How to decline a surname in the genitive case. Declinable and indeclinable surnames in Russian

Personal names, patronymics and surnames in Russian bow down, if their endings can be changed in accordance with the rules of Russian inflection. Some foreign names borrowed into the Russian language and their final elements sometimes differ sharply from typical Russian names and their endings. Such names remain indeclinable in the literary language. Below are the rules for declension of Russian surnames, as well as personal names of representatives of other peoples of the Russian Federation and foreign citizens.

The declension of surnames in Russian is also determined by the nature of the endings and the correspondence between the grammatical gender of the word and the gender of the name. The main core of the surnames of the Russian population, as well as many other peoples of our country, are the so-called standard surnames, formalized with suffixes -ov/ev, -in/yn, -sky/skoy, -tsky/tskoy. These surnames can be easily declined according to the patterns given below.

But Russians and many other peoples have surnames that are not formalized with appropriate suffixes. They don't bow in all cases.

Declinables include surnames consonant with adjectives: Poor, Fried, Needy, Steel, Wretched. These surnames can have masculine, feminine and plural forms.

Non-standard surnames that sound like nouns often do not have masculine and feminine correspondences. Among them there are masculine words: Bull, Mustache, Neighbor, Miller, Pupil, Tatar, Treasurer- and feminine words: Friday, Fate, Winter, Handle, Beauty, Goose, Crow, Cook. Both belong to both men and women and decline according not to grammatical gender, but to the gender of the speaker.

There are even surnames consonant with the words neuter gender: Dish, Good, Chisel. The discrepancy between surnames that coincide with neuter words and the gender of the person (male and female) makes it possible not to decline these surnames. Surnames also remain inflexible Stetsko, Pisarenko, Moskalenko.

Surnames that were historically formed from the genitive case of the personal or nickname name of the head of the family or the entire family as a whole remain outside the grammatical gender and, therefore, remain indeclinable: Khitrovo, Mertvago, Burago(from Khitraya, Mertovaya, Brown), Sedykh, Fominykh (from Sedyye, Fomina).

The surname as a family name presupposes the presence plural forms: Petrovs, Kashkins, Vvedenskys. If those marrying take a common surname, it is written in the plural: Dmitrievs, Donskoys, Usatievs. Non-standard surnames, except for surnames in the form of adjectives, do not have official documentary plural forms. Therefore they write: Maria Ivanovna and Nikolai Ivanovich Vinograd, spouses Neighbor, husband and wife Suzdal.

Despite a number of difficulties that arise when declining Russian and foreign surnames in the Russian language, it is still advisable to decline all elements of a person’s naming if they can be declined. The current system of case endings in the Russian language quite rigidly forces one to perceive an inflected word left without inflection as being in the wrong case or not belonging to the gender to which it actually belongs. For example, Ivan Ivanovich Sima, in the genitive case there should be Ivan Ivanovich Sima. If it is written: for Ivan Ivanovich Sim, this means that in the nominative case this surname has the form Sim, not Sima. Left without inflection, male surnames like Veter, Nemeshay will be mistaken for women’s names, because similar surnames in men are inflected: with Pyotr Sergeevich Nemeshay, from Vladimir Pavlovich Vetr.

Often, secretaries and clerks, when drawing up protocols, are faced with the manager’s requirement not to decline the surnames being declined. We will tell you in the article which surnames actually do not decline.

From the article you will learn:

What are some misconceptions about the declination of surnames?

Most Russian speakers are completely unaware of the laws of declension of given names and surnames. Despite the fact that there are a large number of reference books and manuals on this topic, the issue of declension of surnames remains complex and controversial.

In many ways, the solution to this issue is hampered by misconceptions regarding the rules of declension of surnames, which are widespread among Russian speakers. Let's look at some of them.

There is a widespread misconception that the declension of a surname depends on its linguistic origin. This leads to the incorrect conclusion that, for example, all Georgian, Polish or Armenian surnames are not declined.

Another misconception is that the declination of a surname depends on the gender of its bearer.

If the surname coincides with a common noun (Volya, Svoboda, Zhuk), then it is not declined.

