How to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants. Types of relationships between letters and sounds

All consonant sounds in the Russian language are divided according to several criteria, including the principle of voicedness and deafness. This pronunciation characteristic influences whether the voice is used when pronouncing a sound or not. Studying this topic is very important for understanding the basic principles of the phonetic system, because voiceless consonants are a very important part of it.

What is a voiceless consonant?

Voiceless consonant sounds are produced only by noise, without the participation of the voice. When pronouncing them, the vocal cords are completely relaxed, the larynx does not vibrate.

Paired and unpaired voiceless consonants

Most sounds that fall into this category have a voiced pair. What sounds these are, you can find out from the table “Voiceless consonant sounds in the Russian language.”

Thus, in the Russian language there are 11 voiceless consonants that have a voiced pair. But there are also unpaired ones - these are sounds such as [x], [x’], [h’] and [sch’].

They cannot become voiced regardless of position.

A special mnemonic phrase helps to remember all the voiceless consonants that exist in the Russian language: “Styopka, do you want shchetc?” - Ugh!". But it will not help to remember their pairing by hardness-softness, since voiceless consonants that have a pair are presented in it only in one variety - either hard or soft.

Consonant devoicing rule

In the Russian language, there are often cases when a voiced consonant is written in writing, but in speech it turns into a dull consonant. This happens, for example, when a voiced letter appears at the very end of a word, as in the word mushroom, the transcription of which will look like [flu].

Due to the fact that voiced consonants are deafened at the end, difficulties often arise when reproducing such words in writing. However, there is an easy way to check which letter to use: you need to change the word so that the consonant appears before the vowel, for example, mushroom - mushroom. Then it will immediately become clear what needs to be written. The same applies to cases when there is a voiceless consonant at the end, and in writing it is voiced “according to the general rule.” You can check which letter is written in the same way: krik - krik, lot - lota.

Voiced consonants located in positions at the beginning and in the middle of a word can also be deafened if they are followed by a voiceless consonant. This is easy to understand using an example: booth [booth].

What have we learned?

Voiceless consonant sounds are those sounds in the formation of which the larynx does not vibrate, that is, the voice does not participate. They consist only of noise. Most voiceless consonants have a voiced pair, but there are four unpaired sounds of this type - these are [х], [х'], [ч'] and [ш']. Due to the rule of deafening consonants during pronunciation, those consonants that are voiced in writing go into their voiceless pair. This happens if they appear at the end of a word, and also when another voiceless consonant precedes them.

Today, almost all children know letters and the alphabet already in early childhood. However, it is recommended to learn letters without naming the letters as they sound in the alphabet. Letters must be taught with sounds. When talking about the letter “B”, it is necessary to call it [b], and not “be”. This is necessary so that it will be easier for the child to combine letters into syllables and words.

However, the world of sounds does not end there. And when the baby grows up, he will have to master such concepts as vowel sounds, hard, soft, paired, voiceless and voiced consonants. I invite you to talk today about such different sounds. We will talk about this in a fairy-tale form, in a form closest to children's perception. I invite you to phonetic tale . This is an expanded version of the tale of sounds, presented in.

So, friendly letters live in a hospitable place. And sounds created a large Kingdom called Phonetics.

Kingdom of sounds - Phonetics

In the kingdom of sounds of the Russian language Phonetics we lived together and got along vowels And consonants sounds. Each sound had its own house. For vowels, the houses were painted red, and for consonants, blue. But the roofs of all the houses were white and changed on their own when the sounds visited each other.

Total in the kingdom 42 inhabitants: 6 vowel sounds [a], [e], [o], [u], [i], [s] and 36 consonants. They lived amicably and often visited each other. And every time they visited each other, magic happened: as soon as they held hands, new sounds were created for new words.

Vowel sounds loved to be sung. Therefore, there was always music playing in their houses. But with consonant sounds it was not possible to sing at all. But they were very pliable and always “agreed” with the vowels in everything. At the same time, they could become hard or soft . For example, the sound [p]. In a word "saw" sounds soft, but in words "dust"- firmly. And all because the sound [i] softened the [p], and the sound [s], on the contrary, made it harder.

