Artistic style of speech and the language of fiction. Briefly about the artistic style of speech

Introduction

1. Literary and artistic style

2. Imagery as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness

3. Vocabulary with subject meaning as the basis for visualization

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Depending on the scope of the language, the content of the utterance, the situation and the goals of communication, several functional-style varieties, or styles, are distinguished, characterized by a certain system of selection and organization of linguistic means in them.

Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious variety of a literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain sphere of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this sphere and their specific organization.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of use of the language, the subject matter determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of language correlate with types of human activity corresponding to forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish between the styles of official speech (book): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are contrasted with the style of informal speech - colloquial and everyday.

The literary and artistic style of speech stands apart in this classification, since the question of the legality of its isolation into a separate functional style has not yet been resolved, since it has rather blurred boundaries and can use the linguistic means of all other styles. The specificity of this style is also the presence in it of various visual and expressive means to convey a special property - imagery.

1. Literary and artistic style

As we noted above, the question of the language of fiction and its place in the system of functional styles is resolved ambiguously: some researchers (V.V. Vinogradov, R.A. Budagov, A.I. Efimov, M.N. Kozhina, A. N. Vasilyeva, B.N. Golovin) include a special artistic style in the system of functional styles, others (L.Yu. Maksimov, K.A. Panfilov, M.M. Shansky, D.N. Shmelev, V.D. Bondaletov) believe that there is no reason for this. The following are given as arguments against distinguishing the style of fiction: 1) the language of fiction is not included in the concept of literary language; 2) it is multi-styled, open-ended, and does not have specific features that would be inherent in the language of fiction as a whole; 3) the language of fiction has a special, aesthetic function, which is expressed in a very specific use of linguistic means.

It seems to us that the opinion of M.N. is very legitimate. Kozhina that “extending artistic speech beyond functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of language. If we remove artistic speech from the list of functional styles, but assume that literary language exists in many functions, and this cannot be denied, then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such when it enters a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language.”

The main goal of the literary and artistic style is to master the world according to the laws of beauty, satisfy the aesthetic needs of both the author of a work of art and the reader, and have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.

Used in literary works of various kinds and genres: stories, tales, novels, poems, poems, tragedies, comedies, etc.

The language of fiction, despite its stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author’s individuality is clearly manifested in it, is still distinguished by a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.

The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphoricality, imagery of linguistic units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, polysemy, and different stylistic layers of vocabulary is observed. The artistic style (compared to other functional styles) has its own laws of word perception. The meaning of a word is largely determined by the author’s goal setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art of which this word is an element: firstly, in the context of a given literary work it can acquire artistic ambiguity not recorded in dictionaries; secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is assessed by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic:

The use of linguistic means in fiction is ultimately subordinated to the author's intention, the content of the work, the creation of an image and the impact through it on the addressee. Writers in their works proceed, first of all, from accurately conveying thoughts and feelings, truthfully revealing the spiritual world of the hero, and realistically recreating language and image. Not only the normative facts of language, but also deviations from general literary norms are subject to the author’s intention and the desire for artistic truth.

The breadth of literary speech covering the means of the national language is so great that it allows us to affirm the idea of ​​the fundamental potential possibility of including all existing linguistic means (though connected in a certain way) into the style of fiction.

The listed facts indicate that the style of fiction has a number of features that allow it to take its own special place in the system of functional styles of the Russian language.

2. Imagery as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness

Figurativeness and expressiveness are integral properties of an artistic and literary style, therefore we can conclude from this that imagery is a necessary element of this style. However, this concept is still much broader; most often in linguistic science the issue of imagery of a word is considered as a unit of language and speech, or, in other words, lexical imagery.

In this regard, imagery is considered as one of the connotative characteristics of a word, as the ability of a word to contain and reproduce in verbal communication the concrete sensory appearance (image) of an object, recorded in the minds of native speakers - a kind of visual or auditory representation.

In the work of N.A. Lukyanova “On semantics and types of expressive lexical units” contains a number of judgments about lexical imagery, which we fully share. Here are some of them (in our formulation):

1. Imagery is a semantic component that actualizes sensory associations (ideas) associated with a certain word, and through it with a specific object, phenomenon, called a given word.

