Interesting facts: How the Sun affects people's lives. The effect of sunlight on the human body
The influence of the Sun on a person is enormous, because it is not only the central luminary of the solar system, but also a particular manifestation of cosmic universal light. Thus, the position of the Sun in the natal chart of a person shows his spiritual level and symbolizes an entity that passes from incarnation to incarnation, whose will controls fate.
Every person wants to find happiness and often does not know how to come to it, looking outside for a replacement. However, the energy of happiness comes just from the Sun, and if a person wants to get access to it, then one should change one's lifestyle so that deeds and thoughts enhance the favorable influence of the Sun. This becomes possible only when a person begins to properly build his relationship with the world. The desire to live for the sake of others and fulfill our duties to all opens the way for us to the source of happiness.
Sun in ignorance
The sun in ignorance manifests itself in the character of a person as a hostile attitude towards the world, laziness, claims to others, unwillingness and inability to work for the benefit of others - since it is solar energy that gives us the joy of creativity and the ability to experience pleasure from activity. After all, when you give someone light and happiness, you yourself have a feeling of happiness inside.
Inability to get up early and go to bed early, vanity, great selfishness, lethargy of mind, complete irresponsibility, unwillingness and inability to keep promises, hostility to the world, painful dependence on the opinions of others, prolonged anger, arrogance, disrespectful attitude towards father and government, aimless life and the desire to use all methods to achieve a high post.
Sun in passion
A huge false ego, excessive pride, arrogance, an insatiable desire for power, dependence on flattery, a desire to manipulate other people - these are bright indicators of the Sun in passion. Great activity in the pursuit of their goals, the desire to take responsibility, only when it is beneficial. Respect for authorities only if "there is a reason." Feels happy, being in the center of everyone's attention, the desire to save everyone.
A person with the Sun in passion sees only what he wants to see. He becomes very impulsive and overwhelmed by exorbitant selfish desires. Extravagance, desire to stand out, increased irritability, low vitality.
Sun in goodness
The sun in goodness gives a person a great sense of responsibility - for himself, his actions and words, his family, generosity, nobility, generosity, great self-esteem, generosity, determination, generosity. Such a person is purposeful, disciplined, able to lead, using minimal punishments, great willpower, self-respect, independence from the opinions of others, sincerity, regular early rise. The ability to quickly grasp the essence and think clearly.
Harmonizing the Influence of the Sun
The strongest impact and improvement of the energy of the Sun occurs when a person purifies his consciousness, believes in God, strives to live by spiritual interests. You should wish happiness to all living beings, cultivate in yourself everything that brings joy to you and those around you. It is useful to participate in charity and make donations to spiritual people and religious organizations. It is necessary to develop the qualities of responsibility, purposefulness, determination, optimism, humanity, firmness, generosity, willpower, self-esteem, nobility, generosity.
The influence of the sun on a person is crucial. The sun emits ultraviolet radiation, which is an essential condition for life on Earth.
how does it affect
ultraviolet solar radiation(UV, UV) is a component of the electromagnetic spectrum located in the blue part of the electromagnetic spectrum, just below visible light and therefore not detectable by the human eye. Compared to visible light (wavelength 400 nm to 700 nm), UV radiation has relatively short wavelengths (180 nm to 400 nm) and therefore a relatively high energy level, since the energy levels are inversely proportional to the wavelength.
Ultraviolet light can be classified into three subtypes, namely:
- ultraviolet A, long wavelength (UVA) - 315 nm to 400 nm
- ultraviolet B, medium wave (UVB) - 280 nm to 315 nm
- ultraviolet C, shortwave (UVC) - 240 Nm to 280 Nm.
The ozone layer in the atmosphere blocks most of the UV radiation, to a lesser extent the long-wavelength (UVA) radiation. All three components have different effects on the human body. The long-wave range, compared to others, is able to penetrate the skin and therefore is responsible for a certain effect on human skin. Exposure to high amounts of UVA leads to premature aging and skin damage. On the other hand, ultraviolet B, medium wave (UVB) does not penetrate our skin due to its short wavelength. Ultraviolet B, medium wave only reaches the surface of our skin and is responsible for tanning. Ultraviolet C, shortwave (UVC) has the shortest wavelengths among others and therefore has the highest energy level. This makes it dangerous for all living organisms on earth. Luckily, the ozone layer protects us by blocking UVC.
Solar radiation level
Using a variety of sunscreens and gear is one way to protect our skin from UV damage such as sunburn. One of the simplest ways to measure UV radiation is to use the UV index. Each level of the solar radiation index corresponds to 25mW per square meter of UV radiation. The table below summarizes the UV index:
- Less than 3 moderate impact
- Between 3-6 high
- Between 7-9 very high
- More than 9 is extremely high.