This is how consonant sounds, joining hands with vowels, become soft or hard at their request.

However, there were also “naughty” sounds in the kingdom. And although they lived in blue houses and were called consonants, they did not want to change in any way. And this happened on the day when, sitting idly on benches, they argued about who was more important: vowels or consonants. And sounds [and],[w] And [ts] decided to become independent and not obey anyone, especially vowel sounds. They proclaimed themselves to be hard sounds that would never, under any circumstances, become soft! And to prove their firm decision, they painted the white roofs of their houses dark blue.

But compliant and non-conflicting sounds [sch],[th] And [h] They were very upset and afraid that the balance of the ratio of sounds in the kingdom would be upset and decided to remain soft forever. And so that all the residents of Phonetics knew about this, they painted the roofs of their houses green.

However, soon 2 more inhabitants appeared in the kingdom of Phonetics - soft and hard signs. But they did not violate the unity of the sound world. The soft sign helped the consonants become soft, and the hard sign helped the consonants become hard. They built themselves white houses and everyone lived peacefully and amicably.

But the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Phonetics were famous not only for their hard and soft characters. Many of them had and still have their own special preferences. Some sounds loved the sound of falling leaves, while others loved the sound of rain. They even built separate quarters for themselves so that in one the bell always rings loudly, and in the other, as if under a dome, it is dull and noisy... This is how they appeared voiced and voiceless consonants . And a river flows between the blocks.

So in the quarter with the bell the sounds [r], [l], [m], [n], [y], [b], [g], [v], [d], [z], [z] settled . And in a quiet quarter - [p], [f], [t], [w], [s], [k], [x], [ts], [h], [sch]. And some letters became so friendly that they connected their houses with bridges. So there is a bridge between the sounds p-b, f-v, t-d, sh-zh, s-z and k-g. This paired consonants .

This is how the amazing Kingdom of Phonetics lives. The sounds visit each other, change, adjust, make noise, shout, sing... They have fun. And in this fun words are born, from them the sentences that make up our speech. By the way, speech happens... However, we’ll talk about this another time.

How to learn soft and hard consonants

These are the complex relationships between sounds. To make it easier for my son to draw phonetic diagrams of words, he and I made very convenient clouds. Using them, it is very easy to determine the hardness or softness of consonant sounds.

Read about how we taught hard and soft consonants using clouds.

How to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants

And a very simple technique helped us make it easier for the child to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants. When naming the sound, press your palm to your neck. If the sound is ringing, then vibration (tremor) of the vocal cords is felt. If the sound is dull, there will be no vibration.

For the same purposes, we used the picture with houses and bridges across the river, which you saw above.

Enjoy your acquaintance with the world of Phonetics!

All the best!

Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy said that there is nothing sedimentary or crystalline in the Russian language; everything excites, breathes, lives. Such “liveness” of our native language is the merit of the words that make up it. But before you learn to use them, you need to learn the letters and sounds. They will be discussed in this article.

When learning a language with your child, you need to clearly make him understand the differences between spoken and written language. To do this, it is important to give him the concept of what a sound is and what a letter is.

Sounds are what we perceive with our hearing. Our brain easily separates what relates to speech from other sounds and interprets them into images. We can write down the sounds of speech in letters, forming words from them.

A letter is a graphic symbol of the alphabet, thanks to which we can display on paper what we hear by ear. But here lies a very big difficulty for the child. After all, the number of sounds and letters that reproduce them on paper in different words may differ in one direction or the other.

How many letters and sounds are there in the Russian language and alphabet and their relationship

IMPORTANT: We hear and can produce sounds with our speech apparatus. We can see and write letters! Sounds exist in all languages. Even in those where there is no written language.

In a word like "chair" letters correspond to sounds. But, in the word "sun", the letter "L" not pronounced. Letters are also not pronounced "Kommersant" And "b". They only slightly change the pronunciation of the words in which they are used.