However, probably the most common misconception is that there are so many rules for declension that there is simply no point in memorizing them.

In order to refute these misconceptions, let's consider the basic rules for changing surnames by case. We have formulated them in the form of step-by-step instructions, with which you can quickly conclude whether the surname changes by case or not.

How to determine whether a surname is declining: step-by-step instructions

A. If the surname ends in -ov, -in, but is foreign (for example, Chaplin or Darwin), then it will change according to cases as a noun of the second declension (for example, table) - Chaplin, Darwin.

B. Women's surnames in -ina (Smorodina, Zhemchuzhina) change depending on how the male version of the same surname changes. If the male version sounds like Smorodin or Zhemchuzhin, then the female surname in the instrumental case will sound like Smorodina or Zhemchuzhina, and if the male version coincides with the female surname - Zhemchuzhina or Smorodina, then the female surname will be declined as a common noun - Zhemchuzhina or Smorodina.

Step #2.

Non-standard surname

The main rule that should be followed is that the type of declension is primarily influenced by what sound - vowel or consonant - the surname ends with. Let us note once again that neither the gender of the bearer nor the origin influences the inclination or indeclinability of a surname.

Step #3.

Groups of indeclinable surnames

All Russian surnames ending in -y, -ikh (Sukhikh, Belykh), as well as surnames that end in vowels e, i, o, u, y, e, yu, are not subject to change by case.

For example, the performance of Loye, Gramigna, Ceausescu, Lykhny, Maigret and Liu.

Note. In everyday speech and in the language of literature, where it is depicted Speaking, sometimes you can find the declination of male surnames into -y or -i. For example, Chernykh's report. Sometimes you can find the declination of Ukrainian surnames to - ko - Chernenka or Shevchenka. The latter option for changing surnames was common in the 19th century, but at present both the first and second options are undesirable.

Step #4.

If the surname ends with a consonant sound (except for cases with -i and -ih), then whether it will be declined or not depends on the gender of its owner.

Men's surnames will be inclined to a consonant sound, but women's surnames will not. It is important to note that the linguistic origin of the surname is not decisive in this case.

If the surname ends in a consonant (except for surnames ending in -y, -i, which were mentioned above), then here - and only here! - the gender of the bearer of the surname matters. All male surnames ending in a consonant are declined - this is the law of Russian grammar. All female surnames ending in a consonant are not declined. In this case, the linguistic origin of the surname does not matter. Male surnames that coincide with common nouns are also declined.

For example, reports by Krug, Shock, Semenyuk, Martirosyan (for male surnames) and reports by Krug, Shock, Semenyuk and Martirosyan (for female surnames).

Note 1. There are male surnames of East Slavic origin that can be inclined in two ways. We are talking about surnames that, when changed, have a fluent vowel - Zhuravl - Zhuravel or Zhuravlem. Most reference books recommend preserving the fluent vowel (Zhuravel) when declining, since from a legal point of view it is important to preserve the integrity of the surname. However, the owner of the surname may insist on the option he has chosen. The main thing in this case is to adhere to the uniformity of changing the surname by case in all legal documents.

Note 2. Last names starting with -th (Shahrai) deserve special mention. Here we are also faced with the possibility of double changing the surname. If the surname is perceived as an adjective, for example, Topchiy, then it changes as Topchego, Topchyu, etc. If the surname is perceived as a noun, it changes as Topchiya, Topchiyu. Such complex cases concern only those surnames in which the consonant “th” is preceded by the vowels “o” or “i”. In all other cases, the surname changes according to the general rules (Shahrayu, Shakhraya, etc.)

Step #5.

If a surname ends in a vowel -я, preceded by another vowel (for example: Shengelaya, Lomaya, Reya, Beria, Danelia), it is declined.

Examples: Inna Shengelaya’s notebook, diploma issued to Nikolai Lomaya, meeting with Anna Reya; crimes of Lavrentiy Beria, meeting with Georgy Danelia.

Step #6.

If a surname ends in the vowel -a, preceded by another vowel (eg: Galois, Maurois, Delacroix, Moravia, Eria, Heredia, Gulia), it is not declined.