High levels of ultraviolet light cause skin to age faster and increase the risk of skin cancer. Use of proper sunscreen actions or can help protect our skin from damage , caused by UV light .
Human exposure to the sun is harmful, but a balance needs to be struck between excessive UV radiation from the sun, which increases the risk of skin cancer, and sufficient exposure to sunlight to maintain adequate levels of vitamin D produced in the human body by exposure to sunlight.
The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Job Files" tab in PDF format
Goal of the work
The purpose of the work: To establish the positive and negative effects of solar insolation on the human body, to identify the significance of the sun for the human body, to formulate the basic rules for sunbathing, and also to determine the tactics of the behavior of people with neoplasms on the skin.
2. Introduction
The topic of practical work in biology I chose "The influence of sunlight on the human body." This topic is of great interest to me due to the fact that recently people have begun to spend more time in the sun. We began to visit solariums, we began to relax more often in southern countries. A tanned person looks more beautiful and successful, so we began to use more cosmetic products to attract a tan.
I analyzed the literature (including medical literature), used the resources of the Internet, conducted a sociological survey to study the level of awareness of my friends, acquaintances, and relatives about the effects of ultraviolet rays on the human body. Here's what I got out of it:
3. What is solar insolation?
Solar energy is the source of life on Earth. This is light and warmth, without which a person cannot live. At the same time, there is a minimum level of solar energy at which human life is comfortable. In this case, comfort means not only the presence of natural light, but also the state of health - lack of sunlight leads to various diseases. In addition, the energy of the sun can be used not only to provide a comfortable existence of living beings (humans, plants, animals) with light and heat, but also to obtain electrical and thermal energy. A quantitative indicator in assessing the flow of solar energy is a value that is called insolation.
Insolation - irradiation of surfaces with sunlight (solar radiation), the flow of solar radiation to the surface; irradiation of a surface or space by a parallel beam of rays coming from the direction in which the center of the solar disk is currently visible. Insolation is measured by the number of units of energy falling on a unit surface per unit of time.
The amount of insolation depends on:
From the height of the Sun above the horizon;
From the geographical latitude of the place;
From the angle of inclination of the earth's surface;
From the orientation of the earth's surface in relation to the sides of the horizon;
The indicator of insolation affects many areas of our life, ranging from the comfort of living and ending with energy.
3.1 Types of ultraviolet radiation.
The sun emits three types of ultraviolet rays. Each of these types affects the human body in different ways. Ultraviolet rays vary in wavelength.
Ultraviolet rays a.
These rays have a lower level of radiation. It used to be believed that they were harmless, however, it has now been proven that this is not the case. The level of these rays remains almost constant throughout the day and year. They even penetrate glass.
Ultra-violet rays A penetrate the skin, damage the structure of the skin, destroy collagen fibers and lead to the appearance of wrinkles. They also reduce skin elasticity, accelerate premature aging of the skin, weaken the skin's defense system, making it more susceptible to infections and, possibly, cancer.
Therefore, when buying photoprotective products, it is necessary to look at the presence in this cosmetic product of protective factors against type A rays.
UV rays B.
Rays of this type are emitted by the sun only at certain times of the year and hours of the day. Depending on the air temperature and geographic latitude, they penetrate the atmosphere from 10 am to 4 pm.
ultraviolet type IN cause more serious damage to the skin, as they interact with DNA molecules that are in skin cells. IN- rays damage the epidermis, which leads to sunburn. Ultraviolet rays cause sunburn, but lead to premature aging of the skin and the appearance of age spots on it, make the skin rough and rough, accelerate the appearance of wrinkles, and can provoke the development of precancerous diseases and skin cancer.
ultraviolet rays C.
C-rays have the greatest destructive power for the skin. However, the ozone layer of the Earth, located in the Earth's atmosphere, prevents the penetration of these rays to the Earth's surface. But if the ozone layer of the Earth's atmosphere is destroyed or there are holes in it, then we will fully feel the damage that these rays cause to the skin.
3.2 The Earth's ozone layer is the protective layer of the stratosphere.
The ozone layer is a part of the stratosphere at an altitude of 20 to 25 km, with the highest content of ozone, which is formed as a result of the action of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun on molecular oxygen.
The more ozone in the atmosphere, the more ultraviolet radiation it can absorb. Without protection, the radiation will be too intense and can cause significant damage and thermal burns to all living things, and can lead to skin cancer in humans. If all the ozone in the atmosphere is evenly distributed over an area of 45 square kilometers, its thickness will be only 0.3 cm.
The harm of ozone on the surface of the planet.
