Who was the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee

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L. I. Brezhnev was elected to this position. At the XXIII Congress of the CPSU, held in 1966, changes were adopted to the CPSU Charter, and the post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was abolished. The former title of the position of the first person in the Party Central Committee, General Secretary, which was abolished in 1934, was also returned.

Chronological list of actual leaders of the CPSU

Supervisor	With	By	Job title
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich	October 1917	1922	Informal leader
Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich	April 1922	1934	General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks
Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich	1934	March 1953	Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich	March 1953	September 1953
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich	September 1953	October 1964	First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich	October 1964	1966	First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich	1966	November 1982	General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich	November 1982	February 1984
Chernenko, Konstantin Ustinovich	February 1984	March 1985
Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich	March 1985	August 1991

Not limitless rulers

In 1964, the opposition within the Politburo and the Central Committee removed Nikita Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary, electing Leonid Brezhnev in his place. Since 1966, the position of the party leader was again called the General Secretary. In Brezhnev's times, the power of the General Secretary was not unlimited, since members of the Politburo could limit his powers. The leadership of the country was carried out collectively.

Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko ruled the country according to the same principle as the late Brezhnev. Both were elected to the party's top post while their health was failing and served only a short time as secretary general. Until 1990, when the Communist Party's monopoly on power was eliminated, Mikhail Gorbachev led the state as General Secretary of the CPSU. Especially for him, in order to maintain leadership in the country, the post of President of the Soviet Union was established in the same year.

After the August 1991 putsch, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary. He was replaced by his deputy, Vladimir Ivashko, who worked as acting General Secretary for only five calendar days, until that moment Russian President Boris Yeltsin suspended the activities of the CPSU.

Plan
Introduction
1 Joseph Stalin (April 1922 - March 1953)
1.1 The post of General Secretary and Stalin’s victory in the struggle for power (1922-1934)
1.2 Stalin - sovereign ruler of the USSR (1934-1951)
1.3 The last years of Stalin's reign (1951-1953)
1.4 Death of Stalin (5 March 1953)
1.5 March 5, 1953 - Stalin's associates dismiss the leader an hour before his death

2 The struggle for power after the death of Stalin (March 1953 - September 1953)
3 Nikita Khrushchev (September 1953 - October 1964)
3.1 Post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
3.2 First attempt to remove Khrushchev from power (June 1957)
3.3 Khrushev's removal from power (October 1964)

4 Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982)
5 Yuri Andropov (1982-1984)
6 Konstantin Chernenko (1984-1985)
7 Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991)
7.1 Gorbachev - General Secretary
7.2 Election of Gorbachev as Chairman of the USSR Supreme Council
7.3 Position of Deputy Secretary General
7.4 Ban of the CPSU and abolition of the post of Secretary General

8 List of General (First) Secretaries of the Party Central Committee - those who officially held such a position
Bibliography

Introduction

Party history
October Revolution
War communism
New Economic Policy
Stalinism
Khrushchev's thaw
The era of stagnation
Perestroika

The General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (in informal use and everyday speech is often shortened to General Secretary) is the most significant and only non-collegial position in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The position was introduced as part of the Secretariat on April 3, 1922 at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), elected by the XI Congress of the RCP (b), when I. V. Stalin was approved in this capacity.

From 1934 to 1953, this position was not mentioned at the plenums of the Central Committee during the elections of the Secretariat of the Central Committee. From 1953 to 1966, the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was elected, and in 1966 the position of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was again established.

The post of General Secretary and Stalin's victory in the struggle for power (1922-1934)

The proposal to establish this post and appoint Stalin to it was made according to Zinoviev’s idea by member of the Politburo of the Central Committee Lev Kamenev, in agreement with Lenin. Lenin was not afraid of any competition from the uncultured and politically small Stalin. But for the same reason, Zinoviev and Kamenev made him secretary general: they considered Stalin a politically insignificant person, saw in him a convenient assistant, but not a rival.

