What vaccinations to give the child. Immunization schedule for children under one year old: competent immunization without complications

Many adults are sure that vaccinations are given only in childhood, and the immunity acquired as a result of vaccination lasts for life. However, this is not quite true. Protection against some diseases really lasts for life, but some infectious diseases can be contracted even in adulthood, even after being vaccinated in childhood, if post-vaccination immunity is not maintained. Moreover, adults endure much harder, and complications occur more often.

During the medical examination, doctors usually remind adults of the need for revaccination, but not everyone attaches due importance to this and vaccinates. In this article, we will talk about why vaccination is necessary in adulthood.

diphtheria and tetanus

If in childhood vaccination was carried out according to the National vaccination calendar, then an adult needs revaccination from and at 26 years old (usually at 16 years old, revaccination is still done at a school or children's clinic), and then every 10 years. A single dose of the vaccine at this interval is sufficient to maintain the body's defense against these diseases. For adults, a vaccine containing a mixture of purified tetanus and diphtheria toxoids is usually used, so one visit to the vaccination room is enough to get the vaccine.

If vaccination was not carried out in childhood, then 3 vaccinations must be made to form immune protection: the first two doses of the vaccine are administered at an interval of one month, the third one year later, after the last one. Then revaccination is also carried out once every 10 years.

There is a decree of the government of the Russian Federation requiring mandatory revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus for people at risk in connection with their professional activities:

• employees of agriculture, sanitary and epidemiological services, construction organizations whose activities are related to the excavation and movement of soil, logging, deratization and pest control measures;
• employees of organizations involved in the procurement, storage and processing of livestock and agricultural products, care and maintenance of livestock farms, especially slaughter;
• workers servicing sewer facilities, networks and equipment;
• employees of medical institutions, laboratories;
• employees of educational institutions.

Measles, rubella, mumps

Vaccination against these three dangerous diseases is also included in the national vaccination schedule. Vaccination begins in childhood (1 year, 6 years, 16-17 years), but revaccination is required to maintain the body's defense against infections. The vaccination should be repeated at the age of 22-29 (depending on the timing of the last revaccination), and then every 10 years.

Adults who have not had these infections in childhood or have not been previously vaccinated receive two doses of the vaccine with an interval of 1 month between injections to form immunity, then revaccination is also carried out once every 10 years.

In the medical literature, one can find evidence that immunity after vaccination against and epidemic persists for 20-30 years. Therefore, there is no need to administer a three-component vaccine every 10 years, but you can only be vaccinated against, post-vaccination protection against which exists only 10 years. However, this is a moot point. 10 years after vaccination, protection against measles and mumps may also be weakened, so it is recommended to use a vaccine containing all three attenuated viruses for revaccination. In this case, if immunity from measles and mumps is still preserved, the viruses introduced with the vaccine will be destroyed.

Chickenpox (chickenpox)

Tick-borne encephalitis

Vaccination is recommended for people living in areas endemic for tick-borne encephalitis. It should be noted that the vaccine only protects against tick-borne encephalitis, and not against all. You can be vaccinated throughout the year, but vaccination should still be planned in such a way that at least two weeks have passed since the last vaccination before a possible meeting with a tick (it is better to start in early spring in March-April).

The vaccination scheme involves the introduction of three doses of the vaccine: the first two doses are administered at intervals of one month, the third dose must be administered a year later, after the second to develop full-fledged immunity lasting about 3 years. Revaccination is performed every 3 years with a single injection of the vaccine, however, people working in the field and forestry, especially in endemic areas, are recommended to be vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis annually.

Childhood vaccinations ... How much controversy they cause among parents! How many fears about how the baby will tolerate vaccination!

At what age, and what vaccinations the child needs, the table of children's vaccinations will help to understand.

Is vaccination voluntary?

To vaccinate a child or not to vaccinate is the business of every parent. There is no administrative or criminal liability for refusing to vaccinate.