2. Imagery can be motivated or unmotivated.

3. The linguistic (semantic) basis of motivated figurative expressive words is:

a) figurative associations that arise when comparing two ideas about real objects, phenomena - metaphorical imagery (boil - “to be in a state of strong indignation, anger”; dry - “to worry greatly, to care about someone, something”);

b) sound associations – (burn, grunt);

c) imagery of the internal form as a result of word-formation motivation (play up, star, shrink).

4. The linguistic basis of unmotivated imagery is created due to a number of factors: obscurity of the internal form of the word, individual figurative ideas, etc.

Thus, we can say that imagery is one of the most important structural and semantic properties of a word, which affects its semantics, valence, and emotional-expressive status. The processes of formation of verbal imagery are most directly and organically associated with the processes of metaphorization, that is, they serve as figurative and expressive means.

Imagery is “figurativeness and expressiveness,” that is, the functions of a linguistic unit in speech with the peculiarities of its structural organization and a certain environment, which reflects precisely the plane of expression.

The category of imagery, being a mandatory structural characteristic of each linguistic unit, covers all levels of reflection of the surrounding world. It is precisely because of this constant ability to potentially generate figurative dominants that it has become possible to talk about such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness.

They, in turn, are characterized precisely by the ability to create (or actualize linguistic figurative dominants) sensory images, their special representation and saturation with associations in consciousness. The true function of imagery is revealed only when turning to a real objective action - speech. Consequently, the reason for such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness lies in the system of language and can be detected at any of its levels, and this reason is imagery - a special inseparable structural characteristic of a linguistic unit, while the objectivity of the reflection of the representation and the activity of its construction can be studied only at the level of the functional implementation of a language unit. In particular, this can be vocabulary with a subject-specific meaning, as the main means of representation.

A linguistic-stylistic feature of an artistic style is called special life of words in thin work. Its specific. feature is updating internal form(G.O. Vinokur), when the means of language (in particular, lexical) and their meanings turn out to be the basis from which the artist creates a poetic word-metaphor, entirely oriented towards the theme and idea of ​​a particular artist. works. Moreover, the metaphorical meaning of a word can often be understood and determined only after reading the entire work, i.e. follows from the art. the whole.

Formation of artistic meaning. words in the broad context of the whole work noted B.A. Larin, which revealed the systematic relationship of the word with other words of the artist. the whole when expressing a cross-cutting poetic thought-idea, i.e. the leitmotif of the work is a property of the poetic word of B.A. Larin named “combinatorial increments of meaning.”

Concepts of the internal form of art. words and combinatorial increments of meaning are closely related to the concept “general imagery” (A.M. Peshkovsky), which lies in the fact that all linguistic units of a particular work of art are aimed at expressing an artistic image, being at the same time strictly aesthetically and stylistically motivated and justified, and therefore the elimination of any one word from the text already leads to “baldness” » image. The same applies to modifying the forms of a word - it’s impossible to change a word that way. fish on fish in the title and text of Pushkin’s “Tales of the Fisherman and the Fish.”

According to V.V. Vinogradov, artist. the word is fundamentally two-dimensional: coinciding in its form with the word of the national language and relying on its meaning, the artist. the word is addressed not only to the national language, but also to that world of art. reality, which is created or recreated in a work. The semantic structure of the word “expands and is enriched by those artistic and visual “incrementations” that develop in the system of an entire aesthetic object” (Vinogradov V.V.). A more general and precise concept is artistic-figurative speech concretization(M.N. Kozhina).

So, the main style feature is called ARTISTIC-FIGURARY SPEECH CONCRETE, which is expressed by the systemic organization of artistic speech, capable of translating a word-concept into a word-image through a system of linguistic means combined author's image, and capable of activating the reader's imagination. The linguistic means used in artistic texts are intended to serve mainly to express a system of images, since in an artistic context, words express not just concepts, ideas, but artistic images. Therefore, concretization here has a different character, means and methods of expression (not a word-concept or a word-representation is used, but a word-artistic image).

