in the collective and personal unconscious. Therefore, not paying attention to this is extremely wrong, and paying attention only in advertising165 or before elections166 is unsightly.

Considering the masses from the position of depth psychology, S. Freud draws attention to such characteristics of the formation and control of the masses as love relationships or emotional connections, which have significant (or even predominant) significance for the masses (when influencing the masses). Freud notes167 that “love relationships (to put it impersonally, emotional connections) are... the essence of the mass soul." Tracing the question of what unites individuals in

mass, Freud writes168: “First, the mass is united by a certain force. But to what force can this action most likely be attributed, if not eros, which unites everything in the world? Secondly, when an individual loses his originality and allows others to influence him, the mass gets the impression that he does this because there is a need in him to be in agreement with others rather than in opposition, i.e., maybe, after all, “out of love” for them.” Freud draws attention169 to the fact that there are simple masses and complex, highly organized ones. In the first case, such masses are not controlled by leaders, in the second, they are headed by a leader, a leader. Freud examines such (highly organized) masses using the example of the Catholic Church and the army. “In the church, writes Freud,170 - as in the army - no matter how different they may be in other respects - the same deceptive idea (illusion) is cultivated, namely, that there is a supreme ruler. loving each individual member of the mass with equal love. Everything rests on this illusion; if it is discarded, both the church and the army will immediately disintegrate, since external compulsion would allow it. in these two artificial masses, each individual person is libidinally connected, on the one hand, with the leader (Christ, the commander), and on the other hand, with other mass individuals.

The essence of the mass is its libidinal connections, this is also indicated by the phenomenon of panic, which is best studied in the military masses. Panic occurs when the mass decomposes. The characteristic of panic is that not a single order of the boss receives more attention, and everyone takes care of himself, regardless of others. Mutual ties have ceased, and a gigantic senseless fear is unleashed uncontrollably.

We have investigated two artificial masses (the army and the church. S.Z.) and found that two types of emotional ties operate in them, of which the first - the connection with the leader - plays, at least for these masses, a more determining role than the second is the connection of mass individuals with each other.

According to the evidence of psychoanalysis, almost every long-term intimate emotional relationship between two people, such as marriage, friendship, relations between parents and children, contains a residue of rejecting hostile feelings that do not come to consciousness only due to repression. This is more overt in cases where a companion is at odds with other companions, where each subordinate grumbles at his superior. The same thing happens when people unite in large units.

All this intolerance, however, disappears, for a short time or for a long time, in the formation of a mass and in a mass. As long as the union into a mass continues and to the limits of its action, individuals behave as homogeneous, tolerate the originality of the other, equal themselves and do not experience a feeling of repulsion towards him.

Speaking about the relationship of the mass (representatives of the mass) to the leader, Freud proceeds from the premise of the existence of the Oedipus complex, when the boy, identifying himself with his father, tries to be like him.

“Identification is known to psychoanalysis as the earliest manifestation of an emotional connection with another person,” notes Freud. - She plays a certain role in the prehistory of the Oedipus complex. A young boy takes a special interest in his father. He wants to become and be like his father, he wants to be decisively in his place in everything. You can calmly say: he makes his father his ideal. His behavior has nothing to do with a passive or feminine attitude towards his father (and towards men in general); on the contrary, it is exclusively masculine. It fits perfectly with the Oedipus complex.”177

Simultaneously with this identification with his father, perhaps even before that, the boy begins to treat his mother as a support type object. So, he has two psychologically different connections: with his mother - purely sexual capture by the object, with his father - identification according to the type of assimilation. Both connections coexist for some time without affecting each other or interfering with each other. As a result of the continuously continuing unification of mental life, they finally meet, and, as a consequence of this combination, the normal Oedipus complex arises. The baby notices that his father is blocking his way to his mother; his identification with the father now takes on a hostile coloring and becomes identical with the desire to replace the father in the mother. After all, identification is inherently ambivalent; it can become an expression of tenderness as easily as a desire for elimination. It is like the offspring of the first oral phase of the libidinal organization, when the union with a desired and valued object was achieved by eating it and when this object as such was destroyed. The cannibal, as we know, has retained this point of view: he loves his enemies so much that “he wants to eat”, and he does not eat those whom, for some reason, he cannot love. identification seeks to form one’s own “I” in the likeness of another, taken as a “model.”

Note that through identification, a grown boy associates himself not only with his father, but also with the leader. After all, everything in the understanding of adult psychology comes from childhood, and the clues to the behavior of adult individuals lie in the spectrum of their childish behavior, their child’s perception of reality. And the emotions that were then, in childhood, enriched the content of the unconscious psyche of the individual, which means that this is no longer “dry” information, not depersonalized, which in turn means that such information is not hidden too far into the depths of memory (into the subconscious) and on occasion, it can not only always be fished up (manifesting itself in the unconscious desires of an individual of any age), but also somehow influences the consciousness of the individual, shaping his actions (actions - as a result of thoughts and desires that have arisen). Analyzing the question of such a feature of mass psychology as the impact on the masses, Freud cited the example of his predecessors, their works on mass psychology, noting those of their thoughts about relationships among the masses that we would like to note.

When asked what a mass is, Freud answers with the words of Le Bon, quoting from the scientific works of Professor G. Le Bon171: “In the psychological mass, the strangest thing is the following: no matter what kind the individuals that make it up, no matter how similar or dissimilar their way of life, occupation, their character and degree of intelligence, but by the mere fact of their transformation into a mass, they acquire a collective soul, by virtue of which they feel, think and act in a completely different way than each of them individually would feel, think and act. There are ideas and feelings that manifest or turn into action only in individuals united in masses. The psychological mass is a provisional being, which consists of heterogeneous elements, united for a moment, in the same way

how the cells of an organism, by their combination, create a new being with qualities quite different from those of individual cells”172.

Freud, following Lebon, notes the characteristics of personality transformations that occur with an individual in a crowd, and gives his comments from the position of depth psychology (applied psychoanalysis)173.

“In the mass, according to Le Bon,” writes Freud, “the individual achievements of individual people are erased and, thereby, their originality disappears. Lebon. finds that these individuals also have new qualities that they did not possess, and looks for the reasons for this in three different moments. “The first of these reasons is that,” Freud quotes from Le Bon, “that in a mass, by virtue of the mere fact of his multitude, the individual experiences a feeling of irresistible power, allowing him to indulge in the primal urges that he, being

alone, would be forced to curb174. There is even less reason to curb them, since with the anonymity and thus irresponsibility of the masses, the sense of responsibility, which always restrains the individual, completely disappears.”191

As a group, the individual finds himself in conditions that allow him to eliminate the repression of unconscious primary urges, notes Freud. - These. the new qualities he now discovers are. identifying this unconscious, in which. contains all the evil of the human soul; The extinction of conscience or a sense of responsibility under these conditions does not complicate our understanding. We have long argued that we honor the seeds of the so-called conscience - “social fear”.