Rumors

Why do parents refuse vaccinations? Often, because of the fear of how vaccination will affect the health of the baby. After all, vaccination is nothing more than the introduction into the body of a healthy person of weakened or dead infectious agents, from which the vaccine is intended. Sometimes the vaccine consists of artificially synthesized proteins that are completely identical to the proteins of the live pathogen. From this arose the view of vaccination as the injection of "poison". There are also rumors spreading panic among parents that children die or become disabled from vaccinations.

Reality

In reality, the vaccine is designed to induce immunity to viruses and diseases: the vaccine enters the body, and the immune system begins to produce antibodies. And when a person encounters a real virus in life, the disease does not occur at all or proceeds in a very mild form. Naturally, after vaccination, the child may have a temperature or be lethargic: when the immune system adapts, everything will return to normal.

In favor of vaccinations is the fact that in countries with a good level of medicine, where vaccination is massive, outbreaks of epidemics that claimed thousands of lives a hundred years ago are no longer there! Suffice it to recall how much of the population was exterminated by smallpox, but since 1982, vaccination against it in our country has ended, since the disease has been completely defeated.

The benefits and harms of vaccinations must be adequately assessed by parents before signing consent or waiver.

What vaccinations are available?

Vaccination is planned and according to epidemic indications. Scheduled vaccinations are mandatory vaccinations prescribed in the vaccination calendar. There are single vaccinations, and there are those that are carried out at intervals, multiple.

Revaccination is the introduction of a vaccine to maintain immunity from a disease.

According to epidemic indications, mass vaccination is carried out independently for both children (some of them from a certain age) and adults if an epidemic outbreak is observed in the region, for example, influenza, tick-borne encephalitis, anthrax, Q fever, plague, etc.

Mandatory vaccinations by age

In Russia, vaccinations are given to the population in accordance with the vaccination calendar. This is a document that is approved by the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation and determines the timing and types of vaccinations.

Routine vaccinations are free. What vaccinations by months / years are given to children?

in the maternity hospital

Each mother in the first hours after childbirth signs a consent or refusal to vaccinate a newborn against hepatitis B.

Why is hepatitis B dangerous? It causes disturbances in the liver, which can lead to cirrhosis or cancer. The virus is transmitted through the blood and other fluids of the human body. You should not refuse vaccination if the mother is a carrier of the virus. Vaccination is done according to the scheme: 0-1-6 months, or 0-3-6 months. Children at risk according to the scheme 0:1:2:12 months.

Children's vaccinations from birth include vaccination against tuberculosis, it is done for 3-7 days. Everyone knows how dangerous tuberculosis is and how many lives it has claimed. Vaccination against tuberculosis is done according to the scheme: 0 months. - 7 years - 14 years (according to indications).

In the first year of life

For the first 12 months, the baby is vaccinated more than 10 times. Some vaccines are combined, and several vaccinations are given with one injection, such as DPT - against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough. Some vaccinations are given on the same day, such as DPT and polio.

At 3 and 4.5 months, children receive the DTP vaccine and against polio. What do these vaccines protect against?

Tetanus It is caused by bacteria that thrive in the intestines of humans and animals and may be present in faeces. Therefore, you can become infected through soil contaminated with them. Tetanus is transmitted through damaged body tissues and even through the umbilical cord, which has been cut with a non-sterile scalpel. Tetanus affects the human nervous system and can lead to death.

Diphtheria manifests itself as an inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and can cause respiratory arrest.

Whooping cough manifests itself in the strongest attacks of coughing, and also causes severe consequences such as pneumonia, bronchitis, pleurisy. Coughing with whooping cough can cause bleeding in the brain.

Polio- a disease of the nervous system, can cause paralysis, affect muscles, paralyze the diaphragm, which is dangerous by stopping breathing. Vaccination against this disease causes a lot of controversy. It is believed that unvaccinated children very rarely get polio, and the vaccine administered can cause a mild and moderate form of this disease.

Mumps- a disease known as mumps. When it occurs, the defeat of the glands (salivary, pancreas, seminal). In a complicated course, the disease can turn into meningitis, encephalitis; deafness, infertility (more often male) may develop.

