Plural of Unified State Examination Russian language. Morphological norms of pronouns

This is probably the most “unpleasant” task: here you have to learn a lot by heart. Do the same as with task 4: practice those moments in which you doubt, gradually narrow the circle of mistakes. Console yourself with the fact that in the exam you will be given not dozens, but only 5 words.

Task 6

Task formulation

In one of the words highlighted below there was an error in the formation of the form

words. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

RIDICULOUS outfit

behind SEVEN locks

pack of PASTA

in the year 2000

TASTIER THAN cake

The variety of grammatical errors associated with the formation of word forms is great. There are no specific rules for the formation of the forms of words of various parts of speech; this is a matter of established practice in the language. Memory, speech hearing, and patience will help you in working on task 6.

We offer you lists of words grouped by parts of speech. The tables are compiled in such a way as to make it easier for you to memorize. Read the correct options out loud and memorize them. Watch your speech. Here, as with task 4 on spelling, it is important to repeatedly refer to grammatical norms, get used to them, and after a while the correct formation of words will not cause you any difficulties.

Nouns in the nominative case

Let's remember the pairs:

Hulls (torsos) – hulls (buildings)

Camps (political) – camps (tourist)

Husbands (state) – husbands (in families)

Teeth (in humans) – teeth (in saws)

Omissions (spaces) – omissions (documents)

Images (literary) – images (icons)

Orders (knightly) – orders (awards)

Tones (sounds) – tones (shades of color)

Chicken - chickens

Log - logs

Vessel - ships

Nouns in the genitive case(We substitute the word A LOT)

Fruits and vegetables:

Clothes and shoes:

Nationalities:

Groups of people by occupation:

Units:

We teach, we teach, we teach:

Gender of nouns

Comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs

Attention! You cannot mix simple and compound forms. More beautiful, most beautiful, most subtle– this is a grammatical error.

We decline numerals

40, 90, 100

50, 60, 70, 80

The instrumental case is difficult here. When declension, divide the numeral into two parts and pronounce it separately: eight houses, ten houses.

200, 300, 400 and 500, 600, 700, 800, 900

When declension of these numerals, divide them into two parts and instead of the word hundred substitute leg. Their endings will coincide: two legs - two hundred; five legs - five hundred.

Differences in the declension of compound cardinal and ordinal numbers

In compound cardinal numbers, each word is declined, while in ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined. Compare:

There are no two thousand five hundred and forty-two words - there is no two thousand five hundred and forty suitcase;

Two thousand five hundred and forty words – two thousand five hundred and forty suitcase.

Ordinal numbers ending in -hundredth, -thousandth, millionth, -billionth, are written in one word. They are similar to compound adjectives: the first part in such words is in the genitive case. Compare: three hundredth - three-headed; three hundredth - three-headed; about four thousandth - about four meter.

One and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred

Collective numbers (two, three, four etc.) are used

1) with nouns naming male persons, words children, people, guys: two friends, three brothers;

2) with nouns naming young animals: seven kids;

3) with nouns that only have a plural form: four, scissors, three trousers.

Both (both, both, both) used with masculine and neuter nouns : both brothers, both hearts.

Both (both, both, both) used with feminine nouns: both sisters, on both sides.

Pronouns

1. Not used in Russian theirs, theirs, theirs etc. Must be used his, her, theirs.

2. After prepositions, personal pronouns have the letter N: with her, without him, for them.

Verbs

1. 1. Imperative mood

1. 2. Conjugation of verbs

3. Suffix –СБ after vowels: met(wrong met), Deal.

4. “Polite word” - Sorry (wrong I'm sorry)

5. By get a haircut By slip, By damn, but under scribble on laugh

6. Get well – I’ll get well

become weak - become weak

7. Dry - dry

get wet - wet

freeze - frozen

get stronger - get stronger

Participle

Imperfect participles (doing what?) have suffixes -A, - I: speaking(wrong speaking), bored(wrong bored).

Perfective participles (by doing what?) have the suffix -В, -ВШИ: after reading, talking(wrong talking), offended ( Not offended).

Let's get back to the task. Analyze each answer, find in the explanation the part where this or a similar word appeared. (Error: PASTA. Correct: PASTA.)

1. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

to BOTH boots
by the fifth of MARCH
SEVEN HUNDRED twenty
along the COASTS
behind HIM

2. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

hussar EPOLET
SPREAD THE GREATS
Merry WEDDINGS
several EGGPLANTS
the SWEETEST

3. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
NINEHUNDRED pages
more beautiful
in ONE AND A HUNDRED grams
Abkhazian TOWERS
church DOMES

A HUNDRED AND A HUNDRED

4. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

fast boats
looked more GENTLE
pair of HERONS
ARAB songs
authors of MANUAL

5. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

TWO HUNDRED notebooks
BOTH students
PLACE ON THE TABLE
Golden domes
scarlet stripes

6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly

famous PROFESSORS
more than TWO HUNDRED participants
WITH BOTH hands
more beautiful
don't WAVE your arms

