Latin borrowings in the Russian language Zubenko I.V., Masneva I.E., Skokova N.N. What words in Russian come from Latin words

medical term borrowed from Latin

In Russia, Latin became widespread with the reforms of Peter I. At first, it was used exclusively by scientists, diplomats and lawyers, but gradually Latin was Russified and became understandable to wider layers of society, and many Latin words firmly entered the Russian language and took root: literature, architecture, fashion, notary, lawyer and many other words are no longer perceived as foreign.

In modern society, Latin is extremely necessary not only for doctors, but also for entrepreneurs, lawyers, barristers and representatives of other professions. Persona non grata, status quo, terra incognita - this is just a tiny part of those Latin expressions and catchphrases that we come across almost every day. Moreover, without minimal knowledge of the Latin language, without understanding well-known Latin expressions, proverbs and catchphrases, it is no longer possible to imagine a modern intelligent person.

The original Russian medical vocabulary is rooted in the common Indo-European base language and the common Slavic base language, on the basis of which in the 7th - 8th centuries. the Old Russian language arose. Writing appeared in Rus' in the middle of the 10th century. in the form of Old Church Slavonic (Church Slavonic) language.

It is possible that the original custodians of medical knowledge among the ancient Slavic tribes, like many other peoples, were the magician priests. The common Slavic word Doctor, which has a common root with the words “grumble”, “speak”, originally meant a sorcerer, sorcerer, fortune-teller, soothsayer, who heals with charms, incantations and incantations. From the depths of centuries, words have come down to us, attested in ancient Russian handwritten monuments, belonging to the common Slavic layer: thigh (diminutive “thigh, tibia”; hence “tibia”), thorn, side, eyebrow, hair, vospa (smallpox), head, throat , breast, hernia, lip, tooth, face, forehead, urine, nose, nail, fetus, kidney, cancer, hand, spleen, heart, crown, ear, etc.

We can consider Old Russian words that are common to the Church Slavonic and Old Russian languages, as well as words that belonged to one of them, but were firmly included in the Russian literary language, for example: pregnant, infertility, twins, illness, pain, sick, pus, shin, larynx, thirst, stomach, bile, conception, health, vision, intestines, skin, bone, medicine, medicinal, treatment, treat, brain, callus, muscle, nostril, smell, touch, swelling, poisoning, groin, liver, hymen, shoulder, sole, lower back, navel, erysipelas, mouth, cramp, body, jaw, skull, neck, ulcer, etc. Modern terminology includes such ancient names as nuchal ligament1, duodenum, epigastrium (the Church Slavonic and Old Russian word “neck” referred to neck, and the Church Slavonic words “finger” and “belly” meant “finger” and “stomach” respectively).

Many ancient Russian names of diseases and their symptoms have long gone out of use, and identifying them with modern terms is difficult. Such names include, for example, asthma (asthma), goldenrod (jaundice), kamchyug (arthritis), bloody womb (dysentery), epileptic illness (epilepsy), burning stomach (anthrax), leprosy (leprosy, lupus and some other lesions). skin), itching (scabies), shaking (malaria).

Some of the ancient Russian words used in the modern medical dictionary have changed their meaning. So, for example, the word “callus” in ancient times meant enlarged lymph nodes or an ulcer, the word “joint” meant a part of the body or an organ, as well as a joint in the modern sense, the word “gland” could mean a tumor (“gland merli People"). The Old Russian word “belly” had several meanings: life, property, animal. The word “eye”, which originally meant “ball (shiny)”, was used only in the 16th-17th centuries. acquired modern meaning along with its synonym - the common Slavic word “eye” and finally supplanted the latter only in the 18th century. In the literary monuments of the 16th century. The word “back” first appears as a synonym for the ancient word “ridge” in the monuments of the 17th century. - the word “lungs” instead of the ancient name “ivies”, the word “cough” appears for the first time.

Many original Russian names that existed in the language of Old Russian empirical medicine and were recorded in all kinds of “Healing books”, “Herbal books” and “Vertograds”, did not survive in the language of scientific medicine and gave way to other names, most often of Greek-Latin origin.

Greekisms of anatomical and physiological content are found sporadically already in the early monuments of ancient Russian writing. The penetration of Greekisms after the adoption of Christianity by Russia (10th century) was facilitated both by direct contacts with Byzantium and its culture, and by the growth in the number of translated Church Slavonic works. The latter were often compilations of passages from the works of Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen and Byzantine doctors.

Latin vocabulary was also initially borrowed through the Greek-Byzantine medium, although to an extremely insignificant extent. It began to actively penetrate into the XV-XVI centuries. thanks to the Polish language. In the 17th century In connection with the progress of enlightenment in Ukraine, Latinisms began to be borrowed directly from works in Latin. Perhaps the very first of these works, Vesalius’s “Epitome,” which is the author’s brief extract from the work “On the Structure of the Human Body,” was translated in 1657-1658. prominent Russian enlightener Epiphanius Slavinetsky. It is assumed that the translation was supposed to serve as a textbook on anatomy for students of the school of Russian doctors, allegedly opened in 1654-1655. under the Pharmacy Order. Although the translation of E. Slavinetsky is lost, it can be assumed on the basis of his other work, “The Complete Greek-Slavic-Latin Lexicon,” that he created certain prerequisites for mastering the terminology of Western European medicine of that era. E. Slavinetsky used only two methods of translating terms - the use of original Russian equivalents and tracing [for example, he translated the term polyphagia (from the Greek poly- many and phagein) with the word “multiple eating”] and almost did not use borrowings.

A significant step in the comprehension and mastery of Greek-Latin vocabulary by Russians, including medical content, was made by a remarkable lexicographer of the early 18th century. F.P. Polikarpov. His “Trilingual Lexicon, that is, Slavic, Hellenic-Greek and Latin treasures” (1704), consisting of 19,712 articles, contains a significant number of names of diseases and medicinal herbs in Greek, Latin and Russian. The large number of synonyms he cites indicates a wide range of literary medical sources used. Each article begins with a Russian name, which most often represents either a Russian equivalent (stone disease, smallpox, erysipelas, okovrach or ochnik, etc.), or a descriptive designation; Borrowings and Latinisms (apoplexy, dysentery, doctor, etc.) are used less frequently.

After the first graduations of the Greco-Latin Academy, in 1658 in Moscow, classicism began to be borrowed directly from the works of ancient authors and on a much wider scale than before. Particular attention was paid to teaching scientific anatomical and surgical terminology in Latin at the First Hospital School, established in 1707 on the orders of Peter I and led by N. Bidloo.

During the Peter the Great era and after it, throughout the entire 18th century, hundreds of scientific Latinisms were poured into the actively developing Russian literary language, both directly from Latin works and through Western European languages. At the beginning of the 18th century. The following words are widely used: medic, medicine, medicine, medicine, pill, pharmacist, recipe, sangva (Latin sanguis blood), urine (Latin urina urine), febra (Latin febris fever). In the middle of the 18th century. the words abscess, ampulla, amputation, tonsillitis, vein, consultation, constitution, contusion, muscle, nerve, ophthalmologist, patient, dissector, pulse, respiration (breathing), retina, relapse, section, scalpel, scurvy appear in the literature, temperament, fiber (vein), fistula, etc.

M.V. made a huge contribution to the substantiation of principles and the development of Russian scientific terminology. Lomonosov (1711--1765). A brilliant expert on classical languages, he repeatedly emphasized their importance for the needs of education and for the progress of terminology in Russia. M.V. Lomonosov took part in the review of the first anatomical atlas, translated from German by A.P. Protasov (1724-1796), who laid the foundations of scientific anatomical terminology in Russian.

Russian doctors-translators of the 18th century. belongs to the creation of Russian scientific medical terminology. It was truly a feat of scholarship and patriotism. Russian translators had to overcome significant difficulties in conveying by means of their native language the names of abstract concepts developed by Western European languages, including the classicisms and neoclassicisms mastered by the latter.

The shortcomings of terminology were especially acutely felt by Russian medical teachers. Teaching medical disciplines in Russian was possible only if domestic terminology was developed. Therefore, many outstanding Russian doctors became both translators and philologists. Among them, first of all, we should mention the chief physician of the St. Petersburg Admiralty Hospital M.I. Shein (1712-1762), who created the earliest summary of Russian anatomical terms in Russian literature.

Translators were able to cope more easily with the names of diseases and symptoms, because for them there were often equivalent designations that existed in the language of traditional medicine. The situation with scientific anatomy was more difficult, since many anatomical formations, for example, pleura, pancreas, trochanter, did not have Russian names at all. In such cases, descriptive compound terms were often created instead of a single Latin (or Latinized Greek) word. So, M.I. Shein created the Russian equivalent for the word diaphragma, “abdominal obstruction.” Along with this, translators resorted to tracing. A.P. Protasov introduced the name Clavicle, which is a tracing paper from the Latin word clavicula (from clavis key).

In the process of formation of domestic terminology, there was almost not a single foreign language term for which several equivalents in Russian were not proposed by different authors. Not all of them have stood the test of time and have been replaced by terms of Greco-Latin origin, including neologisms.

The first dictionaries of medical terms in Latin, Russian and French were compiled by the first Russian professor of “midwifery art” N.M. Ambodik-Maksimovich (1744-1812). In 1783, his “Anatomical and Physiological Dictionary” was published, containing about 4000 titles, and Russian ones were extracted, according to the author, “from various printed, church and civil, also new, old and handwritten books”, and also represented “his own handmade” work. The next issue - "Medical-Pathological-Surgical Dictionary" (1785) - collected "the names of diseases and their symptoms in the human body, as well as devices, operations, dressings used in surgery to perform certain manipulations."

Russian medical vocabulary was presented in the first academic dictionary of the Russian language - “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” (1789-1794) - with more than 600 words. Folk common Russian names were included, as well as borrowed scientific terms of Greek-Latin origin. The words were accompanied by very complete, carefully worded definitions. The medical part of the dictionary was compiled by leading Russian scientific doctors A.P. Protasov and N.Ya. Ozertskovsky (1750--1827). In this dictionary, in particular, the term Inflammation was first recorded, created by Shein in 1761 as a tracing paper from the Latin word inflammatio (from inflammo to set fire, set on fire, ignite).

A major contribution to the creation of Russian anatomical terminology was made by the founder of the Russian anatomical school P.A. Zagorsky (1764-1846), who wrote the first Russian anatomy textbook (1802), where he introduced Russian equivalents of a number of Latin terms. E.O. was heavily involved in the development of domestic anatomical terminology. Mukhin (1766-1850), who also created an anatomy course in Russian.

The “Medical Dictionary” compiled in 1835 by A.N. can be considered a qualitatively new stage in lexicographic processing, clarification and systematization of the rapidly growing Russian medical terminology. Nikitin - founder and first secretary of the Society of Russian Doctors of St. Petersburg. This was the first medical dictionary in Russia in which terms were interpreted. Medical community of the first half of the 19th century. highly appreciated Nikitin’s work “for his deep knowledge of the Russian language and extensive acquaintance with Russian medical literature,” which made it possible “to present the nomenclature fully assembled without innovations and in such a form that henceforth it could serve as a model of Russian medical terminology.”

Throughout the 19th century. Russian medical vocabulary continued to be actively replenished with terms that had an international distribution, the predominant mass of which were classicisms and neoclassicisms, for example Abortion, alveolus (Alveolus of the lung), Ambulatory, Bacillus, Vaccine, hallucination (Hallucinations), Dentin, Immunization, Immunity, Heart attack, Infection, Cavern, Carbuncle, Lymph, Percussion, Pulp, Reflex, Exudate, etc., preserved to this day.

At the same time, among Russian doctors there were also extreme purists who objected to borrowings and neologisms, defending the original Russian common vocabulary, which they endowed with a special medical meaning. This point of view was held, in particular, by V.I. Dal (1801-1872) - doctor by profession, creator of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”. However, none of the replacements he proposed remained in the language of Russian medicine.

Most Russian doctors defended terms that were well established in professional usage, regardless of whether they were internationalisms of Greco-Latin origin or their Russian equivalents. They also realized the importance of preserving the Latin termini technici, i.e. standard, international not only in meaning, but also in form, according to the Latin transcription of names. In 1892--1893 The Encyclopedic Medical Dictionary by A. Vilare was published in translation from German. The preface to the Russian edition of the dictionary stated that “over the past decades, Russian medical terminology has developed significantly and strengthened among practical doctors, however, it is not yet at such a height that it excludes the use of Latin names.” It defended the advantage of the Latin terms generally accepted at that time such as auto?digestio, abrachia, acromegalia, epilepsia, and expressed an objection to the corresponding Russian names “self-digestion”, “armless”, “giant growth”, “eppileptic”, etc. It is interesting that the further fate of these terms turned out to be different: Self-digestion, and not autodigestio, was fixed in the language, and the remaining terms were preserved in the form of borrowing, without being accompanied by Russian equivalents (Abrachia, Acromegaly, Epilepsy).

Modern Russian medical terminology, based on linguistic origin, forms of writing, functions performed at the national or international levels, can be divided into the following main groups:

• 1) original Russian names;
• 2) borrowed classicisms, assimilated to varying degrees, adapted to the sound and morphological system of the Russian literary language; the overwhelming majority of them actually perform the function of internationalisms, i.e. terms that have received cross-linguistic distribution in at least three languages ​​from different language groups (for example, in Latin, French, English, German, Russian, etc.);
• 3) original Western Europeanisms, which actually perform the function of internationalisms;
• 4) Latin termini technici.