Examples: Nikolai Galois’s notebook, diploma given to Irina Eria, meeting with Igor Gulia.

A. French surnames with an emphasis on the last syllable do not decline: the books of Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola and Anna Gavalda, the aphorisms of Jacques Derrida, the goals of Diarra and Drogba.

B. Mostly Finnish surnames ending in -a are unstressed: meeting with Mauno Pekkala (although a number of sources recommend declining them too).

All other surnames (Slavic, Eastern and others; ending in stressed and unstressed -a, -ya) are declined. Contrary to popular belief, surnames that coincide with common nouns are also declined.

Examples: Irina Groza’s notebook, a diploma issued to Nikolai Mukha, a lecture by Elena Kara-Murza, songs by Bulat Okudzhava, roles by Igor Kvasha, films by Akira Kurosawa.

Note. There used to be fluctuations in the declension of Japanese surnames, but reference books note that such surnames have recently been consistently declined.

Why is it important to follow the rules for declension of surnames?

The need to follow the rules of declension of surnames is determined not only by decency, but by the fact that failure to comply with these rules can lead to all sorts of misunderstandings.

For example, consider this situation. You have received a letter signed as follows: “letter from Vasily Groz.” Following the laws of Russian grammar, you will most likely assume that a man's surname, which in the genitive case has the ending -a, will have a zero ending in the nominative case and conclude that the author of the letter is Vasily Groz. Such a misunderstanding would not have arisen if the letter had been signed correctly - “letter from Vasily Groza.”

Another example. You have been given an article by A. Pogrebnyak. It is natural to assume that the author of the article is a woman. If it later turns out that the author is a man, Anatoly Pogrebnyak, this may lead to misunderstanding.

Results

1. The declension of any surname is determined by the rules of the modern Russian language.
2. The declension of a surname depends on what sound - vowel or consonant - it ends with.
3. The rule “men's surnames change according to cases, but women's surnames do not” applies only to surnames ending in a consonant.
4. If the surname coincides with a common noun (Nora, Bear or Hare), then this is not an obstacle to its declension.

In the Russian language, the declension of any words occurs according to cases, the same rule applies to the declension of surnames. We all studied the rules for declension of words back in school, but declension of our middle name or the name of a neighbor always interested us; we didn’t want to make a mistake when filling out documents, questionnaires, or just look funny. To do this, we need to remember that declension always occurs according to cases that have long been familiar to us.

• nominative- Who? Simakova;
• genitive- whom? Simakova;
• dative- to whom? Simakova;
• accusative- whom? Simakov;
• instrumental- By whom? Simakova;
• prepositional- about whom? about Simakova.

It is imperative to take into account the form of the number, singular or plural.

In the Russian language there are additional cases - locative, vocative, initial, quantitative and separative.

Surnames are divided into female and male. There is no neuter gender, because there are an insignificant number of nouns that have a neuter gender, for example: animal, monster, face. They are gender inflected nouns, they can be Russian and foreign.

Common endings for Russian surnames:

• -ov - -ev;
• -sky - -sky;
• -yn - -in;
• -tskoy - -tsky.

Without the presence of a suffix, they are declined in the same way as any adjectives: Vesyoly - Vesyoly, Svetlov - Svetlov, Zeleny - Zeleny.

People like Glinskikh and Sladkikh are invincible and are considered frozen form, this rule applies to foreign surnames ending in -ee and -ikh: Freundlich, Kiyashkikh. Surname with the ending -yago - -ago: Zhiryago, Dubrago.

Declension rules

This should be remembered:

1. Atypical Russians, just like foreign ones, must be declined as a noun, and typical ones as an adjective.
2. Feminine surnames with a zero ending -й, -ь or ending with a consonant sound - do not decline! Fisherman, Blacksmith, Valdai. For example: Call Marina Melnik! Anastasia Bartol is not at home!
3. If the surname has the ending -a - -ya, it is not declined in Russian (Kantaria, Kuvalda), neither masculine nor feminine, which cannot be said about Ukrainian and other Slavic languages, it is declined there: Gunko - Gunku, Matyushenko - Matyushenko, Petrenko - Petrenka.
4. Foreign variants with a vowel ending (except -a) are not declined. Jean Reno, Mussolini, Fidel Castro, Alexander Rowe.

