Characteristics of the historical character Yaroslav the Wise. Prince's foreign policy

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Historical portrait of Yaroslav the Wise
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Early years
Yaroslav was the son of the great Kyiv prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich and the Polotsk princess Rogneda. Even in his youth, in 987, his father appointed him Prince of Rostov, and in 1010, after the death of Vysheslav, the eldest son of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Yaroslav became Prince of Novgorod.

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Ascension to the throne
After the death of Prince Vladimir, a struggle began between the brothers for the Kiev throne. First, Kyiv was captured by Svyatopolk, killing his brothers, Prince Boris of Rostov, Gleb of Smolensk and Svyatoslav of Drevlya. Having defeated Svyatopolk, Yaroslav had to fight with his brother Mstislav, the Tmutarakan prince. Mstislav won in this fight, but in 1036 he died, then the entire Russian land united in the hands of Yaroslav.

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Prince's wife
Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise was married to the daughter of the Swedish king Olav, Ingigerda. Old Russian chronicles mention two names of Yaroslav's wife, Irina and Anna. Apparently, Ingigerda received the name Irina at baptism, and she took the name Anna when she was tonsured as a nun.

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The princess became the mother of a large and wonderful family: she had seven sons and five daughters. They all received an excellent education (including knowledge of several languages) and set an example of morality and Orthodox piety. This can be judged from the above-mentioned “Praise to the Holy Prince Vladimir” by Metropolitan Hilarion (circa 1040), where, among other things, it is said: “...look at your grandchildren and great-grandchildren, how they maintain the faith you conveyed to them, how often they visit holy temples, how they glorify Christ, how they worship His name!”

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Family
In the Kiev St. Sophia Cathedral there was a huge fresco composition depicting the family of Yaroslav and Irina. However, the central western part of the composition depicting the spouses, their eldest son and daughter has long since collapsed.
Fortunately, even before its loss, Hetman Janusz Radziwill ordered all the frescoes to be carefully copied so that they would not be lost to the history of Rus'.

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Governing body
During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054), Kievan Rus reached its peak and became
one of the strongest states in Europe. To strengthen his possessions, Yaroslav the Wise built several new cities, Kyiv was surrounded by a stone wall, and the main city gate was called “Golden”.

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Foreign policy
The foreign policy of Yaroslav the Wise was worthy of a strong monarch and was aimed at strengthening the international authority of Rus'. He made several successful military campaigns
against the Finnish peoples, the Principality of Lithuania, Poland. In 1036, Yaroslav won the final victory over the Pechenegs, the most long-awaited victory for the fatherland. And on the site of the battle he built the Church of St. Sophia.

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Foreign policy
During the reign of Prince Yaroslav, the last clash between Rus' and Byzantium took place, as a result of which a peace treaty was signed, supported by a dynastic marriage. His son Vsevolod married the Greek princess Anna. Dynastic marriages contributed to strengthening peace and friendship between states. Prince Yaroslav the Wise had three daughters and six sons. The eldest daughter Elizabeth was the wife of the Norwegian prince Harald. The second daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Anna, married the French king Henry I. Anastasia married the Hungarian king Andrew I. Three sons of Yaroslav the Wise, Svyatoslav, Vyacheslav and Igor, were married to German princesses.

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Domestic policy
The internal policy of Yaroslav the Wise was aimed at increasing the literacy of the population. For this purpose, he built a school where boys were taught church work. Yaroslav cared about enlightenment, so he instructed the monks to translate and rewrite Greek books.

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Companion of Temple Building
The activities of Yaroslav the Wise were very productive. He built many temples, churches, and monasteries. The first Metropolitan Hilarion, Russian by origin, was elected at the head of the church organization. With the construction of temples, architecture and painting appeared, and church tunes were adopted from Greece. Kievan Rus under Yaroslav the Wise was noticeably transformed. To strengthen the influence of the church, the church tithe, previously introduced by Prince Vladimir, was renewed, i.e. a tenth of the tribute established by the princes was given to the needs of the church.