Measles, a disease that occupies a leading position in mortality, poses a danger to the baby already in the prenatal period, if an unvaccinated mother falls ill. Pneumonia, otitis media, deafness, blindness, mental retardation - such complications are brought by measles to sick children.

Rubella in young children it is relatively easy, but complications in the form of encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) are known. An unvaccinated woman who becomes ill with rubella during pregnancy may lose her baby altogether, or give birth to a child with CNS disorders, heart disease, blindness or deafness.

Since 2014, the vaccination schedule in Russia has been replenished with vaccination against pneumococcus (an infection that causes meningitis, pneumonia, otitis media, etc.). In addition, children at risk for hemophilia (blood incoagulability) are vaccinated against this disease according to the scheme for 3-4.5-6 months.

Vaccinations after a year

In the second year of life, visits to the vaccination room will become less frequent. So, at the age of one and a half, the child is expected to receive DTP revaccination and the first revaccination against polio, and at 20 months. - repeated revaccination against poliomyelitis.

If you doubt the quality of the vaccine offered by the clinic, purchase the vaccine yourself at the pharmacy! As a rule, both the conditions of transportation and the method of storage are strictly observed there. Ask for a “snowball” (package with cooling material) for the vaccine in order to bring the vaccine without violating the temperature regime. You cannot be denied access to your treatment room to receive your vaccine.

Child goes to kindergarten

In a kindergarten, as a rule, they require a certificate of vaccination. They demand exclusively from everyone to prove that you have decided to refuse all vaccinations and this does not contradict the laws, sometimes it becomes difficult. However, children who have not received vaccinations have the right to attend all educational institutions!

Special vaccinations for kindergarten are not given, but if they are checked and a lack of them is found, the child can be vaccinated unscheduled. At the age of 6, a planned revaccination against rubella, measles and mumps is suitable.

You can optionally vaccinate your child against rotavirus and chickenpox. The rotavirus vaccine is free in some areas. She will save the baby from the "disease of dirty hands", which preschoolers often suffer from. The chickenpox vaccine costs from 1,500 rubles, but it will protect the baby from chickenpox, which still kills one person for every million cases!

You need to be prepared for the fact that every year the child will be tested for the Mantoux reaction - this is the best way to detect tuberculosis in time.

Vaccinations for schoolchildren

At the age of 7 years, the child is given a revaccination against tuberculosis, and a 3rd revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria.

14-year-olds are given a second revaccination against tuberculosis (BCG) and a third one against tetanus, poliomyelitis and diphtheria.

Sometimes a human papillomavirus vaccine may be recommended. Be careful! Although it is claimed that the vaccine will protect girls from uterine cancer, research on the vaccine is not completed. There is an opinion (not supported by science) that vaccination leads to infertility.

Related video: Children's vaccinations Pros and cons

Table of calendar vaccinations for children

epidemic indications

If an unfavorable epidemic situation (virus outbreak) is detected or upon contact with an infection carrier (for example, when bitten by a dog), vaccination is done according to epidemic indications.

Influenza vaccination should be carried out in advance, in the summer-autumn period. When a flu outbreak has already begun, the injection will not save you from infection.

Outside Russia

If you are going on vacation to another country, you need to be prepared that the child will have to be vaccinated. Many countries have specific vaccination requirements for those entering and leaving. So, what vaccinations do you need when traveling to other countries?

When traveling to Africa and South America, it is recommended to get vaccinated against yellow fever. Yellow fever is transmitted by mosquito bites, with mortality occurring in more than half of cases. It is also worth getting vaccinated against typhoid and hepatitis A.

Travelers to Asian countries need to take care of vaccination against Japanese encephalitis, which is caused by a mosquito bite. When the disease occurs, brain damage occurs.

You can enter many European countries only with confirmation of vaccination against cholera, plague and rabies. Why are these diseases dangerous? Cholera manifests itself as diarrhea, dehydration, wrinkled skin and loss of its elasticity, blue lips and ears. Left untreated, cholera is fatal in most cases. People with plague (most often from rodent bites or contact with a sick person) without treatment taken at the earliest stage of the disease die within 48 hours (depending on the type of disease).