“The second reason - contagiousness - also contributes to the manifestation of special signs in the masses and the determination of their direction,” Freud quotes from Le Bon. - Infectivity is an easily ascertainable but inexplicable phenomenon that should be classified as a hypnotic phenomenon...

every action, every feeling is not contagious, and, moreover, to such a strong degree that the individual very easily sacrifices his personal interest in favor of the interest of society. The ego is a property quite opposite to its nature, which a person is capable of only as an integral part of the mass.

The third and, moreover, the most important reason determines in individuals united in a mass special qualities that are completely opposite to the qualities of an isolated individual. I mean suggestibility,” writes Le Bon175, “and the mentioned infectiousness is only its consequence. We. We know that by certain procedures a person can be brought into such a state that, after losing his entire conscious personality, he obeys all the suggestions of the person who deprived him of the consciousness of his personality, and that he commits actions that are most sharply contrary to his character and skills. And now the most careful observations have shown that an individual, who remains for some time in the bosom of an active mass, soon falls, as a result of radiation emanating from it, or for some other unknown reason, into a special state very close to the “enchantment” that takes possession of the hypnotized person. under the influence of a hypnotist. The conscious personality is completely lost, the will and ability to discern are absent, all feelings and thoughts are oriented in the direction indicated by the hypnotist. This is approximately the state of an individual belonging to a psychological mass. He is no longer aware of his actions. Both in a person under hypnosis and in him certain abilities can be withdrawn, while others can be brought to a degree of greatest intensity. Under the influence of suggestion, he will, in an irresistible impulse, begin to perform certain actions. And this frenzy among the masses is even more irresistible than among the hypnotized, for the suggestion, which is equal for all individuals, increases due to interaction.

Consequently, the main distinguishing features of an individual found in a mass are the following: the disappearance of the conscious personality, the predominance of the unconscious personality, the orientation of thoughts and feelings in the same direction due to suggestion and charging, the tendency to urgently implement inspired ideas. The individual is no longer himself, he has become a weak-willed automaton.

In addition, by the mere fact of belonging to the organized masses, a person descends several steps lower on the ladder of civilization. Being an individual, he was perhaps an educated individual, but in the mass he is a barbarian, that is, a creature determined by primary urges. He has the spontaneity, impetuosity, wildness, and also the enthusiasm and heroism of primitive creatures."

Freud complements Le Bon by highlighting a separate figure who stands at the head of the mass and who plays the role of a similar hypnotist176.

“The masses are impulsive, changeable and excitable. It is controlled almost exclusively by the unconscious, writes Freud,177 quoting Le Bon. - The impulses obeyed by the mass may be noble or cruel, heroic or cowardly, depending on the circumstances, but in all cases they are so commanding that they do not allow not only personal interest, but even the instinct of self-preservation to manifest itself. Nothing about her is intentional. If she passionately desires something, it is always not for long, she is incapable of constancy of will. She cannot stand the delay between desire and the implementation of what she wants. It feels itself omnipotent, the concept of the impossible disappears from the individual in the mass.

The mass is gullible and extremely easily influenced, it is uncritical, there is nothing improbable for it. She thinks in images that give rise to each other associatively - as happens with an individual when he freely fantasizes - not verified by the mind for correspondence with reality. The feelings of the masses are always simple and very hyperbolic. The masses, therefore, know neither doubt nor uncertainty.

The crowd immediately goes to the extreme, the expressed suspicion immediately turns into an unshakable certainty, the grain of antipathy into wild hatred.

The mass prone to all extremes is also excited only by excessive irritations. Anyone who wants to influence her does not need a logical verification of his argument, he should paint in the brightest colors, exaggerate and always repeat the same thing.

Since the mass does not doubt the truth or falsity of anything and at the same time is aware of its enormous power, it is as intolerant as it is subject to authority. She respects strength, but kindness, which seems to her just a kind of weakness, is guided only to an insignificant extent. From her hero she demands strength, even violence. She wants to be owned and suppressed, she wants to be afraid of her master. Being fundamentally quite conservative, she has a deep aversion to all innovation and progress and an unbounded reverence for tradition.

For a correct judgment about the morality of the masses, it should be taken into account that when individuals stay together in a mass, all individual inhibitory moments disappear and all the cruel, crude, destructive instincts that lie dormant in an individual as remnants of primitive times awaken to freely satisfy primary urges.

But, under the influence of suggestion, the masses are capable of pain as well. its self-denial, disinterestedness and devotion to the ideal. I While an isolated individual has almost I

the only motivating incentive is personal benefit; among the masses this incentive very rarely prevails. We can talk about an increase in the moral level of an individual under the influence of the masses. Although the intellectual achievements of the masses are always much lower than the achievements of an individual, their behavior can either be much higher than the level of the individual or much inferior to him.”

Freud gives an example of an ambivalent feeling manifested in a child, comparing it with a similar feeling characteristic of the masses and neurotics, noting that: “With the masses, the most opposite ideas can coexist and agree, without conflict arising from their logical contradiction. We find the same thing in the unconscious mental life of individuals, children and neurotics, as psychoanalysis has long proven. A small child's ambivalent emotional experiences towards people close to him can coexist for a long time, and the expression of one of them does not interfere with the expression of the opposite. If, finally, a conflict does arise, it is resolved by the child changing the object and transferring one of the ambivalent mental movements to another person. From the history of the development of neurosis in an adult, we can also learn that suppressed mental experiences often continue to live for a long time in unconscious and even conscious fantasies, the content of which, of course, is directly opposite to the dominant striving, and this opposition does not, however, cause active opposition from the “I.” ” to what was discarded by him. This “I” often indulges the fantasy for quite a long time. But then suddenly, usually as a result of an increase in the affective character of the fantasy, the conflict between the fantasy and the “I” breaks out with all its consequences.

the most terrible storms or to tame these storms. You cannot fight against certain words and formulas with reason and evidence. As soon as they are pronounced with reverence, their faces immediately express respect and their heads bow. Many see in them elemental or supernatural forces. Let us only recall the taboo of names among primitive peoples, the magical powers that lie for them in names and words. And finally: the masses have never known a thirst for truth. They require illusions without which they cannot live. For them, the unreal always takes precedence over the real; the unreal influences them almost as much as the real. The masses have a clear tendency to see no difference between them. This predominance of fantasy life, as well as the illusion created by unfulfilled desire, determines, as we affirm, the psychology of neuroses. We found that for neurotics it is not ordinary objective reality that is important, but psychic reality. The hysterical symptom is based on fantasy, and not on the repetition of a real experience, the neurotic obsession with guilt consciousness is based on an evil intention that never comes to fruition. Yes, as in a dream and under hypnosis, the test of reality in the mental activity of the mass recedes before the intensity of the affective impulses generated by desire”178.