Artist a work is capable of transforming the semantics of any word, including a neutral one, endowing it with textual increments of meaning, primarily emotional, expressive and aesthetic, which is achieved, in particular, by repeating a lexical unit in different contexts. This is related to the manifestation of such an important feature of artistic semantics. works like dynamism of meaning(Vinogradov V.V.). Repeated predication of a repeated nomination leads to the addition of each new feature to the previous ones and the formation of a textual meaning that is more complex than the linguistic one. This phenomenon is typical and of great significance, so some researchers even suggest identifying a special type of lexical meaning - "artistic meaning"(Barlas L.G.). A word with artistic meaning is an element of the text that is significant for the deeper semantic layers of the artist. text – figurative and ideological (Kupina N.A.). A specific feature of the functioning of linguistic means in fiction. style is also the predominance of the meaning of a word over its meaning, which leads to the creation of an implicit ideological and aesthetic content of the work (subtext), requiring special interpretation.

There are many varieties of text styles in Russian. One of them is the artistic style of speech, which is used in the literary field. It is characterized by an impact on the reader’s imagination and feelings, the transmission of the author’s own thoughts, the use of rich vocabulary, and the emotional coloring of the text. In what area is it used, and what are its main features?

The history of this style dates back to ancient times. Throughout time, a certain characteristic of such texts has developed, distinguishing them from other different styles.
With the help of this style, authors of works have the opportunity to express themselves, convey to the reader their thoughts and reasoning, using all the richness of their language. Most often it is used in written speech, and in oral speech it is used when already created texts are read, for example, during the production of a play.

The purpose of artistic style is not to directly convey certain information, but to affect the emotional side of the person reading the work. However, this is not the only task of such a speech. Achieving established goals occurs when the functions of a literary text are fulfilled. These include:

• Figurative-cognitive, which consists of telling a person about the world and society using the emotional component of speech.
• Ideological and aesthetic, used to describe images that convey to the reader the meaning of the work.
• Communicative, in which the reader connects information from the text with reality.

Such functions of a work of art help the author to give meaning to the text so that it can fulfill all the tasks for which it was created for the reader.

Area of ​​use of the style

Where is the artistic style of speech used? The scope of its use is quite wide, because such speech embodies many aspects and means of the rich Russian language. Thanks to this, such text turns out to be very beautiful and attractive to readers.

Genres of artistic style:

• Epic. It describes storylines. The author demonstrates his thoughts, the external worries of people.
• Lyrics. This example of artistic style helps to convey the author's inner feelings, experiences and thoughts of the characters.
• Drama. In this genre, the presence of the author is practically not felt, because much attention is paid to the dialogues taking place between the heroes of the work.

Of all these genres, subspecies are distinguished, which in turn can be further divided into varieties. Thus, the epic is divided into the following types:

• Epic. Most of it is devoted to historical events.
• Novel. Usually it has a complex plot, which describes the fate of the characters, their feelings, and problems.
• Story. Such a work is written in a small size; it tells about a specific incident that happened to the character.
• Tale. It is medium in size and has the qualities of a novel and a short story.

The artistic style of speech is characterized by the following lyrical genres:

• Oh yeah. This is the name of a solemn song dedicated to something.
• Epigram. This is a poem that has satirical notes. An example of artistic style in this case is “Epigram on M. S. Vorontsov”, which was written by A. S. Pushkin.
• Elegy. Such a work is also written in poetic form, but has a lyrical orientation.
• Sonnet. This is also a verse that consists of 14 lines. Rhymes are built according to a strict system. Examples of texts of this form can be found in Shakespeare.

The types of drama include the following genres:

• Comedy. The purpose of such a work is to ridicule any vices of society or a particular person.
• Tragedy. In this text, the author talks about the tragic life of the characters.
• Drama. This type of the same name allows you to show the reader the dramatic relationships between the heroes and society as a whole.

In each of these genres, the author tries not so much to tell about something, but simply to help readers create an image of the characters in their heads, feel the situation being described, and learn to empathize with the characters. This creates a certain mood and emotions in the person reading the work. A story about some extraordinary incident will amuse the reader, while a drama will make you empathize with the characters.

The main features of artistic stylistics of speech

The characteristics of an artistic style of speech have developed over the course of its long development. Its main features allow the text to fulfill its tasks by influencing people's emotions. The linguistic means of a work of art are the main element of this speech, which helps to create a beautiful text that can captivate the reader while reading. Expressive means such as:

• Metaphor.
• Allegory.
• Hyperbola.
• Epithet.
• Comparison.