Contraindications to vaccination

If the child had an allergic reaction to a previous vaccination, vaccination of this type is excluded. Children with immunodeficiency are completely exempted from vaccinations with live vaccines.

Medical withdrawal (shift according to the schedule) from vaccinations is given to children:

• during the period of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections;
• premature;
• after surgery or blood transfusion;
• if you feel unwell (fever, diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy).

Before vaccination, the pediatrician should examine the child, ideally - take tests. But besides the mother, no one can accurately assess the well-being of the baby, so do not hesitate to refuse a scheduled vaccination if you notice that something is wrong with the child.

BCG vaccination, in accordance with the current regulations of the Ministry of Health, is carried out all newborns without exception, almost immediately after birth ( 3-7 days of life).

What is the purpose of vaccination when a second vaccination is given? Are there any contraindications for it and can parents, at their discretion, refuse to be vaccinated with BCG?

BCG and BCG-M vaccination, general information

In the Russian Federation, the problem of tuberculosis is particularly acute. Statistically, for every 100 thousand man accounted for 20 patients with open tuberculosis. And about half of them are children. Vaccination against tuberculosis is just aimed at creating immunity against this disease. It is worth considering that it is not a guarantee of absolute protection, but it significantly reduces the likelihood of infection through direct contact with a sick person.

What is a vaccination BCG? These are weakened Mycobacterium tuberculosis, grown in unfavorable conditions for themselves (due to this, they have low resistance to immunity). BCG is a transliteration of the Latin BCG. The abbreviation stands for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin - the same type of mycobacterium introduced.

Interesting. BCG-M- This is a variation of the vaccine that is used to vaccinate premature babies. Its only difference is a lower concentration of live mycobacteria. It is conditionally considered that its effectiveness is lower, but clinical trials have not been able to establish this fact.

Get vaccinated in the left shoulder; if this is not possible - in the thigh. Vaccination intradermal. The penetration of derivative components of mycobacteria under the skin or into the muscle can provoke an abscess or soft tissue necrosis.

After the introduction of the vaccine, a slight inflammation appears at the injection site, and later - a crust, a slight swelling, which can break through with the release of pus.

All this - normal reaction for vaccination, but peeling off the crust, squeezing out pus or treating the wound by any means is strictly contraindicated. Doctors must notify parents about this. Complete wound healing takes 2-3 months, in its place there may be a slight inconspicuous scar.

First BCG vaccination, vaccination schedule

There is a specific BCG vaccination schedule in the country. The vaccination calendar on the territory of the Russian Federation was approved by the Ministry of Health in 2001 by decree No. 229. According to him, you can find out how many times BCG is vaccinated and when:

• first time- for 3-7 days of a newborn's life in the maternity hospital;
• second time(revaccination) - at 7 years;
• third time(revaccination) - at the age of 14.

Parents have the legal right to refuse vaccination, taking full responsibility for the health of the child. But, as practice has shown, such cases often end in failure.

First vaccination BCG is mandatory. Revaccination at the age of 7 and 14, it is performed selectively, with a negative Mantoux test (and with the consent of the parents). If for some reason the child was not vaccinated in the maternity hospital (for example, there were contraindications), it is performed later, but already with a preliminary Mantoux test. It is also worth considering that at the moment revaccination is mandatory only in those regions where there are 40 or more TB patients per 100,000 people.

Why vaccination run according to the calendar? It was compiled by a commission of health professionals who concluded that it was children who fell into the main risk group. After birth and when school age is reached, the risk of infection is highest. These steps are taken into account in the vaccination schedule.

However, it is not known how long the body's resistance to tuberculosis bacteria persists. A series of clinical studies conducted show a huge scatter in data in terms of the effectiveness of BCG vaccination. That is why in many European countries vaccination is carried out only once in a lifetime, and revaccination is prescribed only for employees of polyclinics.