Speaking about the leaders of the masses in Le Bon, Freud draws attention179 to the fact that the masses have needs for a leader, i.e. their personal needs are captured and implemented by the leaders. And at the same time, the masses lose the opportunity to criticize the leader in any way, because respect for the leader paralyzes the will of the individual. And at the same time, Freud notes the important fact that “great solutions of mental work, fraught with the consequences of discovery, and the resolution of problems are possible only for an individual working in solitude”180. At the same time, Freud notes the role of such discoveries by the masses, citing folk songs, folklore, etc. as examples.

In addition, Freud cites a statement on mass psychology by Mac Dougall, noting that Mac Dougall

drew attention to the fact that “the masses have no or almost no organization at all. He calls such a mass a crowd. However, he admits that a human crowd can hardly form without at least the first signs of organization appearing in it, and that it is among these simplest masses that it is especially easy to notice some basic facts of collective psychology. In order for something like a mass in the psychological sense to be formed from randomly crowded members of a human crowd, a condition is necessary that these individual units have something in common with each other: a common interest in one volume, a similar mental orientation in a certain situation and, as a result, a certain degree of ability to influence each other. The stronger this spiritual unity, the easier it is for a psychological mass to be formed from individual people and the more visible are the manifestations of the “mass soul”.

The most surprising and at the same time important phenomenon of a mass is the increase in affectivity caused in each individual member. It can be said, according to Mac Dougall, that a person’s affects hardly grow to such strength as they do in a mass, and, in addition, for the participants it is a pleasure to indulge in their passions so uncontrollably, while dissolving in the mass, losing the sense of their individual isolation . Mac Dougall explains this capture of individuals into the general flow. emotional contagion. Observable signs of a state of affect can automatically evoke the same affect in the observer. This automatic coercion is stronger the greater the number of persons in whom the manifestation of the same affect is simultaneously observed. Then the critical ability of the individual becomes silent, and the person gives in to passion. But at the same time it increases the arousal of those affected by it, and thus the affective charge of individuals is increased by mutual induction. At

this arises. something like a compulsion to imitate others, to remain in tune with the “multitude.” The coarser and more elementary feelings have the greatest prospects of spreading through the masses in this way.

This mechanism of increasing affect is also favored by some other influences emanating from the masses. The mass gives the individual the impression of unlimited power and insurmountable danger. For a moment, it replaces the entire human society, which is the bearer of authority, the punishments of which they feared and in the name of which they so limited themselves. The danger of contradicting the masses is absolutely obvious, and you can protect yourself by following the example of those around you, that is, sometimes even “howling like a wolf.” By obeying the new authority, the individual can turn off his former “conscience”, while indulging in the temptation of pleasure, which is certainly experienced when inhibition is abandoned. Therefore, it is not so surprising if we observe a person in the crowd performing or welcoming actions that he would turn away from in his usual conditions. We have the right to hope that, thanks to these observations, we will dispel the darkness that usually shrouds the mysterious word "suggestion."

Mac Dougall, writes Freud, says that lesser intellects reduce higher ones to their level. The activity of the latter is difficult, since the increase in efficiency generally creates unfavorable conditions for correct spiritual work; It also has an influence that an individual person is intimidated by the masses and his mental work is not free; and, in addition, among the masses the awareness of the responsibility of an individual for his actions decreases.

The masses are extremely excitable, impulsive, passionate, unstable, inconsistent and indecisive and, moreover, are always ready for extremes in their actions, only coarser passions and more elementary feelings are accessible to them, they are extremely susceptible to suggestion, reason frivolously, are rash in judgments and are able to perceive only the simplest and the least perfect conclusions and arguments, the mass is easy to direct and easily shaken, it is devoid of self-awareness, self-respect and a sense of responsibility, but gives consciousness

own power to push it to commit such atrocities as we can expect only from absolute and irresponsible power. She behaves more like an ill-mannered child or like a passionate savage left unsupervised; in her worst cases her behavior is more like that of a pack of wild animals than the behavior of human beings.”181

Considering the mechanisms of control and subordination characteristic of mass psychology, Freud introduces the term libido. “...I will make an attempt,” writes Freud182, “to apply the concept of libido, which has served us such a service in the study of psychoneuroses, to understand mass psychology. Libido is a term from the field of the study of affectivity. We call this the energy of those primary urges that deal with everything that can be generalized by the concept of love.” However, Freud suggests that this term should be understood as something more than simply being reduced to the concept of sexual love. Therefore, Professor Freud uses the term libido to designate such variants of love as “self-love. love of parents, love of children, friendship and universal love - and also introduces this term to designate - devotion to concrete objects or abstract ideas"183. And this should, in our opinion, be understood very correctly. Because, as you know, in some cases there is a rather distorted idea about Freud’s teachings. At the same time, as if suggesting an attack on psychoanalysis by those who, for some reason, are not familiar with it well enough, Freud cites facts from history, when “the Apostle Paul in the famous Epistle to the Corinthians glorifies love above all else, he understands it, of course, precisely in this "expanded" sense."184.

“Whoever sees in the sexual something shameful and humiliating for human nature,” writes Freud185, “is free. use. expressions - eros and eroticism. I myself could have done this from the very beginning, thus avoiding a lot of reproaches. But I didn't want this. You never know where you will end up this way. First you will give in in words, but gradually in substance.”

And yet Freud, sometimes, for better understanding, replaces the phrase “love relationship” with emotional connections. This is the essence of the same thing. And this, according to Freud, is the essence of the mass soul.