There is also such a “school” word as "Compass". In which instead of sound [AND] sound is pronounced [s].

There are still a lot of words in the Russian language that are pronounced differently from how they are written in letters. Therefore, it is very important for a child to learn to correctly understand this difference.

Alphabet

Language is the main invention of mankind. Moreover, for every nation that has created its own language, it is distinguished by the characteristics peculiar to this people. At a certain stage in the development of a community that a particular people uses, there appears a need to record speech sounds combined into words and sentences. This is how writing appeared, and at the same time the alphabet. That is, a set of all the letters used in writing, standing in strict order.

The alphabet of the Russian language contains 33 letters and looks like this:

The alphabet is the basis of any language that everyone who studies it needs to know. Is it possible to learn to speak without knowing the alphabet? Certainly. But, in addition to the ability to express your thoughts, you need to learn to write and read. And this is impossible to do without knowing the alphabet.

Today, children have a lot of different aids for learning the alphabet. You can buy special flash cards, magnets, and a small primer that your child can take with him on walks or trips.

In our computerized era, electronic gadgets can also be called upon to help in learning the alphabet. Type letters in text apps and name the sounds that teach them. You can use your imagination and use graphic editors, change fonts and add fills. Create your own alphabet that will be interesting to your child. Then learning will go faster and more efficiently.

INTERESTING: Teachers have come up with a very interesting and exciting way to learn the alphabet. Dedicate each new day in your family to one of the letters of the alphabet. Of course, we shouldn’t forget about the rest. Bake buns in the shape of letters, make letters from plasticine with your child, draw them, assemble them from counting sticks. Be sure to tell about the letter the day is dedicated to and give examples of its use.

Vowel sounds and letters

Introducing your child to the alphabet is a very exciting activity. But this is only one of the first steps in mastering the language. To continue studying its elementary units, you need to learn how to divide them according to their characteristics.

Those letters that are pronounced drawlingly are called vowels.

There are 10 vowels in Russian “A”, “E”, “Y”, “I”, “O”, “U”, “Y”, “E”, “Yu”, “I”
6 vowel sounds [a], [o], [y], [e], [i], [s]. Typically, vowel sounds in the school curriculum should be highlighted in red.

We have already clarified the difference between the elementary particles of language.

Letters I, Yo, Yu, E - iotized. They involve one or two sounds.

From this table, this difference can be seen again:

INTERESTING: By the way, about the letter “Y”. Today it is mistakenly believed that Karamzin introduced it into our alphabet. But that's not true. This was done by the director of the St. Petersburg Academy, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, on November 18, 1783 at a meeting on the occasion of the creation of the first explanatory dictionary in Russia. She suggested changing the letters “IO” to one “E”.

Stressed and unstressed vowel sounds

Stressed vowel sound pronounced with great force and does not undergo changes.

For example: sn e g, st ý l, shk A f

Unstressed vowel sound pronounced with little force and undergoes changes.

For example: To ABOUT rzina (heard instead of ABOUT, sound A), m E dva d (In the first unstressed vowel sound instead E, can be heard AND), pl E cho (vowel sound AND is heard instead E).

IMPORTANT: Stress is not placed in words with one syllable and in words with a letter Yo.

Vowels Yotated letters Ya, Yu, E, Yo soften the consonant sound in front of them and create one sound: e → [e] or [i], е → [o], yu → [u], i → [a ].

For example:

At the beginning of the word: hedgehog [y’ozhik]
In the middle of a word: shelter [pri y’ut]
At the end of the word: gun [roug y'o]

Hard and soft vowels have a direct effect on consonants. For example, a consonant "P", maybe as solid (in the word "plastic bag"), and soft (in the word "cookie").