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"The Great Scribe"
The reign of Yaroslav the Wise left its mark on the history of Russia with another great deed - the publication of "Russian Truth", the first collection of laws. In addition, under him, a set of church laws “Nomocanon” appeared, or in translation “The Helmsman’s Book.” Under Yaroslav, many books were copied and translated from Greek into Russian. He collected an extensive library, housed in the Church of Hagia Sophia, built at the same time.

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Death of the Prince
Yaroslav the Wise died in the arms of his beloved son Vsevolod, who became the new great prince of Kyiv.
His body was enclosed in a marble tomb installed in the St. Sophia Cathedral. Based on the remains found in it in 1939, it was possible to recreate the appearance of the prince. An inscription on the wall of the tomb mentions him as “the Caesar,” that is, a king. Not all rulers were awarded this title in those days.

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Why was Yaroslav called “Wise”?
He received the nickname Wise for his love of books, the church, and for his godly deeds. Yaroslav did not acquire new lands with weapons, but returned what was lost in civil strife, and did a lot to strengthen the Russian state. But Yaroslav was nicknamed the Wise only in the 60s of the 19th century. In those days he was called “Khromts”, because. Yaroslav was limping. In that era, it was believed that physical disability was a sign of special strength and intelligence. Chrome means wise. And perhaps “Wise” is an echo of the nickname “Lame,” and his actions only confirmed this.

Reign: 1019-1054

From the biography.

Historical portrait of Yaroslav it is quite simple to compile, since there is a lot of information about him in the chronicles, because he was a bright personality, under whom Rus' achieved its heyday

He came to power as a result of a struggle for the throne with his brother Mstislav of Tmutarakan, with whom he was forced to share power until 1036 (the year of his brother’s death).

A bright personality: strong-willed, strong, decisive, prudent, devoted to the Orthodox faith, brave, sympathetic to the poor. He led a modest lifestyle. Yaroslav the Wise is often called the ideal prince. Even his appearance is depicted on the modern thousand-ruble bill.

The chronicles do not preserve a description of his appearance, but it is noted that he was lame, either from childhood, or as a result of injury received during campaigns.

Laid the foundation for Russian legislation. To the code of laws "Russian Truth" by Yaroslav the Wise included punishments for theft, murder, even various insults, as well as rules for conducting court proceedings. It is very important that he abolished the death penalty! According to this law, it can be determined that the process of division into classes has begun in the country, and signs of social inequality have appeared. This is clearly seen in the system of fines, according to which for the same crime, but in relation to persons of different social status, the punishment was different: for the murder of a fireman, the vira was 80 hryvnia, and for a slave - 5.

For the first time, a Russian man, Hilarion, became a metropolitan under him, that is, Y. the Wise began a policy of independence from the Byzantine church. Hilarion was a wonderful speaker, the author of the “Sermon on Law and Grace,” in which he wrote about the equality of peoples and glorified his native Russian land.

The historical portrait of Yaroslav the Wise simply needs to be added to the prince’s activities such as the construction of cities, as well as the fortification of Kyiv with a stone wall, and the construction of the main gate - the Golden Gate.

Kyiv is becoming one of the beautiful cities of Rus'. The St. Sophia Cathedral still amazes with its beauty: it is decorated with marble, mosaics, and decorated with frescoes.

The prince paid a lot of attention to the development of education: the first schools were built, which provided primary education.

Many books were translated from Greek into Russian during his reign, and a library was created. Yaroslav collected books, invited translators, read a lot himself, and had a huge library. Counted books "rivers, capable of imparting wisdom". Under him, the first library was created in St. Sophia Cathedral.

He paid great attention to education, including his children. Posted by "Will"Children. In it, he called on his sons to love each other, not to be at enmity, since strife is death for everyone, and called for peace and harmony.

Under him, the international authority of Rus' increased significantly, including thanks to dynastic marriages. His wife is a Swedish princess, and his daughters were married to the kings of Hungary, France, and Norway.

He led an active foreign policy. This is the defense of Rus' from the raids of the Pechenegs, who suffered a crushing blow, campaigns in the Baltic states, Poland, Lithuania, Byzantium

He lived a long life - 76 years, serving Rus'. Under Yaroslav the Wise, Rus' belonged to the territory from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. It was a huge and strong country.

He was buried in St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv.