When exhaust gases and industrial emissions react with the sun's rays, ground-level ozone is formed as a result of photochemical reactions. This phenomenon usually occurs in metropolitan areas and large cities. Inhalation of such ozone is dangerous. Since this gas is a strong oxidizing agent, it can easily destroy living tissues. Not only people suffer, but also plants.
Destruction of the ozone layer.
In the 70s, during research, it was noticed that freon gas, which is used in air conditioners, refrigerators and spray cans, destroys ozone with great speed. Having risen in the upper layer of the atmosphere, freons emit chlorine, which decomposes ozone into ordinary and atomic oxygen. In the place of such interactions, an ozone hole is formed.
The first large ozone hole was discovered over Antarctica in 1985. Its diameter was about 1000 km. Subsequently, another large hole (smaller) was discovered over the Arctic, now hundreds of such phenomena are known to scientists, although the one that occurs over Antarctica remains the largest.
There are many reasons for the appearance of ozone holes, but the most important of them is human pollution. Nuclear tests have no less effect on the ozone layer. It is estimated that from 1952 to 1971 alone, about 3 million tons of harmful substances entered the atmosphere during nuclear explosions.
Jet planes also contribute to the emergence of ozone holes.
Another reason for the destruction of the ozone layer is mineral fertilizers, which, when applied to the ground, react with soil bacteria. In this case, nitrous oxide enters the atmosphere, from which oxides are formed.
That is why environmentalists are now sounding the alarm and trying to take all necessary measures to protect the ozone layer, and designers are developing environmentally friendly mechanisms (airplanes, rocket systems, ground vehicles) that emit less nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
What does the ozone layer protect against?
Ozone holes are ubiquitous, but as many factors change, they are covered by ozone from neighboring layers of the atmosphere. Those, in turn, become even thinner. The ozone layer acts as the only barrier to the destructive ultraviolet and radiation radiation of the sun. Without the ozone layer, the human immune system would be destroyed. According to scientists, a decrease in the ozone layer by only 1% increases the likelihood of cancer by 3-6%. A decrease in the amount of ozone in the atmosphere will unpredictably change the climate on the planet. Since the ozone layer traps heat that is dissipated from the Earth's surface, as the ozone layer is depleted, the climate will become colder, which will lead to natural disasters.
4. Pigment-forming function of the skin.
Being the outer cover of the body, the skin has specific properties aimed at protecting the body from various external influences. Light is an indispensable and obligatory part of the world around us, a source of heat and energy. Intense ultraviolet irradiation of the skin is accompanied by a response in the form of reddening of the skin with further formation of pigmentation in the skin. The pigment-forming function is to produce melanin pigment. In addition to melanin, the iron-containing blood pigment hemosiderin can be deposited in the skin, as well as trichosiderin - in red hair, carotene.
Protective function of the skin.
The skin largely protects the body from radiation exposure. Infrared rays are almost completely blocked by the stratum corneum, ultraviolet - partially. Penetrating into the skin, ultraviolet rays stimulate the production of a protective pigment - melanin, which absorbs these rays. In people of the Negroid race, almost all ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by a large amount of melanin in the skin, which provides protection from the high doses of radiant energy characteristic of those areas of the globe where these races live. Therefore, people living in hot countries have darker skin than people living in countries with a temperate climate.
4.1 Formation of moles on the human body.
Many are interested in the nature of the origin of moles on the human body. And this is not surprising, because at birth the baby's skin is clean and does not have such features. No one can say for sure where the next mole will appear, and also explain why they can appear and disappear.
The reasons for their appearance are different, but basically they are formed under the influence of a special hormone - melanotropin. In different people, it is contained in different anatomical zones and in different amounts. Experts have found that the level of melanotropin in the body determines the number of moles in specific areas.
Specialists in the field of medicine managed to make some discoveries and shed light on the mystery of the appearance of moles.
One of the common causes of moles on human skin is the harmful effects of the direct rays of the sun, namely, the ultraviolet that it contains. The bottom line is that under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, the skin begins to produce a pigment - melanin, which is the basis of all moles. Therefore, it is not surprising that people who are exposed to the sun for a long time of their lives may notice an increase in moles in size over time. Thus, most new moles appear precisely in the hot summer period, when a person is sunbathing and spending holidays by the sea. There is an opinion among medical professionals that an excessive number of moles on the human body can cause skin cancer - melanoma. Under the influence of the sun, some groups of moles can develop into a malignant tumor.
As other reasons for popping moles on the body, dermatologists distinguish:
Damage to the body by a viral infection, X-ray and radiation exposure, microtrauma of the skin, as well as long-term non-healing foci of diseases on the integument trigger the processes of grouping and moving pigmented cells to the outer layer of the epidermis.