In the second half of the 20th century. medical vocabulary continues to be enriched with internationalisms. In modern Russian medical terminology, internationalisms and their Russian equivalents (including tracings of a foreign language term) act as synonyms. In some cases, the Russian equivalent is preferably used, for example, Lice instead of pediculosis (Pediculosis), Prurigo instead of Prurigo, Ossification instead of Ossification, Diarrhea instead of Diarrhea, Dwarfism instead of Dwarfism, Incarceration instead of Incarceration, Eversion of the eyelid instead of Ectropion. In other cases, internationalisms are preferred, such as Puncture rather than Puncture, Malignancy rather than Malignancy, Favus rather than Scab, Palpation rather than Palpation, Enucleation rather than Enucleation, Gynecophobia rather than Misogyny. In many of the above cases, the preferred use of a borrowed word is explained by the fact that its Russian equivalent is also used in the general literary language in a broader or different meaning. Sometimes the Russian equivalent gives way to internationalism, since it is easier to form derivative words from the latter, for example Placenta (placental) - Children's place. Often such synonyms are practically equal, for example: Bleeding, Hemorrhage and Hemorrhage (hemorrhagic), Myopia and Myopia (myopic), pancreas and pancreas (pancreatic), Blood transfusion and Hemotransfusion (hemotransfusion).

Many terms of Greco-Latin origin, including neoclassicisms, penetrate into Russian terminology through Western European languages. Often they were able to gain the actual status of internationalisms, appearing almost simultaneously in two or more languages, and it is often difficult or impossible to find out in which Western European language a particular term, marked with the stamp of classical or neoclassical origin, first appeared. Many terms, having originally appeared in English, French or German linguistic form, undergo simultaneous or subsequent formal romanization; however, this process can also develop in the opposite direction: from a term Latinized in form to its nationally adapted analogue.

Sometimes a clear indication that classicism or neoclassicism was borrowed through Western European languages ​​is provided by phonetic features that are not characteristic of classical languages. Thus, the presence in some words of the sound [w], which was absent in classical languages, indicates that the word was borrowed from German (Sciatica, neoclassicisms Schizophrenia, schizothymia, etc.). Under the influence of the phonetic system of the French language, the term Senestopathie (French cеnestopathie) arose, derived from the Greek words koinos (general), aisthзsis (sensation, feeling) and pathos (suffering, disease).

Under the influence of Western European languages, in some Latinized words of Greek origin the sound [c] that was absent in the Greek language appeared, for example: Cyst (Latin cysta, from Greek kystis), Cyanosis (Latin cyanosis, from Greek kyanфsis).

The artificial (neoclassical) nature of a number of terms is indicated by the components of different languages, mainly Greek and Latin; for example: Vagotomy (Latin anat. nervus vagus vagus nerve + Greek tomz incision), Coronary sclerosis (Lat. anat. arteria coronaria coronary artery + Greek sklзrфsis hardening, sclerosis), Rectoscopy (Latin rectum rectum + Greek skopef to consider , research). “Hybrids” are formed similarly: Appendicitis, Gingivitis, Duodenitis, Conjunctivitis, Retinitis, Tonsillitis, etc. (to the Latin anatomical terms appendix - appendage, gingiva - gum, duodenum - duodenum, conjunctiva - connective membrane of the eye, retina - retina, tonsilla - tonsil, added the Greek suffix -itis, used to denote inflammation). The Greek prefixes Hyper-, Hypo-, Peri- and others are often combined with the Latin base: hyperfunction, hypotension, perivisceral, perivascular. There are also Greek-Russian “hybrids”: Allochondrium, leukovsus, Rechegramma, etc.

Such “hybridization” is quite natural within the framework of medical and biological terminology, where Greek and Latin roots and word-forming elements have grown into the fabric of national languages ​​over many centuries and formed an international foundation in them. Therefore, the “hybrid” word “acidophilic” (Latin acidus sour + Greek philos loving, inclined) is just as legitimate as the monolingual word “thermophilic” (Greek thermos heat, warmth + Greek philos).

Original Western Europeanisms, i.e. There are relatively few words that arose from the lexical and word-formation material of Western European languages ​​in Russian medical vocabulary. Their active implementation has been noted only since the end of the 19th century. and especially in the 20th century. They are presented mainly in terminology related to medical technology, surgical techniques, genetics, physiology, hygiene, and are much less common in the nomenclature of diseases. Thus, Anglicisms include, for example, Attachment, Blockade, Doping, Inbreeding, Clearance, Crossingover, Pacemaker, Site, shunt (arteriovenous shunt) and “hybrid” terms Aerotank, dumping syndrome, rant disease (Runt disease), Westing- syndrome. Borrowings from the French language include, for example, Absence, Midwife, Bandage, Bougie, Influenza, Drainage, Probe, Cannula, Whooping Cough, Cretinism, Curette, Patronage, Pipette, Raspator, Tampon, Teak, Yaws, Chancre, the “hybrid” term Culdoscopy . Examples of borrowings from the German language include boron (dental boron), Bugel, Klammer, Kornzang, Resort, Reiters, Spatel, Shub, “hybrid” words Abortzang, Rausch-narcosis, etc.

Some nosological terms of Italian origin have become internationalisms: Influenza, Malaria, Pellagra, Scarlet fever. The term Sigwaterra comes from the Spanish language, and Croup from the Scottish language.

There are individual words borrowed from Eastern and African languages: the Japanese word Tsutsugamushi, the African tribal word - Kwashiorkor, the Sinhala word - Beriberi. Sex therapists use some words of ancient Indian origin, for example, Vikharita, Virghata, Kumbitmaka, Narvasadata. The names of some medicinal substances were borrowed from the tribal languages ​​of the American Indians: ipecac, curare, quinine.

A traditional feature of medical and biological terminology continues to be the use of termini technici - terms graphically and grammatically designed in Latin. The identity of their understanding by different specialists in all countries makes termini technici an indispensable means of internationalizing terminology.

Large groups of termini technici are united in modern international nomenclatures and have an officially approved international status. These include nomenclatures of morphological and biological disciplines: anatomical, histological and embryological nomenclatures, codes of botanical and zoological nomenclature and a code of bacterial nomenclature. In the International Pharmacopoeia, the Latin name of the drug is indicated as the main, reference name.

Termini technici have a different status, relating to the dictionary of clinical medicine, denoting diseases, pathological conditions, symptoms, syndromes, etc. In most cases, they actually perform the function of international designations, but their use is optional. The “International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death” does not contain international Latin names as mandatory. In the USSR, most of these termini technici are used only in conjunction with their Russian equivalents, for example Hernia, Urticaria, Herpes Zoster, Cholecystitis. At the same time, some termini technici of this type are used in domestic medical terminology as preferred terms. These include, for example, Caries sicca, Carcinoma in situ, Partus conduplicato corpore, Situs viscerum inversus, Spina bifida, Status typhosus, Tabes dorsalis, plow vara (Coxa vara).

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Course 1 semester

Option 4

Example: Leges Romanorum severae sunt(erant).

Centum dare promise?– Promitto. Do you promise to give a hundred? - I promise.

Promitto, misi, missum 3 – promise; Promittis is a verb in the 2nd person, singular, present tense (2 p., sing., Praesens indicativi activi).

Causa iusta est. Legal basis.

Ius, iuris n – right; Iusta is a noun of the 2nd declension, neuter, in the dative case, plural (Dat., Pl.).

Est – esse, sum, es - to be, to exist; verb, 3 persons, singular (3p., sing.)

Patria in periculis a viris defendi debet Men must defend the country in times of danger.

Defendo, defendi, defensum 3 - to defend. Defendi – infinitive of the 3rd conjugation, present tense, passive voice (3 p., Infinitivus praesentis passivi.).

Determine the Latin base of the words. (What Latin words did they come from?)

Read, find the matches and remember.

LATIN LANGUAGE TEST

CORRESPONDENCE DEPARTMENT OF THE FACULTY OF LAW

Course 1 semester

Option 5

Read the words, write their dictionary forms, determine the declension, gender, case and number of nouns, translate into Russian.

Example: fabulam – Acc., sing., fable

Fabula, fabulae, f (1 letter) – fable

Determine the tense, voice, person and number of the following verbs, translate into Russian, having first written out their dictionary forms from the dictionary; next to the conjugation number, enter the full form of the infinitive (Infinitivus prаesentis acti).

Example: auditur – Ch. 3 l., units Praesens indicativi passivi. They listen to him/her.

(audio, audivi, auditum, audire 4 – listen).

Read and translate the sentences. Make a morphological analysis of the underlined words, copying their full dictionary forms from the dictionary.

Example: Leges Romanorum severae sunt(erant).

Lex, legis f – law; leges – noun of the 3rd declension, feminine, nominative case, plural (Nom. Pl.)

Romanus,a,um - Roman, aya, oe: Romanus, i m - Roman; Romanorum - 2nd declension noun, masculine, genitive, plural (Gen.Pl.)

Severus, severa, severum – stern, strict; severae - adjective of the 1st group, agreed with the noun leges in gender (gender - 1st cl. adj.), case (noun), number (plural)

Sum, fui, -, esse – to be, to exist; sunt – verb, 3rd person plural present tense (3 p., pl., Praesens indicativi activi); erant – 3 p., pl., Imperfectum indicativi activi – imperfect (imperfect past tense in Russian).

The laws of the Romans are harsh. The laws of the Romans were strict (harsh).

Lingua Latina et lingua Graeca sunt linguae antiquae. Latin and Greek are ancient languages.

Lingua, linguae f - language. Linguae - noun of the 1st declension, feminine, nominative case, plural (Nom.Pl.)

Papinianus libro quinto responsorum ita scribit. Papinian wrote this in the fifth book of judgments.

Quintus, quinta, quintum - fifth. Quinto - ordinal number, 2nd declension, masculine, in the dative case, singular (Dat.sing.)

Scribo, scripsi, scriptum3 - write. Scribit - Ch. in the 3rd person, singular, past tense (3p., sing,. Praesens indicativi activi.)

Vox populi– vox veritatis. (Vox populi – vox Dei.). The voice of the people is the voice of truth. (The voice of the people is the voice of God.)

Populus, populi m - people. Populi - noun of the 2nd declension, masculine, in the genitive case, singular (Get.sing.).

What words in the Russian language come from Latin words.

V.D. Narozhnaya, L. Sadykova

Greco-Latin borrowings in

Russian language

The article discusses Greek-Latin borrowings in the Russian language. Words of Greek and Latin origin are relevant for modern discourse, as they serve as nominations of political, economic, legal and other realities that arouse increased interest among native speakers.

Key words: language, words, borrowings, vocabulary, terminology

words borrowed from Greek and Latin

in the Russian language

The article studies words from Greek and Latin in the Russian language. Greek and Latin borrowed words are typical of modern discourse as they name political, economical, juridical and other phenomena, which arouse native speakers" interest.

Key words: language, words, borrowed words, vocabulary, terminology

Since ancient times, the Russian people have entered into cultural, trade, military, and political ties with other states, which could not but lead to linguistic borrowings. In the process of use, most of them were influenced by the borrowing language. Gradually, borrowed words, assimilated (from Latin assimilare - “to assimilate, liken”) by the borrowing language, became among the words in common use and were no longer perceived as foreign. At different times, words from other languages ​​penetrated into the original language. Currently, words such as sugar, beets, banya and others are considered Russian, although they were borrowed from the Greek language. Such words as school (from Latin through Polish), pencil (from Turkic languages), suit (from French) and many others have also become completely Russified. The national identity of the Russian language has not suffered at all from the penetration of foreign words into it, since borrowing - a completely natural way to enrich any language. The role of Latin borrowings in the formation and development of the cultural and historical layer of words is generally recognized in both Russian and foreign linguistics. Latinisms are the basis of the terminological fund of many languages. Words of Latin origin are also relevant for modern discourse, since they serve as nominations of political, economic, legal and other realities that arouse increased interest among native speakers.

The borrowing of foreign words by the Russian language in different eras reflects the history of the people. New words poured into the Russian language from other languages ​​as a result of economic, political and cultural ties between the Slavs and other peoples, as a result of the introduction into life of realities that were new to Russia, but already had names in other languages.

the most significant influence on the language of Ancient Rus' was the influence of the Greek language -

ka. Kievan Rus conducted a lively trade with Byzantium, and the penetration of Greek elements into Russian vocabulary began even before the adoption of Christianity in Rus' (VI century) and intensified under the influence of Christian culture in connection with the baptism of the Kievites (IX century) and the spread of liturgical books translated from Greek into Old Church Slavonic. Foreign words, entering the Russian language, are gradually assimilated by it: they adapt to its sound system, obey the rules of Russian word formation and inflection, to one degree or another losing the features of their non-Russian origin.

Borrowings from the Greek language began to penetrate into the original vocabulary during the period of pan-Slavic unity. Such borrowings include, for example, the words chamber, dish, cross, bread (baked), bed, cauldron, etc. Borrowings were significant in the period from the 9th to the 11th centuries. and later (the so-called East Slavic).

Among the borrowings from the Greek language, the most significant is the richly developed terminological system. Term - “(from Latin terminus - “border, limit”) a word or phrase that is the name of a special concept of any sphere of production, science or art” [Russian language...1979: 349]. The term has such features as consistency, the presence of a definition, a tendency towards monosemy, lack of expression, and stylistic neutrality. Terms are words in a special function, therefore words and terms are functionally differentiated. The nominative function of commonly used words differs from the nominative function of a term primarily in that the meaning of the term is strictly conceptual, i.e. informs about the concept, participates in the formation of the concept. The term, unlike commonly used words, is limited in the manifestation of syntagmatic properties. Word formation

Vocalistic means are used selectively in the formation of a term, and means that can give words an emotional and expressive coloring are not characteristic of the terminological system. The nominative function in terminology uses the properties of commonly used words in the national language.