Historical portrait of Yaroslav the Wise: areas of activity

1. Domestic policy of Yaroslav the Wise

Strengthening princely power
The final establishment of Christianity: churches and monasteries were built - including the Kiev Pechersk, St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv and Novgorod; The church left the subordination of Constantinople, the first Russian metropolitan, Hilarion, was appointed.
Creation of a legislative system: the Russian Pravda code of laws - it limited blood feud (allowed only for close relatives), and introduced a vira - a system of fines.
The fight against separatism, that is, separation: he introduced a new procedure for transferring power to the eldest in the clan, that is, the ladder system.
Development of writing and education: primary schools were created at monasteries, a library; under Yaroslav, many books from Greek were translated and copied.
He paid great attention to raising children. He wrote the famous “Testament” to children.

2. Foreign policy of Yaroslav the Wise

The fight against the nomadic Pechenegs, under him, their raids stopped in 1036. St. Sophia Cathedral and the Golden Gate in Kyiv were founded in honor of this victory.
Strengthening ties with Western countries. Dynastic marriages of children. He himself is married to the daughter of the King of Sweden, Ingegerda (baptized Irina).
Expansion of the borders of Rus'. 1030 - campaign against Novgorod, subjugation of the Estonians. Founded the city of Yuryev.

Results of the activities of Yaroslav the Wise:

Contributed to the flourishing of Rus'.
Strengthened the princely power.
He finally established Christianity and began the process of separating the church from the power of the Byzantine patriarch.
Laid the beginning of written state legislation
Contributed to the development of education and enlightenment
Significantly strengthened the international authority of Rus'.

Yaroslav the Wise with a book in his hands is depicted on the monument “Millennium of Rus'” in Novgorod, opened in 1862. The author is the sculptor Mikeshin M.O.

This fact is a reflection of the respect of descendants for this ruler of Kievan Rus.

This material can be used when preparing

Description.

Introduction
Chapter 1. The era of Yaroslav the Wise
Chapter 2. The Dawn of Rus' under Yaroslav the Wise
Chapter 3. Church and religion under Yaroslav the Wise. Metropolitan Hilarion
Chapter 4. Formation of early feudal relations. Government. Cities. Trade. Army
Conclusion
List of used literature

Excerpt from the work.

NIZHNY NOVGOROD INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

ABSTRACT

BY COURSE:

NATIONAL HISTORY

ON THE TOPIC OF:

YAROSLAV THE WISE (HISTORICAL PORTRAIT)

PASSED BY: STUDENT

POTOKA 32-U FMM

NIKOLASHINA M.A.

CHECKED BY: BOGORODITSKAYA N.A.

CHKALOVSK

2009

Introduction 3

Chapter 1. The era of Yaroslav the Wise 5

Chapter 2. The Dawn of Rus' under Yaroslav the Wise 8

Chapter 3. Church and religion under Yaroslav the Wise. Metropolitan Hilarion 13

Chapter 4. Formation of early feudal relations. Government. 16 Cities. Trade. Army

Conclusion 21

References 22

Introduction

On July 15, 1015, the Grand Duke of Kiev Vladimir 1 Svyatoslavovich, the fourth in the Rurik dynasty, died, having lived a little over 50 years. The prince had been ill for a long time. The disease intensified every day and it became clear that in the near future it could give rise to another dynastic crisis in Rus'. Next to him in his country palace in the village of Berestovo, the Grand Duke constantly kept one of his younger sons, his beloved Boris, the Rostov prince, born, like the other son, Gleb, from the Byzantine princess Anna, i.e. in a Christian marriage. This is why he was considered by some contemporaries as a truly legitimate heir to the throne. But by this time Vladimir had 11 living sons. His eldest son from the Polotsk princess Rogneda, Yaroslav, was not going to give up his rights to the Kiev throne. But there was also Svyatopolk, older than Yaroslav by birth, the stepson of Vladimir, the son of his brother Yaropolk, who was killed by him.

Each of the brothers, both at court and in those places where they “sat” in their reigns, had their own party, had their own squads, ready to support the contenders for the Kiev table. But while Vladimir was alive, the dynastic contradictions between his heirs did not manifest themselves so sharply, although there were already some signs of the impending drama.