Masculine endings in –a change: Beygora - Beygore, Beygoroy; Mayvoda - Mayvode, Mayvodoy; Crow - Crow, Crow, Crow; Varava - Varavoy, Varava; Guitar - Guitar, Guitar, Guitar.

Foreign surnames that came to us ending in -ov, -in, in the instrumental case will have the ending -om, like any nouns: Kron - Kron, Chapkin - Chapkin.

Pseudonyms are inclined in the same way: Dryn - the song was sung by Dryn.

How to decline feminine

Feminine ones ending in –ina: Zhuravlina, Yagodina. Tatyana Zhuravlina, Oksana Yagodina. If initially the surname Zhuravlina is male, then it will be correct: Tatyana Zhuravlina, Oksana Yagodina.

It is important to remember that the declension does not always depend on the gender of its bearer; the main thing that matters is the ending - a consonant or a vowel.

There are several groups that not subject to inclination, those end in -y, -i, -i, as well as -e, -u, -o, -e, -yu, -y. Example: performed by Lyanka Gryu, Mireille Mathieu, Bruce Lee, Hercule Poirot.

The gender of the bearer of the surname is significant only if it ends in -ih, -yh: Mnich - for Mnich, Belykh - for Belykh. Any masculine, if it ends in a consonant, is inclined, this is the rule of Russian grammar. Feminine ending in consonant, will never bow down! And it doesn't matter what origin your middle name comes from. The masculine ones that coincide with common nouns will be inclined, for example: poems by Alexander Blok, songs by Mikhail Krug, trophies by Sergei Korol.

Some women's Armenian surnames are unbreakable: prepared by Rimma Ameryan, belongs to Karina Davlatyan.

It is noteworthy that masculine ones, having East Slavic roots and a fluent vowel, can be inclined in two ways - without loss or with loss of the vowel sound: Roman Zayets or Roman Zayats - either way will be correct, and you can choose how the second name will sound only to its owner. But it is advised to stick to one type of declination when receiving all documents in order to avoid confusion.

There is one more feature that you need to know for options that end in -iy, less often -oi. Here there is also a variant of declension in two ways: if the ending is -iy oh, then declension is like an adjective: masculine - Ivan Likhoy, in Ivan Likhoy; female - Inna Likhaya, to Inna Likhaya. Or it can be considered as a zero ending, then it will turn out: Ivan Likhoy, from Ivan Likhoy; Inna Likhoy, to Inna Likhoy.

If the ending is -ey, -ai, then it is inclined according to the general rules: Ivan Shakhrai; Maria Shakhrai.

If the surname ends with two vowels, the last of which is -я, it is declined, for example: David Bakaria, Georgy Zhvania. It will turn out: to David Bakaria, with Georgy Zhvania.

When the surname has an ending of two vowels with the last -a: Maurois, Delacroix, it does not decline! Fidel Maurois, Fidel Maurois, Irina Delacroix, Irina Delacroix.

If the ending has a consonant and -a, -ya, then in these cases the place of stress and origin matters. There are only 2 exceptions:

• You cannot inflect French surnames with the emphasis on the last syllable: Zola, Dumas.
• most often the middle names of Finns are not inclined: Dekkala, Paikalla, lunch with Rauno Dekkala, I’ll go to Renata Paikalla.

Other surnames that end in -a and -ya, regardless of whether they are stressed or unstressed, are inclined! Despite the general misconception, those who coincide with the common noun are inclined, for example: Tatyana Loza’s pen, give the notebook to Nikolai Shlyapa, read Bulat Okudzhava’s poems.

It is noteworthy that previously unyielding Japanese surnames nowadays tend to decline, for example: I became engrossed in the short stories of Ryunosuke Akutagawa and the films of Akira Kurosawa.