Consonants and letters

Consonant letters are called such because they contain consonant sounds. There are 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language:

An apostrophe marks soft sounds.
And 21 consonants:

Consonant letters and sounds, soft and hard: table

Consonants, like vowels, can be either hard or soft. For example, in the word "River", beech "R" soft, but in a word "Hand"– hard. In general, several factors influence the softness and hardness of sounds in a word. For example, the location of a sound in a word. The sounds are softened by iota vowels ( "E", "Yo", "YU" And "I") and diphthongs that come after consonants. For example:

"White"
"Love"
"Friday"

The letter also softens sounds "AND", and its antipode "Y", on the contrary, makes the sound hard. The presence of a soft sign at the end of a word plays an important role:

"Linen" And "laziness"

A soft sign can soften the sound, even if it is inside a word:

"Skates"

Voiceless and voiced consonants in Russian: table

Consonants can be voiced or unvoiced. Voiced sounds are obtained with the participation of the voice in the formation of sound. Whereas in the formation of a dull sound, the voice practically does not play its creative role.

Voiced consonants are formed by the passage of an air stream through the mouth and vibration of the vocal cords. Thanks to this, consonants such as:

To make it easy to remember voiceless consonants, remember the expression: STYOPKA DO YOU WANT CHEEK? - FI!

If you delete all the vowels from this expression, only voiceless consonants will remain.

Paired and unpaired hard and soft consonants: table

In terms of hardness and softness, most sounds form pairs:

Paired and unpaired voiced and voiceless consonants: table

In the Russian language, it is customary to distinguish pairs of voiceless-voiced consonants:

The remaining consonants are unpaired:

Sometimes there is “forced” deafness or sonority of a consonant sound. This occurs due to the position of the sound in the word. A frequent example of such a forced state is the words: pond [rod] And booth [booth].

Sonorous- voiced unpaired consonant sounds. There are only 9 of them: [th’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]

Noisy consonant sounds - there are voiced and voiceless:

Noisy voiceless consonants(16): [k], [k'], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [ x], [x'], [ts], [h'], [w], [w'];
Noisy voiced consonants(11): [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [g], [g'], [d], [d'], [g], [z], [z '].

Summary table of commonly used soft and hard letters and sounds in the Russian language:

Sibilant consonants

Consonants "AND", "SH", "H" And "SCH" called sizzling. These letters add some zest to our language. At the same time, they make it very difficult. Even while learning these letters, the child should know the rules:

"ZHI" — "SHI" write from "AND"
"CHA" — "SHA" with a letter "A"
"CHU" — "SHU" with a letter "U"

Letters "AND" And "H" are voiced, and the remaining two ( "SH" And "SCH") deaf. An important feature of these sounds is that they cannot be pronounced without opening the mouth. Compare their pronunciation with the pronunciation "M" or "N". To pronounce sibilant consonants, there must be a gap between the lips through which air will escape, creating an acoustic accompaniment for these sounds.

The letter “and short” denotes the consonant sound th

Letter "Y" or "And short" found in almost all Slavic alphabets, as well as in those non-Slavic alphabets that use the Cyrillic alphabet. In the Russian alphabet this letter occupies 11th place. It was formed from the vowel "AND" and a voiced consonant "J".

It is interesting that in the 18th century, when the civil script was introduced (as opposed to the church script), all superscript characters disappeared from it. And the letter "Y" an important part of her was missing. At the same time, the sound denoted by this letter “did not suffer” from such reforms. Return "Y" writing succeeded under Peter I. However, it was not returned to the alphabet. This was done only in the 20th century.

Today, more and more philologists attribute sound "Y" to sonorant consonants. That is, those sounds that are located between vowels and consonants, but still relate to a consonant. In addition, it is always considered soft.

Which letters have multiple sounds?

Letters and sounds tape for elementary school

Various manuals help very well in learning the Russian language. One of these benefits is "Summer of Letters". It helps to understand the difference between letters, quickly develop reading skills in children and facilitate phonetic analysis of words.

At least at first glance "Ribbon of Letters" carries a minimum of information, this is far from true. This manual can be used not only at school, but also at home. Parents can independently teach their child literacy using this tool.

