Artistic style of speech and syntactic features. Art style

There are many varieties of text styles in Russian. One of them is the artistic style of speech, which is used in the literary field. It is characterized by an impact on the reader’s imagination and feelings, the transmission of the author’s own thoughts, the use of rich vocabulary, and the emotional coloring of the text. In what area is it used, and what are its main features?

The history of this style dates back to ancient times. Throughout time, a certain characteristic of such texts has developed, distinguishing them from other different styles.
With the help of this style, authors of works have the opportunity to express themselves, convey to the reader their thoughts and reasoning, using all the richness of their language. Most often it is used in written speech, and in oral speech it is used when already created texts are read, for example, during the production of a play.

The purpose of artistic style is not to directly convey certain information, but to affect the emotional side of the person reading the work. However, this is not the only task of such a speech. Achieving established goals occurs when the functions of a literary text are fulfilled. These include:

Figurative-cognitive, which consists of telling a person about the world and society using the emotional component of speech.
Ideological and aesthetic, used to describe images that convey to the reader the meaning of the work.
Communicative, in which the reader connects information from the text with reality.

Such functions of a work of art help the author to give meaning to the text so that it can fulfill all the tasks for which it was created for the reader.

Area of use of the style

Where is the artistic style of speech used? The scope of its use is quite wide, because such speech embodies many aspects and means of the rich Russian language. Thanks to this, such text turns out to be very beautiful and attractive to readers.

Genres of artistic style:

Epic. It describes storylines. The author demonstrates his thoughts, the external worries of people.
Lyrics. This example of artistic style helps to convey the author's inner feelings, experiences and thoughts of the characters.
Drama. In this genre, the presence of the author is practically not felt, because much attention is paid to the dialogues taking place between the heroes of the work.

Of all these genres, subspecies are distinguished, which in turn can be further divided into varieties. Thus, the epic is divided into the following types:

Epic. Most of it is devoted to historical events.
Novel. Usually it has a complex plot, which describes the fate of the characters, their feelings, and problems.
Story. Such a work is written in a small size; it tells about a specific incident that happened to the character.
Tale. It is medium in size and has the qualities of a novel and a short story.

The artistic style of speech is characterized by the following lyrical genres:

Oh yeah. This is the name of a solemn song dedicated to something.
Epigram. This is a poem that has satirical notes. An example of artistic style in this case is “Epigram on M. S. Vorontsov”, which was written by A. S. Pushkin.
Elegy. Such a work is also written in poetic form, but has a lyrical orientation.
Sonnet. This is also a verse that consists of 14 lines. Rhymes are built according to a strict system. Examples of texts of this form can be found in Shakespeare.

The types of drama include the following genres:

Comedy. The purpose of such a work is to ridicule any vices of society or a particular person.
Tragedy. In this text, the author talks about the tragic life of the characters.
Drama. This type of the same name allows you to show the reader the dramatic relationships between the heroes and society as a whole.

In each of these genres, the author tries not so much to tell about something, but simply to help readers create an image of the characters in their heads, feel the situation being described, and learn to empathize with the characters. This creates a certain mood and emotions in the person reading the work. A story about some extraordinary incident will amuse the reader, while a drama will make you empathize with the characters.

The main features of artistic stylistics of speech

The characteristics of an artistic style of speech have developed over the course of its long development. Its main features allow the text to fulfill its tasks by influencing people's emotions. The linguistic means of a work of art are the main element of this speech, which helps to create a beautiful text that can captivate the reader while reading. Expressive means such as:

Metaphor.
Allegory.
Hyperbola.
Epithet.
Comparison.

Also, the main features include the speech polysemy of words, which is quite widely used when writing works. Using this technique, the author gives the text additional meaning. In addition, synonyms are often used, thanks to which it is possible to emphasize the importance of the meaning.

The use of these techniques suggests that when creating his work, the author wants to use the entire breadth of the Russian language. Thus, he can develop his own unique language style, which will distinguish him from other text styles. The writer uses not only purely literary language, but also borrows means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

Features of the artistic style are also expressed in the elevation of emotionality and expressiveness of texts. Many words are used differently in works of different styles. In literary and artistic language, some words denote certain sensory ideas, and in the journalistic style these same words are used to generalize certain concepts. Thus, they complement each other perfectly.