Terminological vocabulary includes words or phrases used for a logically precise definition of special concepts or objects in any field of science, technology, agriculture, art, etc. Unlike common words, which can have multiple meanings, terms within a particular science are usually unambiguous. They are characterized by a clearly limited, motivated specialization of meaning. Greek borrowings, which have become words-terms, cover almost all areas of science and art. These include the following concepts:

Names of sciences: anatomy, biology, botany, grammar, geometry, geography, dialectology, zoology, history, logic, mathematics, mechanics, onomastics, optics, pedagogy, physics, philology, philosophy, etc.

Biology (autogenesis, aleurones, allelopathy, amitosis, anabiosis, anabolia, anaphase, bacteria, glycogen, homology, dialysis, diapause, diapedesis, lysosomes, carpology, metamerism, microscope, etc.);

Astronomy (satrograph, astrolatry, anagalactic, telescope);

Geology and mineralogy (silt, alexandrite, diamond, amethyst, anamorphism, anhydride, barite, hematite, hyacinth, glauconite, di-optase, emerald, calcite, cinnabar, malachite, mesolite, pyrite, rhodochrosite, sapphire, sphalerite, chrysocolla, chrysolite, chrysotile, etc.);

Geography (aklina, arctogea, horizon, phytoclimate, etc.);

Physics (acoustics, analyzers, anaphoresis, slide, slide projector, diascope, magnet, prism, etc.);

Mathematics and geometry (hypotenuse, leg, parallelogram, parallelepiped, pyramid, prism, rhombus, trapezoid, chord);

Chemistry (ammonia, amphoteric, analysis, atom, barium, glycocol, glycols, glycolysis, glucose, isomers, catalysis, carbolite, synthesis, fluorine, etc.);

Economics (anatocism, etc.);

Medicine (aorta, acrocephaly, aleukemia, allergy, anamnesis, artery, hygiene, glaucoma, glycemia, homeopath, diagnosis, diarthrosis, diaphragm, meningitis, pneumonia, symptom, scoliosis, pharmacology, pharmacist, phlegmon, surgery, etc.);

Psychology (autophilia, melancholic, phlegmatic, etc.);

Architecture (acroteria, architectonics, architect, architecture, graphics, etc.);

Music (agogy, baritone, range, melody, music lover, symphony, choir, choreography, etc.);

Linguistics (alphabet, aphorism, diacritic, dialect, dialogue, calligraphy, catalogue, lexeme, lexicon, lexicology, morphology, spelling, spelling, philology, phonetics, phraseology, syntax, etc.);

Literary studies (acmeism, anapest, hyperbole, dialogue, drama, comedy, lyric poetry, metaphor, monologue, ode, poetry, prologue, stanza, tragedy, trochee, reader, epigram, epigraph, epic, etc.).

Market terminology (acceptance, analogy, basis, dividend, identification, index, mortgage, oligopoly, oligarchy, oligopsony, ochlocracy, panic, paradox, parameter, policy, system, tactics, strategy, charisma, homologation, cycle).

The development of science and technology, the emergence of new branches of technology, is always accompanied by the abundant appearance of new terms. An international fund of scientific terminology is being created, which has been mastered by many European languages, including Russian. Scientific terms are often created from Greek roots, denoting concepts that were not yet known in the era.

xy of antiquity: cosmonaut (gr. kosmos - “Universe” + gr. nautes - (sea) - “swimmer”).

Terminology is one of the most mobile, fast-growing and rapidly changing parts of the national vocabulary (cf. just some of the names of new sciences and branches of production: automation, allergology, aeronomy, biocybernetics, bionics, hydroponics, holography, cardiac surgery, cosmobiology, plasma chemistry, speleology, ergonomics etc.).

The wide dissemination of scientific and technical terminology, its penetration into various spheres of life leads to the fact that in the language, along with the process of terminology of commonly used words, there is also a reverse process - the mastery of terms in the literary language, i.e. their determinologization. For example, the frequent use of philosophical, art, literary, physical, chemical, medical, industrial and many other terms has made them words in common use, for example: anatomy, analysis, diagnosis, dialectics, etc. Often, when found in the context of common words, the terms are metaphorized and lose their special purpose, for example: the anatomy of love, the geography of heroism, sclerosis of conscience.

Borrowings from the Latin language began to penetrate into the Russian language in Peter's time and played a significant role in enriching the vocabulary, especially in the field of scientific, technical, social and political terminology. Most Latin words came into the Russian language in the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries, especially through the Polish and Ukrainian languages, for example: school, auditorium, dean, office, vacation, director, dictation, exam, etc. Many words of Latin origin make up the group international fund of terms, for example: dictatorship, declaration, constitution, corporation, laboratory, meridian, maximum, minimum, proletariat, process, public, revolution, republic, erudition, etc.

Borrowings from the Latin language include the following:

Aviation (avis - bird), aviator, aviation, etc.;

Watercolor (aqua - water), aquarium, water area, scuba, etc.;

Antique (antiquus - ancient), antiques, etc.;

Arena (arena - area, sand);

Auditor (audio - listen), audience, audience, etc.;

Vacancy (vaco - to be free);

Fan (ventus - wind), ventilation, etc.;

Verbal (verbum - word, verb);

Visit (visito - to visit), visa, etc.;

Vitamin (vita - life), vitalism, vital, etc.;

Vocal (vocalis - calls, vowels);

Herbarium (herba - grass);

Student (studeo - study hard), studio, study, etc.;

Table (tabula - board, table), time sheet, scoreboard, etc.;

Compasses (circus - circle, circus), circulation, circus, etc.;

Lawyer (jus - law, court), jurisprudence, justice, etc. [Dictionary of Foreign Words, 1986].

Among Greek borrowings, a large group consists of words denoting minerals. Each mineral has its own biography. There are more than a hundred minerals, which were named in Greek for their amazing color and unique properties. This group includes the following definitions: diamond, amethyst, barite, beryllium, hematite, dioptase, emerald, calcite, malachite, pyrite, rhodochrosite, sphalerite, chrysocolla, etc. [Dictionary of Foreign Words, 1986]. Let us consider the etymology of some of the most interesting, in our opinion, names of minerals.

Diamond is a mineral whose name comes from the Greek adamas - “invincible, indestructible” [ShanskiI 1971:

25], the most wear-resistant, expensive, rare stone; usually colorless or painted in pale shades of yellow, brown, gray, green, pink, and very rarely black.

There is a whole legend associated with the name of hyacinth. The word is derived from the Greek gia-kinthos. It is believed that this mineral got its name from the hyacinth flower, with which the Greeks associated a legend about a beautiful young man - the son of the Spartan king Ebal, the favorite of the radiant god Apollo. One day Apollo threw a heavy disk towards the clouds. Hyacinth rushed to the place where this disk was supposed to fall, wanting to prove to his divine friend that he was not inferior to him in the art of throwing. But the god of the west wind, Zephyr, became inflamed with jealousy of the young man’s beauty and directed the disk directly at his head, mortally wounding him. Shocked by grief, Apollo grew a fragrant flower from his blood in memory of hyacinth [Milyukova, Maralieva 2007: 220].

Emerald is a talisman of mothers and sailors. Pregnant women wore emerald amulets, which after the birth of the child were immediately hung in his cradle. it gives joy and fun, spiritual harmony and hope, victory in battle, tact and generosity, talent and grace, eloquence without a shadow of falsehood and self-esteem, insight. he even bestows the ability of foresight.

Malachite is a rare gemstone, it was used for small objects and exquisite jewelry, and its name comes from the Greek malakhe - “mallow”. By the end of the 18th century. With increasing production, malachite is used for larger interior items: vases, boxes, tabletops. they are decorated with thin plates of malachite.

In the old days, turquoise was often replaced with an equally brightly colored blue mineral - chrysocolla. Its name is derived from the Greek words chrysos - “gold” and ^¡¡a - “glue” [Dictionary of Foreign Words, 1986: 550].

Thus, the word chrysocolla can be translated as “golden glue” (it is said that this mineral was used in ancient times for soldering gold). Chrysocolla received its other ancient name - Elat stone - from the mines of the legendary King Solomon, located near the Gulf of Elat in the Red Sea and the city of the same name, where in ancient times it was mined in fair quantities [Milyukova, Maralieva 2007: 221].

An interesting area of ​​loanwords are names of Greek and Latin origin. The union of the Kyiv prince Vladimir with Byzantium in the 10th century. and the adoption of Christianity in Rus' inherited the names of Greek and Latin saints and entailed the naming of people with new Christian (calendar) names. All names of Russian people, “both pagan and Christian, were artificial and reflected the names of the everyday language” [Superanskaya 1962: 47]. For example, the name Evstolia translated from Greek means “well dressed”, Catherine - “purity”, “decency”, Alexander - “protector of people”, Alexey - “defender”, Irina

- “peace”, Evgeny - “noble”, Ksenia - “wanderer, foreigner”, Nikolai

- “victorious people”, Galina - “silence, calmness”, and many others. Greek proper names also include such male and female names as Vasily, George, Zinovy, Hilarion, Plato, Stefan; Aglaya, Agrafena, Anastasia, Evdokia, Elena, Zinaida, Taisiya and others.

The following names came from the Latin language to the Russian language:

Augusta - sacred: an honorary title for the wife, mother, sister and daughter of the Roman emperor);

Aurora is the name of the goddess of the dawn;

Agnes - pure, immaculate;

Agrippina - derived from the Roman rho-

venerable name Agrippa;

Akulina - eagle-like, eagle-like; Virinea - green, portable. fresh, cheerful;

Dementius is a Roman generic name from domo - to tame;

Prov - honest;

Roman - Roman, Roman and many

others [Superanskaya 1962: 56].

Thus, Greekisms and Latinisms are an integral part of the Russian language picture of the world, they are closely related to many of its other elements and act as elementary units of cognitive processes, forming the worldview of a native speaker.

Literature

Milyukova N.N., Maralieva M.B. The role of minerals in Greek and modern culture // The role of Greek civilization in the development of world culture: Materials of the International scientific conference dedicated to the 185th anniversary of Greek independence. - Bishkek-Athens, 2007.

Russian language. Encyclopedia / Ed. F.P. Owl. - M., 1979. Dictionary of foreign words / Ed. A.G. Spirkina. - 13th ed., - M., 1986. Superanskaya A.V. Borrowing words and practical transcription. - M., 1962. Shansky N.M. and others. Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1971.

abel, abil habilis fit,

suitable; suitable skillful, capable

means: having the opportunity, being able to be (the ability to carry out the action expressed by the root); Wed rus. -abelny, English, French -able/-ible, German -abel/-ibel.

In Russian language influenced by English. half-calculation began to appear in the language, for example: decomposition readable (cf. English eatable, readable).

transportable"able to be transferred"; Wed English, French transportable German transportabel

rehabilitation restoration of bodily capabilities after their loss (medical and psychological rehabilitation) or civil rights (opportunities), good name (legal rehabilitation); Wed English rehabilitation, fr. rehabilitation, German Rehabilitation

Wed. Also: English reversible, fr. reversible, German reversible (legal, technical) reversible); lat. Homo habilis (homo habilis, probable ancestor of Homo sapiens, homo sapiens).

agent

cm. Act.

agro ager, agri land, field, arable land

agronomy agriculture

agriculture ways to improve farming techniques agrarian land

aqua aqua water

aquarium water container

water area area of ​​water surface (cf. territory)aqueduct(ancient) water supply

Wed. lat. Aquarius - Aquarius (constellation).

Act agere to set in motion, to do, to act; actio movement, activity; actor acting; activus active

Act action, deed promotion action

actor actor, role player reaction action in response to sth.

interaction interaction, transaction; Wed English, French interaction

agent something acting or someone acting

reagent substance involved in a chemical reaction

alg alga algae

It is necessary to distinguish Lat. alg(algae) from Greek. alg(pain, suffering).

algology branch of botany that studies algae

algocide algae killer; see lat cid

alps from the Alps

forms words with meaning alpine; a rather rare case when a proper name (the name of a mountain system) became a word-forming element.

Alpine alpine; Wed English alpine, fr. and German alpin

mountaineering climbing high mountains rock garden park composition imitating an alpine meadow

anima anima life, soul; animare to animate, to animate

animation animation of drawings, dolls (formerly called animation)

resuscitation“return of the soul”, return from a state of clinical death

animism belief in the animation of all objects and phenomena, a primitive form of religion

Wed. lat. animal – animate (living) creature, animal.