Every first-grader knows that sound is a unit of speech that we pronounce and hear, and letters we read and write. In Russian they are divided into vowels and consonants. Of the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet, 21 are called consonants. They are divided according to their sonority and dullness, softness and hardness. They begin to study the classification of letters in the 1st grade, but the student will have to use it before graduating from school. When studying phonetics, each student must learn to distinguish between voiceless sounds and voiced sounds. During writing, they are indicated by transcription - [b]. The table will help you distinguish and remember paired consonant sounds.

Paired consonants according to voiced-voicelessness

All consonants in the Russian language form pairs; a voiced consonant is opposed to a voiceless consonant. There are 12 paired letters in total, making 6 pairs:

Paired and unpaired consonants need to be known in order to be successful in spelling. Many spellings of the Russian language are based on the selection of cognate words according to this classification, for example:

soft - soft,
tooth teeth.

The first pair contains the letter g, which is not clearly heard when pronounced and spelling it is difficult. The second words are test words when the spelling is pronounced clearly. Younger students often make mistakes in these works.

You may notice that not all letters of the alphabet form pairs. This happens because phonetics has rules that need to be remembered. They are based on the fact that sounds can only be voiced or only unvoiced. They are easy to remember because they are small in number. As a rule, by the end of 1st grade, students know them by heart. These include r, n, l, m, th - sonorous, always voiced, ts, ch, sh, x - always voiceless.

Paired consonants for softness and hardness

Consonants are usually divided into hard and soft. In phonetics, the softening process occurs in several situations:

when after a consonant there is a vowel: yu, ya, e, e, and (blizzard, buttercup);
or there is a soft sign (blizzard, drinking).

If after a consonant there is a vowel, except e, e, yu, ya, and, then it does not allow softening. For example, in the words peony, earth, after the consonant there is a vowel, which provokes the process of softening. In words such as lamp, water, there are no letters e, e, yu, i, and, therefore, when pronounced, all sounds are hard.

There are also letters that, when reproduced in speech, will always be soft or hard. These include: shch, h, j, c, w, g. Every student needs to know the classification of letters and sounds for successful learning.

A special table will help you remember paired voiced and voiceless voices. It's easy to navigate.

Such a table or a similar one can sometimes be found in a primary school classroom. It has been proven that younger schoolchildren have more developed visual-figurative thinking, so they need to provide new information in the form of illustrations or pictures, then it will be effective.

Every parent can create such a table on a first-grader’s desktop. Do not be afraid that this tip will lead to laziness of the student. On the contrary, if he often looks at the image, he will quickly remember everything he needs.

There are more consonant sounds in the Russian language, so remembering their classification is more difficult. If you list all the unvoiced and voiced ones, you get the number 12. The letters ch, sh, y, shch, c, zh, r, n, l, m are not taken into account; they are classified as unpaired.

There are tips for children on how to quickly learn to recognize a voiced and a voiceless consonant when parsing a word. To do this, you need to press your palm to your throat and pronounce a clearly separate sound. Voiceless and voiced consonants will be pronounced differently and, accordingly, will be reflected differently in the palm of your hand. If there is vibration in the hand, it is voiced; if not, it is deaf. Many children use this hint when studying phonetics.

There is another exercise that helps to accurately determine which consonant is in front of the student. To do this, you need to cover your ears with your hands, but preferably there should be silence. Say the exciting letter and listen to it with your ears closed. If it is not heard, then it is a dull sound; if, on the contrary, it is clearly heard, it is a ringing sound.

If you try, today any parent can find many interesting, exciting and educational exercises and rules that will help the child easily master new knowledge. This will make the learning process more interesting and entertaining, which in turn will affect academic performance.

Proficiency in oral language is very important for the social life and development of an individual. Much attention in learning a native (or foreign) language is paid to spoken language—the correct pronunciation of phonemes. There are many words that differ only in individual sounds. Therefore, special attention is paid to the functioning of the speech organs and sound production.