Together with Vladimir, an entire era—almost a turning point—in the history of Ancient Rus' passed into the past. And like any turning point, with the passing of its inspirer and designer, it promised to result in new and difficult trials for both the dynasty and the country. The past still firmly held the present and future of Rus'.

By the time of Vladimir's death, Rus', having experienced considerable upheavals, had become one of the strongest powers in Eastern Europe. Vladimir inherited, along with the Kyiv table, at least a century-long and glorious history of the united state of the Eastern Slavs. The external borders of this state were clearly defined. By the beginning of the 11th century, Rus' included almost all the large East Slavic tribal unions, as well as the Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes that inhabited the East European Plain in the north, northwest and northeast, and the Turkic tribes in the south and southeast. By this time, Rus' was already a multi-ethnic state, in which other, non-Slavic peoples were tributaries, allies, and full-fledged residents of a huge country. Linked together by the state will of the Kiev princes, common vital, economic, trade interests, as well as the need to defend themselves from external enemies, numerous former East Slavic and foreign tribes and tribal confederations have existed for several decades as part of a single state, sharing with it history, achievements, successes and his failures.

By the beginning of the 11th century, the borders of Rus' were clearly defined: in the north, the lands of Novgorod came close to the Karelian possessions along the shores of the Gulf of Finland and Lake Nevo (Lake Ladoga); in the north-west, the Novgorod and Polotsk lands bordered the possessions of the Baltic tribes along the middle reaches of the Neman and Western Dvina. In the west, the Russian-Polish border was stabilized along the middle reaches of the Western Bug, and then along the line Dorogichin - Berestye - Cherven - Przemysl. The “Chervenka cities” went to Rus', and on the other side stretched Mazovia and Lesser Poland with the cities of Lublin and Sandomierz, then the border ran along the middle reaches of the Southern Bug, Dniester and Prut. In the south, the possessions of Rus' rested on the defensive system of cities and fortresses founded by Vladimir in the fight against the Pechenegs.

By the beginning of the 11th century, Rus' had stabilized its borders with its neighbors and emerged as a single, centrally controlled East Slavic state.

The era of Yaroslav the Wise. Fight with brothers

During Vladimir's illness, certain dynastic contradictions emerged, behind which stood big politics, religious, princely, boyar and druzhina clans.

Yaroslav Vladimirovich rebelled. It is difficult to say when this happened, before the illness or already at the time when the Grand Duke fell ill.

Thus, it becomes obvious that in the last weeks of Vladimir’s life, already during his serious illness, another political crisis began to grow in Rus'. It was connected, first of all, with the fact that Vladimir tried to transfer the throne, contrary to established tradition, to one of his youngest and favorite sons, born in a Christian marriage - Boris, which neither Svyatopolk nor Yaroslav could come to terms with. In addition, both had every reason to hate Vladimir. Svyatopolk could not help but know that his true father, the God-loving and gentle Yaropolk, died at the hands of his stepfather. Yaroslav, like other sons from the Polotsk princess Rogneda, could not help but know about Vladimir’s bloody reprisal against the entire family of the Polotsk prince during the capture of Polotsk in 980, and the forced coercion of their mother into marriage, as well as her subsequent disgrace and exile after the appearance of the Byzantine princess in the grand-ducal palace.

According to the version of events reflected in the Tale of Bygone Years, the Kiev throne was seized by the Turov prince Svyatopolk 1 Okoyanny, the half-brother of Yaroslav Vladimirovich. Wanting to eliminate possible rivals, Svyatopolk kills his brothers, princes of Rostov Boris, Murom Gleb, Drevlyan Svyatoslav; tries to kill Yaroslav too, but his sister Predslav warns him in time about the danger; according to another version, it was not Svyatopolk, but Yaroslav, who was guilty of the blood of the brothers, which is confirmed by some Western European sources. Having secured the support of the Novgorodians, Yaroslav in December 1015, in the battle of Lyubech, defeated Svyatopolk and captured Kiev.