Audi audire hear, listen

audience meeting of listeners, as well as the room where they gather

auditor initially: an investigator, i.e., listening to answers to his questions, now: a person authorized to conduct an audit, check of financial and economic activities

audiometry hearing acuity measurement

audio equipment sound recording and reproducing devices

Wed: “Audi” (the name of passenger cars of a German company) is a translation of the former name “Horch”, which in German means “listen”.

bi bis twice

forms words with meaning double, double(consisting of two parts, having two characteristics); corresponds to Russian two-/two-, Greek di-(??-).

biceps biceps

binomial"two-named" mat. binomial

biathlon biathlon (skiing and shooting); Wed triathlon, pentathlon

bilingualism bilingualism, speaking two languages

bilateral bilateral; bilateral symmetry - two-sided, like most animals

bin bini two, pair;

binarius binary

binoculars“two-eyed” optical device (cf. Russian eye)

binary double, consisting of two components

shaft valere to be healthy, strong, strong; have influence, meaning, value; valens, validus healthy, strong, strong

validity"strength", adequacy (e.g., statement, scientific method)

currency monetary unit, banknotes (Italian valuta - letters price)

devaluation depreciation, reduction in the value of a currency

disabled person powerless, incapable; Wed English invalid, fr. invalide

valence the "strength" of a chemical element (measured by the number of atoms with which it can form chemical bonds)

ambivalent"two-strength", dual

equivalent equivalent

valence

cm. shaft.

walid

cm. shaft.

vent venire to come; ventio parish

convention elected body (lat. conventus – letters gathering, meeting); Wed congress, concession, synod

Adventchurch the “arrival” of Christmas, the time preceding Christmas, the Nativity fast (lat. adventus - letters coming); Wed English, German Advent

convention“convergence” of opinions, agreement, agreement

willow verbum word

verbal verbal

verbalization translation into words

Wed: English verb, fr. verbe, German Verb (verb); once Russian word verb meant “word, speech.”

vers versare to turn, turn; (change

reversible reversible, rotatable

version one of several interpretations (twists) of something.

conversion transformation, transformation

sabotage deviation; destruction (originally: a maneuver to distract the enemy)

contrarian controversial, controversial; Wed English controversial

visas video I look, I look, I see; viso I look, I look, I look

visual visual; Wed English visual, fr. visual, German

visuell audit revision

provisions“provision”, food prudently stored

improvisation actions without “forethought”, without preparation

visor viewfinder, sight

visit phenomenon "firsthand"

TV far-sighting device

vice vice, vicem instead, like, like, like (who)

forms words with meanings: assistant, deputy, second person (by position, rank).

vice president first deputy president vice mayor deputy mayor lieutenant governor deputy governor

provocation“causing” the action desired by the provocateur, influencing someone. in order to encourage a certain action(s)

advocate lawyer providing legal assistance (who is called upon, invited to provide assistance, protect)

vocable word

ox 1 voluntas will, desire

voluntarism strategy of action that ignores objective circumstances

volunteer volunteer

Wed. lat. volens nolens - willy-nilly.

ox 2 Volvo I roll, I spin, I spin

evolution development (this is a Russian word - tracing paper) involution“revolution”, simplification (opposite. evolution)revolver"twist", something that can rotate in both directions (for example, the drum in one of the types of handguns, which is why the weapon itself was called a revolver)

revolution coup

hail gradus step, degree, step

degree unit of measurement of arcs and angles, temperature, strength of drinks

degradation decline, movement down the rungs of the ladder (social, professional)

gradient measure of increase or decrease of something. physical quantity when moving by unit (step) distance

gradation gradual transition from one to another, as well as the stages of this transition

gress gressus move, movement

progress forward movement, forward movement (opposite) regression); Wed Slovenian napredek, Czech. vzestup, Polish postep

regression backward movement, decline (opposite) progress)

aggression attack, attack

progression series of numbers (going to infinity)

congress congress, meeting (lat. congressus – letters convergence, convergence); Wed synod

demi

cm. seven.

deci decem ten

decimation disciplinary punishment in the ancient Roman army: execution of every tenth in the offending unit

In the names of units of measurement, it denotes the coefficient “one tenth”, for example: decibel, decimeter.

dict dicere to speak; dictare to dictate, prescribe

diction"speaking", quality of pronunciation

speaker speaker, radio or television worker

dictator telling people what to do and how to do it

predicatelog., lingu. predicate

Wed: English prediction, fr. prediction (prediction); English, French abdication (renunciation).

dom dominari to dominate, to dominate; dominus lord, master

dominance domination, predominance

dominant the main component of smth.

duct ducere lead, lead, conduct, produce

product something produced

products production products

aqueduct(ancient) water supply

induction induction: in logic - particular statements to a general conclusion (cf. deduction), in physics – electric current by magnetic field

introduction introduction

deduction logical conclusion from a general statement

to the particular (opposite) induction)

conductor conductor

Wed: it. duce (Duce - Mussolini's title), rum. conducator (conductor - Ceausescu's title); English duke, fr. duc Spanish duque (duke).

ect jactare to throw, toss, throw down, overthrow

an object object (this is a Russian word - tracing paper)

objective"objective", unbiased

subjectlog., lingu. subject of judgment, subject;

Wed English subject, fr. sujet, German Subject

projection forward ejection (for example, of light - and thereby the image - from the projector onto the screen); Wed English, French projection

project proposal, plan for creating (including writing) something.

ejaculation release (of semen during sexual intercourse)

injection throwing in, injection

injector, injector injector (this could also be the name of a medical instrument for injection, but the word was borrowed from the German language syringe– Spritze)

trajectory the line that describes the center of gravity of a moving body (tra– from trance-)

Wed. English jet – jet, reactive (i.e. throwing out a jet); as sum/. – jet (of something), jet engine, decomposition reactive plane; in the meaning of “jet plane” the word was borrowed by many European languages ​​(for example, French jet, German Jet).

kapit, kaput caput head (body part), head (chief); capitulum head, chapter (section); capitalis chief (head)

capital top part (head) of the column

captain commander, head of a ship or military unit

cabbage garden plant (still the same “head”, head of cabbage)

capitulate agree on points (chapters) of the terms of surrender and cessation of armed resistance

biceps biceps muscle (lat. biceps – from bis + caput)

Wed: English, Spanish capital, it, fr. capitale (capital, main city); it. capitolo, Spanish capitulo, English dapter, fr. chapitre (chapter – in the book).

karn caro, carnis meat, flesh, body

incarnation embodiment

reincarnation reincarnation, transfer of soul

from one host body to another carnosaurus carnivorous dinosaur carnival festival (it. carnevale – “farewell to meat”; At first, carnivals were held before Lent (meat fasting), i.e. it was an analogue of our Maslenitsa)

Wed: English carnal - carnal, сarnation - clove (the flower of this plant looks like a piece of raw meat); lat. Carnivora zool. carnivores (an order of mammals with the families felines, mustelids, canids, etc.).

quadr, quadri

quattuor four; quadri – four-

square quadrilateral with equal parallel sides

quadrifonic acoustic system of four sound sources, creating the effect of “three-dimensionality” quadriga chariot drawn by four horses

quasi quasi as if, as if, like

forms words with meaning imaginary, false, unreal, For example: quasi-diamond, quasi-scientific, quasi-scientific.

quasiparticles physical quanta of elementary excitations of the system

quasi-stationary: quasi-stationary current - a relatively slowly changing electric current

See also Greek. pseudo.

quart quartus fourth; quarta quarter, fourth part

quarter quarter of the year or part of the city, usually limited to four streets

quartet an ensemble of four performers or a piece of music for such an ensemble

quadroon"one-quarter" black (Spanish) cuarteron)

quint quintus fifth

quintet ensemble of five performers

quintessence basis, essence, essence of smth. (lat. quinta essentia - letters the fifth essence, i.e. the fifth element of the universe is ether, and the first four are water, earth, fire and air)

creat creare create, create; creatura creation, creation, creation

recreation“recreation”, restoration of forces expended in the labor process creature"creation", smb. protege creationism religious doctrine of the creation of the world creative neologism denoting the creative aspect of show business, advertising, etc.

Wed: lat. creator (creator); English creator, fr. createur (creator, creator, creator of something); English The Creator, fr. Le Createur (The Creator, God).

cred cre do I believe, I believe

credit money that is given “on faith” (creditworthiness – the ability to inspire trust) credo views, beliefs (“what I believe in”)

accreditation extending confidence to smb.

discredit deprivation of trust

chickens curare to take care of, take care of, look after, treat

In words borrowed from French. language - not chickens, but cur.

curator trustee

careful"careful about business"

resort healing area (German: Ort – place)

manicure hand care

pedicure feet care

Wed: English, French incurable (ineradicable, incorrigible, incurable); lat. casus incurabilis (the worst thing you can hear from a doctor: a case that cannot be treated).

well currere run, run, move quickly; cursus run, path, course, course, direction

well direction of movement, path; Wed English course, fr. cours, German Courses

contest"escape, collision", competition (lat.

concursus – meeting, clash, rivalry)

cm. chickens

laboratory laborare to work, toil; labor labor, work

laboratory workspace, department of a scientific or technological institution, the work of which includes elements of manual labor

Labour: labor party (English) Labor Party) - a party of labor, a political party of a social democratic orientation in Great Britain and in the countries of the British Commonwealth

collaborator“collaborator” (as in France, Holland, Norway and other Western European countries they called persons who collaborated with the German occupiers)

lay down lex, legis law; legalis legal

legal law

legalization transition/transfer to a legal (permitted by law) position

legitimization giving something legal status, legitimation

Wed: English, German illegal, fr. illegal (illegal, illegal).

lecture“reading” educational material to students or

public speaking on a given topic lecturer"reader" giving lectures

See also Greek. lex.

lingu lingua language (organ; speech)

linguistics linguistics

bilingual bilingual; Wed English bilingual, French bilingue, German bilinguisch

lok locus place, area; localis local; location location

local local

localization attributing something to a certain place, concentration in a certain place. place, limiting the spread of smth. (for example, conflict, fire, inflammation)

locomotion a set of movements by which a living creature moves in space

locator a device that allows you to determine the location of objects in space

See also Greek. mon/mono.

man manus hand; manipulus handful

It is necessary to distinguish Lat. man(by hand, manual) from Greek. man(madness, passion).

manuscript manuscript

manipulation hand action

manicure hand care (French manicure)

manual: manual therapy - treatment with hands (the same as chiropractic)

manufactory non-mechanized workshop with division of manual labor, as well as its products

cop mens, mentis mind, thinking; way of thinking, mental disposition

Not to be confused with suffix -ment.

dementia dementia, acquired mental deficiency (cf. mental retardation)

mental pertaining to thinking and mental disposition

mentality worldview (same as mentality)

a comment“wisely”, a judgment about something.

migrant migrare move, move; migration

migration relocation, movement (of people, animals or plants)

migrant one who migrates

immigrant the one who moved in, moved into smb. country

emigrant one who left, moved from his country (to another country)

re-emigrant one who returned to his country after emigration

Milli mille thousand

million thousand thousand

In the names of units of measurement it denotes the coefficient “one thousandth”, for example: millimeter, milligram.

miss mittere send, let out, release; missio sending, letting go, releasing

missionary messenger

emissary messenger

mission the task on which the emissary is sent

emission issue (for example, securities)

remission weakening (of the pathological process), complete or temporary recovery

commissioner authorized

commission: consignment store - a store in which sellers are authorized to sell goods on behalf of the owner

mobile mobilis mobile, easily moving

mobile agile, capable of rapid movement, action

automobile self-propelled (i.e., without the help of draft animals) cart; see Greek auto

mobilization bringing smb. or smth. into an active (effective) state

spendthrift moto set in motion; motion movement

In some words, instead of spendthrift used mots.

motor mover

locomotion active movement of living beings

emotion movement from inside to outside (see lat. prefix ex-)

motive“driver” (motivating reason) of human behavior

motor skills set of movements of a living body

exercise dosed walking for health purposes

Wed. English promotion – promotion (of a product on the market), promotion.

cm. mot.

multi multus numerous

indicates multiplicity, multiplicity; corresponds to Russian a lot of-, Greek poly-(????-).

multimillionaire owner of a multi-million dollar fortune

animation creation of a cartoon and the cartoon itself; letters multiplication (pictures); Nowadays it is customary to use another term - animation(animation, revival); Wed English, French animal

Wed. Also: English multifunctional, fr. multifonctionnel, German multifunktional (multifunctional); English, French, German multinational (multinational); English, French multiple (numerous, multiple).

mun munus duty, duty, burden

immunity"non-obligation", invulnerability to illness or prosecution (for example, parliamentary immunity)

commune"duty", community, lowest administrative unit in some Romance-speaking countries

communal: communal services - facilities for general (collective) use (electricity, gas, water supply, etc.)

communism socio-economic doctrine calling for the entire economy (economy) to be made communal

nom nomen name, title, denomination

It is necessary to distinguish Lat. nom(name) from Greek. nom(law).

nomenclature painting of names (titles) of positions, goods, etc.

denomination cost, price indicated (named) on a banknote or in a price list

nomination naming, denomination

Wed. lat. casus nominativus – nominative case.

notes notare to designate, mark, write down

notary"scribe", one who drafts and certifies legal documents

notation notation system adopted in some. areas (musical notation, chess, etc.); decomposition moralizing

musical notation: musical notation - musical notation

annotation designation of the topic and focus of the text

Wed. English notebook – notebook, laptop computer, notebook.

nuclear nucleus

nucleon the general name for protons and neutrons, i.e. the particles from which atomic nuclei are built

nucleic: nucleic acids are natural compounds found in the cells of living organisms

nuclear: nuclear weapons - nuclear weapons

oct, octa octo eight; octavus eighth

octet ensemble of eight performers

October the eighth month of the year (the first was March)

See also Greek. Oct/Oct.