Sound production

Sound formation occurs as a result of human mental and speech activity. The vocal apparatus consists of the diaphragm, larynx, epiglottis, pharynx, vocal cords, nasal and oral cavity, uvula, palate (soft and hard), alveoli, teeth, tongue, lips.

The tongue and lower lip are actively involved in sound production. The teeth, palate, and upper lip remain passive.

The production of sounds (phonemes) includes:

respiration - breathing,
phonation - the use of the larynx and vocal folds to create phonemes,
articulation - work for sound production.

Noisy (deaf) Russian language

There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian language, and much more sounds - 42. There are 6 vowel phonemes, consisting of a pure voice. The remaining 36 sounds are consonants.

In the creation of 16 consonant phonemes, only noise is involved, resulting from the exhaled air flow overcoming certain barriers, which are interacting speech organs.

[k, ], [p, ], [s, ], [t, ], [f, ], [x, ], [h, ], [sch, ], [k], [p], [s ], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [sh] are voiceless consonant sounds.

To learn how to determine which consonant sounds are voiceless, you need to know their main features: how and in what place they are formed, how the vocal folds participate in their production, whether there is palatalization during pronunciation.

Formation of noisy consonants

In the process of producing voiceless consonant phonemes, the interaction of various organs of the speech apparatus occurs. They can close together or form a gap.

Voiceless consonant sounds are born when the exhaled person overcomes these barriers. Depending on the type of obstacles, voiceless phonemes are divided into:

stop plosives [k, p, t, k, p, t];
stop fricatives (affricates) [ts, ch, ];
fricatives (fricatives) [s, f, x, shch, s, f, x, w].

Depending on the places where barriers are formed, voiceless phonemes are distinguished:

labiolabial [p, p];
labiodental [f, f];
anterior lingual dental [s, s, t, t, ts];
anterior lingual palatodental [h, sch, w];
velar lingual velar [k, x, k, x].

Palatalization and velarization

Noisy phonemes are classified taking into account the degree of tension in the middle of the tongue. When, during the process of sound production, the anterior and middle regions of the tongue rise to the hard palate, a palatalized consonant (soft) voiceless sound is born. Velarized (hard) phonemes are produced by raising the root of the tongue to the posterior region of the soft palate.

6 soft and 6 hard noisy voiceless phonemes form pairs, the rest do not have pairs.

Paired voiceless consonants - [k, - k], [p, - p], [s, - s], [t, - t], [f, - f], [x, - x]; [ts, ch, sh, shch, ] - voiceless unpaired consonant sounds.

Articulation

The combination of all the work of the individual organs of the speech apparatus involved in the pronunciation of phonemes is called articulation.

For speech to be understandable, you must be able to clearly pronounce sounds, words, and sentences. To do this, you need to train your speech apparatus, practice the pronunciation of phonemes.

Having understood how voiceless consonant sounds are formed and how to pronounce them correctly, a child or adult will master speech much faster.

Sounds [k - k, x - x, ]

Lower the end of the tongue, slightly move it away from the incisors of the lower jaw. Open your mouth slightly. Raise the back of the tongue so that it comes into contact with the border zone of the elevated soft and hard palate. Through a sharp exhalation, the air overcomes the barrier - [k].

Press the end of your tongue against your lower front teeth. Bring the middle and back parts of the tongue closer to the middle-back area of the hard palate. Exhale - [k, ].

In the production of phonemes [x - x, ], the speech organs are located similarly. Only between them there remains not a bow, but a gap.

Sounds [p - p, ]

Close your lips, leave your tongue freely, and move its tip slightly away from the lower incisors. Exhalation. A stream of air breaks through the lips - [p].

The lips are positioned the same way. Press the end of the tongue against the incisors of the lower jaw. Raise the middle of the tongue towards the hard palate. A sharp push of air overcomes the labial barrier - [n,].