Linguistic features of the artistic style of the text include the use of inversion. This is the name of a technique in which the author arranges words in a sentence differently than is usually done. This is necessary in order to give more meaning to a particular word or expression. Writers can change the order of words in different ways, it all depends on the overall intent.

Also in the literary language there may be deviations from structural norms, which are explained by the fact that the author wants to highlight some of his thoughts, ideas, and emphasize the importance of the work. To do this, the writer can afford to violate phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

The features of the artistic style of speech allow us to consider it the most important over all other types of text styles, because it uses the most diverse, rich and vibrant means of the Russian language. It is also characterized by verb speech. It consists in the fact that the author gradually indicates each movement and change of state. This works well to activate the tension of the readers.

If you look at examples of styles of different directions, then identifying the artistic language will definitely not be difficult. After all, a text in an artistic style, in all of the above listed features, is noticeably different from other text styles.

Examples of literary style

Here's an example of the art style:

The sergeant walked along the yellowish construction sand, hot from the scorching afternoon sun. He was wet from head to toe, his whole body was covered with small scratches left by the sharp barbed wire. The aching pain drove him crazy, but he was alive and walked towards the command headquarters, which was visible about three hundred meters in the distance.

The second example of artistic style contains such means of the Russian language as epithets.

Yashka was just a little dirty trickster, who, despite this, had enormous potential. Even in his distant childhood, he masterfully picked pears from Baba Nyura, and twenty years later he switched to banks in twenty-three countries of the world. At the same time, he managed to masterfully clean them up, so that neither the police nor Interpol had the opportunity to catch him at the crime scene.

Language plays a huge role in literature, since it is it that acts as a building material for the creation of works. The writer is an artist of words, forming images, describing events, expressing his own thoughts, he makes the reader empathize with the characters, plunge into the world that the author created.

Only an artistic style of speech can achieve such an effect, which is why books are always very popular. Literary speech has unlimited possibilities and extraordinary beauty, which is achieved thanks to the linguistic means of the Russian language.

Art style In general, it differs from other functional styles in that while those, as a rule, are characterized by one general stylistic coloring, then in the artistic style there is a diverse range of stylistic colors of the linguistic means used. Artistic speech refers to the use of not only strictly literary, but also extra-literary means of language - vernacular, jargon, dialects, etc. In artistic speech, there is a broad and deep metaphoricality, imagery of units of different linguistic levels, the rich possibilities of synonymy, polysemy, and various stylistic layers of vocabulary. All means, including neutral ones, are called upon here to serve the expression of the system of images, the poetic thought of the artist. In a work of art, with a special creative use of the means of the national language, the aesthetic function of the artistic style is expressed. The language of fiction also has a communicative function. The aesthetic and communicative function of an artistic style is associated with a special way of expressing thoughts, which significantly distinguishes this style from others

Noting that in artistic speech the language acts in an aesthetic function, we mean the use of the figurative capabilities of the language - the sound organization of speech, expressive and figurative means, the expressive and stylistic coloring of the word. The most expressive and emotionally charged linguistic units at all levels of the language system are widely used. Here there are not only means of verbal imagery and figurative use of grammatical forms, but also means with a stylistic connotation of solemnity or colloquialism, familiarity. Conversational means are widely used by writers to verbally characterize characters. At the same time, means are used to convey the diverse shades of intonation of live speech, in particular various types of expression of desire, motivation, command, request.

Particularly rich possibilities of expression lie in the use of various means of syntax. This is expressed in the use of all possible types of sentences, including one-part ones, distinguished by a variety of stylistic colors; in referring to inversions and other stylistic possibilities of word order, to the use of someone else's speech, especially improperly direct. Anaphora, epiphora, the use of periods and other means of poetic syntax - all this constitutes the active stylistic fund of artistic speech.

A feature of the artistic style is the “image of the author” (narrator) that appears in it - not as a direct reflection of the writer’s personality, but as its peculiar reincarnation. The selection of words, syntactic structures, and intonation pattern of a phrase serves to create a speech “image of the author” (or “image of the narrator”), which determines the entire tone of the narrative and the originality of the style of the work of art.