But Svyatopolk did not accept defeat and in 1018 he, together with his father-in-law, the Polish king Borislav the Brave, invaded Rus'. This time, luck favored Svyatopolk, who managed to defeat Yaroslav in the Battle of the Bug and recapture Kyiv. Yaroslav fled to Novgorod, from where he intended to go to Scandinavia. But the Novgorodians cut down the prince's boats and forced Yaroslav to continue the fight. In the Battle of Alta in 1018, Svyatopolk suffered a crushing defeat, and Yaroslav occupied Kyiv.

After the victory over Svyatopolk, Yaroslav began a fight with his other brother, Prince Mstislav of Tmutarakan, who also laid claim to the Kiev throne.

In 1023, open war broke out between the brothers, which was essentially a continuation of the great civil strife of 1014-1019. Mstislav moved north, gathering a large army and including in it detachments of their subordinate peoples, in particular the Khazars and Kasogs. He chose a convenient time for the hike: Yaroslav was in his beloved Novgorod. The Tmutarakan army approached the very walls of Kyiv, but the townspeople “shut up” and did not accept Mstislav. Not daring to storm the capital, Msislav went to Chernigov and occupied this capital city of a vast land, which included almost half, including all of North-Eastern Rus'.

Yaroslav turned to the Varangians for help. The meeting of the warring parties took place in 1024 near the city of Listvin, not far from Chernigov, in pitch darkness, in rain and thunderstorms. Yaroslav's army could not withstand the onslaught of Mstislav's regiments, and Yaroslav, together with the leader of the Varangians, fled from the battlefield, bypassing Kyiv, to Novgorod. Rus' split in two again. Yaroslav retained Novgorod, Mstislav remained the ruler of the Chernigov and Tmutarakan lands. In Kyiv, the Yaroslavs are “men”. Mstislav did not dare to capture the Russian capital.

Two years later, Yaroslav, having gathered a squad in the north, appeared in Kyiv. This time the brothers refrained from further “bloodshed” and made peace. Rus' in this world was divided into two parts.

Rus' was split again. Therefore, in fact, in relation to this time, one can only talk about a single state only conditionally, although in subsequent years the brothers lived peacefully with each other.

In the early 1030s, Poland, like Rus', was shaken by civil strife. In addition, the new Polish king Mieszko III got involved in the war without a reliable rear within the country. Yaroslav took advantage of the current situation. Just as Bolislav 1 once took the “Cherven cities” from Kyiv during the internecine wars in Rus', so now Yaroslav, in alliance with Mstislav, struck a blow at the Polish lands. In practice, Rus' became an ally of Germany. The brothers gathered a large army, “made war” on the Polish lands, reoccupied the “Cherven cities”, and captured a huge population.

In 1036, Mstislav died without heirs, and his part of Rus' went to Yaroslav. So, more than twenty years after the death of Vladimir 1, Rus' again became united, and Yaroslav, as the chronicler noted, finally became an “autocrat.”

The rise of Rus' under Yaroslav the Wise

The civil strife showed how fragile the unification of Rus' was, how strong were the aspirations of some lands for separation from Kyiv. These aspirations could not be extinguished by the sons of Vladimir. On the contrary, they themselves fell under the influence of the environment in which they lived and ruled.

Having become an “autocrat,” Yaroslav followed the path of his father. He sent his sons to large cities and lands and demanded their unquestioning obedience. The eldest son Vladimir went to Novgorod, and after his death the next eldest son Izyaslav went. He gave the Chernigov land under control to Svyatoslav. Vsevolod - by this time had grown into a strong fortress of Pereslavl. And his other sons were sent to Rostov, Smolensk, Vladimir-Volynsky.

The recreated unity of Rus', the concentration of power in the hands of the Grand Duke, the subordination of individual Russian lands to Kiev, through the sending there of the Grand Duke's sons-vicars, became the political basis on which new economic processes developed, cities flourished, social life became more complex, and the culture of the country moved forward.

The last major attack of the Pecheneg nomads occurred in 1036 (before that, Rus' lived in peace and quiet for more than ten years). At this time, Yaroslav left Kyiv and was in Novgorod. Apparently, the Pechenegs decided to take advantage of this circumstance, as well as the fact that the great warrior Mstislav had passed away.