Pathology of the liver.
Belonging to the skin to a light type.
Irrational distribution of energy in the body.
Hormonal changes in human life.
4.2 When should I see a doctor about moles?
When many moles appeared on the body, it is necessary to learn how to distinguish them according to the criterion of the danger of degeneration into a malignant tumor. All pigmented foci dermatologists are divided into groups such as:
Melanoma dangerous, posing a threat in terms of transformation into melanoma.
Melanogenic elements - harmless to the body, but causing discomfort in everyday life due to frequent trauma (during daily shaving or with constant friction on clothes).
How to understand that a mole is dangerous?
Doctors from the American Academy of Dermatologists have developed for non-specialists, that is, people without medical education, how to detect early signs of melanoma. They popularize a fairly effective method of self-diagnosis: the danger of a mole can be preliminarily assessed personally, and in case of suspicion, you can already contact a dermatologist directly. Use it to check how dangerous moles are on your body! The ABCDE test, developed by specialists from the United States, helps to identify signs of a mole's degeneration into any type of skin cancer, including melanoma. This method does not require any special tools and does not take much time. At the same time, not only moles or other neoplasms on the skin, but also the slightest spots that cause at least a shadow of suspicion are subject to verification using this simple test. It is also worth taking note of any new moles or growths. The ABCDE test is recommended to be performed every month, fully examining the entire body.
A symmetry (asymmetry): half or part of the mole is not like its other half. If the two halves are not identical, such a mole is considered asymmetrical, and this is already a warning sign!
Border: Birthmark borders are irregular, blurry, blurry, and poorly defined. A benign mole has smooth, even borders, unlike a malignant one.
C olor (color) The vast majority of benign moles on the entire surface are painted in one color and have a shade of brown. The presence of three colors on the surface of a mole is a prognostic unfavorable sign.
D iameter (diameter): Benign moles usually have a smaller diameter than malignant ones.
E volving (development): Ordinary benign moles look the same for a long time. Be on the lookout when a mole begins to develop or changes any of its characteristics, from those described above, in a short time!
Oncologists recommend seeking medical help if they detect the slightest changes in the shape, size and structure of a mole. Delay in visiting a medical institution or ignoring the signs of malignant transformation is fraught with neglect of the stage and death.
In Izhevsk, over the past 5 years, the specialists of the Republican Dermatovenerological Dispensary, together with oncologists, have been holding the Melanoma Day in May. On this day, any resident of Udmurtia can get an appointment with qualified specialists and show all their moles, as well as ask all their questions. During the consultation, patients are given competent recommendations on existing moles or patients are sent for further removal of moles using modern methods of treatment.
4.3 Methods for the study and removal of moles in modern conditions.
With the modern development of technology, the examination and removal of moles has become a quick and practically safe procedure. One of the main methods for the study of moles, in addition to visual examination, is the method of dermatoscopy. Dermoscopy is an examination of skin neoplasms for malignancy using a special device. This study is very simple. It takes only a few minutes - and the doctor will be able to examine in detail the structure and other characteristics of a dubious formation. This method is used by specialists of the Republican Dermatovenerologic Dispensary when examining patients with moles.
The desire to part with moles in a person arises only for very good reasons for him. Firstly, for aesthetic reasons, when due to the presence of moles in certain places, the patient begins to experience self-doubt.
Very often, moles that rub and cling to clothes, are damaged during shaving and interfere with walking are also removed: along the gate line, under the hair, etc. This is especially true for large convex moles, damage to which is highly undesirable.
If good quality is not in doubt, the removal of moles on the face and body can be done by any of the methods available today. It is possible to verify the absence of abnormal cells only on the basis of a dermoscopic examination. Therefore, before removal, it is necessary to consult a dermatologist or oncodermatologist. Based on the study, the method and depth of influence on the neoplasm are also determined. After removal of the mole, a histological analysis of the excised tissues is performed. To date, there are the following ways to remove moles: surgical, cryodestruction (removal of moles with nitrogen), electrocoagulation, as well as using a CO2 laser. The right method of treatment guarantees the best result, so the removal of moles on the face and body should be trusted to professionals.
Removal of moles with a laser.
Despite the variety of different methods of treatment, laser removal of moles is recognized as the most effective of modern methods. Due to the adjustable depth of exposure and the small diameter of the laser beam, it works very precisely, with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. This is important when removing moles, for example, on the face and other visible areas.
Laser removal of moles is performed under local anesthesia, with the help of modern lasers, the surface of the mole is gradually treated, evaporating one layer after another. High accuracy is provided by the ability to control the diameter of the beam and the depth of exposure.