Artistic style is often contrasted with scientific style. This opposition is based on different types of thinking - scientific (using concepts) and artistic (using images). Different forms of knowledge and reflection of reality are expressed in the use of various linguistic means. Artistic speech is characterized by dynamism, which is manifested, in particular, in the high level of “verbalness” of speech. The frequency of verbs here is almost twice as high as in science (with a corresponding decrease in the number of nouns).

So, the features of the language of artistic style are:

Unity of communicative and aesthetic functions;

Multi-style;

Wide use of figurative and expressive means (tropes);

Manifestation of the author's creative individuality.

Tropic is a speech technique consisting in such a replacement of a utterance (word or phrase) by another, in which the replacing utterance, used in the meaning of the substituted one, denotes the latter and retains a semantic connection with it.

Expressions “a callous soul”, “peace is on the road, and not at the pier, not at an overnight stop, not at a temporary station or rest” contain trails.

Reading these expressions, we understand that "hard soul" means, firstly, a person with a soul, and not just a soul, and secondly, bread can be stale, therefore a stale soul is a soul that, like stale bread, has lost the ability to feel and empathize with other people.

The figurative meaning contains a connection between the word that is used and the word in place of or in the sense of which it is used, and this connection each time represents a specific intersection of the meanings of two or more words, which creates a special image an object of thought designated by a trope.

Tropes are often seen as decorations for speech that one could do without. A trope can be a means of artistic depiction and decoration of speech, as, for example, in F. Sollogub: “In metaphorical outfit speech poetic dressed.

But the trope is not only a means of artistic meaning. In prose speech, a trope is the most important tool for defining and expressing meaning.

A trope is related to a definition, but, unlike a definition, it is capable of expressing the shade of thought and creating the semantic capacity of speech.

Many words in the language that we are used to using without really thinking about their meaning have formed as tropes. We are speaking “electric current”, “the train has arrived”, “wet autumn”. In In all these expressions, words are used in a figurative sense, although we often do not imagine how we could replace them with words in their own meaning, because such words may not exist in the language.

The trails are divided into worn out general language (as "electric current", "railway") and speech (like “wet autumn”, “callous soul”), on the one hand, and copyright(How “the world is not at the pier”, “the line of understanding things”) - with another.

If we pay attention not only to the connection between the meanings of the replaced and the replacing words, but also to the way in which this connection is obtained, we will see the difference in the above expressions. Indeed, a closed and unfriendly person is like stale bread, line of understanding things like a line of thought.

Metaphor- a trope based on similarity, the sign of which characterizes the subject of thought: “And again the star dives in the light swell of the Neva waves” / F.I. Tyutchev/.

Metaphor is the most significant and commonly used trope, since the similarity relationship reveals a wide range of comparisons and images of objects that are not connected by obligatory relationships, therefore the field of metaphorization is almost limitless and metaphors can be seen in almost any type of text, from poetry to documents.

Metonymy- a trope based on the contiguity relationship. This is a word or expression that is used figuratively on the basis of an external or internal connection between two objects or phenomena. This connection could be:

Between content and containing: ...started drinking cup behind cup– a gray-haired mother in a chintz dress and her son(Dobychin); Drunk shop and ate diner Isaac(Genis); ...was on first-name terms with almost everything university (Kuprin);

Between an action and the instrument of that action: He doomed their villages and fields for a violent raid swords And fires (P.);

Between an object and the material from which the object is made: No. She silver- on gold ate(Gr.);

Between a populated area and the residents of that populated area: And all Moscow sleeps peacefully, / Forgetting the excitement of fear(P.); Nice sighs with relief after hard and sweet winter labors... And Nice dancing(Kuprin);

Between a place and the people at that place: All field gasped(P.); On every raid forest started shooting in the air(Simonov).

Synecdoche- a trope based on the relationship of genus and species, part and whole, singular and plural.

For example, a part-whole relation:

To inaccessible communities

I look at the whole clock, -

What dew and coolness

From there they pour noisily towards us!

Suddenly they brighten up like fire

Their immaculate snows:

According to them passes unnoticed

Heavenly angels leg...