The news of the invasion of enemies and that they surrounded Kyiv from all sides came to Yaroslav in Novgorod at a time when he was busy developing his land. The Grand Duke gathered an army and again these were the Varangians, the Novgorod squad and the Novgorod “voi” - artisans, smerds. Yaroslav first made his way to Kyiv, and then went out into the open field for the decisive battle. The battle lasted all day, and only in the evening the Russians began to overcome the Pechenegs and they ran “differently”, i.e. who goes where. The Pechenegs were never able to recover from this defeat. After 1036, their raids on Rus' practically ceased. In 1037, Yaroslav, in commemoration of the brilliant victory over the Pechenegs and on the site of the battle, founded a temple - the Cathedral of Hagia Sophia. It was named the same as the main cathedral of Constantinople, and it had its own political symbolism.

This year became significant in another sense, at this time Russian chronicle writing was born. The most ancient Russian chronicle codex is being created. It is associated with the construction of St. Sophia Cathedral, which immediately became not only the religious, but also the spiritual center of the country.

In addition, the first set of laws “Russian Truth” by Yaroslav Vladimirovich probably appeared. Regarding the fact that there, the norms of relations between the inhabitants of Rus' and the Varangians and Kolbyagi largely prevail, i.e. aliens who violently manifested themselves during the Novgorod events of 1015-1016, and the residents of Novgorod received this letter from Yaroslav in gratitude for their support, we note that the Varangians continued to actively participate in civil strife in Rus'; they were part of Yaroslav's army and during subsequent military events they fought on the side of Yaroslav against Mstislav. So the regulation of their relations with local residents concerned not only Novgorod, but also other areas of Rus'. By the way, this is confirmed by the “Russian Truth” itself, the norms of which apply to the entire territory of Rus' and are not limited to any one region and act throughout its territory as a single state, which Rus' became after 1036. Thus, in this sense, the second half of the 30s became a turning point. After 1036, united Rus' was finally able to find its own metropolitan. However, at this time the position of the Grand Duke was somewhat different from that of Vladimir, who essentially brought Byzantium to its knees in 987-989. Yaroslav Vladimirovich was only establishing himself as the Grand Duke of Rus'; he needed not only broad ideological support within the country, but also a favorable political climate abroad. Therefore, an invitation from Constantinople followed from the metropolitan, which immediately normalized Russian-Byzantine relations in the “after the time of troubles” and stabilized the international relations of Rus'.

Everything indicates that the unification of Rus' by Yaroslav was a turning point in many respects. The adoption of the first code of laws in Rus', the streamlining of church organization, the beginning of the compilation of a new chronicle code were those features of the state, religious, and cultural life of Rus' that seemed to emphasize this significant turn.

“Russian Truth,” to be precise, was not absolutely the first Russian code of laws. Before it, there was the “Russian Law”, which is mentioned in the treaties between Rus' and Byzantium.

The commonality of the norms of the “Russian Law”, Yaroslav’s “Russian Pravda” and Western Pravda is, perhaps, one of the most powerful arguments in favor of the fact that Yaroslav created his “Pravda”, not referring to the Novgorod society, but to all of Rus', united after 1036 of the year. “Russian Law” and Western Pravda also appealed to the entire society. But already at the time of the creation of a new set of laws, consisting of 17 articles, it was clear that society was rapidly moving forward. A new legal code was needed that would protect the rapidly developing ownership of the “powers that be” in the land and the associated material acquisitions and various kinds of social advantages. And such a new set of laws began to be created during the lifetime of Yaroslav Vladimirovich.

1. Explain why after the death of Prince Vladimir, who strengthened the Russian state, strife began.

In the chronicle, all the blame for the strife is placed on Svyatopolk. But such strife occurred after the death of not only Vladimir and his father Svyatoslav, but also many of Vladimir’s descendants. This means that the system itself allowed such strife to arise and pushed the heirs of the Grand Duke to fight. And indeed, under the authority of each of them there was his own inheritance, which provided resources for the struggle, and most importantly, each of them had his own squad, which was devoted only to its master, because it was from him that it received all the wealth and favors.

2. What policy did Yaroslav the Wise pursue in relation to neighboring peoples and states? What was the result of this policy? When answering, use the text of the paragraph and the map on p. 41.