These are, in principle, all the basic rules, and as we can see, there are not so many of them. We can argue with the listed misconceptions associated with the myth of surname declination, so:

• there is no basic rule that indeclinable surnames are all Polish, Georgian, Armenian and others; declension is subject to the rules of Russian grammar and is subject to inflection;
• the old rule that all males bow, but females do not, does not apply to everyone, but to those who have a consonant at the end;
• the fact that this word coincides with a common noun cannot be an obstacle to declension.

Do not forget that this is just a word that is subject to the laws of grammar, like all other words. For example: passport issued to Muka Ivan, instead of the correct torment to Ivan, and the wounded experienced torment, instead of torment. Both there and there are grammatical errors.

It is also important to follow the rules of declension because the opposite can lead to incidents and misunderstandings.

For example: photo by Peter Loz. Everyone who went to school knows that a man's surname in the genitive case ending in -a will remain with a zero ending when moving to the nominative case, and any literate person will conclude that the author of the photo is Peter Loz. The work submitted for inspection by A. Prisyazhnyuk will look for his owner: Anastasia or Anna. And Anatoly will have to prove that he decided and wrote it.

Important to remember

There is a truth that needs to be learned by heart!

• The declension of all surnames in the Russian language is subject to the laws of grammar.
• You need to decline, starting first of all from what sound is at the end: a consonant or a vowel.
• The rule that only male surnames are declined, and female surnames are not, does not apply to everyone, but only to those ending in a consonant.
• They are not an obstacle to declension of variants similar to a common noun.

Declining the names of employees in documents and business correspondence

Practice shows that when working with personnel, when preparing personnel documents, and in business correspondence, the correct declension of surnames and names of both Russian and foreign origin causes certain difficulties. Let's try to understand this difficult issue.

In many ways, the rules for declension of first and last names are determined by their origin. Official surnames in Russia appeared at the end of the 14th century. The first to receive surnames were princes and boyars. Often the surname was associated with the estates, possessions of one or another representative of the nobility: Meshchersky, Vyazemsky, Kolomensky.

Somewhat later, the surnames of nobles took shape (XVI - XVIII centuries). Among them there are many names of eastern origin: Kantemir from Turkic. Khan-Temir (temir - iron), Khanykov from Adygeisk. Kanyko (kan - educator, teacher, ko - son, i.e. son of a teacher), Kurakin from the nickname Kurak (from Turkic dry, skinny), etc. Another category of noble surnames such as Durnovo, Khitrovo, Sukhovo are names derived from Russian words. In order to distinguish them from consonant common nouns, the emphasis was placed on the last syllable, and in surnames on - ago - on the penultimate one: Chernago, Zhivago, Burago.

Chronologically, the next group of surnames belonged to service people (XVII - XVIII centuries). It, just like the princely surnames, reflected geographical names, but not as names of objects that were in their possession, but as designations of the places where these people themselves came from: Tambovtsev, Rostovtsev, Bryantsev and others. Using these surnames it is easy to reconstruct the designations of residents of certain places.

In the 19th century the names of the Russian clergy took shape. Among them there are many artificially formed from various words not only of Russian, but also of Church Slavonic, Latin, Greek and other languages. A significant group is represented by surnames derived from the names of churches and church holidays: Uspensky, Epiphany, Rozhdestvensky.

A number of surnames are formed from Russian surnames by translating their stems into Latin and adding the suffix - ov - or - sk - and the ending - y to the Latin stem: Bobrov - Kastorsky, Gusev - Anserov. So, for example, the leadership of the Moscow Theological Academy in 1838 changed the surname of the student Pyankov to Sobrievsky from the Latin sobrius - sober, teetotaler.

Many Russians have surnames of German origin. Various specialists from Germany - healers, pharmacists, goldsmiths, etc. - have lived in Russia for a long time. The Germans were invited to Russia to work and live, studied at the capital's universities, converted to Orthodoxy, married Russians, assimilated into the Russian environment, retaining only their former surnames as evidence that in the distant past the founder of the family was a native of the Germans. And now among the Russian population there are people who have absolutely Russian names and patronymics along with German surnames such as Bruder, Wagner, Wenzel, Winter, Wünsch, Sonne, Koenig and others.