F. I. Tyutchev.

Antonomasia- a trope based on the relationship between a name and a named quality or attribute: the use of a proper name in the sense of a quality or a collective image: “... a genius always remains for his people a living source of liberation, joy and love. It is the hearth on which, having broken through, the flame of the national spirit flared up. He is the leader who opens to his people direct access to freedom and divine contents - Prometheus, giving him heavenly fire, Atlant, carrying on his shoulders the spiritual sky of his people, Hercules, performing his exploits on his behalf” (I.A. Ilyin).

The names of the mythological characters Prometheus, Atlas, Hercules personify the spiritual content of a person’s personal feat.

Hyperbola- a trope consisting of a clearly implausible exaggeration of a quality or attribute. For example: “My Creator! deafened louder than any trumpet” (A.S. Griboyedov).

Litotes- a trope opposite to hyperbole and consisting in excessive understatement of a sign or quality. “Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, is no bigger than a thimble” (A.S. Griboyedov).

Metalepsis- a complex trope that is formed from another trope, that is, it consists of a double transfer of meaning. For example: “An unprecedented autumn built a high dome, There was an order for the clouds not to darken this dome. And people marveled: the September deadlines are passing, and where have the cold, humid days gone?” (A. A. Akhmatova).

Rhetorical figure- a reproducible method of verbal presentation of a thought, through which the rhetorician shows the audience his attitude to its content and significance.

There are two main types of rhetorical figures: selection shapes And figures of dialogism. Their difference is as follows: selection shapes– these are constructive schemes for presenting content, through which certain aspects of thought are compared or emphasized; figures of dialogism are an imitation of dialogical relationships in monologue speech, that is, the inclusion in the speaker’s speech of elements that are presented as an explicit or implied exchange of remarks between the rhetorician, the audience or a third party.

Selection shapes can be constructed by adding, significant omission, complete or partial repetition, modification, rearrangement or distribution of words, phrases or parts of a construction.

Additions and repetitions

An epithet is a word that defines an object or action and emphasizes some characteristic property or quality in them. The stylistic function of the epithet lies in its artistic expressiveness: Ships near the merry country(A. Blok).

An epithet can be obligatory or optional. An epithet is obligatory, which expresses an essential property or sign of an object and the elimination of which is impossible without losing the main meaning. An optional epithet is one that expresses an incidental quality or attribute and can be eliminated without losing the main content.

Pleonasm- excessive repeated use of a word or synonym, through which the shade of the meaning of the word or the author’s attitude to the designated object is clarified or emphasized. For example: “... we understand even our own face better when it is depicted consistently and successfully, at least in a good, skillful photograph, not to mention a beautiful watercolor or a talented canvas...” (K. N. Leontyev). The pleonasm “one’s own” enhances and emphasizes the meaning of the word being defined, and the pleonastic epithet “good, skillful photography” clarifies the meaning of the main epithet.

Synonymy- a figure consisting of expanding, clarifying and strengthening the meaning of a word by adding a number of its synonyms. For example: “It seems that a person met on Nevsky Prospect is less selfish than on Morskaya, Gorokhovaya, Liteinaya, Meshchanskaya and other streets, where greed, self-interest, and need are expressed in those walking and flying in carriages and droshky” (N. V. Gogol).

The words “greed”, “self-interest”, “need” are synonyms, each of which, however, has a special connotation and its own degree of intensity of meaning.

Accumulation (thickening)- a figure that consists of listing words denoting objects, actions, signs, properties, etc. in such a way that a single representation of the multiplicity or rapid succession of events is formed.

Let's go! Already the pillars of the outpost

Turn white; now on Tverskaya

The cart rushes over potholes.

The booths and women flash past,

Boys, benches, lanterns,

Palaces, gardens, monasteries,

Bukharians, sleighs, vegetable gardens,

Merchants, shacks, men,

Boulevards, towers, Cossacks,

Pharmacies, fashion stores,

Balconies, lions on the gates

In general terms, the main linguistic features of the artistic style of speech include the following:

1. Heterogeneity of the lexical composition: a combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, colloquial, dialect, etc.

Let's look at some examples.