Yaroslav subjugated some weaker peoples, thus expanding the territory of the state. He actively built cities, thus consolidating his power over the conquered lands, and also built a line of defense against the peoples roaming the Black Sea steppes (Pechenegs). Yaroslav did not conquer other nations, but subordinated them to his influence - so his proteges were two successive kings of Norway (Harald III the Severe and Magnus I the Noble). Finally, Yaroslav strengthened the international authority of the Old Russian state as a whole, even among distant peoples, for example, through the marriages of his children: his sons married princesses from the Holy Roman Empire, Poland, Byzantium, his daughters were married to Norway, England, France and Hungary.

3. Tell us about the creation of the first Russian code of laws - Russian Pravda.

Before this, crimes were judged according to the so-called customary law, that is, customs that were passed down orally from generation to generation. In this case, different interpretations of the laws were possible. The development of learning made it possible to write down laws. They began to do this precisely under Yaroslav the Wise, creating the so-called Brief Truth. Later, already under the heirs of Yaroslav, the code of laws was significantly expanded to the Extensive Truth. Some historians suggest that the Brief Truth, compiled under Yaroslav, was intended only for the prince’s squad, and according to the Long Truth, all his subjects were judged.

4. Name the main crimes and forms of punishment for them recorded in Russian Pravda.

Russian Truth punished murder, self-mutilation, theft, robbery, various arson, etc. The usual form of punishment was the payment of a fine (vira), which was paid by the criminal, and if he was hiding, then by the residents of the area where the crime was committed. The latter measure seems unfair today, but thanks to it, these residents themselves were interested in finding and apprehending the criminal.

5. How was the inequality of the position of different groups of the population reflected in Russian Pravda?

In Russian Pravda, penalties for murder, for example, were different depending on what position a person occupied in society. This was true under the conditions of that time. They paid viru to relatives - this was, as it were, compensation for what the murdered person could have earned for the family. The higher a person's position, the more income he had, the more income his relatives lost if he was killed. This is how social inequality was expressed in Russian Pravda.

6. Describe the contribution of Yaroslav the Wise to the development of ancient Russian culture. What was the significance of his founding of the Church of Hagia Sophia in Kyiv?

Yaroslav the Wise sought not only the flourishing of Russian culture, he even sought to surpass Byzantium. The St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev was built in imitation of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople - the main temple of Byznatia (and in imitation of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, churches with the same name appeared in Polotsk and Novgorod). Under Yaroslav, in principle, stone construction flourished, the creation of books, and not only translated ones; Russian works proper also appeared (for example, “The Tale of Boris and Gleb”).

7*. Draw up a historical portrait of Yaroslav the Wise (use the instruction on drawing up a historical portrait on p. 52).

Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise received the first principality (Novgorod) in 1010, became the Great Prince of Kiev in 1016, although due to strife he united his father’s entire inheritance under his rule only in 1036, and died in 1054. He was smart and reasonable, even cunning. Yaroslav can be called a talented statesman - he knew the needs of the state, he was able to solve problems that arose. There is a well-known reconstruction of his appearance, which Mikhail Mikhailovich Gersimov carried out based on the found skull: an old man with a wide nose, prominent cheekbones and deep-set eyes is looking at us. In addition to the struggle for his father’s inheritance, he became famous for strengthening the state, expanding its borders, strengthening its international authority, both among its closest neighbors and among distant peoples. Under Yaroslav, culture flourished - one of the most significant manifestations of this was the construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. It was under Yaroslav that the first Metropolitan of Kiev of Russian origin, Hilarion, was known. Yaroslav also became famous as a legislator: it was under him that the first version of Russian Truth was created.

In history, Yaroslav remained precisely as the Wise - the ruler of a powerful and united Old Russian state, whom his enemies feared and his friends respected. The image of Yaroslav especially wins against the backdrop of his heirs constantly fighting with each other.

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Presentation on the topic: Historical portrait of Yaroslav the Wise

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Initial years Yaroslav was the son of the great Kyiv prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich and the Polotsk princess Rogneda. Even in his youth, in 987, his father appointed him Prince of Rostov, and in 1010, after the death of Vysheslav, the eldest son of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Yaroslav became Prince of Novgorod.