Sounds [s - s, ]

Stretch your lips, almost close your teeth. Use the tip of your tongue to touch the front teeth of the lower jaw. Arch your tongue, lifting the middle back towards the palate. Its lateral edges are pressed against the upper chewing teeth. The air flow passes through a groove formed in the middle of the tongue. Bridges the gap between the alveolar arch and the anterior back of the tongue - [c].

The phoneme [s, ] is pronounced similarly. Only the middle of the tongue rises higher, and the front one bends more (the groove disappears).

Sounds [t - t, ]

Part your lips. Place the end of the tongue against the incisors of the upper jaw, forming a bow. A stream of exhaled air forcefully breaks through the barrier - [t].

The position of the lips is the same. Press the tip of your tongue against the lower incisors. Touch the upper alveolar arch with the front part of the tongue, creating a bow. Under the pressure of the air stream, an obstacle is overcome - [t,].

Sounds [f - f, ]

Pull in the lower lip slightly and press the upper incisors against it. Raise the back of the tongue towards the back of the soft palate. As you exhale, the air passes through a flat gap formed by the lip and teeth - [f].

Lips and teeth in the same position. Move the tip of the tongue towards the lower incisors. Raise the middle part of the tongue towards the palate. The air flow penetrates through the labial-dental fissure - [f,].

Sound [ts]

Sound is produced in two stages:

Stretch slightly tense lips. Press the end of the tongue against the front lower teeth. Raise the front part of the tongue, closing it with the hard palate (immediately behind the alveolar arch).
The air flow enters the oral cavity. Bend the tongue slightly - raise the middle part, lower the back, press the side edges to the chewing teeth. The bow turns into a gap and the air comes out - [ts].

Sound [h, ]

The formation of a phoneme consists of two phases:

Slightly round and protrude your lips. Press the end and front of the tongue against the hard palate and alveolar arch, creating a barrier.
Push out the air: at the place of the bow between the tongue and the palate there will be a gap. At the same time, you need to raise the middle of the tongue - [h,].

Sound [sh]

Pull out slightly rounded lips. Raise the end of the tongue until a narrow passage with the palate and alveolar arch is formed (1st cleft). Having lowered the middle of the tongue, raise its back part (2nd gap). Press the edges against the chewing teeth to form a cup. Exhale smoothly - [w].

Sound [sch, ]

Pull your lips out a little and round them out. Raise the end of the tongue to the alveolar arch without pressing, so that a gap remains. Raise the tongue to the hard palate (except for the front part), and press the edges against the molars of the upper jaw. Exhale slowly. The central part of the tongue goes down, creating a groove through which the air flow passes. The tongue tenses - [sch,].

In the speech stream, voiceless consonant sounds coexist with other phonemes. If a noisy phoneme is followed by a vowel, then the lips take a position for the articulation of the latter.

Comparison of noisy voiceless and voiced phonemes

Voiced phonemes are those whose formation involves both voice and noise (the latter predominates). Some voiced ones have paired sounds from among the voiceless ones.

Paired voiceless consonants and voiced sounds: [k - g], [k, - g, ], [p - b], [p, - b, ], [t - d], [t, - d, ], [ s - z], [s, - z, ], [f - v], [f, - v, ], [w - g].

Voiced and voiceless unpaired consonants:

[y, l, m, n, r, l, m, n, r] - voiced (sonorant);
[x, h, sch, x, ts] - noisy deaf.

Lettering for noisy phonemes

The ability to write correctly is no less important than speaking. Mastering written language is fraught with even greater difficulties, since some sounds on paper can be written with different letters or letter combinations.

When written, voiceless consonant sounds are expressed in similar letters if they are in strong positions.

By deafness-voicing: before a vowel, [v - v, ], other noisy ones (applicable to paired deaf people!).

By hardness-softness: before a vowel, [b, m, g, k, p, x, b, m, g, k, p, x, ] - for sounds [s, s, t, t, ], at the end words.

In other cases, to determine the correct letter (or combination of letters) for a voiceless consonant phoneme, certain rules of the Russian language must be applied. And sometimes you just need to remember the correct spelling of words (dictionary words).