Also, the main features include the speech polysemy of words, which is quite widely used when writing works. Using this technique, the author gives the text additional meaning. In addition, synonyms are often used, thanks to which it is possible to emphasize the importance of the meaning.

The use of these techniques suggests that when creating his work, the author wants to use the entire breadth of the Russian language. Thus, he can develop his own unique language style, which will distinguish him from other text styles. The writer uses not only purely literary language, but also borrows means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

Features of the artistic style are also expressed in the elevation of emotionality and expressiveness of texts. Many words are used differently in works of different styles. In literary and artistic language, some words denote certain sensory ideas, and in the journalistic style these same words are used to generalize certain concepts. Thus, they complement each other perfectly.

Linguistic features of the artistic style of the text include the use of inversion. This is the name of a technique in which the author arranges words in a sentence differently than is usually done. This is necessary in order to give more meaning to a particular word or expression. Writers can change the order of words in different ways, it all depends on the overall intent.

Also in the literary language there may be deviations from structural norms, which are explained by the fact that the author wants to highlight some of his thoughts, ideas, and emphasize the importance of the work. To do this, the writer can afford to violate phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

The features of the artistic style of speech allow us to consider it the most important over all other types of text styles, because it uses the most diverse, rich and vibrant means of the Russian language. It is also characterized by verb speech. It consists in the fact that the author gradually indicates each movement and change of state. This works well to activate the tension of the readers.

If you look at examples of styles of different directions, then identifying the artistic language will definitely not be difficult. After all, a text in an artistic style, in all of the above listed features, is noticeably different from other text styles.

Examples of literary style

Here's an example of the art style:

The sergeant walked along the yellowish construction sand, hot from the scorching afternoon sun. He was wet from head to toe, his whole body was covered with small scratches left by the sharp barbed wire. The aching pain drove him crazy, but he was alive and walked towards the command headquarters, which was visible about three hundred meters in the distance.

The second example of artistic style contains such means of the Russian language as epithets.

Yashka was just a little dirty trickster, who, despite this, had enormous potential. Even in his distant childhood, he masterfully picked pears from Baba Nyura, and twenty years later he switched to banks in twenty-three countries of the world. At the same time, he managed to masterfully clean them up, so that neither the police nor Interpol had the opportunity to catch him at the crime scene.

Language plays a huge role in literature, since it is it that acts as a building material for the creation of works. The writer is an artist of words, forming images, describing events, expressing his own thoughts, he makes the reader empathize with the characters, plunge into the world that the author created.

Only an artistic style of speech can achieve such an effect, which is why books are always very popular. Literary speech has unlimited possibilities and extraordinary beauty, which is achieved thanks to the linguistic means of the Russian language.

Art style serves a special sphere of human activity - the sphere of verbal and artistic creativity. Like other styles, artistic style performs all the most important social functions of language:

1) informative (by reading works of art, we gain information about the world, about human society);

2) communicative (the writer communicates with the reader, conveying to him his idea of ​​the phenomena of reality and counting on a response, and unlike a publicist who addresses the broad masses, the writer addresses the addressee who is able to understand him);

3) influencing (the writer strives to evoke an emotional response to his work in the reader).

But all these functions in the artistic style are subordinated to its main function -aesthetic , which consists in the fact that reality is recreated in a literary work through a system of images (characters, natural phenomena, setting, etc.). Every significant writer, poet, playwright has his own, original vision of the world, and to recreate the same phenomenon, different authors use different linguistic means, specially selected and reinterpreted.V.V. Vinogradov noted: “...The concept of “style” when applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles and even journalistic and scientific styles... The language of fiction is not entirely correlated with others styles, he uses them, includes them, but in original combinations and in a transformed form..."

Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete imaginative representation of life, in contrast, for example, to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality. The author strives to convey, first of all, his personal experience, his understanding and comprehension of a particular phenomenon. The artistic style of speech is characterized by attention to the particular and random, followed by the typical and general.The world of fiction is a “recreated” world; the reality depicted is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech the subjective element plays the most important role. The entire surrounding reality is presented through the author's vision. But in an artistic text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, etc. Associated with this is the emotionality, expressiveness, metaphor, and meaningful diversity of the artistic style. As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-fiction, constitute two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The number of words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, includes figurative means of literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of usage. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life. For example, L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes. We will find a significant number of words from the hunting vocabulary in “Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Turgenev, in the stories of M. M. Prishvin, V. A. Astafiev. In “The Queen of Spades” by A. S. Pushkin there are many words related to card games, etc.