Above we mentioned the analogies that Freud gave when considering such highly organized (artificial) masses as the church (Catholic) and the army (army, armed forces of the country). Now let us pay attention to such a characteristic feature of falling in love (following Freud, drawing an analogy between falling in love with an object in interpersonal relationships and the falling in love of the masses with their leader) as an uncritical attitude towards the object of love. If someone loves someone, he does not notice (and does not pay attention to) the shortcomings of his beloved person. And even if the whole society rebels against such love, individuals in love will go against society (remember Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet).

“.Favorite object. freed from criticism. all his qualities are valued higher than the qualities of unloved persons, or than at the time when this person was not yet loved, writes Freud186. - The desire by which judgment is falsified here is idealization. But this makes our orientation easier; we see that the object is treated as if it were our own “I,” which means that when falling in love, most of the narcissistic libido flows onto the object. In some forms of love choice it is even obvious that the object serves as a substitute for something never achieved.

own “Ideal Self”. He is loved for the perfections that he wanted to achieve in his own “I” and which he wants to acquire in this roundabout way to satisfy his own narcissism187.

Freud points out that in other cases (in relationships between two individuals), a loving revaluation of the object of love can even supplant the desire for sexual intimacy. This is especially characteristic of the “dreamy love of a young man,” when the “I” becomes more and more undemanding and modest, and the object becomes more magnificent and valuable; in the end it becomes part of the general selfishness of the "I", and the self-sacrifice of this "I" seems to be a natural consequence. The object, so to speak, has absorbed the “I.” Traits of humility, limitation of narcissism, self-harm are present in all cases of falling in love; in extreme cases they only increase and, due to the retreat of sensual claims, remain the only ones, but dominant”188.

Freud draws an analogy between falling in love and hypnosis, finding similarities in compliance, submission, uncriticality, lack of doubt about the significance of both the hypnotist and the object of love, and in the same way

no one else is taken into account189. In addition, Freud draws attention to such an important characteristic as the lack of reality testing190. However, Freud gives arguments that, in his opinion, may be controversial when applied to mass psychology, for example, the fact that hypnosis, according to Freud191, is identical with the masses, with the formation of the masses. And besides, hypnosis, according to Freud192, “isolates. behavior of a mass individual in relation to the leader.”

Summarizing the traits characteristic of the masses, Freud notes193 that “...features of weakened intellectual activity, uncontrollable affects, inability to moderation and delay, a tendency to go beyond all limits in the expression of feelings and to completely withdraw emotional energy through actions - this and much more that so Le Bon vividly expounds and gives an undeniable picture of the regression of mental activity to an earlier stage, which we are accustomed to finding in savages or children. Such regression is especially characteristic of essence. mass."

In addition, Freud compares the mass with the primitive horde, finding that “just as in each individual the primitive man was actually preserved, so from any human crowd a primitive horde can again arise.”

We must pay attention that the characteristics of the mass that we considered above, the specifics of such a formation as the mass (mass, group, youth movement; in this case, in the matter of accessibility and elaboration of the mechanisms of influence on the psyche, we do not make any distinction) are key in understanding

the influence of mass communications on a child, teenager or youth (as well as on an adult), that is, the influence on the psyche of the younger generation. Since the most effective control of the masses (the psyche of the masses, mass consciousness) becomes possible when first a mass is made of individual individuals, and then this mass is turned into a crowd. And such a transformation occurs precisely by provoking base instincts (sex, violence) in the individual’s psyche, as well as all those characteristics of the soul of primitive man, which, as we have noticed, were preserved unchanged in the unconscious of the individual’s psyche, and can be brought to the surface ( into consciousness) by provoking (involving) certain archetypes of the personal and collective unconscious. Such involvement occurs through the demonstration of television programs programmed in a certain way or information from glossy magazines that has a destructive effect on the psyche, promoting all the ugliness that was previously reliably hidden in the psyche thanks to the evolution and development of civilization.

It is civilization, culture, that leaves an invisible imprint on the psyche, allowing one to keep in check archaic instincts, which, among other things, are also supplanted by norms and prohibitions (moral norms and the Criminal Code) that exist in any civilized state.

At the same time, it should also be remembered that in the unconscious of the psyche of a modern individual there are archetypes of respect and veneration for power. Any means of mass communication in Russia have historically been perceived as a kind of mouthpiece of power. Therefore, when any information is received through transmission via mass communications or the media (TV, press), it is almost unambiguously perceived by the individual’s psyche as correct information, approved by the “policy of the party and government.”

In addition, if you pay attention to this property

psyche, such as imitation and contagiousness, then these two characteristics will play a very important role in understanding the behavior of children, adolescents and young people, since if adults, as we found out, unconsciously take an example from each other, performing the same actions that they noticed when being in a mass or crowd, then children all the more copy adults, unconsciously identifying themselves with them. Moreover, the role of parents must be highlighted in the first place (because first of all, for a boy, he identifies himself with his father, and for a girl, with his mother), but it is necessary, in our opinion, to pay attention in general to the role of older ones in relation to children, because children, adolescents and young adults (especially children) unconsciously copy the behavior of adults, even if these adults are only a few years older than them.

We must also pay attention to those features of mass behavior that were paid attention to by various researchers (Le Bon, Freud, Mac Dougall and others). Therefore, based on this, we should be aware that in the crowd we observe such behavioral traits of the psyche of an individual as a decrease in his intellectual level - through an increase in the affective relationship with the rest of the participants in this mass formation. This means that any ideas that appear in this or that movement (especially teenage or youth movements) will certainly be picked up by other individuals, if such ideas are correctly formulated, that is, in the key of mass mental consciousness. This means that such ideas should be simplified as much as possible and at the same time be based on the involvement of the unconscious desires of both the individual and individuals addressed to the masses. Moreover, in the latter case, a very important role is also played by the fact that among the masses, consciousness is significantly dulled due to a violation of the criticality of the information received by the psyche. In addition, the psychology of an individual does not actually differ from the psychology of similar individuals united in masses, except with one significant exception, which in its entirety can significantly facilitate management

by similar masses (and by control of the masses we also understand the ideologically verified formation of the thinking of such masses in the key of manipulators, that is, the leaders of the masses194). And such an exception is the important detail (which we have already talked about) that the level of criticality among the masses is significantly reduced. This is a really important feature that allows us to manipulate the masses with sufficient ease, because if, when processing the consciousness of an individual, we will sooner or later come across the barriers that his psyche builds on the path to obtaining new information (barriers, first of all, for the purpose of assessing such information ), then in the case of such an individual being part of a mass (a mass, a crowd, a formation, especially a youth formation, because children, adolescents and young people have not yet had time to properly form mental barriers, and most of the new information easily penetrates the brain) This kind of barrier of criticality (censorship of the psyche) is greatly weakened precisely due to the fact that next to such an individual there are other individuals who represent an individual, at best, each individually and away from the crowd. And in the crowd it’s a bunch of medieval barbarians. And where to direct all this primitive force depends on the leader (leader, ringleader, authority, leader, etc. 195).