The overwhelming majority of standard Russian surnames with the suffixes - ov - (-ev-), - in-, -sk-, are inclined to: Lermontov, Turgenev, Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Kramskoy.

Russian surnames that do not have the indicator - sk - (Blagoy, Tolstoy, Borovoy, Gladky, Poperechny, etc.) are declined as adjectives.

Surnames with the indicators - ov - and - in- have a special declension in the masculine gender, which is not found either among personal names or among common nouns. It combines the endings of second declension masculine nouns and adjectives like “fathers”. The declension of surnames differs from the declension of the indicated nouns by the ending of the instrumental case (cf.: Koltsov-ym, Nikitin-ym - island-om, jug-om), from the declension of possessive adjectives - by the ending of the prepositional case (cf.: o Griboedov-e, o Karamzin -e - about fathers, about mothers).

Correlative female surnames are declined as possessive adjectives in the feminine form (cf. Rostova and Father's, Karenina and Mother's are declined).

The same must be said about the declension of surnames into - ov and - in in the plural (Bazarovs, Rodiny are declined as father's, mother's).

All other male surnames that have stems with consonants and a zero ending in the nominative case (in writing they end with a consonant letter, ь or й), except for surnames na - ы, - them, are declined as nouns of the second declension of the masculine gender, i.e. have the ending - om, (-em) in the instrumental case: Herzen, Levitan, Gogol, Vrubel, Hemingway, Gaidai. Such surnames are often perceived as “non-Russian”.

Correlative female surnames are not declined: Natalia Aleksandrovna Herzen, Lyubov Dmitrievna Blok, with Nadezhda Ivanovna Zabela-Vrubel, about Zoya Gaidai.

In the plural, surnames of the type in question are also declined as masculine nouns: visited the Herzens, the Vrubels, wrote to the Bloks, Hemingways, etc.

Analysis of archival records of the 17th century. indicates that Moscow has the highest number of non-standard surnames compared to other Russian cities. Among the non-standard surnames are some of the shortest ever recorded, including those that coincide with the names of the letters: Ge, De, E, El, Em, En, Rho (Greek letter). From naming by the names of the letters of the old Russian alphabet, the surnames Azov - (az - a), Bukin (buki - b), Dobrov (dobro - d), Yusov (yus - y, yu) are possible.

Some non-standard surnames (Od, Us, Yuk, Yar) are homonymous to common nouns, the explanation of which can be found in Dahl's dictionary. The same basics are recorded in the standard surnames Odyakov, Usov, Yukov, Yarev. Others (Al, An, Li, Ni, De) are homonymous to conjunctions and particles. The surnames Az, An, Em can come from the old calendar names Aza, Ann, Emm. It is also possible that some of these surnames have a foreign origin. So, An, Ash, Ge, De, Em, En can be French common nouns, for example: An (French ane - donkey), Ash (French hache - axe), Ge (French gai - cheerful). Or German: Asch (German Asche - ash, ashes, dust), Ro (German roh - raw, rough, cruel), Shu (German Schuh - shoe, boot, boot). It is possible that some two-letter surnames originate from Chinese and Korean personal names: He, Lee, etc.

Notable are the clearly Russian surnames, which are not nouns at all, but interjections, short adjectives and participles, particles, pronouns, adverbs: Blago, Boyko, After all, Gay, Alive, Sideways, Ridiculous, Inappropriate.

Very interesting are verbal surnames formed from nicknames that are almost not preserved in modern Russian anthroponymy: Bey, Bray, Velichay, Derzhi, Think, Kasai, Klyuy and others.

The origin of surnames with the suffix - ets is interesting: Antonets, Gorislavets, Danilets, which come from the affectionate nicknames of children in the family and an indication of the relationship to the head of the family: son or grandson of Anton, Gorislav, etc. There are surnames with the suffix -onok, -enok (Nadelenok, Otdalenok, Kostyushenok, Ivanenok) - this is how younger sons, and later their descendants, were nicknamed in the western regions of Russia.

In official sources, they appear as surnames of persons with Russian names and patronymics, as well as geographical names in their pure, suffix-free form: Astrakhan, America, Arbat, Bug, Volga.