Photo 1. The injection site turned red on the left arm of the child, this is the first BCG vaccination in his life.

If the child's first vaccination did later, in the future it is recommended to consult with an immunologist to draw up an individual plan for subsequent vaccination. It is not so important at what age the first vaccination and revaccination was made, the main thing is observe periodicity between them at 7 years old.

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Contraindications for vaccination

Contraindications for BCG vaccination are:

• prematurity baby (weight up to 2.5 kilogram);
• acute immunodeficiency;
• infectious diseases in the active stage;
• neuralgic diseases;
• the presence of skin infections, malignant neoplasms;
• detection of HIV infection in the mother (with a high degree of probability, the immunodeficiency virus will also be detected in the child).

Revaccination may be refused if the child's first vaccination was accompanied by serious complications and side effects.

IMPORTANT! After BCG vaccination, carry out additional vaccination on the same day Absolutely forbidden. This also applies to conditionally "harmless" vaccinations such as hepatitis B (it should be done on the first day of a child's life).

After eliminating the factor that prevented the BCG, the child is subsequently vaccinated BCG-M.

Who controls the vaccination calendar?

Supply control, quality and distribution of BCG vaccines in the Russian Federation are carried out by Rospotrebnadzor and the Ministry of Health. For scheduling timely vaccinations the head physician answers children's clinic and head maternity hospital. The decision to vaccinate, as well as the appointment of a date for visiting the manipulation room, is made by pediatrician or paramedic(in villages and some urban-type settlements) upon agreement with the child's parents.

Adults get vaccinated up to 30 years old age in cases where it was not possible to establish the fact of immunoprophylaxis or the vaccination was simply not given. In this case, the patient must independently apply to the hospital at the place of registration with the appropriate application. Pre necessarily a Mantoux test is done.

IMPORTANT! Doctors do not have the competence to oblige to be vaccinated with BCG without parental consent ( under 18). Every citizen has the full right to refuse all spectrums of immunoprophylaxis, but it is necessary to take into account all possible consequences.

Useful video

Vaccination schedule. How many times BCG and other vaccinations are given.

Where to get a scheduled vaccination?

Scheduled BCG vaccination can be done free of charge at the clinic at the place of registration. The first vaccination is carried out in the hospital. Subsequent - in the first-aid post or at school. If for some reason the child has not been vaccinated, it is carried out later on an individual basis (in agreement with the pediatrician). Vaccination is free, it is paid entirely from the state budget (according to the Decree of the Ministry of Health of 2001).

Photo 2. If it is impossible to make an injection in the pen, BCG vaccination is carried out in the thigh.

Allowed to be vaccinated in private clinics with the appropriate permission. However, the quality of the vaccine there is in no way different from that used in public clinics. If the vaccination was done in such an institution, the parents receive an appropriate extract. It will need to be given to the district pediatrician or to the hospital registry at the place of registration.

average cost vaccinations in private clinics - 400 rubles, but a pediatrician's consultation is paid additionally (about 2000 rubles). It will help to make sure that the child is absolutely healthy at the time of vaccination and has no contraindications.

So, BCG vaccination- one of the most effective, but not 100% way to protect yourself from infection with tuberculosis. They do it at birth, again - at 7 and 14 years old

In each country, at the state level, a calendar is set according to which children are vaccinated. Let's look at the vaccination calendar in Russia, especially since it has changed a little since 2014.

Calculate the vaccination calendar

Contraindications

Before learning about the timing of vaccination, parents need to familiarize themselves with the factors that are the reasons for not vaccinating a baby at all or for some period.

• An obstacle to the introduction of any vaccine is an adverse reaction to the introduction of this drug in the past (there was a strong adverse reaction or complications appeared).
• Also, no vaccines can be administered with immunodeficiencies, malignant tumors and a decrease in the function of the immune system under the influence of drugs.
• A contraindication for the introduction of BCG is the low birth weight of the child (less than 2 kg).
• DTP vaccination is not given for progressive diseases of the nervous system and the presence of a convulsive syndrome in the past.
• Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines should not be given if you are allergic to aminoglycosides.
• If a child is allergic to egg white, he should not be given drugs against rubella, measles, influenza, mumps.
• You cannot vaccinate against hepatitis B if you are allergic to baker's yeast.