With the development of mass media, we must pay attention to the extremely negative role of the modern influence of mass media, propaganda and information on the psyche of a child, teenager, and youth. Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor A.

V. Fedorov196 provides the following data on the negative impact of mass media on the psyche of the younger generation, noting primarily the increase in violence among adolescents. “A sharp change in the sociocultural situation at the turn of the 90s of the last century,” writes prof. A.V. Fedorov, - discovered so many “blank spots” in the humanities that the problem of children’s rights in relation to audiovisual information initially also fell out of the sight of Russian scientists, remaining mainly a reason for superficial newspaper notes. Only in recent years have publications of the research results of a few Russian authors begun to appear. who have attempted, to one degree or another, to explore the phenomenon of the impact of screen violence on the younger generation.

The increased attention to the problem cannot be called accidental, since Russia currently has one of the highest crime rates in the world. For example, the annual number of murders (per 100 thousand population) in Russia is 20.5 people. In the USA this figure is 6.3 people. in the Czech Republic - 2.8. in Poland - 2. According to this indicator, our country, alas, shares first place with Colombia. In 2001, 33.6 thousand murders and attempted murders were committed in Russia, 55.7 thousand cases of grievous bodily harm, 148.8 thousand robberies, 44.8 thousand assaults... At the same time, juvenile crime in Russia is becoming widespread national disaster, and among other important social causes, “many lawyers cite low-grade militants as its catalyst.”

After the abolition of censorship in the media, which happened in Russia, as is known, at the turn of the 90s of the twentieth century, on film/television/video/computer

On black screens, thousands of domestic and foreign works containing episodes of violence began to be shown (with virtually no compliance with officially accepted age restrictions)215.

A. V. Fedorov notes that the violence shown on TV screens is associated with the commercialization of television and the abolition of state censorship. Scenes of violence sometimes replace the weak plot of a particular picture, and, in addition, we note that scenes of violence immediately affect the subconscious, because the effect is on the feelings, and not on the mind (mind - consciousness). In a similar way (by demonstrating sex, violence), manipulators from power through the media actually destroy the gene pool of the nation. There is an even greater degradation of society through the degradation of the younger generation, whose representatives are impaired in their ability to adequately perceive reality. Such a person begins to live in his own fictional world. Moreover, television and cinema (and indeed all media of mass communication) form in the psyche of a teenager certain stable mechanisms (patterns of behavior), according to which he will react to a particular life situation in accordance with the attitudes that he has formed through watching TV shows and movies. Moreover, we bring television and cinema to the fore, because unlike print or electronic media, in these types of influence on the psyche, the greatest manipulative effect is also achieved from a combination of music, pictures, images, voices of the announcer or film characters, and that’s all significantly enhances the semantic load that was laid by the manipulators of mass consciousness from the creators of a television or film.

In addition, another (additional) effect also becomes possible due to the fact that the audience is involved in what is happening on the screen. On the-

a kind of identification of the viewer with the characters of the film or TV program begins. And this is one of the most serious features of the popularity of various programs. Moreover, the effect of this kind of demonstration is very significant and is based on the mechanism of influence (intentional or unconscious) of what is happening on the screen on the subconscious with a special kind of involvement of archetypes of the personal and collective (mass) unconscious.

At the same time, we must also remember about such a category of impact on the psyche as connection to sources of information. That is, if you watch any program on TV, it means that regardless of whether you are alone in a room or with someone, you are already entering a certain information biofield of the masses - you are already, as it were, connecting to consciousness ( to the psyche) of those who also watch the same program, and in this way you and others form a single mass with all the ensuing consequences (with the effective activity of the existing mechanisms of behavior in the masses, the rules of mass psychology).

Very important facts are given by Doctor of Sociological Sciences K. A. Tarasov197: “Commercial cinema deliberately and methodically, with diabolical sophistication, sets traps for the viewer on the screen. For example, this fact is interesting: in 1949-1952. The creators of the world's first crime television series, Man Stands Against Crime (USA), received instructions from their management as follows: “It has been determined that audience interest can best be maintained when the plot revolves around a murder. Therefore, someone must be killed, preferably at the very beginning, even if other types of crimes are committed as the film progresses. The threat of violence must always hang over the other characters.” The main character “from the very beginning and throughout the film must be in danger.”

The showing of violence in commercial films is often justified by the fact that good triumphs in the finale of the film. This implies a qualified reading of the film's idea. But there is another reality of perception, especially in adolescence and adolescence. “What is socially significant is the meaning that viewers attribute to a film, not the personal intentions of the author himself.” In light of these ideas, the impact of violence in films must be judged based on their interpretation. And it is often such that scenes of punishment of evil simply disappear from the viewer’s perception and emotional experience.”

K. A. Tarasov cites “five types of consequences of the perception of screen violence and four concepts that explain them.

The first type is catharsis. It is based on the idea that an individual’s failures in everyday life cause him to experience a state of frustration and the resulting aggressive behavior. If it is not realized through the perception of the corresponding heroes of popular culture, it can manifest itself in antisocial behavior.

The second type of consequences is the formation of readiness for aggressive actions. This connection is reflected in the “stimulus theory.” This refers to an attitude toward aggressive behavior that occurs as a result, on the one hand, of the viewer’s excitement from scenes of violence, and on the other, the performance

about the admissibility of violence in interpersonal relationships under the influence of scenes in which it appears as something completely justified.

The third type and its associated theory is observational learning. This means that in the process of identifying with a movie character, the viewer, voluntarily or involuntarily, assimilates certain patterns of behavior. The information received from the screen can later be used by him in a real life situation. The conclusion from this theory is quite pessimistic: exposure to popular culture, replete with aggressive characters, increases the likelihood of antisocial behavior.