Laser mole removal has a number of advantages:
100% removal after the first procedure.
Rapid healing (5-7 days).
No bleeding.
Low percentage of possible complications (pigmentation, scars and scars after removal of moles).
Laser removal of moles is an absolutely painless method that takes a few minutes, provided that it is performed by a qualified specialist. Removal of moles is a responsible step, so they need to be removed in specialized clinics by competent specialists.
4.4 How to sunbathe properly so as not to harm the skin.
Summer is the time to relax and have a pleasant time on the beach near various types of reservoirs. Under the influence of direct sunlight, our skin receives a lot of not only beneficial enzymes, but also negative ones. How to avoid a large number of ultraviolet and infrared rays that dry out the skin, provoke premature aging of cells, and contribute to burns? To do this, you need to sunbathe correctly.
It is known that the most dangerous sun in the period from 12 to 14 hours, when its rays are directed almost perpendicular to the surface of the Earth. At this time, it is better to stay indoors or lace shade (shadow cast by trees, bushes, umbrellas). It is recommended to be in the sun until 11 am or after 3 days, and be sure to apply sunscreen to the body.
You can not sunbathe on the first day for a long time. It is best to gradually increase the amount of time you spend in the sun. 2 hours per day is the maximum allowable time.
Sunscreen should not be neglected.
The effectiveness of a sunscreen is primarily determined by the level of sun protection it provides. This is reported by the abbreviation SPF (sun protection factor - sun protection factor), which is necessarily indicated on the packaging. The degree of protection varies from 2 to 100 units. This index indicates how long a safe exposure to the sun will last. That is, by treating the skin with a cream with a sun protection factor of 15, you can be sure that within 75 minutes you will not be in danger of sunburn. If the SPF index is 30 units, then the estimated time increases to 125 minutes. If the product is not resistant to water, then after each entry into the water it will need to be reapplied.
Modern sunscreens must be labeled UVA/UVB, which indicates protection against both types of rays (ultraviolet A rays and B rays).
If there are many moles on the body, sunbathing is not recommended at all.
Vitamin-forming effect of ultraviolet rays on the human body.
Sunlight is a powerful therapeutic and prophylactic agent, extremely important for maintaining health. No wonder the old proverb says: "Where the sun rarely looks, there the doctor often comes." The effect of magical ultraviolet rays on the body varies and depends on the wavelength. Some of them have a vitamin-forming effect - they contribute to the formation of vitamin D in the skin. The vitamin-forming effect of ultraviolet radiation is primarily associated with its effect on the synthesis of vitamin D (calciferol). The presence of this vitamin is necessary to maintain a constant level of calcium in the blood. With a lack of calcium in the blood, it is “sucked out” from the bone tissue, leading to its deformation, osteoporosis. Children may develop a well-known disease - rickets, which later leads to severe skeletal deformities and other adverse consequences. To prevent such consequences, it is necessary to satisfy the physiological need of the body for vitamin D. It is 20-30 micrograms per day. However, it is difficult to provide it only through food, since even in the main dietary sources of vitamin D it is relatively small. The Sun, its Ultraviolet component, can help in this situation. It turns out that the sebum secreted by the surface layer of the skin contains a chemical precursor of vitamin D. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, it is converted into vitamin D, compensating for its “undersupply” from food.
Lack of sunlight shortens life, scientists from the Medical College (USA) are sure. They conducted a major review of the latest research, thanks to which it became clear that people with the lowest concentration of vitamin D in their blood are at risk of dying earlier than others. The risk of early death for them is higher by 26%. According to scientists, a lack of vitamin D contributes to a rise in blood pressure, disrupts sugar metabolism, and causes a tendency to obesity.
Also, residents of large cities need to remember that polluted air and smog reduce the amount of sunlight that is necessary for the formation of the "Vitamin of the Sun", that is, vitamin D. Therefore, city children in the summer should be more outside the city, where there is clean fresh air and more sun.
6. Disinfectant (bactericidal) action of the sun.
Many microorganisms surround man. There are useful ones that live on the skin, mucous membranes and in the intestines. They help digest food, participate in the synthesis of vitamins and protect the body from pathogenic microorganisms. And there are a lot of them too. Many diseases are caused by the activity of bacteria in the human body. Bactericidal action is the ability to destroy the cell wall of bacteria and thereby cause their death.
Have a bactericidal effect:
ultraviolet rays, radioactive radiation.
antiseptic and disinfectant chemicals, for example: chlorine, iodine, acids, alcohols, phenols and others.
chemotherapeutic drugs of antibacterial action for oral administration.