PROFESSOR

7. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

their ADDRESSES
sweet POMEGRANATES
saw teeth
FIVE wolf cubs
life of the MONGOLS

8. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

LIE ON THE FLOOR
THEIR dreams
no BOOTS
TATAR traditions
small TREES

9. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

HARDER THAN ROCK
scarlet CHERRY
suddenly tripped
EIGHT HUNDRED years
no golf

STUMPPED

10. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
Get well soon
BAKE A pie
BOTH tables
Foliage sways
famous CONSTRUCTORS

11. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

SEVEN HUNDRED rubles
new SHOES
famous PROFESSORS
BOTH sisters
several KILOGRAMS

PROFESSOR

12. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly

according to the timetable
couple of socks
DRY in the wind
five KILOGRAMS
about one and a half hundred meters

13. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly

SEVEN HUNDRED soldiers
company SOLDIER
pair of JEANS
we DRIVE
a dozen GUNS

14. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly
ten TOMATOES
sing more BEAUTIFUL
TWO HUNDRED meters
LIE ON THE FLOOR
DRESS the child

15. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
on BOTH sides
pack of MACARONS
no TWO HUNDRED rubles
GET STRONGER after illness
they WAVE their hand

16. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
thin tentacles
FOUR HUNDRED pages
more SOFT
ancient BELIEFS
RINSE YOUR MOUTH

17. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

LIE ON THE SOFA
Least SUCCESSFUL
NINE HUNDRED DEGREES
ONE AND A HUNDRED rubles
BOTH surgeons

LIE DOWN

18. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

Their problems
flew off my shoulders
SEVEN HUNDRED tickets
KINDEST person
MOWING THE LAWN

SEVEN HUNDRED

19. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
speech of ROMANIANS
quieter
THREE HUNDRED runners
ONE AND A HUNDRED trees
delicious PASTA

Russian inflected words have many morphological forms. Fortunately, most of them are absorbed by children in early childhood and do not cause problems when preparing for the Unified State Exam. But there are forms in the formation and use of which both children and adults make mistakes. Below is a list of such morphological forms.

Erroneous forms.Memorize examples in lists.

Noun

Formation of the plural:

Words starting with Y - I:

engineers, designers, officers, lecturers, trainers, accountants, instructors, editors, mechanics, drivers;
vectors, winds, reprimands, jumpers, sweaters, contracts, containers, players, policies, spotlights, warehouses;
ages, elections, ports, handwritings, creams, cakes

Words starting with A - Z:

director, doctor, inspector, professor, cook, watchman, paramedic, tenor, coachman;
districts, orders, bills, boats, vacations, heaps, bells, bodies, domes, districts, passports, cellars, varieties, farms, poplars, stacks, stamps, anchors

Formation of genitive plural forms:

Form for OB - EB:

several kilograms (kilograms), grams (grams), hectares, carats, tomatoes, tomatoes, oranges, apricots, pineapples, bananas, pomegranates, lemons, tangerines, eggplants, knee socks, socks, shoulder straps, sneakers (sneakers), rails, nerves;

many dresses, upper reaches, roots, rags, lower reaches, journeymen, flakes, mouths

Null-terminated form:

a pair of towels, stockings, bloomers, shorts, boots, shoes, shoes, slippers, slippers, galoshes, shoe covers, boots, felt boots, apples, melons, plums;
detachment of soldiers, hussars, dragoons, grenadier (grenadier), cadet, lancer, partisans;
one hundred amperes, watts, volts;
a lot of towers, fables, saucers, splashes, affairs, pasta, loops, nannies, cuffs, towels, earrings, gossip, apple trees;
a lot of thoughts, pancakes, seats, pickles, gorges, cookies, dishes, coasts, necklaces, dungeons

Use of different types of nouns:

good shampoo, penalty, chimpanzee, cockatoo, wildebeest;
terrible tsetse (fly), fresh iwasi (herring);
old Tbilisi, Sukhumi, beautiful euro;
the broad Mississippi, the Yangtze, the Yellow River;
new metro, muffler, coat

Use of indeclinable proper names:

Publishing house of Nikita Struve, engrossed in Dumas, poetry of Shevchenko

Adjective

Mixing simple and compound forms of comparative and superlative degrees:

Wrong: later, higher, lower; less clear, more scary; the most beautiful (colloquial).

Right: later - later; higher lower; less clear, less scary; the most beautiful or the most beautiful.

Comparative degree education:

Wrong: more beautiful, better, worse (incorrect choice of inflection model, vernacular).

Right: more beautiful, better, worse.

Numeral

Inflection of numerals- traditionally difficult educational material.

1. Formation and change of forms of compound numerals:

in the year one thousand and five, two sevenths, to three fifths, in two thousand and eleven,
eighty (eighty), eight hundred (eight hundred), five hundred, three thousand six hundred and fifty seven

2. Declension of complex and compound numerals:

two hundred rubles, five hundred rubles, four hundred rubles, about five hundred kilometers, three hundred pages, no six hundred rubles, about five hundred books

Advice:

Words: forty, ninety, one hundred.