The fourth type of consequences is the consolidation of existing attitudes and patterns of behavior among viewers. The fifth type is not so much violent behavior as it is emotions - fears, anxiety, alienation. This theory is based on the idea that the mass media, especially TV, create a kind of symbolic environment where people are immersed from childhood. The environment forms ideas about reality and cultivates a certain picture of the world. It also has one peculiarity. As content analysis has shown, the symbolic world of TV is “inhospitable”; violence is present everywhere in it. Leading positions in this world are occupied by young men who, having successfully used force, subjugate others to their will, especially women, representatives of various minorities and the elderly. To one degree or another, it seems to viewers that the real world is the same as on television. To the extent that this occurs, viewers experience fear, anxiety, and alienation from others in their everyday lives.”205

Considering the role of demonstrations of violence on television and films, and the impact of this generation on adolescents, K. A. Tarasov comes to the conclusion that: “images of violence influence personal identity in three directions. This is, firstly, the formation of readiness for aggressive actions as a result of the consolidation or emergence of the idea of ​​the admissibility of physical violence in interpersonal relationships. Secondly, learning through observation. This means that in the process of identifying with a movie character, the viewer, voluntarily or involuntarily, assimilates certain patterns of aggressive behavior. The information obtained can later be used in real life situations. Finally, the third direction of the negative influence of social-role identity on general personal identity is the consolidation of existing attitudes and patterns of behavior among viewers.

From the above, we can conclude that even in the early phases of childhood and adolescence, modern screen art, with its hypertrophied interest in depicting violence, cultivates negative aspects in the social-role viewer’s identity, and through it also contributes to the formation of intolerance and aggressiveness as components of a person’s general personal identity "198.

“.With the efforts of four American universities (University of California, University of North Carolina, University of Texas, University of Wisconsin) in 1994-1997, a large-scale study was carried out to study the impact of television on children and youth audiences,” writes Prof. A.V. Fedorov. - Research scientists analyzed in detail the content of television programs and films of the main US channels, determined the time when programs with scenes of violence are most often aired, identified the types of attitudes of children and adolescents towards scenes of violence on television, and developed practical recommendations for the management of media agencies and parents . Similar work was carried out by a group of Norwegian scientists in a research program against audiovisual violence. most scientists. there is no disagreement about the negative impact of an uncontrolled flow of scenes of screen violence on children's audiences and the need to create a thoughtful state policy in relation to the protection of children's rights in the field

media"199.

Returning to the question of the influence of mass communications on the mental consciousness of the masses, let us once again draw attention to the fact that the child’s psyche, the psyche of a child, a teenager, and young people experience the greatest stress. This is connected, as we have already noted, with the fact that such a structure of the psyche as censorship or a kind of barrier of criticality on the path of information coming from the outside world has not yet been fully formed. And therefore, almost any information from the outside world, from society, enters the individual’s psyche, flavored, moreover, with a “diplomatic passport of immunity,” because information presented by the media (its various components, such as: glossy magazines (especially for teenagers; although they actually duplicate the models set by adult magazines of a similar orientation), television (various talk shows, or “Dom-2”, for example, which is exclusively an enemy program, because it embeds negative behavior patterns in the subconscious of the audience: teenagers and young people 208). And we can say for sure that in the future, when similar situations arise in the life of the individual himself, who watched such programs, he will unconsciously think and act in line with the attitudes previously laid down in his subconscious. And there is no other way here. This is the resulting role subconscious in programming an individual (both an individual of any age and the masses), that he may not even understand all the information that he sees from the screen and which is a set of funny stories with a scandalous connotation (strengthening the suggestive effect, because any provocation of emotions destroys the barrier criticality of the psyche), and outwardly there seems to be no obvious negativity visible. Such negativity becomes noticeable later, when in life the teenager begins to demonstrate behavior modeled earlier as a result of watching TV, or is noticeable as a result of subsequent analysis (psychological analysis, among others), when the negative information that is embedded in the individual’s unconscious is clearly drawn out .

“The cult of cruelty, violence, pornography, propagated in the media, printed publications, unlimited

sales, as well as in computer games, etc., leads to an sometimes unconscious desire among adolescents and young people to imitate this, contributes to the consolidation of such behavioral stereotypes in their own habits and lifestyle, reduces the level of threshold restrictions and legal prohibitions, which, along with others conditions, opens the way for many of them to commit crimes,” notes V. N. Lopatin200.

The influence on the psyche of adolescents and young people becomes dangerous also because the psyche of the younger generation, the child’s psyche, turns out to be very predisposed to dependence on the archetypes of the general phylogenetic inheritance that is in the psyche of any individual. As we have already noted, now the collective unconscious of teenagers and young people (and indeed of an individual of any age) is partially filled with those positive attitudes that were received by such an individual (including the individual as a representative of the masses) during the Soviet period of the country’s development. Then ideologically verified information entered the subconscious, contributing to the formation of the individual as a personality, as a socially active representative of society. Whereas after perestroika and the subsequent destruction of the country, information began to be methodically hammered into the subconscious of the same individual, imposing on him the advantages of the Western way of life. And, accordingly, as a consequence - all that negativism that has always been associated with the West and was a consequence of the construction of a democratic model of society, which brings more harm to any individual than benefit201.

By the way, one of the topics of a large-scale study could be a detailed analysis (with calculations in the form of the results of social surveys and comments) of tracing the influence of, for example, television series and TV programs on the psyche of teenagers and young people, taking into account the factors of the influence of such information on the subconscious. One of the options for this could be: 1) a review (general and detailed) of the content of television and cinema films and other programs, incl. on TV for some years; 2)

a survey of teenagers and young people several years after watching similar television programs. This, in our opinion, can prove that the patterns of behavior laid down in the subconscious several years ago as a result of such views have to some extent built the individual’s behavior over the past few years.

In the same place, as a separate line of research, it would be possible to identify the result in the experimental group, with which teachers were specially trained in order to prevent the factor of negative impact from the media and mass media, and later compare both indicators. (More details about the experiment will be provided in our subsequent studies.)

Tracing the negative role of the influence of mass media and the media on the subconscious of a child, teenager and youth, one should pay attention to such an important detail as the presentation of media materials in the form of ready-made schemes and templates. As a result, the brain of an individual of any age is weaned from thinking again. And such an individual unconsciously expects that ready-made information will be presented to him without the need to perform any analysis on such information. Such an analysis becomes unnecessary precisely because the media representatives themselves (the board of directors or other media owners, editors, the censorship department) will show the individual (the masses) how to react; something will be added or removed by the journalist or announcer himself; moreover, the announcer can “play” with intonation and, depending on this, achieve an emphasis on some information, or smooth out other information, etc.) The main declared goal of the media is to present information to the masses. To the masses, because any media is a communicator with individuals included in the mass. Circulation is often directly dependent on the number of subscribers or audience. And the increase in the number of the latter depends on the ratings of the program.