“The feather grass has matured. The steppe for many miles was dressed in swaying silver. The wind took it elastically, flowing, roughened, bumped, and drove bluish-opal waves to the south, then to the west. Where the flowing air stream ran, the feather grass bowed prayerfully, and on its gray ridge a blackened path lay for a long time.”

“Various grasses have bloomed. On the ridges of the ridge there is a joyless burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, countless stars shone in the charred black sky; the month - the Cossack sun, darkened by the damaged side, shone sparingly, whitely; The spacious Milky Way intertwined with other star paths. The astringent air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.”

(M. A. Sholokhov)

2. Use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to realize the aesthetic function.

“Daria hesitated for a minute and refused:

No, no, I'm alone. I'm there alone.

She didn’t even know where “there” was and, leaving the gate, headed towards the Angara.”

(V. Rasputin)

3. Activity of polysemantic words of all stylistic varieties of speech.

“The river is seething in a lace of white foam.

Poppies are blooming red on the velvet meadows.

Frost was born at dawn."

(M. Prishvin).

4. Combinatorial increments of meaning.

Words in an artistic context receive new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the author’s figurative thought.

“I caught the departing shadows in my dreams,

The fading shadows of the fading day.

I climbed the tower. And the steps shook.

And the steps trembled under my feet.”

(K. Balmont)

5. Greater preference for using concrete vocabulary and less preference for abstract vocabulary.

“Sergei pushed the heavy door. The porch step whimpered barely audibly under his foot. Two more steps and he’s already in the garden.”

“The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of blooming acacia. Somewhere in the branches a nightingale was singing its trills, iridescent and subtle.”

(M. A. Sholokhov)

6. Minimum of generic concepts.

“Another piece of advice that is essential for a prose writer. More specifics. The more precise and specific the object is named, the more expressive the imagery is.”

“You have: “Horses chew grain. The peasants were preparing “morning food”, “the birds were noisy”... In the artist’s poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, unless this is dictated by the very semantic task of the content... Oats are better than grain. Rooks are more appropriate than birds.”

(Konstantin Fedin)

7. Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.

“The rosehip, probably, has been creeping up the trunk to the young aspen since spring, and now, when the time has come for the aspen to celebrate its name day, it all burst into flames with red, fragrant wild roses.”

(M. Prishvin).

“New Time was located in Ertelev Lane. I said “fit.” That's not the right word. Reigned, dominated."

(G. Ivanov)

8. Verbal speech management.

The writer names each movement (physical and/or mental) and change of state in stages. Pumping up verbs activates reading tension.

“Grigory went down to the Don, carefully climbed over the fence of the Astakhovsky base, and approached the window covered with shutters. He heard only the frequent beats of his heart... He quietly knocked on the frame binding... Aksinya silently went to the window and peered. He saw her press her hands to her chest and heard her inarticulate moan escape her lips. Grigory motioned for her to open the window and took off his rifle. Aksinya opened the doors. He stood on the rubble, Aksinya’s bare hands grabbed his neck. They trembled and beat so much on his shoulders, these dear hands, that their trembling was transmitted to Gregory.”

(M.A. Sholokhov “Quiet Don”)

The dominant features of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for freshness of the image, unhackneyed expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only of this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.

The artistic style of speech is characterized by imagery and extensive use of figurative and expressive means of language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it also uses means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of artistic literature, colloquialisms and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, slang, rude words, professional business figures of speech, and journalism can be used. The means in the artistic style of speech are subordinate to its main function - aesthetic.

As I. S. Alekseeva notes, “if the colloquial style of speech primarily performs the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official business message function (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All linguistic means included in a work of art change their primary function and are subordinate to the objectives of a given artistic style.”

In literature, language occupies a special position, since it is that building material, that matter perceived by hearing or sight, without which a work cannot be created.

An artist of words - a poet, a writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, “the only necessary placement of the only necessary words” in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express a thought, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.

All this is accessible only to the language of fiction, which is why it has always been considered the pinnacle of literary language. The best in language, its strongest capabilities and rarest beauty are in works of fiction, and all this is achieved through the artistic means of language. The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. First of all, these are the trails.

Tropes are a figure of speech in which a word or expression is used figuratively in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The trope is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem close to our consciousness in some respect.