Opera operari to work, toil; operatio business, action

opus a separate piece of music, provided with a number - in the order of writing (lat. opus - work, work, work)

opera a type of musical work consisting of many vocal and instrumental opuses, in particular arias (lat. opera - them. p.m. h. from opus)

operation action (such as military or surgical)

operator“operating” (previously this was the name for surgeons, but now for those who control or service certain devices)

hordes ordinare to arrange in order, to arrange; ordo row, order

ordinary ordinary, ordinary, ordinary extraordinary“out of the ordinary”, highly unusual subordination subordination, order of subordination coordination coordination, bringing into mutual order (actions, concepts, etc.)

desk partio I divide, divide, distribute; pars, partis part, share

the consignment part of a (community) community that holds certain views or is united by something. type of activity; there may also be a consignment of goods, i.e. not the whole product, but part of it

partisans a participant in an armed struggle in territory occupied by the enemy (previously, supporters of a political party were called partisans)

partner participant in a common cause, negotiations, etc.

apartheid political doctrine of the separate existence of ethnic groups within a single state; apartheid – a word from the Boer language (Afrikaans)

pass 1 passus step, tread, movement; adv. lat. passare (= French passer) to pass, to pass

passport"pass"

pliers a tool that can pass wire through itself

passage a row of shops located in a passage

through the building

pass 2 passio suffering; passion

passive passive, indifferent

ped pes, pedis leg

It is necessary to distinguish Lat. ped(leg) from Greek. ped(child).

orthopedics straightening the legs

pedicure foot care (French: pedicure) pedal foot operated lever

bipedal: bipedal locomotion - movement on two legs (the method of movement is characteristic not only of humans, but also of animals: kangaroos, chickens, etc.)

pos positio position; ponere (= French poser) to put, put, place

position(location positive positive pose position (of body)

exposition exhibition (everything is laid out outside, in plain sight)

Wed. English preposition (preposition; linguistic pretext).

port portare (= French porter) to wear

transport moving

import entry, import (of goods)

export removal, removal (of goods)

portable easy to carry

transportable moveable

deportation expulsion

purse coin carrying container (fr. porte-monnaie)

briefcase container for carrying papers (French porte-feuille; fr. feuille leaf - from lat. folium leaf)

press pressare to press, reap

press print, part of the media (generated by the pressure of a printing press on a sheet of paper)

compressor compressor (air)

expression expression (strike means “to hit”, i.e. to press sharply)

depression depressed, depressed state of mind repression suppression of the activities of a person or social group

Wed: French, English impression (printing, printing; imprint, imprint; impression); fr. impressionnisme Impressionism is a movement in art whose representatives sought to convey direct impressions.

approx. primus first

primate primacy, supremacy (for example, the law before something else)

primates first among equals mammals

primitive initial, primary (and simpler - only if progress takes place)

primitivism a deliberate return to primitive forms (for example, in art)

diva opera singer performing the first (main) roles (Italian primadonna - letters first lady)

for the sake of radius beam

radius ray going from the center of the circle to the circumference

radial: radial symmetry - radial symmetry (a special case of the central one): relative to a vertical line passing through the center (for example, like in echinoderms - starfish, urchins, etc.)

radiation radiation

radiophobia pathological fear of radioactivity

radio a device that detects electromagnetic radiation and extracts sounds encoded by it

radik radix root

radical radical, decisive

radiculitis inflammation of the spinal nerve roots

retro retro back, back, back

retro: retro style - reproducing antiquity

retrograde opponent of progress, “going backwards”

retrospective looking back to the past

san, sana sanare to treat, heal; sanus healthy

reorganization recovery

sanatorium medical institution

orderly(junior) medical worker, health worker

sanitation activities aimed at maintaining hygiene standards

centi

cm. cent.

sects secare to cut, dissect

section compartment

sector section of a circle cut off by two radii

sect a cut-off part of a religious community

Wed: fr. insecte, English insect – insect (this Russian word is a tracing paper of the Latin insectum, and the Latin word is a tracing paper Greek???????).

See also Greek. tom/tomo.

seven semi– semi-, half-

forms words with meaning half, partly, semi-; instead of seven(in meaning semi-) in Russian the language used is French. element demi(in words borrowed from French).

demi-season designed for “half-season”, i.e. for the transition season (spring, autumn)

demicoton cotton fabric (fr. demicoton letters semi-cotton)

Wed: English semi-conductor fr. semi-conducteur (semiconductor).

sense sensus feeling, sensation; meaning, significance

sensory pertaining to sensations

sensation news that evokes strong feelings

psychic supersensible

subsensory: subsensory sensitivity - vague perception of ultra-weak (subthreshold) sensory stimuli, often the basis of premonitions, extrasensory perception

consensus achieving a common view of something, establishing a common meaning

sept septem seven

It is necessary to distinguish Lat. sept(seven) from Greek. sept(rotting, putrefactive).

septet ensemble of seven performers septole music seven-beat rhythmic division

serv 1 servire to be a slave, to be subordinate, to serve

service service, maintenance

servility servility, servility

serv 2 servare to protect, preserve

reserve stock

canned preserved, fixed unchanged

conservative protective, preserving the old order

condom"safety"

preserves food products protected from spoilage

script scribere write; scriptio scripture

scriptoriumist. room in the monastery where books were copied

manuscript manuscript

P.S.“after written”, addition to letter

transcription“rewriting”, transferring the sound of words in writing, as well as writing foreign words using a different alphabet (taking into account their pronunciation)

dream sonor sound

dissonance violation of consonance

sonar echolocator type

sonorant:linguistic sonorant sounds - consonant sounds formed with the predominance of the voice over noise

Wed: English sonic (sound); "Panasonic" (company name).

social socius general

society society social public

socialization the introduction of an individual (child, psychopath or desocialized adult) to society

association inclusion, community

socialism political doctrine that sees a solution

all the problems in the socialization of production

dissociation disintegration, disunity

spect spectare look, look

range visible

play spectacle

speculation a theory formulated without sufficient grounds, based not on the essence of phenomena, but on “appearance”

inspection peering

introspection looking inside, introspection, tracking one’s own mental processes as a method of psychological research

retrospective backward-looking, looking back

avenue a wide straight street along which you can see far ahead

abstract review

spir spiritus breath, soul, spirit

spirometer medical device for determining lung volume, “breathing volume”

conspiracy theories conspiracy theory or one big and comprehensive conspiracy, the tendency to see someone else's in any event. organizing will

inspire inspire

Wed: fr. conspiration, English conspiracy - conspiracy, “unanimity” (of participants); rus. conspiracy - keeping one's activities secret (this is only one aspect of the actions of the conspirators).

stat stand; statio standing; statuere to put, install

station stop

prostate prostate gland (word prostatic- this is tracing paper)

stationary motionless, at rest, standing (as opposed to mobile or portable, transportable)

statement establishment

statics part of mechanics in which conditions are studied

balance, immobility of bodies

statue"standing" sculpture

status state, legal status static fixed

Wed. English state – state (something stable, established), state.

stit statuere to put, install; constituere (= con + statuere), instituere (= in + statuere), restituere (= re + statuere)

constitution(state) establishment that determines the legal life of society

institute social establishment, form of organization of society (for example, the institution of family, the institution of inheritance of property, etc.); Research and training institutes are simply institutions

restitution restoration of the previous state of affairs (for example, restitution of property relations - return of property to the previous owner); complete regeneration of damaged tissue or organ

structure structio location, construction, construction

structure structure, device

design the result of an assembly, something assembled from separate parts

reconstruction perestroika

destruction destruction

instructions“integration” into the case (cf. information)

obstruction"obstacle", disruption of smb. events (method of political struggle)

studio studeo I work hard, I teach, I study

student student of a higher educational institution; recently under the influence of English. language (student - student) students often call all students, with the exception of schoolchildren

Studio workshop (but not just any workshop, but one related to art)

etude educational or preparatory work (French etude)

study study in depth subject (German studieren)

tact tactus touch

tactile tactile contact contact

tact a sense of proportion, suggesting the most delicate attitude (concern) towards someone. or to smth.

text tectum cover, roof

detective“tearing off the veil”, revealing smth. (for example, crime)

patronage"protection", patronage

tread patron, protector (state exercising protectorate, or the outer surface of a car tire)

protectorate protection exercised by one state in relation to another dependent on it, as well as the dependent territory itself

terr, terra terra earth

territory land surface terrarium room (or box) for keeping amphibians and reptiles terrace earthen ledge on the side of a mountain, hill

Wed: fr. extraterrestre, English extraterrestrial (of extraterrestrial origin; like sum/. - alien, extraterrestrial).

tract trahere pull, drag, attract; tractus dragging, dragging, movement, stripe, trace (path)

tractoutdated a large well-worn road; digestive tract - esophagus

Contract“company”, an agreement with mutual obligations

abstract abstract

extract extracted (for example, herbal medicine)

attraction"attraction", something fascinating

attractant"attractor", an odorous substance secreted by some animals to attract a sexual partner

turbo turbo, turbinis vortex, whirling, rotation

turbine“twist”, an engine with rotational movement of the working body (rotor)

turbulence turbulence of a gas or liquid medium

perturbation sudden complication causing confusion

uni u nus one (Dan. p. uni)

corresponds to Russian one-, one-.

university educational institution where they teach everything unique one of a kind unisex: unisex style - the same for both sexes

Wed: English union (connection, merger; association, alliance), universe (universe).

fact facere do; factare to do, commit; factum act done

fact“done”, something accomplished; Wed lat. postfactum/post factum (committed after smb., after done)

defect unfinished, lack

Effect resulting from what has been done, the result (see lat. prefix the ex-)

affect strong excitement attached to the action (see lat. prefix hell-)

confection ready-made (not made-to-measure) clothing and linen (also the corresponding department in the store)

candy(formerly: candy) a completely ready-to-eat sweet treat (a candy could also be called perfect); Wed confetti- bright pieces of paper that practical Italians used to replace sweets (it was customary to shower guests with them at the ball), but the name remained

infection impact on the body (penetration inside) of pathogenic microbes, infection

factor active principle

Second part of compound words -fiction introduces meanings: doing, arranging something, for example: electrification-"making electric" pacification– “making peaceful”, pacification (Latin pax – peace), Russification- “making it Russian.”

fer ferre to carry, to carry

transfer, transfer transfer of foreign currency, transfer of ownership of securities, etc. interference interaction of converging waves

afferent:physiol. afferent nerve - carrying impulses

efferent:physiol. efferent nerve - carries away impulses

trim separation (difference) in immersion of the bow and stern of the vessel

preference"presentation", gambling card game (fr.

preference – letters preference)

differentiation"separation", discrimination

See also Greek. for.

fication

cm. fact/fact.

flex flectere bend, bend; flexio bending, bending, turning

flexionlinguistic the ending of a word (in contrast to the “unbending” stem, “bends” during declension, conjugation); physiol. flexion of a limb or trunk

flexor flexor muscle (eg biceps)

reflex reflection, "turn back"

reflection tendency to analyze one's thoughts and experiences

Wed: English, French, Spanish flexible, German flexibel (flexible).

fract frangere to break; fractio breaking, breaking, breaking

fracturehoney. fracture (of a bone)

fraction"fragment", part of smth. (for example, a political party, a body of parliament members, or a heterogeneous liquid like oil)

refraction light refraction)

diffraction“breaking” of light as a result of the light wave bending around small obstacles (see lat. prefix dis-)

front frons, frontis forehead

confrontation head-on collision

front something turned to the sides (like a forehead)

frontal: frontal plane – running parallel to the forehead

fuzz fundere pour, flow, flow, spread, cast, melt, scatter, spread; fususflowing, prostrate

transfusionhoney. blood transfusion)

diffusion distribution, spreading of a substance in a foreign environment

embarrassment awkward position or state of embarrassment, awkwardness (lat. confusus - chaotic, confused, upset)

cent centum one hundred

forms words with meanings: in the amount of one hundred; hundredth part (in this meaning the element borrowed from the French language is also used centi).

percent hundredth of something; Wed English per cent fr. pourcent, German Prozent

hundredweight one hundred kilograms

centimeter hundredth of a meter (French: centimetre)

cent"stotinka", a coin of one hundredth of a dollar or euro

centurion commander of a century (hundred) in the ancient Roman army

center centrum (from Greek???????) center, focal point, middle

concentration concentration (this is a Russian word - tracing paper)

centralization concentration of smth. in one place, in one hand

decentralization elimination of centralization

concentric: concentric circles - having a common center

egocentrism focus on oneself, the idea of ​​oneself as the center of the universe (lat. ego - I)

cept capere take, receive; concipere (= con + capere), contra + incipere (in + capere), recipere (= re + capere)

concept, concept"conceived", initiated idea

contraception measures to prevent conception

contraceptive contraceptive

reception reception, acceptance, receiving, perception; Wed English reception, fr. reception

receptor recipient (receiver) of sensations

perception“complete receiving”, perception, construction of holistic images based on sensations

recipe"received", a doctor's prescription for a medicine or a method of preparing something.

cess go, move

procession passage, procession

process progress of affairs, events

concession“gathering”, agreement of economic entities

excess something out of the ordinary

recession(economic) retreat, decline in production

cid caedes murder

suicide suicide

fungicide“mushroom killer”, a means of destroying fungi (plant pests)

insecticide pest killer

genocide destruction of clan, people

Wed: English, French homicide – (human) murder; lat. homicidium (homo person + caedo I kill).

eq, equi aequus equal

equivalent equivalent, equivalent

adequate"equal", suitable, corresponding

equator an imaginary line passing around the globe at equal distances from the poles and dividing the globe into two equal parts (two hemispheres)

Wed: English equation, fr. equation (math equation).

cm. ect.

auto????? myself

means: self-, own, own; in some words instead auto used auto.