Initially, this position meant only the leadership of the party apparatus, while the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Lenin, formally remained the leader of the party and government. In addition, leadership in the party was considered inextricably linked to the merits of the theorist; therefore, following Lenin, Trotsky, Kamenev, Zinoviev and Bukharin were considered the most prominent “leaders”, while Stalin was seen to have neither theoretical merits nor special merits in the revolution.

Lenin highly valued Stalin's organizational skills, but Stalin's despotic behavior and his rudeness towards N. Krupskaya made Lenin repent of his appointment, and in his “Letter to the Congress” Lenin stated that Stalin was too rude and should be removed from the post of General Secretary. But due to illness, Lenin withdrew from political activity.

Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev organized a triumvirate based on opposition to Trotsky.

Before the start of the XIII Congress (held in May 1924), Lenin's widow Nadezhda Krupskaya handed over a “Letter to the Congress”. It was announced at a meeting of the Council of Elders. Stalin announced his resignation for the first time at this meeting. Kamenev proposed to resolve the issue by voting. The majority was in favor of leaving Stalin as General Secretary; only Trotsky's supporters voted against.

After Lenin's death, Leon Trotsky claimed the role of the first person in the party and state. But he lost to Stalin, who masterfully played the combination, winning over Kamenev and Zinoviev to his side. And Stalin’s real career begins only from the moment when Zinoviev and Kamenev, wanting to seize Lenin’s inheritance and organizing the struggle against Trotsky, chose Stalin as an ally who must be had in the party apparatus.

On December 27, 1926, Stalin submitted his resignation from the post of General Secretary: “I ask you to relieve me from the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee. I declare that I can no longer work in this position, I am unable to work in this position any longer.” The resignation was not accepted.

It is interesting that Stalin never signed the full name of his position in official documents. He signed himself as "Secretary of the Central Committee" and was addressed as Secretary of the Central Committee. When the Encyclopedic reference book “Figures of the USSR and Revolutionary Movements of Russia” (prepared in 1925-1926) was published, in the article “Stalin”, Stalin was introduced as follows: “since 1922, Stalin has been one of the secretaries of the Central Committee of the party, in which position he remains now.” That is, not a word about the post of Secretary General. Since the author of the article was Stalin’s personal secretary Ivan Tovstukha, it means that this was Stalin’s desire.

By the end of the 1920s, Stalin had concentrated so much personal power in his hands that the position became associated with the highest position in the party leadership, although the Charter of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks did not provide for its existence.

When Molotov was appointed Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in 1930, he asked to be relieved of his duties as Secretary of the Central Committee. Stalin agreed. And Lazar Kaganovich began to perform the duties of the second secretary of the Central Committee. He replaced Stalin in the Central Committee..

Stalin - sovereign ruler of the USSR (1934-1951)

According to R. Medvedev, in January 1934, at the XVII Congress, an illegal bloc was formed mainly from the secretaries of regional committees and the Central Committee of the National Communist Parties, who, more than anyone else, felt and understood the error of Stalin’s policies. Proposals were put forward to move Stalin to the post of chairman of the Council of People's Commissars or Central Executive Committee, and to elect S.M. to the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee. Kirov. A group of congress delegates talked with Kirov on this subject, but he resolutely refused, and without his consent the whole plan became unrealistic.

· Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich 1977: “ Kirov is a weak organizer. He's a good extra. And we treated him well. Stalin loved him. I say that he was Stalin's favorite. The fact that Khrushchev cast a shadow on Stalin, as if he killed Kirov, is vile ».

Despite all the importance of Leningrad and the Leningrad region, their leader Kirov was never the second person in the USSR. The position of the second most important person in the country was occupied by the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Molotov. At the plenum after the congress, Kirov, like Stalin, was elected secretary of the Central Committee. 10 months later, Kirov died in the Smolny building from a shot by a former party worker. An attempt by opponents of the Stalinist regime to unite around Kirov during the 17th Party Congress led to the beginning of mass terror, which reached its climax in 1937-1938.