1). An epithet (Greek epitheton, Latin apositum) is a defining word, mainly when it adds new qualities to the meaning of the word being defined (epitheton ornans - decorating epithet). Wed. in Pushkin: “ruddy dawn”; Theorists pay special attention to the epithet with a figurative meaning (cf. Pushkin: “my harsh days”) and the epithet with the opposite meaning - the so-called. oxymoron (cf. Nekrasov: “poor luxury”).

2). Comparison (Latin comparatio) - revealing the meaning of a word by comparing it with another according to some common characteristic (tertium comparationis). Wed. from Pushkin: “youth is faster than a bird.” Discovering the meaning of a word by determining its logical content is called interpretation and refers to figures.

3). Periphrasis (Greek periphrasis, Latin circumlocutio) is a method of presentation that describes a simple subject through complex phrases. Wed. Pushkin has a parodic periphrase: “The young pet of Thalia and Melpomene, generously gifted by Apollo.” One type of periphrasis is euphemism - the replacement with a descriptive phrase of a word that for some reason is considered obscene. Wed. from Gogol: “get by with the help of a scarf.”

Unlike the tropes listed here, which are built on enriching the unchanged basic meaning of the word, the following tropes are built on shifts in the basic meaning of the word.

4). Metaphor (Latin translatio) - the use of a word in a figurative meaning. The classic example given by Cicero is the “murmur of the sea.” The confluence of many metaphors forms an allegory and a riddle.

5). Synecdoche (Latin intellectio) is the case when a whole thing is recognized by a small part or when a part is recognized by the whole. The classic example given by Quintilian is “stern” instead of “ship”.

6). Metonymy (Latin denominatio) is the replacement of one name for an object with another, borrowed from related and similar objects. Wed. from Lomonosov: “read Virgil.”

7). Antonomasia (Latin pronominatio) is the replacement of one’s own name with another, as if borrowed from outside, nickname. The classic example given by Quintilian is “destroyer of Carthage” instead of “Scipio”.

8). Metalepsis (Latin transumptio) is a replacement, representing, as it were, a transition from one trope to another. Wed. from Lomonosov - “ten harvests have passed...: here, after the harvest, of course, it’s summer, after the summer, a whole year.”

These are the paths built on the use of words in a figurative meaning; theorists also note the possibility of simultaneous use of a word in a figurative and literal sense, the possibility of a confluence of contradictory metaphors. Finally, a number of paths are identified in which not the main meaning of the word changes, but one or another shade of this meaning. These are:

9). Hyperbole is an exaggeration taken to the point of “impossibility.” Wed. from Lomonosov: “running, faster than wind and lightning.”

10). Litotes is an understatement expressing through a negative phrase the content of a positive phrase (“a lot” in the meaning of “many”).

eleven). Irony is the expression in words of a meaning opposite to their meaning. Wed. Lomonosov’s characterization of Catiline by Cicero: “Yes! He is a timid and meek man...”

The expressive means of language also include stylistic figures of speech or simply figures of speech: anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, silence, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry and prose), rhyme, and intonation.

Syntactic features of journalistic style of speech

In the journalistic style of speech, as in the scientific style, nouns in the genitive case are often used as an inconsistent definition of the type of voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the imperative mood and reflexive verbs often act as predicates.

The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use of homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences, participial and participial phrases, and complex syntactic constructions.

Literary and artistic style serves the artistic and aesthetic sphere of human activity. Artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. A text in this style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery, emotionality, and specificity of speech.
The emotionality of an artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images.
A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, the so-called artistic tropes, which add color to the narrative and the power of depicting reality.
The function of the message is combined with the function of aesthetic impact, the presence of imagery, a combination of the most diverse means of language, both general linguistic and individual author's, but the basis of this style is general literary language means.
Characteristic features: the presence of homogeneous members of the sentence, complex sentences; epithets, comparisons, rich vocabulary.

Substyles and genres:

1) prose (epic): fairy tale, story, story, novel, essay, short story, essay, feuilleton;

2) dramatic: tragedy, drama, comedy, farce, tragicomedy;

3) poetic (lyrics): song, ode, ballad, poem, elegy, poem: sonnet, triolet, quatrain.