autocracy autocracy, autocracy, cf. English autocracy, fr. autocracy

autonomy self-government (Greek ????? - law)

automobile self-propelled carriage; see lat. mobile

self-aggression deliberate self-harm

agog??? drive; ?????? leading

teacher"childcare worker" (cf. commander), a teacher or educator working with children; Wed English pedagogue, French pedagogue

andragogy applied science that studies the characteristics of training and (re)education of adults (conscripts, prisoners, etc.); see Greek andr

demagogy"population", the art of manipulating the masses (cf. populism)

synagogue"bringing together", (prayer) meeting, council (vs.-sl. cathedral - tracing paper Greek ????????); Wed English, French synagogue, German Synagogue

all????? another

parallels lines running along each other

allele one of two "parallel" genes in a diploid cell

allergy a disease in which the body reacts differently to normal stimuli; see Greek erg

metal something that is not found in its pure form, but together with other (breeds)

allopathy the usual (traditional) system of treatment - by means other than those that cause suffering (opposite. homeopathy)

allotropy existence of smb. a chemical element in the form of two or more simple substances (for example, carbon: coal, graphite, diamond)

alg????? pain, suffering

It is necessary to distinguish between Greek. alg(pain, suffering) from lat. alg(algae).

analgesic pain reliever

algophobia pathological, increased fear of pain

nostalgia homesickness

andr????, ?????? man human

andrology science of male diseases

polyandry polyandry, a type of polygamy

android humanoid (for example, robot)

Ichthyander fish-man (literary character)

anthrop??????? person, man

anthropology comprehensive human science; Wed English

anthropology, fr. anthropology

anthropogenic generated by human activity or contributed to anthropogenesis (the emergence of humans as a species)

Pithecanthropus apeman

anthropophage cannibal

philanthropy English philanthropy, fr. philanthropie

anthropomorphism endowing animals and natural phenomena with human properties

arch??????? ancient, original; ???? beginning and superiors, government, power

Word??????? means not only ancient, but also senior(initially by age, and then also by social status). In Russian language has words with elements arche, archeo, archi.

archeology science of antiquities; Wed English archaeology/ archeology, fr. archeologie, German. Archaologie

monarchy"uniocracy", autocracy (vs.-sl. dhrzha - dominion, power)

anarchy anarchy

archbishop senior bishop

oligarchy power of the few (cf. monarchy- the power of one, democracy- People power) archaic outdated

archive repository of old documents, as well as these documents themselves

See also Greek. times

arche, archeo, archi

cm. arch.

atmosphere????? steam, evaporation, breath

atmosphere air envelope of the Earth

atmometer meteorological instrument

Wed: German Atmen/Atmung (breath), atmen (breathe); Skt. mahatma (mahatma) – letters great soul, maharaja (maharaja/maharajah) – letters great king.

auto

cm. auto.

bases????? basis, foundation

basis foundation(s) of smth. basic fundamental

bio???? life

biogenic generating life or generated by the activity of living beings

biography biography (life story of a person)

biocorrosion corrosion of metals with the participation of microorganisms

biology complex of life sciences

antibiotic“anti-life”, a substance that inhibits the growth of microorganisms

hubbub????? marriage, nuptials

monogamy monogamy

endogamy the custom of marrying only within one’s own socio-ethnic group (opposite. exogamy)

exogamy a custom that prohibits marriage within a certain social group (opposite. endogamy)

polygamy polygamy

hex, hexa?? six

hexode"six-path", a vacuum tube with six electrodes

hexose carbohydrate with six carbon atoms (such as glucose)

hexameter antique six-foot poetic meter

hecto?????? one hundred

hl. one hundred liters

hecatomb originally: sacrifice of a hundred bulls, now: massacre or death of a large number of people

Hecatonchiresmyth. creatures with a hundred hands

hemato

cm. hemo.

hemi???– half, half

hemianesthesia loss of sensation in one half of an organ or body

hemisphere hemisphere (for example, the Earth or the brain)

hemicrania headache that spreads to only half of the head (Greek ???????- scull); same as migraine (fr. migraine - from lat. hemicrania, borrowed from Greek. language)

hemo????, ??????? blood

Not only can it be used as the first component hemo, but also hemato; inside the word (as the beginning of the second part) the element is highlighted eat.

anemia anemia (lit. bloodlessness)

hemolymph analogue of blood in invertebrates

oligemia lack of blood in the body (for example, as a result of blood loss); see Greek oligo/oligo

hematophage"bloodeater", a creature that feeds on blood (for example, a mosquito)

gene????? family, origin; ????? birth; ??????? birth, origin

generation generation; birth, production

generator generating smth. (sound, electric current, ideas)

anthropogenic generated by human activity

or contributed to anthropogenesis (the emergence of man as a species)

genetics science of heredity

genealogy pedigree (this is a Russian word - tracing paper)

Eugene male name (Greek ???????- noble, of good origin, good family); Wed English Eugene, French Eugene

phylogenesis origin, history of development of species, genera, families and other taxa; see Greek fil/filo 2

biogenesis origin of life on earth

Wed: lat. Hydrogenium (hydrogen), Oxygenium (oxygen).

Wed. also: Genesis, the first book of the Bible, telling about the creation of the world, in Greek. translation – ??????? .

genesis

cm. gene.

geo?? Earth

denotes an attitude towards planet Earth and its study. geometry"land surveying"

geography description of the Earth, complex of Earth sciences; Wed Czech zemepis (tracing paper)

apogee the point of its satellite's orbit that is farthest from Earth

geocentric: geocentric model of the Universe - with the Earth at the center

geology science that studies the earth's crust

geosphere shells of the Earth (lithosphere, atmosphere, etc.)

hetero?????? other, other, one of two

heterosexual of a different gender heterogeneous heterogeneous

heteromorphic different, dissimilar shape, structure

giga??? ?? , ??????? huge, gigantic

giant something extremely large

In the names of units of measurement it denotes the coefficient “billion”, for example: gigahertz

hydr, hydro????water

hydrosphere water shell of the Earth; Wed English hydrosphere, fr. hydrosphere

hydrodynamics a branch of fluid mechanics that studies the movement of liquids (including water) and their effect on solids

hydrolysis decomposition of water into elements (cf. analysis)

hydrant standpipe installed on the water supply line

hydramyth. water snake; zool. freshwater animal

Wed. lat. Hydrogenium (hydrogen).

gyne, gynek ????, ????????woman

misogynist misogynist

gynecology science of women's diseases

polygyny polygamy, a type of polygamy

hippo, hippo?????horse, horse

Not to be confused with Greek. prefix hypo–(cm.).

In some (few) words, instead of hippo/hippo used ipp/ippo. Lack of initial G due to the fact that the word was borrowed from French. language, where h not pronounced.

hippodrome horse racing place (fr. hippodrome -from Greek ??????????); Wed lat. (from Greek) hippodromus

hippotherapy treatment of certain mental disorders through communication with horses; Wed English hippo-therapy

hippology horse science

hippopotamus hippopotamus (Greek: ???????????? – letters river horse; Wed Mesopotamia - Mesopotamia); Wed English hippopotamus, German Flusspferd (tracing paper)

Philip male name (Greek??????? - horse lover)

gnosis, gnosis?????? knowledge, cognition

forecast"foreknowledge", knowledge of future events

diagnosis complete knowledge, knowledge "through and through" agnostic a follower of agnosticism (a doctrine that denies the possibility of knowing the objective world); usually: politically correct designation for an unbeliever, an atheist (Greek ???????? - unknowable)

epistemology branch of philosophy, theory of knowledge

goal, goal???? whole, whole

When borrowing from English. language - cold/cold.

holocaust extermination of European Jews during the Nazi years (the word was transcribed from English Holocaust, which is written with a capital letter to denote this particular phenomenon); Greek?????????? – burnt completely, entirely; in Russian there is tracing paper in the language Greek?????????? – burnt offering (see New Testament)

holistic holistic, comprehensive; Wed English holistic

Catholic universal, extending to everyone; Wed English catholic, fr. catholique, German katholisch (from Greek?????????)

holography holistic, comprehensive image (volumetric)

Holarctic the entire North, a biogeographic region occupying most of the land north of the Tropic of Cancer

homeo, homo??????, ???? equal, identical, similar

Not to be confused with Lat. root homo(Human).

homeo/homo, A Go-moyo.

homogeneous homogeneous homosexual same sex

homeothermic with constant temperature (body), warm-blooded (birds and mammals)

homeopathy a system of treatment with those drugs (in minimal doses) that in large doses cause something that is similar to the symptoms of a given disease (opposite. allopathy)

homeostasis

homoyo

cm. homeo/homo.

rut????? corner

trigonometry (lit. measuring triangles)

diagonalgeom. a straight line connecting the vertices of two angles of a polygon that are not adjacent to the same side

pentagon pentagon; The Pentagon is a building of the US Department of Defense (it has a pentagonal plan)

grams????? letter; letter, recording; image

program prescription

telegram message (letter) sent far away (by telegraph); see Greek body

grammar the science of correct writing

hologram image obtained by holography; see Greek goal/goal

gramophone device for playing recorded sound

count, grapho????? write, draw

photo light painting, obtaining images on photosensitive materials

geography land description

biography biography

calligraphy beautiful writing, penmanship

graphomaniac a person overwhelmed by a passion for writing, composing

schedule drawing, drawing

soundboard???? ten

decapodszool. decapod crustaceans and molluscs

decalogue ten commandments in the bible

decade ten days

In the names of units of measurement, the coefficient “ten” is used, for example: decaliter, decagram.

dem, demo????? people

democracy democracy

demagogy“population”, manipulation of public opinion (cf. populism)

epidemic widespread infectious disease (covers the entire population) pandemic the spread of an infectious disease to entire countries and continents

demiurge"folk master", creator

di??? twice

forms words with meaning double, double– consisting of two parts, having two characteristics; corresponds to Russian two-/two-, lat. bi– (bi-).

dioxide dioxide

digraph combination of two letters

dyad duality; Wed triad

dilogy two literary works of the same author, connected by unity of concept and continuity of plot; Wed trilogy, tetralogy

dilemma choice of two options

dichromatic two-color

dimorphism the presence within a species of individuals that differ in structure (for example, sexual dimorphism)

diphthong combining two vowels in one syllable

dynamo??????? force

dynamics part of mechanics that studies the movement of bodies under the action of applied forces; state or course of development of something. (for example, positive dynamics - changes for the better); Wed German Dynamik, fr. dynamique, English dynamics

dynamometer strength meter

physical inactivity insufficient physical activity

dynamite high explosive

diplo??????? double

diploidity double set of chromosomes in the nuclei of somatic cells of most living organisms

diplodocus dinosaur (lit.“double log”: tail and neck with head - like two logs)

dodeca?????? twelve

dodecaphony a method of musical composition based on the complete equality of all twelve tones of the chromatic scale

dodecahedron dodecahedron

cm. eve/hey.

cm. aid.

cm. hemo.

erg????? work, business; ??????? instrument, instrument, means, organ

In many words it is not used erg, A erg/ergo or org And urg.

surgeon a doctor who performs surgical intervention, operations (literally, manual work)

energy activity, ability to do work (lit. in work)

ergonomics the science of comfortable working conditions

organ“working”, tool, implement; active body part

organ a “working” musical instrument (a very complex musical mechanism)

organelle“organ” of a living cell (usually a unicellular organism), for example, a digestive vacuole in protozoa, a flagellum, etc. (-ella– lat. diminutive suffix)

organoid an intracellular structure that performs a certain “job”, an analogue of organs in the whole organism: mitochondria, lysosome, etc. (lit. organ-like)

organism set of working bodies

organization bringing into working condition, as well as the working structure itself

hard labor detention (for a crime committed)

metallurgy metal production

dramaturgy production of dramas (acts)

allergy a disease in which the body incorrectly reacts differently to a common stimulus; see Greek all

demiurge"folk master", creator

liturgy social work; worship

zoy??? life

Mesozoic era of “middle life”, one of the eras of the development of life on Earth (between the Paleozoic and Cenozoic)

zoo???? animal

zoology animal science

bestiality sexual attraction of people to animals

epizootic widespread infectious animal disease (cf. epidemic)

iatr?????? doctor

In some words it is used (as the first component) yatro.

psychiatrist the one who heals the soul

pediatrician one who heals children

iatrogenic a pathological process caused by treatment (for example, a side effect of a drug or inappropriate surgery)

ideo???? appearance, appearance, image; concept, idea

ideal image(s) of smth. perfect

ideology system of ideas, views, ideas

Wed. Greek oid, emd.

hier, hier????? sacred, holy

hieroglyphs sacred writings

hierarch high-ranking cleric

hierarchy initially: sequential arrangement of dignitaries (ranks) in the church organization, currently: subordination of levels of interaction in complex systems

hieromonk monk ordained as a priest

archpriest high priest

ippo, ippo

cm. hippo/hippo.

callie????? (?????-) Beautiful

calligraphy the art of beautiful writing

kaleidoscope optical toy; rapid and disorderly change of smth. (lit. contemplation of beautiful images; see Greek aid)

mullet??????head

In a number of words instead mullet used cephal.

mullet"golovan", sea fish

autocephaly an independent, self-governing (its own head) Orthodox Church (for example, the Georgian Orthodox Church); Wed English autocephaly, fr. autocephalie

microcephaly, microcephalyhoney. abnormally small size of the skull and brain

encephalon brain (Greek: ????????? , letters what's in the head); Wed English brain, fr. encephale

encephalogram recording of electrical activity of the brain

encephalitis brain inflammation

Cynocephalus myth. "dog-headed", a creature with a dog's head and a human body; see Greek kincephalopods cephalopods, carnivorous molluscs

kilo??????or??????thousand

In the names of units of measurement, the coefficient “thousand” is used, for example: kilogram, kilowatt.

kin ????, ?????dog

In some words it is used movie, and qin.

cynology the science of dog breeding

dog handler canine specialist (usually: a person working in tandem with a service dog - a rescuer, a policeman, but not a shepherd or a hunter)

cynic originally: follower cynicism, philosophical school founded in the 4th century. BC e. in Athens (also cynic); Greek ???????- named after the Kinosarg hill (??????????), where was the gymnasium where training was conducted; now: an arrogant person who openly and grossly violates moral standards

kine, let's throw????? move; ?????? movement

In a number of complex words it is also used (as the first component) movie, meaning: relating to cinematography.