Table

Additionally, children are vaccinated against rubella at the age of 13 and measles at the age of 15-17, if the children have not been previously vaccinated against these infections, have not been ill with them, or have received only the first vaccination.

Types of vaccination

The vaccine can be administered to a child in the following ways:

1. Intramuscularly. This is one of the most common methods, providing a fairly rapid resorption of the drug. Immunity after such an injection is formed quickly, and the risk of allergies is less, because the muscles are well supplied with blood and removed from the skin. For children under two years of age, intramuscular vaccination is carried out in the thigh. The injection is carried out in the anterolateral region, directing the needle perpendicular to the skin. For babies older than two years, the vaccine is injected into the deltoid muscle. Introduction into the gluteal muscle is not practiced due to the small length of the needle (the injection is obtained subcutaneously).
2. Subcutaneously. In this way, a large number of drugs are administered, for example, the vaccine against rubella, mumps and measles. Its differences are a more accurate dosage than with the oral and intradermal method, as well as a lower rate of absorption and the formation of immunity, which is valuable in the presence of problems with blood clotting. At the same time, rabies and hepatitis B vaccines cannot be injected under the skin. Injection sites for subcutaneous vaccination are the area of ​​the shoulder, the front of the thigh, or the area under the shoulder blade.
3. Intradermal. An example of the use of this method of vaccination is the introduction of BCG. For injection, a syringe is used, which has a thin needle. The injection is performed in the shoulder area. At the same time, for the prevention of complications, it is important not to inject the drug under the skin.
4. Through the mouth. This method of administering the drug is also called oral. An example of vaccination by this method is polio vaccination in the form of an oral preparation. The technique is very simple - the right amount of the drug is dripped into the child's mouth.
5. Into the nose. Vaccines presented in the form of an aqueous solution, cream or ointment (for example, against rubella or influenza) are administered by this method. The disadvantage of the method is the complexity of the dosage, since part of the drug enters the gastrointestinal tract.

Revaccination

Revaccination is called manipulation, ensuring the maintenance of immunity to diseases for which the child was previously vaccinated. The baby is once again injected with the drug so that the repeated production of antibodies increases protection against a specific disease.

Depending on the vaccination, revaccinations can be carried out 1-7 times, and sometimes they are not carried out. For example, revaccinations against hepatitis B are not performed, and against tuberculosis are carried out only with negative Mantoux results. Against diseases such as rubella, whooping cough, mumps, pneumococcal infection and measles, revaccination is carried out only 1 time, but maintaining immunity against tetanus and diphtheria requires regular revaccination until the end of life.

Vaccination calendar by age

Up to 1 year

The very first vaccine that a newborn baby encounters while still in the hospital is the hepatitis B vaccine. It is performed on the first day of the postpartum period. From the third to the seventh day of life, the baby is given BCG. The injection is performed in the maternity hospital intradermally into the baby's shoulder. Hepatitis B vaccination is repeated every month.

A three-month-old baby expects several vaccines at once. At this age, they are vaccinated against polio, pneumococcal infection, whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria. If the infant is at risk, he also receives the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine. The same list of vaccinations is typical for the age of 4.5 and 6 months, except for the pneumococcal vaccine, which is vaccinated only twice (at 3 months and at 4.5 months). In addition, at the age of 6 months, the third time is vaccinated against hepatitis B.

Up to 3 years

A one-year-old baby is sent for vaccination against mumps, rubella, and measles. The vaccine that protects against these infections is complex, so there will be only one injection. Also, at the age of 1 year, children who are at risk for this disease are vaccinated against hepatitis B.

At 15 months, the child is waiting for revaccination against pneumococcal infection. At 1.5 years old, revaccination against tetanus, poliomyelitis, diphtheria and whooping cough begins. Another revaccination against polio is given at the age of twenty months.