UV rays increase the body's resistance to infectious and viral diseases. The percentage of antibodies in the blood increases. The formation of antibodies gives the body additional strength to resist viral diseases such as chickenpox, rubella and smallpox. Experiments carried out on a large scale in factories and schools have shown that UV rays can reduce by one third the possibility of getting sick with the flu, colds and rheumatism.
This irradiation has a detrimental effect on most types of pathogenic bacteria, on many viruses and fungi, and therefore is widely used for air disinfection in operating rooms and other hospital premises, as well as in medical practice.
7. The sun is the main source of human joy.
Since the origins of human civilization, the role and significance of the Sun has attracted special attention of people. The population of all ancient communities deified the Sun, gave it miraculous properties.
A study conducted by scientists from the Medical School showed that sunbathing is not only not harmful, but also beneficial, as this activity prolongs our life. By reducing the risk of acquiring heart disease and diabetes, the sun's rays allow you to live longer and stay healthy, scientists say. But the same scientists warn that the sun should be dosed and should not be abused.
In addition to the above, the sun's rays stimulate the production of special substances - endorphins, which raise the level of mood and generally have a positive effect on the emotional state. Deficiency of natural solar radiation (due to climatic conditions, age, various diseases, forced long stay in enclosed spaces) is associated with adverse consequences. It adversely affects the general well-being of a person, his neuropsychic tone, reduces mental and physical performance, resistance to infectious and other diseases, increases the risk of fractures and other lesions of the musculoskeletal system, slows down recovery and recovery processes.
8. Practical part. Conducting a survey among the population on the subject of their attitude to the sun, knowledge of means of protection against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation and
After analyzing the literature, having studied the materials on the computer, I decided to find out what information our population has regarding solar effects on the human body. To do this, I compiled a small questionnaire, and offered to answer my questions to others. The survey involved 30 people aged 12 to 76 years. And here's what came out of it:
The diagram shows that 90% of respondents believe that the sun's rays are good for the body, and only 10% percent (3 people) believe that the sun is harmful to the body.
The diagram shows that 20% of respondents have heard about such tools and use them. And 80% have heard, but do not use.
The survey revealed that the majority of respondents do not know what sun protection factor (SPF) is and what function it performs.
It can be seen from the diagram that most of the respondents are aware of the harmful effects of the sun and the possibility of the formation of malignant diseases on the skin.
It can be seen from the diagram that only one respondent visits the doctor regularly (once a year) and shows him his moles.
Despite the fact that everyone tans and has a positive attitude towards tanning, not all respondents understand that tanning, as a skin reaction to ultraviolet radiation, is useful in a limited amount, and an excess of solar ultraviolet radiation is just as dangerous as solarium radiation.
Contradictions in understanding the benefits and harms of solar insolation on the human body were also revealed. On the one hand, the respondents believe that ultraviolet radiation is harmful to the human body, and on the other hand, that it is not harmful, but even beneficial. But the majority of respondents could not say what is the benefit or harm of the sun.
Also, not everyone understands the need to use sunscreen in the summer and have absolutely no idea what a sun factor is and why it is needed.
And the majority of the population rarely seek medical advice before sunbathing.
9. Conclusion:
In the course of my practical work, I learned about the positive and negative effects of ultraviolet rays on the human body. I developed a questionnaire and conducted a survey, and after analyzing it, I concluded that the population is not sufficiently informed about the dangers and benefits of ultraviolet rays.
Although ultraviolet rays in a reasonable amount have a beneficial effect on the human body (promote the formation of vitamin D in the skin, affect calciphosphorus metabolism, as well as the nervous processes in the human body). At the same time, if you neglect the rules of sunbathing, the harmful effect of ultraviolet rays on the human body increases.
The paper considers preventive measures to protect the skin from the adverse effects of the sun, as well as ways to eliminate this effect. I also found out that if you deprive yourself of ultraviolet radiation, this also leads to various diseases - from a general decrease in immunity (in adults) to rickets (in children).
Given the low level of education of our population, I believe that my work will be of interest to others. We need to tell people more about this and it is better to start from an early age. The sooner the child learns this, the less harm the sun will do to him, and he will receive only health from solar radiation.
10. List of references.
"Internal Diseases" F.V. Kurdybailo; B.I. Shulutko; N.N. Shastin; V.N. Shestakov; A.N. Shishkin; S.A. Boldueva; THEM. Skipsky.
"Guide to skin diseases" edited by Yu.K. Skripkin.
"Great Soviet Encyclopedia".