cinema motion recording, film production; Wed English cinematography, fr. cinematography, him. Kinematographie/Kinematographie

kinematics part of mechanics that studies the motion of bodies (as opposed to statics)

kinesthesia motor sense, a living being's perception of its own movements

kinescope(TV) a device that allows you to see the transmitted image

kinetic: kinetic energy – a measure of mechanical motion

hypokinesia low mobility, insufficient motor activity

movie 1

cm. kine/kinem.

movie 2

cm. kin.

space?????? arrange, arrange, decorate

space(world order

cosmopolitan citizen of the world, space

cosmetics the art of maintaining the body in order and beauty (for the ancient Greeks, order and beauty were identical)

cosmodrome space launch site

Kuzma,churchCosma, Cosma male name (Greek: ??????– order; decoration; beauty, honor)

times?????? power, rule, dominance

democracy democracy

gerontocracy the power of the old; Wed gerontophobia(see Greek root fob)

autocracy autocracy aristocracy power of the best (i.e. noble)

See also Greek. arch.

crypt, crypto??????? secret, hidden

cryptography secret writing

cryptogram encrypted message

cryptozoology parascience that collects information about legendary animals (Bigfoot, Loch Ness monster, etc.)

cryptogams secretagogous plants (without flowers)

krypton an inert gas present in the air "secretly" without being detected

xeno????? stranger

xenophobia hostility to everything alien, “foreign”; Wed English xenophobia, fr. xenophobie, German Xenophobe

xenon"stranger", an inert gas first discovered as an impurity in krypton

xenopsychology in science fiction: a science that studies the psychology of representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations

xero????? dry

xerophytes ecological group of plants growing in dry places

Xerox(dry) text copying technology (English) xerox)

lex????? word, expression, speech

vocabulary a set of words (vocabulary composition) of something. language (or some part of the vocabulary, for example scientific vocabulary), as well as the vocabulary of works of some kind. writer

dyslexia reading disorder or difficulty learning to read; Wed English dyslexia

alexia a neurological disorder manifested in a complete inability to perceive written speech; Wed English alexia

See also lat. lect.

Liz????? dissolution, relaxation, decomposition

analysis analysis, decomposition into component parts; Wed English analysis, fr. analyze, German Analyze

paralysis“almost complete relaxation”, loss of motor functions; Wed English paralysis fr. paralysie, German Paralyze

lysosome“dissolving body”, cellular organelle, analogue of the digestive organ in the whole organism

electrolysis decomposition of a substance under the influence of electric current

hydrolysis exchange reaction between water and substance

lit, lito????? stone

paleolithic

lithosphere solid shell of the Earth

lithophytes plants growing on rocks and stones (some algae, lichens)

monolith something made from a single piece of stone, not composite; used as a metaphor for strength, unity

log????? word, concept, doctrine

philology a set of sciences related to the study of the language and literary creativity of a particular people; Wed Englishрhylogy

geology science that studies the earth's crust

epilogue“afterword”, the final part of a literary work; Wed English epilogue, fr. epilogue, German Epilog

prologue"preface", introductory part of the literary

works; Wed English, French prologue, German Prolog

logoneurosis stuttering

neologism

dialogue exchange of words between interlocutors

analogy similarity (helps to reveal the content of the concept)

decalogue"decalogue", ten biblical commandments

genealogy pedigree; see Greek gene

macro?????? long, big

macroscopic visible to the naked eye

macromolecule molecule containing hundreds or millions of atoms, usually polymeric

macrocosm"big" universe (as opposed to microcosm, world of ultra-small objects described by quantum mechanics)

man????? madness, madness; passion, attraction (insanity in both the psychiatric and everyday senses)

It is necessary to distinguish between Greek. man(madness, passion) from lat. man(by hand, manual).

music lover very passionate about music person

maniac manic

megalomania megalomania

mega, megalo?????, ?????? big, great, huge

megalopolis, megalopolis large city

megalomania megalomania

megaphone device that increases speech volume

In the names of units of measurement it denotes the coefficient “million”, for example: megahertz, megaton.

meso????? average, intermediate

Mesozoic geological era of "middle life" (between the Paleozoic and Cenozoic)

mesophyte plant that prefers medium moisture levels

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia (historical region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers)

meso

cm. meso.

meter, metro?????? to measure; ?????? measure

geometry earth measurement

thermometer heat meter

meter measure of extent

symmetry proportionality

miz, mizo????? hate

misanthrope misanthrope; Wed philanthropist

misanthropy dislike for people, alienation from them, misanthropy; Wed philanthropy

misogynist misogynist

misoneism aversion to everything new

micro?????? small, insignificant

microtome“small cutter”, a tool for preparing the thinnest sections of anatomical preparations

microscope device for viewing very small objects

microbiology the branch of biology concerned with the study of the smallest living things

microcosm(os) the world of small spatial quantities; Wed macrocosm

micrometer millionth of a meter, micron

mnez

cm. I think.

I think????? memory, recollection

In some words, instead of I think used mnez.

amnesia memory loss, oblivion

amnesty legal “oblivion” (the law enforcement system seems to forget about the crime committed)

mnemonics, mnemonics a set of techniques to help memorize mnemonic memory-related

paramnesia, pseudomnesia false memories

mon, mono????? the only one

monarch autocrat

monk usually: a member of a religious community living in a monastery (Greek??????? - living alone)

monomer unit component polymer(e.g. ethylene versus polyethylene)

monochrome plain

monocle optical glass for one eye (cf.: for two eyes - pince-nez, glasses)

monocular“one-eyed” optical device (opposite. binoculars)

morph, morpho????? form

metamorphosis transformation, transformation

morphology the science of form, structure (of words, living things, geological structures, etc.)

morphogenesis origin, formation of form

dimorphism“biformity”, the presence of individuals of different structures within a species (for example, sexual dimorphism)

anthropomorphism transferring human properties and characteristics to animals and natural phenomena

nano?????? dwarf

nanotechnology technologies related to objects close to nanometer in size

in the names of units of measurement denotes the coefficient “one billionth”, for example: nanosecond, nanometer.

necro?????? dead

necrosis tissue death

obituary a word about a dead person

necrophilia sexual attraction to corpses

necropolis"city of the dead", cemetery

neo???? new

neologism linguistic innovation, new word or expression

neo-communism updated doctrine of communism

Neolithic"new stone age", the last era of the stone age

neon"novichok", inert gas

neophyte"new shoot", newbie in smth. (new supporter of some teaching, follower of some religion)

Nov

cm. noo.

nom???? law

It is necessary to distinguish between Greek. nom(law) from lat. nom(Name).

autonomy self management

agronomy the science of the “laws” (fertility) of the field, soil

astronomy science about the laws of life of cosmic bodies and the Universe

economy laws of sound management

ergonomics applied science of comfortable working conditions

noo???? mind, consciousness

paranoia"insanity", madness

metanoia“mental change”, change of mind, consciousness

noosphere"intelligent" shell of the Earth

od???? path, course

synod“gathering”, meeting of clergy (cf. congress)

period circling time

method way of doing something, technique; Wed English method, fr. methode, German Methode

electrode"electric path", conductor

anode"way up", one of the electrodes

cathode"way down", one of the electrodes

Oid????? look, appearance, image

forms words with meaning like.

humanoid humanoid creature

spheroid a body similar in shape to a sphere or sphere (for example, the globe)

schizoid a person with schizophrenia-like personality traits

organoid organ-like intracellular structure that performs a specific vital function of the cell

Wed. Greek ide/ideo, eid.

cm. eco.

Ox, Oxy???? sour

forms words with the meaning: relating to oxygen or an acidic environment.

hypoxia oxygen starvation, lack of oxygen in tissues; Wed English hypoxia, fr. hypoxie

dioxide dioxide

vinegar aqueous solution of acetic acid Comp. lat. Oxygenium (oxygen).

oct, octa???? eight

octopus eight-legged mollusk

octahedron octahedron

See also lat. Oct/Oct.

oligo, oligo?????? few, small

mental retardation“feeble-mindedness”, dementia, congenital mental deficiency (cf. dementia)

oligarchy the power of few

oligemia blood deficiency in the body; see Greek hemo

them

cm. onoma.

onoma????? Name

onym.

onomastics the branch of lexicology that studies proper names

anonymous unnamed, no author designation

synonym"coname", a word with a similar meaning

antonym"countername", a word with the opposite meaning

eponym"by name", giving to smb. your name (for example, Stalin - cf. the city of Stalingrad)

cm. erg.

ornito?????, ??????? bird

ornithology the branch of zoology that studies birds

ornithophobia pathological fear of birds

Wed. lat. Confuciornys is one of the Mesozoic ancestors of modern birds, named by Chinese paleontologists in honor of Confucius.

ortho????? straight, correct

orthopedics straightening the legs; Wed English orthopedics/orthopedics, fr. orthopedic, German Orthopadie

spelling spelling; Wed English orthography, fr. or-thographe, German. Orthografie/Orthographie and Rechtschrei-bung (this word is tracing paper)

orthodox Orthodox, true believer; Wed English, German orthodox, fr. orthodoxe

orthoepy rules governing correct pronunciation (Greek???? - speech); Wed English orthoepy, fr. orthoepie, German Orthopie

spelling

cm. ortho.

paleo??????? ancient

paleography piece of history studying ancient manuscripts

paleontology the science of the history of the biosphere, of fossil organisms (Greek ?? , ????? - existing)

paleolithic the oldest period of the Stone Age

stalemate????? everything that smb. undergoes (experiences), feeling, suffering

pathology the science of suffering (painful condition), as well as the process itself that causes it

pathetic associated with high (strong) feelings

patient suffering, patient; English, French patient, German Patient

solitaire laying out playing cards; fr. patience - patience (this quality is necessary when playing solitaire)

telepathy"far-sensing"

Pater, Patr?????, ??????father

patriot devoted to his fatherland compatriot compatriot (fr. compatriot); Wed English compatriot

paternalism"fatherly" patronage

patriarch"father elder"

ped ????, ??????child, boy

It is necessary to distinguish between Greek. ped(child) from lat. ped(leg).

pediatrics treatment of children

pedophilia sexual attraction of adults to children

pederast"boy lover", originally: ephebophile, now: homosexual

pedagogy"driving children", the science of education and training

pent, penta?????five

pentagon pentagon

pentathlon sports pentathlon (Greek ????? - competition, fight; ????? - reward for victory); Wed biathlon, triathlon

pentagram a "five-line" geometric object whose area corresponds to a five-pointed star

peter, petro?????stone

petrography, petrology branch of geology that studies rocks, “stones”

petroleum"rock oil", petroleum; compare: English petrochemistry, fr. petrochimie, German Petrochemie (petrochemicals); English petrodollars, fr. petrodollars, German Petrodollars (petrodollars); English petropower (oil power)

Peter male name; Wed English, German Peter, French Pierre, it. Piero/Pietro, Spanish Pedro

under ????, ?????leg

gout disease affecting the legs (Greek???? – prey, victim)

pseudopodia pseudopods, temporary cytoplasmic projections in some unicellular organisms, as well as in freely moving multicellular cells (for example, leukocytes)

Wed: lat. Octopus (octopus), Decapoda (decapods, order of crustaceans).

poly 1????- a lot of indicates multiplicity; corresponds to lat. multi-(multi-).

polygamy polygamy (polygamy or polyandry); Wed English polygamy, fr. polygamie

polyandry polyandry

polygyny polygamy

polyglot multilingual person

polyneuritis multiple inflammation of peripheral nerves

polyarthritis multiple joint inflammation

polyphony polyphony

polychromy multicolor

polyhedron polyhedron

polymer a substance whose molecule consists of many identical components, monomers(for example, polyethylene consists of many ethylenes)

poly 2?????city

policy civil (“city dweller”) life, the art of city governance (there were city-states before)

police body of state security and public order (continuation of the policy of managing the city/state by force); Wed English, fr. police, German Polizei

metropolis the main city of the Orthodox ecclesiastical province (it has a metropolitan)

metropolis mother city (in relation to colonial cities)

metro urban (usually underground) railway (fr. metropolitain - related to the metropolis, metropolitan)

necropolis"city of the dead", cemetery

Paul

cm. poly 1 .

pragm?????? business, action; ????????? active

In some words it is not used pragm, A pract.

practice activity

pragmatic action-oriented, result-oriented

workshop active learning sessions (as opposed to theoretical)

practical

cm. pragm.

pseudo?????? false

pseudonym a fictitious name that is used to replace the real one; Wed English pseudonym, fr. pseudonyme

pseudopodia pseudopods

pseudology"false speech", (morbid) tendency

to fiction, the art of lying; Wed English pseudology

pseudomnesia false memories

See also lat. quasi.

psycho, psycho????soul

psychiatry healing of the soul, treatment of mental illness; Wed English psychology, fr. psychochiatrie

psychology general science of the soul; Wed English psychology, fr. psychology

psychotherapy treatment with the soul (psychotherapist), i.e. through mental influence; Wed English psychotherapy, fr. psychotherapy

pter, ptero??????wing

pterodactyl"fingerwing", flying lizard

helicopter"rotating wing", helicopter; Wed English helicopter, fr. helicoptere

Wed. lat. Lepidoptera – Lepidoptera, butterflies (order of insects).

rin, rhino ???, ?????nose

rhinitis inflammation of the nasal mucosa (runny nose); Wed fr. rhinite, German Rhinitis, English rhinitis

rhinoplasty surgical restoration or correction of the shape of the nose

seps

cm. Sept.

sept????? rotting; ??????? putrefactive

It is necessary to distinguish between Greek. sept(rotting, putrid) from lat. sept(seven).

sepsis general “suppuration” in the body, blood poisoning

antiseptic“anti-rot”, fight against wound infection that has occurred

antiseptics drugs that cause the death of putrefactive microbes

asepsis“rotlessness”, prevention of infection of wounds (for example, by appropriate treatment of surgical instruments and premises)

osprey?????? look

telescope device for looking into the distance

microscope device for examining small objects

bishop the highest spiritual rank in the Christian church, head of a church district, diocese; Greek????????? -observer, overseer, overseer (over priests); see Greek epi prefix

soma???? body

somatic bodily

psychosomatics a direction in medicine that studies the connection between the psyche and physical diseases and tries to treat them using psychotherapy methods

Wed. names of many cellular organelles (analogs of organs of the whole organism): ribosome, lysosome, chromosome etc., i.e. various bodies.

sofa????? wisdom

philosophy"philosophy"; Wed English philosophy, fr. philosophy

historiosophy the theoretical, conceptual aspect of the science of history (as opposed to historiography, the descriptive aspect)

sophism“wise joke”, a falsely constructed conclusion that seems correct in form (based on a deliberate violation of logic)

stasis?????? standing, condition, position

In some words it is not used stasis, A Stas.

ecstasy“exit from the (ordinary) state”, unusual, sublime experiences

homeostasis constancy of the internal environment of the body

stasis stagnation, long-term slowdown (for example, the rate of evolutionary development)

stasis a sharp slowdown or cessation of movement (stagnation) of contents in tubular organs (blood vessels, intestines, etc.)

metastasis“transferred condition”, a secondary focus of the disease resulting from the transfer of microbes or cancer cells through the blood vessels

iconostasis place of “standing” of icons

hypostasis“standing under”, basis, essence (in particular, one of the three essences of the Holy Trinity); usually: in the guise of smb. – as/in the role of smb.