Up to 7 years

At the age of 6, the child is waiting for revaccination against mumps, measles and rubella. A seven-year-old child is again vaccinated with BCG, if there is an indication for this. Also at this age, the child receives the ADS vaccine, which supports his immunity against tetanus and diphtheria.

Up to 14 years old

At the age of 13, children are vaccinated selectively - if the child has not been vaccinated before or there is no information about previous vaccinations. Girls are additionally given the rubella vaccine.

Under 18

At the age of 14, it is time for another revaccination against infectious diseases such as tetanus, polio, tuberculosis and diphtheria. Also at this time, you can be vaccinated against measles and hepatitis B, if you have not previously been vaccinated against these viral infections.

Preparation for vaccination

Before vaccinating a child, you need to determine the state of his health. This will help the examination of specialists (often you need to show the baby to a neurologist or an allergist), as well as urine and blood tests. Before vaccination, it is important not to change the baby's diet and not to include new products in it.

Parents are also advised to purchase antipyretic drugs in advance, since many children have a temperature reaction to vaccination. If there is a risk of an allergic reaction, give the child an antihistamine a few days before the vaccination and a few days after the injection. When vaccinating children under one year old, it is worth taking a clean diaper with you, as well as a toy.

Vaccination is actively promoted and recommended by WHO and doctors, but parental consent is also required for vaccination. There have always been parents who refused to administer vaccines to their children for certain reasons. Frequent refusal has led to an increase in the incidence of infections such as whooping cough and diphtheria. In addition, due to the refusal of vaccinations, there is a high risk of outbreaks of polio and other dangerous infections. Of course, vaccinations cannot be attributed to completely safe procedures, but the safety of vaccination is much higher than the disease that the vaccine prevents.

Parents are advised not to interrupt the vaccination schedule. This is especially important for vaccination against diphtheria. You can refuse or skip only revaccination. If you are in doubt about whether vaccinations will harm your child, contact an immunologist who, in the event of temporary contraindications (for example, diathesis), will develop an individual plan for receiving vaccinations for the baby.

Before vaccination, it is important to make sure not only that the child is healthy, but also that the contraindications have expired. If the baby had an acute infection, the vaccine can be given only at least 2 weeks after recovery.

The immune system of a newborn is not always able to independently resist the surrounding viruses and infections. To protect the baby - it is necessary to vaccinate. The vaccination calendar for children under 1 year of age is a document approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation that regulates the terms and types of free vaccination under the compulsory medical insurance program.

Vaccination is carried out by introducing antigenic material into the body, which stimulates the production of antibodies to specific viral, infectious pathogens.

Vaccination is a preventive measure that protects against certain diseases. In case of infection, it relieves painful symptoms, prevents the development of complications.

Antigenic material is a weakened version of a virus or bacterial infection that stimulates the body's innate immune system. There is a production of antibodies to the introduced stimulus. When re-infected, antibodies immediately begin to fight a specific disease.

Vaccination according to epidemic indications

Preventive measures for epidemic indicators are carried out for the population that lives in areas with a characteristic spread of certain infections.

There is a list of epidemic zones approved by the Ministry of Health. Depending on the epidemiological situation, routine vaccination against:

• anthrax;
• Q fever;
• brucellosis;
• plague;
• tularemia;
• tick-borne spring-summer encephalitis;
• leptospirosis.

Timely prevention protects a person from harmful, dangerous infectious diseases.

What laws govern the voluntary nature of vaccinations?

According to paragraph 4 of the law "On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases" vaccination is not mandatory.

Parents have the right to refuse vaccination, confirming this in writing. You can refuse preventive measures in whole or in part - at the request of the parents.

At any time, vaccination can be resumed by contacting the clinic at the place of residence (written confirmation of consent).

What are the risks of not vaccinating?

Vaccination is considered an effective preventive measure to prevent infectious diseases. Unvaccinated children may be more difficult to tolerate infection, more susceptible to complications.