Mizun Yu.G., Mizun P.G. Space and health. - M Knowledge, 1984;
Mizun Yu.G., Mizun P.G. Magnetic storms and health. - M., 1990;
Mizun Yu.G. Processes in the biosphere. - M.: Knowledge, 1988
Medical geography and health: Sat. scientific tr. L.: Nauka, 1989;
Moiseeva N.I., Lyubetsky R.E. Influence of helio-geophysical factors on the human body. - L .: Nauka, 1986.
Pleshakova, Kryuchkov "The world around 4th grade".
The sun affects our well-being and performance, and we are not even aware of it.
During the cold season, we often have the feeling that winter will never end, and we look forward to the onset of warm sunny days. You have probably noticed that in winter your mood is often sad, there is not enough energy for everyday activities. But now, finally, the long-awaited moment comes, and we are on the threshold of spring, rejoicing in the warm sunny days ahead. And, as if by magic, we immediately feel a surge of strength and energy. As you can see, weather changes have a strong psychological impact on our emotions and behavior, and we often don't even realize it.
Here are three interesting ways sunlight affects our lives that we don't know about:
1. People are getting kinder. Research has shown that when the sun is shining, people are more willing to help others. Psychologists from France studied the influence of the intensity of sunlight on the willingness of drivers to give a ride to people hitchhiking. Four researchers posed as "hitchhikers" who stood on the road and asked drivers for a ride, on sunny and cloudy days. The scientists found that drivers were more willing to take fellow travelers on sunny days than on cloudy ones. Therefore, the authors of the study suggest that sunlight makes our mood more positive and makes us be kinder.
2. People are more open to romantic possibilities. No wonder they say that spring is the time of love. Consider another study by French scientists, during which a volunteer tried to meet women and take their phone numbers, and this happened in different weather. It was found that more often women gave their phone number and positively perceived courtship 
oh on sunny days. This means that people are more willing to make contact and are ready to start new relationships precisely thanks to a good mood and optimism, which gives the life-giving warmth of the sun's rays.
3.People spend more money. When the sun comes out, people want to shop. This discovery from was established as a result of two stages of research. In the first step, the researchers analyzed sales data from a store that sold tea and coffee. This data referred to six years of daily sales and daily weather conditions. In the second phase, the researchers conducted a daily survey of shoppers, who were asked to rate their mood, how much tea and coffee they bought and consumed, and their total spending for the day. Participants noted this information for 20 days in March. After scientists analyzed these data, they noticed that people are more willing to make purchases when they are in a good mood, and this happens precisely in sunny, clear weather. Marketers and sales managers have already adopted this discovery and are trying to plan all sorts of promotions and sales precisely on those days when good weather is expected.
Through this series of studies, scientists have found that sunlight makes us feel more positive, gives us a good mood and a zest for life.
The bulk of sunlight is rays with very short wavelengths, which are measured in nanometers (nm), 1 nm is equal to 0.001 microns.
Within the optical part of sunlight are: ultraviolet invisible rays (280-400 nm), light rays (400-760 nm) and infrared invisible rays (760-2800 nm).
Visible rays, giving the sensation of white, when refracted through a trihedral prism, decompose into the following colors: violet (the shortest), blue, blue, green, yellow, orange and red (these are the colors of the rainbow).
Ultraviolet radiation causes mainly a photochemical effect, and infrared radiation causes a thermal effect.
Near the earth's surface, 59% of solar radiation is infrared, 40% is light, and about 1% is ultraviolet.
When passing through the earth's atmosphere, about 60% of solar radiation is absorbed in the stratosphere and dispersed in space with the help of water vapor and the ozone layer. Near the earth, radiation is delayed mainly due to pollution of the atmosphere with dust, smoke and gases, with clouds and fogs. Most of all, ultraviolet rays are retained. In large industrial cities with a lot of smoke and gas pollution, the loss of ultraviolet radiation reaches 40%, and the general illumination is sharply reduced.
The amount of direct solar radiation decreases with distance from the equator, as the angle of incidence of the sun's rays decreases. The largest amount of radiation in the middle latitudes occurs in May, during the day - at noon.
There are more ultraviolet rays in the south than in the north. In addition to direct solar radiation, diffuse radiation is of some importance. In a clear sky, the short-wavelength bluish-blue part of the spectrum is predominantly scattered, which causes the blue color of the sky. The activity of scattered radiation is small, but a large amount of ultraviolet rays makes it biologically very useful. Therefore, you can sunbathe while in the shade.
Part of the solar radiation is reflected from the surfaces on which it falls. For example, snow reflects up to 85% of the total radiant energy, yellow quartz sand - 35% of solar radiation, river sand - 29%, green grass - 26%, black earth - 14%, the water surface with a sheer fall of sunlight - only 2%. This information should be taken into account when choosing a place for sunbathing in different climatic conditions.