And the channel’s rating is based on the total rating of the TV programs that make up the channel. And the number of advertisers in a capitalist (democratic) society depends on the rating. No channel exists for no reason. Someone's purpose is always visible. Be it the state (TV channel “Culture”, for example) or private owners. From here it becomes clear that if advertisers are the profit of a television company (or newspaper, magazine), then, consequently, the main activity of such a television company (the media in general) should be aimed at making a profit. And after that, in fact, some information is supplied. Moreover, the specificity of the information itself, as well as the general specificity of the channel’s activities, should be aimed primarily at introducing into the mass mental consciousness (through preliminary work with the subconscious) the attitudes of the ruling elite or the general ideology of the party and government (if we are talking about control over state channels, especially under the so-called totalitarian regimes, which, as we know, in reality do not exist in their pure form, because violence, one of the signs of such regimes, is also quite present under the so-called democratic regimes in the same, for example, Europe or USA). And this must be understood when we talk about the activities of the media in particular and the media management system in general. Let us repeat once again - the activities of any media outlet are primarily subordinated to making a profit by acquiring advertisers. Since money in any state belongs to representatives of business or the state itself (in the case of the state, such money is obtained through the collection of taxes; money from oil and gas is also the result of taxation of gas and oil companies), then they, as they say, they call the tune202, and therefore form public opinion by launching into the mass mental consciousness the corresponding ideological attitudes, the attitudes of the ruling elite.

When we talk about attitudes, we mean those attitudes in the form of stable mechanisms (patterns of behavior) that are formed in the subconscious, subsequently exerting their influence on consciousness. Such attitudes are expressed in programmed patterns of behavior, the beginning of which at one time (a week, a month, a year, ten years ago) was laid by 1) the individual receiving information from the outside world; 2) putting such information into the subconscious.

“The possibilities of controlling mass consciousness and behavior are associated with the action of a number of elements lying in the sphere of the unconscious,” notes Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Political Psychology of Moscow State University. Lomonosova, T. V. Evgeneva.203

Highlighting one of the characteristics of such “attitude” control, T.V. Evgenieva notes204 that an attitude is the state of an individual’s internal readiness to react in a programmed way to objects of reality or to information about them.

“In social psychology, it is customary to distinguish several functions of attitude in the process of cognition and motivation of behavior,” notes Prof. T. V. Evgeneva214. - Cognitive (regulates the process of cognition), affective (channels emotions), evaluative (predetermines assessments) and behavioral (directs behavior).”

Considering such functions, Evgenieva gives an example of understanding differences between attitudes, known as Lapierre's paradox. Briefly the essence is this. In 1934, psychologist R. Lapierre conducted an experiment. He decided to tour many different hotels in small American towns, taking two Chinese students with him. Everywhere where the company stopped for the night, the hotel owners greeted them very cordially. After Lapierre and the Chinese returned to base, he wrote a letter to all hotel owners asking if he could come to them with a company that would include the Chinese. Almost all hotel owners (93%) refused. “In this example we can see,” notes Prof. T.V. Evgenieva205, “that an evaluative attitude towards representatives of a particular racial group in a situation requiring a behavioral response was supplanted by the behavioral attitudes of the hotel or restaurant owner towards the client.” In addition, prof. T.V. Evgenieva supplements the above installations with one more: installing a barrier206. At the same time, we note that such an attitude lies in the plane of psychoanalysis and means the fact that information received from the outside world, which does not encounter archetypes or patterns of behavior preliminarily embedded in the subconscious, will not be perceived by the individual’s consciousness, and therefore is sent to the subconscious before its deadline. . But it doesn't disappear. This must be remembered. Because any information from the external world that was not perceived by consciousness and was forced out by it into the subconscious (into the unconscious), in fact, after a certain time has passed, it begins to have an impact on consciousness. And it passes into consciousness as soon as the individual’s consciousness receives from the external environment (no matter how, with the help of social media, the media or any other way) any information of a similar nature to the information that had already arrived earlier and was deposited in the subconscious as a result of that it did not pass the barrier of criticality (censorship of the psyche).

At the same time, it should be noted that personal factors of a particular individual can also play a role in the emergence of such a barrier of criticality against this or that information. For example, when such an individual unconsciously sees in another person the traits of a person he hates (similar to the one he hates), then he unconsciously does not perceive the words of such a person. It doesn’t matter at all that now these people could meet for the first time. Our individual will perceive the words of a person who said something to him (similar to the image of an enemy) with initial skepticism. And at least some time must pass before the positive image of this person displaces the negative resemblance to someone else from the subconscious of our individual.

Considering the issue of the influence on an individual’s behavior of attitudes obtained as a result of preliminary influence on his consciousness, for example, the media, we must pay attention to the fact that in fact such a theory is confirmed by the famous Soviet psychologist, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor A. N. Leontiev207. Considering the image of the world, the image of formation and the influence of this image (image of the world, image of the environment) on consciousness, prof. A. N. Leontyev wrote: “We are really building. image, actively “scooping” it, as I usually say, from objective reality. The process of perception is the process, the means of this “scooping out.”208.

Prof. T.V. Evgenieva notes209 that in addition to the media, school can also educate the sustainability of the world, noting that: “...the activities of Russian mass media seem rather chaotic. Other media, including state-owned ones, focusing on ratings and attracting advertisers, apparently do not see any particular need to support an image of the world that could help preserve the national-state identity and integrity of the Russian state. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the task of developing a strategy for shaping the image of the world should be implemented not by journalists, but by ideologists”220.

We can notice that the attitudes introduced into the subconscious and aimed at the formation of appropriate thoughts, desires, and actions of both the individual and the individuals enclosed in the masses are in fact very stable over time; and dissolving in the unconscious (both personal and collective) in the form of the formation of corresponding archetypes, subsequently influence the life of such an individual (the masses). Moreover, we have already paid attention to the increased perception of any kind of information received from an external source by the psyche of representatives of the younger generation. Their psyche has not yet had time to acquire such stable reactions that model the behavior of an individual in a given situation, such as stereotypes. And in fact, almost any information received into the psyche at this age (the age of the still unformed psyche) is deposited in the subconscious, which means that after some time it begins to have an impact on the consciousness of the individual in particular and the mental consciousness of the masses in general. And, as we noted earlier, it forms such consciousness in line with ideological guidelines initiated earlier by manipulators from business or government, programming the consciousness of the masses for many years to come, because any child someday becomes an adult. And if his psyche is formed in the “correct” (necessary for manipulators) way, then there will be a great reaction (considering that in adulthood the individual lives by the attitudes received in childhood) that by programming the child’s psyche in this way, the manipulators will receive in ten to twenty forty years of a kind of “robots”, when influencing the archetypal component of the unconscious, it will be possible to obtain the initially specified result.