In addition, there are some administrative restrictions:

• a ban on travel to countries where stay requires certain preventive vaccinations due to the epidemiological situation;
• temporary denial of admission to educational institutions in case of the threat of an epidemic or mass infections (in the absence of vaccinations against the disease that provokes the epidemic).

According to statistics, the low level of vaccination, the lack of developed immunity from terrible diseases, diphtheria, measles, etc. is a nationwide problem, says Evgeny Olegovich Komarovsky, candidate of medical sciences, pediatrician with 30 years of experience. We act, as the old proverb says, “until the thunder breaks out, the peasant crosses himself”: people begin to think and change when they see real human deaths.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations in Russia for children under 1 year old

Some vaccinations the baby receives already in the hospital. Subsequent vaccination is carried out in the children's clinic. Immunoprophylaxis in the Russian Federation according to the 2020 vaccination calendar for children under 1 year of age is carried out in accordance with the Federal Laws:

• "On the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases" dated September 17, 1998 N 157-FZ;
• "Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens" dated 22.07.1993 N 5487-1;
• "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" dated March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ.

Scheduled vaccinations are carried out in all regions, regardless of the population. Immunoprophylaxis is aimed at combating 11 infectious diseases.

Approved vaccination calendar for children under one year old:

The schedule of preventive vaccinations for children under 14 years of age can be found.

5 rules for preparing for vaccination

For the procedure to be successful, parents must know a few rules for preparing children for vaccination.

1. It is necessary to pay attention to the quality of the vaccine, and the number of complicated reactions in babies who have taken the drug before. The vaccine must be certified, comply with regulatory requirements. Parents can freely obtain such information at the polyclinic.
2. An important role for a safe vaccination procedure is played by the venue. The vaccination room should be equipped with anti-shock therapy. Vaccination is carried out with disposable sterile materials (syringes, gloves) in compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards.
3. Before the procedure, the pediatrician examines the child. The doctor identifies or excludes contraindications to the procedure. If necessary, he directs a small patient for tests to clarify the diagnosis. If during the inspection of violations, pathologies are not revealed, the doctor allows vaccination.
4. If the child is prone to allergies, then 2 weeks before vaccination, it is necessary to exclude contact with a likely irritant. Avoid overheating and hypothermia. It is recommended to often be in the fresh air (about the features of the organization), regularly carry out hygiene procedures.
5. It is strictly forbidden to introduce new foods into complementary foods before vaccination, start hardening. It is necessary to observe the established sleep and nutrition regimen. If the baby is breastfed, then the mother must follow a diet, you can not consume prohibited foods.

When, for what reasons it is impossible to carry out

It is forbidden to vaccinate a sick child. Even minor symptoms of various ailments are the reason for the postponement.

Is it possible to postpone vaccination dates: consequences

If there are contraindications, you should not strive to carry out the procedure exactly on time given in the 2020 vaccination calendar.

Vaccinations can be rescheduled. The attending physician determines when the child needs to be vaccinated for the procedure to be effective. There are no negative consequences from non-compliance with the schedule, the main thing is to resume vaccination after the doctor removes the restrictions.

Side effects after the vaccine

Depending on the individual sensitivity of the body, other accompanying factors, some children tolerate vaccination very hard.

The reaction is divided into two groups - natural and undesirable..

The natural ones include: swelling, itching, local redness of the skin at the injection site, sometimes the child feels a general malaise, the symptoms disappear within 1-2 days after the procedure.

Undesirable consequences:

• an increase in body temperature to 39 degrees and above (they will come to the rescue);
• anaphylaxis (difficulty breathing). Especially you need to be careful with children who are diagnosed;
• afebrile convulsions at normal body temperature;
• neurological disorders.

conclusions

Health must be maintained from birth, vaccination is a preventive measure to prevent certain diseases. No one is responsible for the health and well-being of babies except their parents, so the issue of vaccination should be approached with a cold mind.

Before carrying out the procedures - familiarize yourself with all aspects, weigh the pros and cons, take responsibility for possible further consequences.