As part of surnames, you can find a wide variety of personal names, ancient and new, full and abbreviated, Russian and non-Russian, male and female: Avdey, Amos, Artyukh, Bova, Boris, Vasyuk, etc.

And finally, among the non-standard surnames there are a lot of nouns with a wide variety of lexical meanings: Banya, Bogatyr, Bogach, Bearded, Brazhnik, Bratshiko, Buran, Burlak, Wind, Eye, Mushroom, Thunderstorm, Ray and others.

The declension of surnames ending in vowels in their original form does not depend on whether they are masculine or feminine.

If the resolution of difficulties with the declension of surnames cannot be ensured by the rules, then to find the correct declension option it is necessary to use a dictionary of surnames, which gives normative recommendations for each word (for example, in the case of the surname Kravets: how to correctly declension - Kravets or Kravets, decline the surname Mazurok or no, and if you decline, then how - Mazurok or Mazurka, etc.).

In conclusion, I would like to touch upon the issue of writing Russian surnames in Latin letters, the need for which arises when developing bilingual documents and business papers.

One of the ways to display Russian names in English is transliteration, which is the process of simply replacing letters of the Russian alphabet with the corresponding letters or combinations of letters of the English alphabet.

In this case, the vowels “a”, “e”, “ё”, “i”, “o”, “u”, “y”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” are respectively replaced by “a”, “ e" or "ye", "е" or "yе", "i", "o", "u", "y", "e", "yu", "ya":

The so-called diphthongs - combinations of a vowel and “th” are reflected as follows:

Literature

1. Appendix No. 7 “Rules for filling out passport forms with symbols of the Russian Federation” to the Instructions on the procedure for issuing and issuing passports to citizens of the Russian Federation for leaving the Russian Federation and entering the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated May 26, 1997 No. 310.

2. Eskova N.A. Difficulties in inflecting nouns. Educational and methodological materials for practical classes in the course "Language of Modern Printing". State Press Committee of the USSR. All-Union Institute for Advanced Training of Print Workers. - M., 1990.

3. Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. - M.: CheRo, 2001. - 400 p.

E. Skorodumova

"Personnel officer. Personnel records management", 2008, N 10

Company consultant

LLC "Information Business Systems"

Signed for seal

According to the first type, surnames of the masculine gender with zero in the nominative case are declined. For example, Petrov belongs to the first type and has the following case forms: in the nominative case - Petrov; in the genitive – Petrova; in the dative - to Petrov; c – Petrova; c – Petrov; in the prepositional – (about) Petrov. Declined mainly as nouns, in the instrumental case these surnames have the ending of masculine adjectives.

Surnames that end in a hard consonant are also inclined according to the first type, although in their native language they are inclined completely differently. Examples include such foreign names as Sawyer, Kipling, Balzac, etc. True, unlike Russian surnames that are declined with a hard consonant at the end, foreign ones are declined entirely like nouns.

Surnames related to the second declension

The second type of declension includes feminine and masculine surnames with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative case. These are such surnames as Olenina, Lavrova, Akhmatova. Moreover, in the nominative and accusative cases they have endings like , and in other cases - like adjectives. For example, the surname “Lavrova” is declined as follows: in the nominative case - Lavrova; in the genitive – Lavrova; in the dative – Lavrova; in the accusative – to Lavrov; in the instrumental – Lavrova; in the prepositional – (about) Lavrova.

Unbreakable surnames

A number of both Russian and foreign surnames do not change at all. Indeclinables include female surnames ending in a consonant. These are names such as Kogut, Stal, Muller, etc.

Slavic surnames ending in -o, -ako, -yago, -ykh, -ikh, -ovo are also indeclinable. An example would be such surnames as Shevchenko, Buinykh, etc.

The category of indeclinable surnames is also supplemented by surnames that are consonant with the names of animals or objects such as Deer, Goose, etc. This is primarily due to the fact that when declined they create an effect: the meaning of the surname is identified with the person himself.

Foreign surnames that end in a vowel sound are also not declined. As an example, we can cite such surnames as Zola, Nowe, Schulze. The exception is surnames ending in unstressed vowels -a, -ya.