In the artistic style, the polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and shades of meaning, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, thanks to which it becomes possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meaning. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in a literary text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech act as concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, adjective "lead" in scientific speech it realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech an important role is played by phrases that create a kind of figurative representation.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find a whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, that is, the author’s highlighting of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. This technique is especially often used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image.

In terms of diversity, richness and expressive capabilities of linguistic means, the artistic style stands above other styles and is the most complete expression of the literary language. A feature of the artistic style, its most important feature is imagery and metaphor, which is achieved by using a large number of stylistic figures and tropes.

Trails – these are words and expressions used in a figurative meaning in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language and the artistic expressiveness of speech. The main types of trails are as follows:

Metaphor - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other based on their common feature: And my tired soul is enveloped in darkness and cold. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Metonymy - a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object that is denoted by the replaced word: The hiss of foamy glasses and the blue flame of punch. (A.S. Pushkin). The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class, etc.), metaphor is based on the replacement “by similarity "

Synecdoche – one of the types of metonymy, which is the transfer of the meaning of one object to another based on the quantitative relationship between them: And you could hear the Frenchman rejoicing until dawn. (M. Yu. Lermontov).

Epithet - a word or an entire expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) gain color and richness. The epithet is expressed primarily by an adjective, but also by an adverb (to love dearly), noun (fun noise), numeral (second Life).

Hyperbola - a trope based on obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the said idea: Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers with such wide folds that if they were inflated, the entire yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them (N.V. Gogol).

Litotes – a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, or meaning of what is being described: Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, is no bigger than a thimble... (A.S. Griboyedov). Litotes is also called an inverse hyperbola.

Comparison - a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement: Anchar, like a formidable sentinel, stands alone in the entire universe (A.S. Pushkin).

Personification – trope, which is based on the transfer of properties of animate objects to inanimate ones:Silent sadness will be consoled, and joy will be playful and reflective (A.S. Pushkin).

Periphrase – a trope in which the direct name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive phrase, where the characteristics of an object, person, or phenomenon not directly named are indicated: king of beasts (lion), people in white coats (doctors), etc.

Allegory (allegory) – a conventional depiction of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

Irony - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (contrasted) with the explicit meaning: Where can we fools drink tea? Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems.

Sarcasm - one of the types of satirical exposure, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the enhanced contrast of the implied and the expressed, but also on the deliberate exposure of the implied: Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite. Although I have doubts about the first one (A. Einstein). If the patient really wants to live, doctors are powerless (F. G. Ranevskaya).

Stylistic figures – These are special stylistic turns that go beyond the necessary norms for creating artistic expressiveness. It must be emphasized that stylistic figures make speech informationally redundant, but this redundancy is necessary for the expressiveness of speech, and therefore for a stronger impact on the addressee.Stylistic figures include:

Rhetorical appeal – giving the author's intonation solemnity, irony, etc..: And you, arrogant descendants... (M. Yu. Lermontov)

A rhetorical question – this is special construction of speech in which a statement is expressed in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement:And will the desired dawn finally rise over the fatherland of enlightened freedom? (A.S. Pushkin).

Anaphora - a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of related sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning of each parallel series, that is, the repetition of the initial parts of two or more relatively independent segments of speech (hemistymes, verses, stanzas or prose passages):

It was not in vain that the winds blew,
It was not in vain that the thunderstorm came (S. A. Yesenin).

Epiphora - a stylistic figure that consists of repeating the same words at the end of adjacent segments of speech. Epiphora is often used in poetic speech in the form of identical or similar stanza endings:

Dear friend, and in this quiet house
The fever hits me
I can't find a place in a quiet house
Near the peaceful fire (A. A. Blok).

Antithesis - rhetorical opposition, a stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, consisting in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common design or internal meaning: Who was nobody will become everything!

Oxymoron – a stylistic figure or stylistic error, which is a combination of words with the opposite meaning (that is, a combination of the incompatible). An oxymoron is characterized by the deliberate use of contradiction to create a stylistic effect:

Gradation – grouping of homogeneous members of a sentence in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or decreasing emotional and semantic significance: I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry... (S. A. Yesenin)

Default – deliberate interruption of speech in anticipation of the reader’s guess, who must mentally complete the phrase:But listen: if I owe you... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus... (A.S. Pushkin).