Style-forming features:

1) figurative reflection of reality;

2) artistic and figurative concretization of the author’s intention (system of artistic images);

3) emotionality;

4) expressiveness, evaluativeness;

6) speech characteristics of characters (speech portraits).

General linguistic features of literary and artistic style:

1) a combination of linguistic means of all other functional styles;

2) subordination of the use of linguistic means in the system of images and the author’s intention, figurative thought;

3) fulfillment of an aesthetic function by linguistic means.

Linguistic means of artistic style:

1. Lexical means:

1) rejection of stereotyped words and expressions;

2) widespread use of words in a figurative meaning;

3) deliberate clash of different styles of vocabulary;

4) the use of vocabulary with a two-dimensional stylistic coloring;

5) the presence of emotionally charged words.

2. Phraseological means- conversational and bookish.

3. Word-forming means:

1) the use of various means and models of word formation;

4. Morphological means:

1) the use of word forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested;

2) frequency of verbs;

3) passivity of indefinite-personal forms of verbs, third-person forms;

4) insignificant use of neuter nouns compared to masculine and feminine nouns;

5) plural forms of abstract and real nouns;

6) widespread use of adjectives and adverbs.

5. Syntactic means:

1) use of the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language;

2) widespread use of stylistic figures.

Art style

Art style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. In this style, it influences the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the wealth of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, a word not only carries certain information, but also serves to have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger its impact on the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also outdated dialect and colloquial words.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personification, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litotes, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Trope(from ancient Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative meaning in order to enhance the imagery of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

Main types of trails:

Metaphor(from ancient Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common attribute. (Nature here destined us to open a window to Europe).

Metonymy-ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα/ὄνυμα - “name”) - a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, temporal and etc.) connection with the subject, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, container instead of content or vice versa, etc.), and metaphor - “by similarity.” A special case of metonymy is synecdoche. (All flags will visit us”, where flags replace countries)
Epithet(from ancient Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love dearly”), a noun (“fun noise”), and a numeral (second life).

An epithet is a word or an entire expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) gain color and richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose. (timid breathing; magnificent omen)

Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - trope, a type of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. (Everything is sleeping - man, beast, and bird; We all look at Napoleons; In the roof for my family;

Well, sit down, luminary; Most of all, save a penny.)

Hyperbola(from ancient Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the said thought. (I've said this a thousand times; We have enough food for six months.)
Litota is a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, meaning of what is being described. Litotes is called an inverse hyperbole. (Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, is no larger than a thimble).
Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement. (A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as the devil; My home is my fortress; He walks like a gogol; Trying is not torture.)

In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, periphrase; from ancient Greek περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Periphrasis is an indirect mention of an object by description rather than naming. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, Peter’s creation!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

Allegory (allegory)- a conventional depiction of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example: “The nightingale is sad near the fallen rose, and sings hysterically over the flower. But the garden scarecrow, who secretly loved the rose, also sheds tears.”

Personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - trope, the assignment of properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used when depicting nature, which is endowed with certain human traits.

For example:

And woe, woe, woe! And grief is girded with a bast, and the legs are entangled with washcloths.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you cannot escape, because it is impossible to take with you the Motherland - the suffering mother.

Aydin Khanmagomedov, Visa response

Irony(from ancient Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (contrasted) with the explicit meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems. (Where can we fools drink tea?)
Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “tear [the meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic ridicule, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the enhanced contrast of the implied and the expressed, but also on the immediate deliberate exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can be opened with a positive judgment, but in general always contains a negative connotation and indicates a deficiency in a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to which it is happening. Example:

The capitalists are ready to sell us the rope with which we will hang them. If the patient really wants to live, doctors are powerless. Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite, and I have doubts about the first of them.

Genres of artistic speech: epic (ancient literature); narrative (novels, tales, short stories); lyrical (verses, poems); dramatic (comedy, tragedy)

Fiction

Fiction style has an aesthetic impact function. It most clearly reflects the literary and, more broadly, popular language in all its diversity and richness, becoming a phenomenon of art, a means of creating artistic imagery. In this style, all structural aspects of the language are most widely represented: vocabulary with all direct and figurative meanings of words, grammatical structure with a complex and branched system of forms and syntactic types.

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