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Accession to the throne After the death of Prince Vladimir, a struggle began between the brothers for the Kiev throne. First, Kyiv was captured by Svyatopolk, killing his brothers, Prince Boris of Rostov, Gleb of Smolensk and Svyatoslav of Drevlya. Having defeated Svyatopolk, Yaroslav had to fight with his brother Mstislav, the Tmutarakan prince. Mstislav won in this fight, but in 1036 he died, then the entire Russian land united in the hands of Yaroslav.

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The wife of Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise was married to the daughter of the Swedish king Olav, Ingigerda. Old Russian chronicles mention two names of Yaroslav's wife, Irina and Anna. Apparently, Ingigerda received the name Irina at baptism, and she took the name Anna when she was tonsured as a nun.

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Family In the Kiev St. Sophia Cathedral there was a huge fresco composition depicting the family of Yaroslav and Irina. However, the central western part of the composition depicting the spouses, their eldest son and daughter has long since collapsed. Fortunately, even before its loss, Hetman Janusz Radziwill ordered all the frescoes to be carefully copied so that they would not be lost to the history of Rus'.

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Reign During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054), Kievan Rus reached its peak and became one of the strongest states in Europe. To strengthen his possessions, Yaroslav the Wise built several new cities, Kyiv was surrounded by a stone wall, and the main city gate was called “Golden”.

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Foreign Policy The foreign policy of Yaroslav the Wise was worthy of a strong monarch and was aimed at strengthening the international authority of Rus'. He made several successful military campaigns against the Finnish peoples, the Principality of Lithuania, and Poland. In 1036, Yaroslav won the final victory over the Pechenegs, the most long-awaited victory for the fatherland. And on the site of the battle he built the Church of St. Sophia.

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Foreign policy During the reign of Prince Yaroslav, the last clash between Rus' and Byzantium took place, as a result of which a peace treaty was signed, supported by a dynastic marriage. His son Vsevolod married the Greek princess Anna. Dynastic marriages contributed to strengthening peace and friendship between states. Prince Yaroslav the Wise had three daughters and six sons. The eldest daughter Elizabeth was the wife of the Norwegian prince Harald. The second daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Anna, married the French king Henry I. Anastasia married the Hungarian king Andrew I. Three sons of Yaroslav the Wise, Svyatoslav, Vyacheslav and Igor, were married to German princesses.

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Companion to the construction of temples The activities of Yaroslav the Wise were very productive. He built many temples, churches, and monasteries. The first Metropolitan Hilarion, Russian by origin, was elected at the head of the church organization. With the construction of temples, architecture and painting appeared, and church tunes were adopted from Greece. Kievan Rus under Yaroslav the Wise was noticeably transformed. To strengthen the influence of the church, the church tithe, previously introduced by Prince Vladimir, was renewed, i.e. a tenth of the tribute established by the princes was given to the needs of the church.

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“The Great Scribe” The reign of Yaroslav the Wise left its mark on the history of Russia with another great deed - the publication of “Russian Truth,” the first collection of laws. In addition, under him, a set of church laws “Nomocanon” appeared, or in translation “The Helmsman’s Book.” Under Yaroslav, many books were copied and translated from Greek into Russian. He collected an extensive library, housed in the Church of Hagia Sophia, built at the same time.

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Death of the Prince Yaroslav the Wise died in the arms of his beloved son Vsevolod, who became the new great prince of Kyiv. His body was enclosed in a marble tomb installed in the St. Sophia Cathedral. Based on the remains found in it in 1939, it was possible to recreate the appearance of the prince. An inscription on the wall of the tomb mentions him as “the Caesar,” that is, a king. Not all rulers were awarded this title in those days.

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Why was Yaroslav called “Wise”? He received the nickname Wise for his love of books, the church, and for his godly deeds. Yaroslav did not acquire new lands with weapons, but returned what was lost in civil strife, and did a lot to strengthen the Russian state. But Yaroslav was nicknamed the Wise only in the 60s of the 19th century. In those days he was called “Khromts”, because. Yaroslav was limping. In that era, it was believed that physical disability was a sign of special strength and intelligence. Chrome means wise. And perhaps “Wise” is an echo of the nickname “Lame,” and his actions only confirmed this.