In addition to the thermal effect and significance for vision, the radiant energy of the sun has a beneficial therapeutic effect on the entire body. Acting through the visual analyzer, light energy affects metabolism, general tone, sleep rhythm, etc. Light also serves as a signal thermal stimulus that can cause a feeling of warmth and reduce metabolism even in the absence of real heating by solar or artificial light rays.
When the skin is irradiated, photochemical reactions occur in the body, causing complex chemical transformations in tissues and having a serious effect on metabolism. The strongest biological properties are ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of 290 to 315 nm.
Under the influence of ultraviolet rays, vitamin D is formed in the skin. Direct sunlight kills tuberculosis bacteria in a few minutes, staphylococci in 15 minutes, typhoid bacilli in 60 minutes. There are observations that in clear sunny weather, the prevalence and duration of epidemics of influenza, diphtheria, scarlet fever and other infectious diseases transmitted through the air are much less and shorter.
And with the so-called light starvation, which is observed in people who are deprived of the opportunity to use daylight to a sufficient extent (those who live in the North during the polar night, those who work in mines, in the subway), numerous disturbances occur in the vital activity of the body. Rickets develop in children, the number of cases of dental caries increases, bone strength decreases, functional disorders of the nervous system appear, and the course of tuberculosis worsens. However, with too long exposure to sunlight without a regular change of day and night (Arctic), fatigue of the nervous system and changes in human reflex activity are possible. Even "white nights" can cause irritation and fatigue of the nervous system.
The human body has mechanisms that protect it from sharp fluctuations in air temperature, humidity, wind speed, changes in atmospheric pressure. But sometimes this protection does not work. The increased humidity of the air at its high temperature can cause a general overheating of the body. This painful condition is called hyperthermia, or heatstroke.
The cause of heat stroke is a violation of the thermoregulation of the body, which is expressed in increased heat generation with insufficient heat transfer. The heat accumulated in the body negatively affects the function of the central nervous system. Oxygen starvation develops. The viscosity of the blood increases, blood circulation is disturbed.
Heat stroke can occur when working in stuffy, poorly ventilated areas, especially if high air temperature is combined with high humidity. The cause of this condition may be tight, poorly breathable clothing.
Heatstroke can also occur outdoors: during high physical activity in a humid, stuffy atmosphere (even in the absence of sun), in calm weather, and if the rules for sunbathing are not followed.
In infants, heat stroke can often be caused by being in an overheated room, in a crib placed near radiators and central heating pipes.
When overheated, patients develop headache, dizziness, tinnitus. They experience intense thirst and nausea. Worried about weakness, drowsiness. Initially, there is reddening of the skin, their moisture; then the skin becomes dry, pale, cold. There may be fainting. Breathing becomes more frequent, tachycardia develops, blood pressure drops. Vomiting, nosebleeds may occur.
In severe cases, delayed reactions or agitation, severe headaches, loss of consciousness, convulsions, rise in body temperature to 39 ° -41 ° C, respiratory depression are noted. Infants develop severe vomiting, diarrhea. In such cases, urgent medical attention is needed. But first, the patient must be placed in a cool place, in the shade, provide access to fresh air, free from tight, restrictive clothing, give cold water to drink, put a cold compress, and, if possible, ice on the head, in the axillary and inguinal regions (large blood vessels pass there). vessels). Water procedures have a good effect: in mild cases, a shower with a temperature of 26-27 ° C for 5-8 minutes, in more serious cases, a bath at a temperature of 20 ° C for up to 8 minutes. After the water procedure, a mandatory rest in a supine position and drinking plenty of water. Unlike heat stroke, there may not be general overheating in sunstroke. It can be caused by direct exposure to sunlight on an uncovered head. In this case, there is no pronounced change in thermoregulation. However, the complaints of patients are similar.
Prevention of heat and sunstroke:
To avoid overheating, it is necessary to maintain the microclimate in residential and industrial premises, observe the optimal drinking regime, and also use rational clothing.
It is recommended to wear clothes made of porous fabrics (cotton, linen, etc.), through which air can easily be exchanged. This is especially true for clothing in the warm season. In summer, even without taking a special air bath, try to get rid of excess clothes: for example, when working in the garden, take off your shirt, T-shirt.
It is sometimes believed that the more tightly the head is wrapped, the better it is protected from the sun's rays. Often, for this, they tie their heads with thick towels, build high caps from newspapers. But all these "headgear" prevent normal heat transfer. A light white panama, a small light cap with a visor, a cotton scarf, a straw hat will perfectly protect your head from the sun.
Thermoregulation is adversely affected by the subcutaneous fat layer, which is poor in blood vessels. Therefore, overweight people need to be especially careful about overheating.