Since 1934, mention of the position of General Secretary has completely disappeared from documents. At the Plenums of the Central Committee, held after the XVII, XVIII and XIX Party Congresses, Stalin was elected Secretary of the Central Committee, in fact performing the functions of the General Secretary of the Party Central Committee. After the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, held in 1934, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks elected the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, consisting of Zhdanov, Kaganovich, Kirov and Stalin. Stalin, as chairman of the meetings of the Politburo and the Secretariat, retained general leadership, that is, the right to approve one or another agenda and determine the degree of readiness of draft decisions submitted for consideration.

Stalin continued to sign his name in official documents as “Secretary of the Central Committee,” and continued to be addressed as Secretary of the Central Committee.

Subsequent updates to the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1939 and 1946. were also carried out with the election of formally equal secretaries of the Central Committee. The CPSU Charter, adopted at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, did not contain any mention of the existence of the position of “general secretary”.

In May 1941, in connection with the appointment of Stalin as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Politburo adopted a resolution in which Andrei Zhdanov was officially named Stalin's deputy in the party: “In view of the fact that comrade. Stalin, remaining at the insistence of the Politburo of the Central Committee as the first Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, will not be able to devote sufficient time to work on the Secretariat of the Central Committee, appoint Comrade. Zhdanova A.A. Deputy Comrade. Stalin on the Secretariat of the Central Committee."

The official status of deputy leader in the party was not awarded to Vyacheslav Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich, who previously actually performed this role.

The struggle among the country's leaders intensified as Stalin increasingly raised the question that in the event of his death he needed to select successors in the leadership of the party and government. Molotov recalled: “After the war, Stalin was about to retire and at the table said: “Let Vyacheslav work now. He's younger."

For a long time, Molotov was seen as a possible successor to Stalin, but later Stalin, who considered the first post in the USSR to be the head of government, suggested in private conversations that he sees Nikolai Voznesensky as his successor in the state line

Continuing to see Voznesensky as his successor in leadership of the government of the country, Stalin began to look for another candidate for the post of party leader. Mikoyan recalled: “I think it was 1948. Once Stalin pointed to 43-year-old Alexei Kuznetsov and said that future leaders should be young, and in general, such a person could someday become his successor in leadership of the party and the Central Committee.”

By this time, two dynamic rival groups had formed in the country's leadership. Then events took a tragic turn. In August 1948, the leader of the “Leningrad group” A.A. suddenly died. Zhdanov. Almost a year later in 1949, Voznesensky and Kuznetsov became key figures in the Leningrad Affair. They were sentenced to death and executed on October 1, 1950.

The first ruler of the young Country of Soviets, which arose as a result of the October Revolution of 1917, was the head of the RCP (b) - the Bolshevik Party - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin), who led the “revolution of workers and peasants”. All subsequent rulers of the USSR held the post of general secretary of the central committee of this organization, which, starting in 1922, became known as the CPSU - the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Let us note that the ideology of the system ruling the country denied the possibility of holding any national elections or voting. The change of the highest leaders of the state was carried out by the ruling elite itself, either after the death of their predecessor, or as a result of coups, accompanied by serious internal party struggle. The article will list the rulers of the USSR in chronological order and highlight the main stages in the life path of some of the most prominent historical figures.

Ulyanov (Lenin) Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924)

One of the most famous figures in the history of Soviet Russia. Vladimir Ulyanov stood at the origins of its creation, was the organizer and one of the leaders of the event, which gave rise to the world's first communist state. Having led a coup in October 1917 aimed at overthrowing the provisional government, he took the post of chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - the post of leader of a new country formed from the ruins of the Russian Empire.

His merit is considered to be the peace treaty of 1918 with Germany, which marked the end of the NEP - the government's new economic policy, which was supposed to lead the country out of the abyss of widespread poverty and hunger. All the rulers of the USSR considered themselves “faithful Leninists” and in every possible way praised Vladimir Ulyanov as a great statesman.

It should be noted that immediately after the “reconciliation with the Germans,” the Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Lenin, unleashed internal terror against dissent and the legacy of tsarism, which claimed millions of lives. The NEP policy also did not last long and was canceled shortly after his death, which occurred on January 21, 1924.