Polyunion (polysyndeton) - a stylistic figure consisting of a deliberate increase in the number of conjunctions in a sentence, usually to connect homogeneous members. By slowing down speech with pauses, polyunion emphasizes the role of each word, creating unity of enumeration and enhancing the expressiveness of speech: And for him they were resurrected again: deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love (A.S. Pushkin).

Asyndeton (asyndeton)– stylistic figure: construction of speech in which conjunctions connecting words are omitted. Asyndeton gives the statement speed and dynamism, helps to convey the rapid change of pictures, impressions, actions: Swede, Russian, chops, stabs, cuts, drumming, clicks, grinding... (A.S. Pushkin).

Parallelism – a stylistic figure representing the arrangement of identical or similar in grammatical and semantic structure elements of speech in adjacent parts of the text. Parallel elements can be sentences, their parts, phrases, words:

The stars shine in the blue sky,
In the blue sea the waves are lashing;
A cloud is moving across the sky,
A barrel floats on the sea (A.S. Pushkin).

Chiasmus – a stylistic figure consisting of a cross-shaped change in the sequence of elements in two parallel rows of words: Learn to love art in yourself, and not yourself in art (K. S. Stanislavsky).

Inversion – a stylistic figure consisting of a violation of the usual (direct) word order: Yes, we were very friendly (L.N. Tolstoy).

In the creation of artistic images in a literary work, not only visual and expressive means are involved, but also any units of language, selected and organized in such a way that they acquire the ability to activate the reader’s imagination and evoke certain associations. Thanks to the special use of linguistic means, the described, designated phenomenon loses the features of the general, is concretized, turns into an individual, particular - that unique idea of ​​which is imprinted in the mind of the writer and recreated by him in a literary text.Let's compare two texts:

Oak, a genus of trees in the beech family. About 450 species. It grows in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere and South America. The wood is strong and durable, with a beautiful cut pattern. Forest-forming species. English oak (height up to 50 meters, lives from 500 to 1000 years) forms forests in Europe; sessile oak - in the foothills of the Caucasus and Crimea; Mongolian oak grows in the Far East. Cork oak is cultivated in the subtropics. English oak bark is used for medicinal purposes (contains astringents). Many types are decorative (Encyclopedic Dictionary).

There was an oak tree on the edge of the road. Probably ten times older than the birch trees that made up the forest, it was ten times thicker and twice as tall as each birch tree. It was a huge oak tree, two branches wide, with branches that had apparently been broken off long ago and with broken bark overgrown with old sores. With his huge clumsily, asymmetrically splayed arms and fingers, he stood like an old, angry and suspicious freak between the smiling birch trees. Only he alone did not want to submit to the charm of spring and did not want to see either spring or the sun (L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”).

Both texts describe an oak tree, but if the first one talks about a whole class of homogeneous objects (trees, the general, essential features of which are presented in a scientific description), then the second one talks about one specific tree. When reading the text, an idea arises of an oak tree, personifying self-absorbed old age, contrasted with the birch trees “smiling” at spring and the sun. Concretizing the phenomena, the writer resorts to the device of personification: at the oak tree huge hands and fingers, he looks old, angry, contemptuous freak. In the first text, as is typical in the scientific style, the word oak expresses a general concept, in the second it conveys the idea of ​​a specific person (the author) about a specific tree (the word becomes an image).

From the point of view of the speech organization of texts, the artistic style is opposed to all other functional styles, since the fulfillment of an aesthetic function, the task of creating an artistic image, allows the writer to use the means of not only the literary language, but also the national language (dialectisms, jargon, vernacular). It should be emphasized that the use of extra-literary elements of language in works of art must meet the requirements of expediency, moderation, and aesthetic value.Writers’ free use of linguistic means of different stylistic colors and different functional-style correlations can create the impression of “multiple styles” of artistic speech. However, this impression is superficial, since the involvement of stylistically colored means, as well as elements of other styles, is subordinated in artistic speech to the fulfillment of an aesthetic function : they are used for the purpose of creating artistic images, realizing the ideological and artistic concept of the writer.Thus, artistic style, like all others, is formed on the basis of the interaction of extralinguistic and linguistic factors. Extralinguistic factors include: the very sphere of verbal creativity, the peculiarities of the writer’s worldview, his communicative attitude; to linguistic: the ability to use various units of language, which in artistic speech undergo various transformations and become a means of creating an artistic image, embodying the author's intention.