Stas

cm. stasis.

steno?????? narrow, cramped

angina pectoris tightness of the heart

shorthand the art of close writing; Wed Czech tesnopis (this word is tracing paper)

stenothermic: stenothermic organism - an organism that can exist only in a narrow temperature range (opposite. eurythermal)

spheres, sphere?????? ball

atmosphere air envelope of the Earth

hydrosphere water shell of the Earth

spherical spherical

schizo????? to split, split

In a number of words it is also used schizo(appeared when words were borrowed from the German language).

schism church schism; Wed English schism, fr. schisme, German Schisma schismatic dissenter

schizophrenia mental illness (German: Schizophrenie); Wed fr. schizophrenia English schizophrenia

thesis????? position

thesis statement, position

hypothesis“underthesis”, a statement whose truth still needs to be proven

synthesis connection, combination of parts into a single whole; Wed English synthesis, fr. synthese, German Synthesis

theca???? storage, collection

library book storage

card index collection of cards with smb. information

music library repository (collection) of sound recordings

disco collection of records with sound recordings, as well as a dance club, musical evening

body???? far away

telephone"range speaker"

telepathy"distant sense"

telescope device for viewing distant objects

Theo???? God

theology theology; Wed English theology, fr. theologie

enthusiasm elation, passion (lit. divine inspiration, “abiding in God”; ace-changed theos)

pantheon a set of gods of a polytheistic (many-god) cult

monotheism monotheism

theocracy a form of government in which political power is held by the clergy

Fedor male name (Greek ???? god + ????? gift, gift, i.e. gift of God); Wed English Theodore, German Theodor, it. Teodoro, Bulgarian Todor

term, thermo????? warm

thermometer heat meter, heat meter

thermal thermal

exothermic with the release of heat (for example, a chemical process) endothermic with heat absorption

baths ancient roman baths

tetra?????? four, four

notebook sewn quarter-sheet pieces of paper

tetrahedron tetrahedron

tetralogy a literary work of four relatively independent texts (that is, four works united by the continuity of the plot and the author’s intention); Wed duology, trilogy

tetrarch one of the four rulers implementing the tetrarchy (four powers)

tetrachloride chloride containing four chlorine atoms

type????? imprint, sample

type a sample on the basis of which a group of similar objects or phenomena is identified; Wed French, English type, German Type

typology classification (lat. classis – class, rank) based on common characteristics

stereotype"hard imprint" (Greek??????? – hard, strong; voluminous), a fixed sequence of actions or an inert, unchangeable view of something. things

printing house an enterprise where publications are printed, writing with imprints of letters

prototype real prototype(s) of a literary character

tom, tomo???? cutting, dividing, dissecting

anatomy structure of something (including organism, organ); Greek??????? – dissection

autotomy“self-mutilation”, a defensive reaction in some animals (throwing away the tail and limbs when grabbed by a predator)

entomology the science of insects (insected into animal segments)

atom indivisible

tomography X-ray research method with obtaining a shadow image of individual layers (“slices”) of an object

See also lat. sect.

tone????? stress, stress

hypertension“increased tension” (pressure) in the circulatory system

intonation rhythmic-melodic side of speech

top, topo????? place

toponymy a branch of onomastics that deals with the names of geographical objects, as well as a set of geographical names of some kind. terrain

topography local (small) geography

biotope“living place”, a section of the biosphere characterized by homogeneity of conditions, ecotype (for example, sedge bog, alpine pond, etc.)

See also lat. loc.

three???– three-; ???? three times

trigonometry branch of mathematics that studies angle functions (lit. measuring triangles) triathlon sport triathlon; Wed biathlon, pentathlon

Triassic first period of the Mesozoic era (Greek????? -Trinity)

trilogy a literary work of three relatively independent texts; Wed dilogy, tetralogy

trilobites"trilobed", Paleozoic marine arthropods

triptych a painting made up of three paintings united by one idea

triad trinity, something three-component or three-phase; Wed dyad

trope, tropo?????? turn, direction

phototropism turning the green parts of the plant towards the light

tropic line indicating a “turn” in the behavior of the sun in the sky

psychotropic: psychotropic medicine - “turned”, focused on changing a person’s mental state

entropy measure of chaos, disorder, uncertainty

cm. erg.

phage?????, ?????? devour, devour

anthropophage cannibal

phagocyte eater cell, killer cell

phyllophage animal that eats mainly leaves

physical????? nature

physics science of nature (about matter); Wed German Physik, fr. physique, English physics

physiology the science of nature, the work of a living body; Wed English physician - doctor

physiotherapy treatment with physical (natural) influences (heat, electric current, etc.)

fil, philo 1????? to love, to be disposed towards smth.

philosophy"philosophy"; Wed German Philosophie, fr. philosophy, English philosophy

philology"philosophy"

bibliophile book lover

Francophile loves everything French; Wed Francophobe

philanthropist lover of humanity, philanthropist; Wed misanthrope

philanthropy philanthropy, charity; Wed misanthropy

fil, philo 2???? tribe, clan, species

phylogenesisbiol. same as phylogeny, origin and history of development of species, genera, families, orders and other taxa; Wed Englishрhilogeny/рhylogenesis, fr. phylogenese, German Phylogenese

phylumbiol. type (German) Phylum)

fill?????? sheet

chlorophyll green pigment of photosynthetic plants, found mainly in leaves; Wed English chlorophyll, fr. chlorophylle, germ. Chlorophyll

epiphyll plant that grows on the leaves of other plants

phyllophage animal that eats plant leaves

fit, phyto????? plant

mesophyte stage of evolution of the Earth's vegetation cover

phytology same as botany (Greek)?????? - grass,

plant); Wed English phytology, fr. phytologie phytoncides volatile substances released by some plants to protect them from fungi and bacteria that are dangerous to them

neophyte“new sprout” – originally: a newly converted Christian, now: a newbie in smth. (religion, doctrine, social movement, etc.)

xerophyte a plant that prefers a low degree of moisture; Wed English xerophyte, fr. xerophyte

fob????? fear

forms words denoting fear of something. or hostility, hatred towards someone/something.

claustrophobia fear of confined spaces (lat. claustrum - constipation, lock, closed room)

Francophobe hater of everything French; Wed Francophile

gerontophobiapsychol. fear of aging, sociol. dislike of old people; Wed gerontocracy(see Greek root times)

Judeophobia hatred of everything Jewish

xenophobia hostility to everything alien, “foreign” (see Greek root xeno)

background???? sound

phonetics the science of speech sounds

telephone"range speaker"

symphony"consonance", form of musical work

megaphone device that increases speech volume, sound amplifier

odds????? wear

phosphorus“light bearer”, a substance that glows in the dark with previously “accumulated” light

euphoria(pathological) good mood, state of joy (see Greek root ev/hey)

metaphor“transfer” of meaning, figurative convergence of words

See also lat. fer.

phos???, ????? light

The element is widely used to form words photo)– from the form????? .

photon particle of light; Wed English, French photon

photo light painting; Wed English photography, fr. photographie, German Fotografie/Photographie

phosphorus“light bearer”, chemical element (white phosphorus glows in the dark)

phosphorescent luminous, luminous (behaving like phosphorus)

cm. Phos.

phrases?????? figure of speech

phrase a complete turn of speech, a structural part of a verbal or musical text (musical phrase); Wed English, French phrase

paraphrase, paraphrase“outside (true) speech”, retelling of something. text (literary or musical)

paraphrase, paraphrase replacing the direct name with a descriptive phrase (for example, not Confucius, but “the sage from Apricot Hill”)

phraseological unit a stable figure of speech, the meaning of which is not derived from the meanings of its constituent words

hir, hiro???? hand

surgeon doctor performing surgery (lit. work with hands) palmistry fortune telling

chiropractic mechanical impact with hands on the vertebrae for therapeutic purposes (the same as manual therapy)

Hecatonchiresmyth. creatures with a hundred hands

Wed. lat. Chiroptera – bats (order of mammals).

chlorine?????? green

chlorine greenish gas

chlorophyll green pigment of photosynthetic plants, found mainly in leaves (see Greek root fill)

Wed. lat. Chloris – greenfinches (genus of finches).

Holo, Holo

cm. goal/goal.

chromium????? color

monochrome plain

chromosomebiol.“colored body”, organelle of the cell nucleus (an example of a term whose meaning is not related to the essence of the designated object); Wed German Chromosom, French, English chromosome

polychrome multicolor

chrono?????? time

synchronous simultaneous; Wed fr. synchrone English synchronic

chronology binding events to a single time axis

anachronism discrepancy, discrepancy in time; relic

chronicle chronicle

cephalus

cm. mullet.

cycle?????? wheel, circle; cycle

cyclone atmospheric whirlwind (vortex); Wed fr., English

cyclone, German Zyklone

cyclical“circular” process described by a sinusoid

motorbike cart with a wheel driven by a motor

cm. kin.

cyto????? (living) cell

cytology cell science; Wed German Zytologie, fr. сytology, English cytology

erythrocyte red cell, functionally the main type of blood tissue cell

cytolysis destruction of cells by dissolution

schizo

cm. schizo.

ew, hey?? Fine

euphoria good, high spirits

euphemism soft (good) replacement for a rough expression

euthanasia“good death”, facilitating the death of an incurable patient at his request; Wed German Euthanasie, fr. euthanasie, English euthanasia

eustress, eustress good, “invigorating”, positive stress (as opposed to distress– bad, negative stress; English eustress, distress)

Eucharist sacrament of holy communion, communion (lit. thanksgiving); Wed English charity, fr. charite (charity); Wed Also Greek??????? (charisma) – grace, gift (of God)

eugenics the concept of improving the gene pool of humanity or individual races and peoples

Eugene male name (Greek ??????? - noble, good kind)

Gospel part of the Bible (Greek ?????????? - good / good news; cf.: ??????? - news, news, message; ??????? - messenger, messenger, angel)

aid????? look, appearance, image

Some words use eid.

eideticism a type of figurative memory

eideticsPhilosopher the doctrine of “ideal forms” of consciousness; same as eidology

kaleidoscope optical toy; rapid and disorderly change of smth. (lit. contemplation of beautiful images)

Wed. Greek ide/ideo.

see also oid.

cm. eco.

eco????? house, dwelling

In some words it is also used oik, eik.

economy laws of reasonable farming or farming itself

ecumene habitable part of the Earth

ecumenism movement for the unification of churches throughout the inhabited world

ecology the science of the “economy” of the biosphere, our common home

encephalus

cm. mullet.

erg, ergo

cm. erg.

est, esthesis??????? feeling, feeling

anesthesia lack of sensation, pain relief; Wed German Anasthesie, fr. anesthesie, English anesthsia

aesthetics part of philosophy dealing with the category of beauty, that is, with that which evokes (high) feelings; Wed German Asthetik, fr. esthetique English aesthetics

kinesthesia motor sense, a person’s perception of his own movements

synesthesiapsychol. co-sensation, double sensation, the ability for mixed perception of sensations (for example, to feel the “color” of a sound, the “taste” of a touch, etc.); Wed fr. synesthesia, English synaesthesia

this, this???? custom, character

ethics the doctrine of morality, as well as a system of norms of behavior, morality of some kind. public group (for example, medical ethics); Wed German Ethik, fr. ethics, English ethics

unethical does not comply with the rules of ethics, violates these rules

ethology the science of behavior, "mores" of animals

ethn, ethno????? tribe, people

ethnography“description of people”; Wed English ethnography, fr. ethnography

ethnobotany studying folk knowledge about plants (Greek ?????? – grass, plant)

ethnic related to smb. to the people

cm. eve/hey.

yatro