Dzhugashvili (Stalin) Joseph Vissarionovich (1879-1953)

Joseph Stalin became the first General Secretary in 1922. However, right up to the death of V.I. Lenin, he remained in the secondary leadership role of the state, inferior in popularity to his other comrades, who also aimed to become the rulers of the USSR. Nevertheless, after the death of the leader of the world proletariat, Stalin quickly eliminated his main opponents, accusing them of betraying the ideals of the revolution.

By the early 1930s, he became the sole leader of nations, capable of deciding the fate of millions of citizens with the stroke of a pen. His policy of forced collectivization and dispossession, which replaced the NEP, as well as mass repressions against people dissatisfied with the current government, claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of USSR citizens. However, the period of Stalin's reign is noticeable not only in its bloody trail; it is worth noting the positive aspects of his leadership. In a short time, the Union turned from a country with a third-rate economy into a powerful industrial power that won the battle against fascism.

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, many cities in the western part of the USSR, destroyed almost to the ground, were quickly restored, and their industry became even more efficient. The rulers of the USSR, who held the highest position after Joseph Stalin, denied his leading role in the development of the state and characterized his reign as a period of the cult of the leader’s personality.

Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich (1894-1971)

Coming from a simple peasant family, N.S. Khrushchev took the helm of the party shortly after Stalin’s death, which occurred. During the first years of his reign, he waged a behind-the-scenes struggle with G.M. Malenkov, who held the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers and was the de facto leader of the state.

In 1956, Khrushchev read a report on Stalin’s repressions at the 20th Party Congress, condemning the actions of his predecessor. The reign of Nikita Sergeevich was marked by the development of the space program - the launch of an artificial satellite and the first human flight into space. His new one allowed many citizens of the country to move from cramped communal apartments to more comfortable separate housing. The houses that were built en masse at that time are still popularly called “Khrushchev buildings.”

Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich (1907-1982)

On October 14, 1964, N. S. Khrushchev was removed from his post by a group of members of the Central Committee under the leadership of L. I. Brezhnev. For the first time in the history of the state, the rulers of the USSR were replaced in order not after the death of the leader, but as a result of an internal party conspiracy. The Brezhnev era in Russian history is known as stagnation. The country stopped developing and began to lose to the leading world powers, lagging behind them in all sectors, excluding military-industrial.

Brezhnev made some attempts to improve relations with the United States, which were damaged in 1962, when N.S. Khrushchev ordered the deployment of missiles with nuclear warheads in Cuba. Agreements were signed with the American leadership that limited the arms race. However, all the efforts of L.I. Brezhnev to defuse the situation were canceled out by the introduction of troops into Afghanistan.

Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich (1914-1984)

After Brezhnev's death on November 10, 1982, his place was taken by Yu. Andropov, who had previously headed the KGB - the USSR State Security Committee. He set a course for reforms and transformations in the social and economic spheres. His reign was marked by the initiation of criminal cases exposing corruption in government circles. However, Yuri Vladimirovich did not have time to make any changes in the life of the state, as he had serious health problems and died on February 9, 1984.

Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich (1911-1985)

Since February 13, 1984, he held the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. He continued the policy of his predecessor to expose corruption in the echelons of power. He was very ill and died in 1985, having held the highest government post for just over a year. All past rulers of the USSR, according to the order established in the state, were buried with K.U. Chernenko was the last on this list.

Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich (1931)

M. S. Gorbachev is the most famous Russian politician of the late twentieth century. He won love and popularity in the West, but his rule evokes ambivalent feelings among the citizens of his country. If Europeans and Americans call him a great reformer, many people in Russia consider him the destroyer of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev proclaimed domestic economic and political reforms, carried out under the slogan “Perestroika, Glasnost, Acceleration!”, which led to massive shortages of food and industrial goods, unemployment and a drop in the standard of living of the population.

It would be wrong to assert that the era of M. S. Gorbachev’s rule had only negative consequences for the life of our country. In Russia, the concepts of a multi-party system, freedom of religion and the press appeared. For his foreign policy, Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The rulers of the USSR and Russia, neither before nor after Mikhail Sergeevich, were awarded such an honor.