In conclusion of this topic about the impact of mass media, information and propaganda on the mass mental consciousness (subconscious) of the younger generation, we will outline points of opposition to this kind of manipulative expansion against the psyche of the individual and individuals united in the masses.

Ways of confrontation -

Formation of critical thinking (in relation to receiving information from the outside world and through the media and QMS system), content analysis skills, the ability to work with information, etc. -

Formation of the individual as a personality (he must respect himself as an individual and give an account of his actions at least to himself, and even more preferably, an account to the collective). -

Development of a super idea (for example, about elitism, one’s own chosenness, or the chosenness of the collective (movement) in which one is located. -

Joint discussions (within groups, teams, school classes, etc.) of the negative influence of the media (examples and consequences, justification of the conclusions obtained) in order to acquire skills (cultivate) the ability to analyze various media texts, highlight the direction of interests of the creators of such texts (texts of various content). -

Lectures on the manipulation of the individual and the masses by means of mass communication, information and propaganda (through the methodical hammering into the subconscious of the necessary attitudes, one can achieve unconscious reactions of positive perception of the presented material; in addition, in this way, stable patterns of behavior and archetypes of the unconscious are formed in the individual’s unconscious, subsequent influence on which (e.g. by repeating what has been learned

material with the presentation of new facts of negative influence, etc.) you can achieve a change in the target settings of the audience). -

Special series of courses (in the form of lectures and practical exercises) on information security (the role and impact of information on the subconscious). -

A broader introduction in pedagogical universities and faculties of retraining of personnel in pedagogy is a discipline, the range of attention of which will be given to the topic of the influence of mass communications (mass media) on the psyche, on mass mental consciousness, with the obligatory (invariant part) deciphering knowledge about the unconscious mind ( about the subconscious) and the resulting role of the subconscious in ensuring such processes, and the variable part - in the choice of means of mass communication. (At the same time, it is possible to use a holistic approach, considering various options for mass communication as a whole, perhaps with only a slight clarification of the ways of influencing the psyche through the press and television, introducing clarifying specific characteristics of such types of media - although it can also be considered in an expanded aspect, identifying for example, the features of the influence on mass mental consciousness of such areas of mass media as billboards and posters, popular and other types of music, videos, the Internet, the press, television, cinema, popular radio programs, etc. in the vector of QMS components. A mandatory block still remains the decoding of the mechanisms of influence on the subconscious, the consequences of such influence, examples of such influence, preferably with statistical calculations if possible.). -

A brief study of the theory of mass communication (without going into the specific processes characteristic of studying at journalism faculties and necessary for professional work in the QMS and media systems), with mandatory scientific and practical classes in the field of applying the acquired knowledge in the field of work in the media system and practice under the guidance of experienced specialists: journalists, television commentators, etc. An important part in this block is

the opportunity to use an example to show the mechanisms of activity of a particular media outlet with the consolidation of the theoretical basis by independently completing (under the guidance of a specialist in a particular field of media) tasks to create a media text, etc. projection of acquired knowledge into life. For example, several individuals can be united into a single staff of an imaginary editorial office, where each will successively fulfill the role of correspondent, editor, etc.). -

Joint viewing by members of a collective (group, community, movement, etc.) of individual (at the discretion of the teacher or previously recommended) films of the Soviet period - followed by discussion and comparison (with preview) with films created in Russia in the perestroika, post-perestroika and modern periods time. Analysis, comparison, discussion. -

Conducting lectures and practical classes on the topic - “Confronting mass culture.” The negative role of mass culture in educating the new generation of modern Russia.

The thematic variability of such courses in educating the younger generation in order to counter the negative influence of mass media on the mental processes occurring among the masses also includes many additional areas of work with children, youth and youth audiences and is in no way limited to what we have listed. The most important task of such education is to develop media literacy among mass audiences. All the efforts and knowledge of specialist teachers, parents and other people working with the younger generation should be directed towards this. Resist the negative influence of mass-producing products

owl communication and information is possible only together, only by mobilizing all forces to prevent further programming of children in the consumer-capitalist aspect. And all the efforts of modern Russian society, implementing the plan of V.V. Putin and the national project “Education” initiated by D.A. Medvedev, should really be directed towards this.

Recording dental formula graphic-digital system 87654321 12345678 V IV III II III IV V permanent teeth 5 temporary teeth V

Dental formula recording WHO international two-digit system 1 2 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 4 3 6 5 55 54 53 52 51 61 62 63 64 65 permanent teeth 85 84 83 82 81 71 72 73 74 75 8 7 temporary teeth

Recording the dental formula C – caries P – pulpitis Pt – periodontitis P – filling O – missing tooth K – crown R – root

Prevalence of caries in persons in whom certain manifestations of caries were found X total number of examined 100%

Intensity of dental caries Intensity of caries in permanent teeth Index CPZ – the sum of carious, filled and extracted teeth. The KPUp index is the sum of surfaces affected by caries, filled, and extracted teeth. O C P S Pt 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 O C 2 P 3 P KPUz = KPUp =

Intensity of dental caries Intensity of caries in temporary teeth KPZ index - the sum of teeth affected by caries and filled. The CAT index is the sum of surfaces affected by caries and filled. Р С 2 С С 55 54 53 52 51 61 62 63 64 65 85 84 83 82 81 71 72 73 74 75 О О Рt 3 кпз = кпз =

Intensity of dental caries during the period of mixed dentition Index KPUz + kpz - the sum of permanent and temporary teeth affected by caries, filled, extracted permanent teeth. Index KPUp+kpp - the sum of the surfaces of permanent and temporary teeth affected by caries, filled, extracted permanent teeth.

Intensity of dental caries O C P S 2 16 55 54 53 12 11 21 22 63 64 65 26 46 85 84 83 42 41 31 32 73 74 75 36 O C 2 O C P S 2 6 V IV III 2 1 1 2 III IV V 6 O C 2 KPUz+kpz = KPUp+kpp =

Levels of caries intensity according to WHO for 12-year-old children KPU = 0 – 1, 1 very low level of KPU = 1, 2 – 2, 6 low level of KPU = 2, 7 – 4, 4 medium level of KPU = 4, 5 – 6, 5 high level of KPU = 6, 6 and above – very high level