Literary-artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, a word not only carries certain information, but also serves to have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger its impact on the reader. In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also outdated dialect and colloquial words. The emotionality of an artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images. A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, which add color to the narrative and the power of depicting reality.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personification, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litotes, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Trope - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative meaning in order to enhance the imagery of language and the artistic expressiveness of speech.

Main types of trails:

Metaphor is a trope, word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common characteristic. Any part of speech in a figurative meaning.

Metonymy is a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object that is in one way or another connected with the object that is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity,” and metaphor by “by similarity.” A special case of metonymy is synecdoche.

An epithet is a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love dearly”), a noun (“fun noise”), and a numeral (“second life”).

An epithet is a word or an entire expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) gain color and richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose.

Synecdoche is a trope, a type of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them.

Hyperbole is a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, with the aim of enhancing expressiveness and emphasizing the said thought.

Litotes is a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, and significance of what is being described. Litotes is called an inverse hyperbola. (“Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, is no bigger than a thimble”).

Comparison is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as the devil”; “My home is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture”).

In stylistics and poetics, it is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept using several.

Periphrasis is an indirect mention of an object by description rather than naming.

Allegory (allegory) is a conventional depiction of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

• 1. Historically established system of speech means used in one or another sphere of human communication; a type of literary language that performs a specific function in communication:
• 1) Functional style of speech.
• 2) Scientific style of speech.

The functional style of speech is a historically established system of speech means used in one or another sphere of human communication; a type of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

• 2. The functional style of speech of a literary language, which is characterized by a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of linguistic means, tendency towards standardized speech:
• 1) Scientific style of speech.
• 2) Functional style of speech.
• 3) Official business style of speech.
• 4) Journalistic style of speech.

The scientific style of speech is a functional style of speech of a literary language, which is characterized by a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of linguistic means, and a tendency towards standardized speech.

• 3. If possible, the presence of semantic connections between successive units (blocks) of text:
• 1) Logic.
• 2) Intuition.
• 3) Sensory.
• 4) Deduction.

Logicity is, if possible, the presence of semantic connections between successive units (blocks) of text.

• 4. Functional style of speech, a means of written communication in the field of business relations: in the field of legal relations and management:
• 1) Scientific style of speech.
• 2) Functional style of speech.
• 3) Official business style of speech.
• 4) Journalistic style of speech.

The official business style of speech is a functional style of speech, a means of written communication in the field of business relations: in the field of legal relations and management.

• 5. Functional style of speech, which is used in the following genres: article, essay, report, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory:
• 1) Scientific style of speech.
• 2) Functional style of speech.
• 3) Official business style of speech.
• 4) Journalistic style of speech.

The journalistic style of speech is a functional style of speech that is used in the following genres: article, essay, report, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.

• 6. The desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible:
• 1) Information function of journalistic style.
• 2) Information function of the scientific style.
• 3) Information function of official business style.
• 4) Information function of the functional style of speech.

The informational function of the journalistic style is the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible.

• 7. The desire to influence people's opinions:
• 1) The influencing function of the journalistic style of speech.
• 2) The influencing function of the scientific style.
• 3) The influencing function of the official business style.
• 4) The influencing function of the functional style of speech.

The influencing function of the journalistic style of speech is the desire to influence people's opinions.

• 8. Functional style of speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting:
• 1) Conversational speech.
• 2) Literary speech.
• 3) Artistic speech.
• 4) Report.

Colloquial speech is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting.

• 9. Functional style of speech, which is used in fiction:
• 1) Literary and artistic style.
• 2) Official business style.
• 3) Scientific style.
• 4) Functional style.

Literary-artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction.

• 10. Formal business speech is characterized by:
• 1) strict compliance with literary norms.
• 2) lack of expressive elements.
• 3) use of colloquial syntactic structures.
• 4) use of professional slang words.

Official business speech is characterized by: strict compliance with literary norms and the absence of expressive elements.