I.p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
R.p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
D.p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
V.p. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
etc. forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)
P.p. (o) forty, ninety, one hundred (rubles)

fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty. When declined, both parts change:

I.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
R.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
D.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
V.p. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
etc. fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)
P.p. (about) fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty (rubles)

Pay attention to the declension of numerals: five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred. When declined, both parts change:

I.p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
R.p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
D.p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
V.p. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
etc. five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)
P.p. (about) five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred (rubles)

Pay attention to the declension of numerals one and a half, one and a half, one and a half hundred, where mistakes are often made:

I.p. one and a half (hours), one and a half (minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
R.p. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
D.p. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
V.p. one and a half (hours), one and a half (minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
etc. one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)
P.p. (about) one and a half (hours, minutes), one and a half hundred (rubles)

Pay attention to the declination compound cardinal numbers: every word is changed:

I.p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
R.p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
D.p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
V.p. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
etc. two thousand fourteen (rubles)
P.p. (about) two thousand fourteen (rubles)

Pay attention to the declination compound ordinal numbers: only the last word is changed:

I.p. two thousand fourteen (year)
R.p. two thousand fourteen (year)
D.p. two thousand fourteen (year)
V.p. two thousand fourteen (year)
etc. two thousand fourteen (year)
P.p. (c) two thousand fourteen (year)

3. Use of collective numerals:

two brothers, three puppies, both brothers, both girlfriends, two glasses, two sleds, two of us, three of us, six of them.

Advice:

Since the topic raises many problems, remember the cases when it is correct to use collective numerals with a list:

1. With nouns denoting males: two brothers, three men, four boys.
2. With nouns children, people: three children, four people.
3. With nouns denoting baby animals: three puppies, seven kids.
4. With nouns that have only the plural form. h.: five days.
5. With nouns denoting paired or compound objects: two glasses, two skis.
6. With pronouns: the two of us, the five of them.

4. Use of numerals both, both:

Numeral both used only with nouns.: both girls, both sides, both books.

With nouns m.r. and Wed R. the form used both: both brothers, both friends, both windows.

Wrong: both paths, to both paths, with both stars.

That's right: both paths, to both paths, with both stars.

Pronoun

Formation of forms:

Wrong: I was infatuated with her, with her; theirs; in the midst of him (her), among them; how many books, how many students.

That's right: he was infatuated with her - T.p., with her - R.p.; their; in the middle* of him (her), among* them; how many books, how many students

* In the middle, among- prepositions. If you say: from them, from them, say: among them. After prepositions for personal pronouns he she They in oblique cases the letter appears n.

Verb

1. Education of personal forms:

For verbs win, convince, convince, dissuade, find, feel, outshine, dare, vacuum and some others do not have the form 1 person unit. h.

Wrong: I will win, I will run, I will win, I will convince, I will escape, I will convince, I will find myself, I am a miracle, I am a stranger, I am alien.

Correct: do not use these verbs in the form of 1 l., singular.

Wrong: let's try, drive, climb, burn, bake, take care, guard, rinse, wave, want (incorrect inflection model used, vernacular).

That's right: let's try, drive, climb, burn, bake, take care, guard, rinse, wave, they want.

2. Formation of return forms:

Wrong: met, wanted to, said hello, sorry (colloquial).

Correct: met, wanted to, said hello (after vowels not -xia, A -s), sorry (using the reflexive form with this verb is a gross mistake).

3. Formation of imperative forms:

Incorrectly: go, go, go, go, go, go, go, wave, drive away, put, put, lie, lie, run, climb, buy, lie (incorrect inflection model used, vernacular).

That's right: go (with prefix), wave, drive away, put down, buy, lie down.

Advice:

Pay attention to the formation of the imperative forms of erroneous verbs, which are often found in KIMs:

Lie down - (you) lie down, (you) lie down
Go - (you) go, (you) go
Ride - (you) ride, (you) ride
Put - (you) put, (you) put
Put - (you) put, (you) put
Climb - (you) climb, (you) climb
Run - (you) run, (you) run

4. Formation of past tense forms:

Wrong: frozen, got stronger, dried out, dried out, got wet, got wet, etc.
That's right: frozen, strong, dry, dry, dried, wet, wet.

Participle

Educationparticiples:

Incorrect: gargling, waving, wanting (using the wrong inflection model); making, writing, inquiring (present participles are not formed from perfective verbs).

Correct: rinsing, waving, wanting; Do not try to form present participles from perfective verbs.

Participle

Formation of gerunds:

Incorrectly: looking in my direction, stacking, driving (incorrect use of formation models: gerunds with the suffix -я- cannot be formed from SV verbs).

Correct: looking in my direction or looking in my direction, putting them in a pile (excl.: stable combination arms folded), having gone.

Adverb

1. Formation of adverbs:

Wrong: from there, I’m unlikely to be able to open inward, we’ll divide it in half (colloquial language).

That’s right: I’m unlikely to be able to break away from there, so we’ll divide it in half.

2. Formation of comparative degrees of adverbs:

Erroneously: bad - worse, beautiful - more beautiful and beautiful, good - better and better, hard - heavier (colloquial).

Correct: bad - worse, beautiful - more beautiful, good - better, hard - heavier

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Theory for task 7 from the Unified State Exam in Russian

Morphological norms are the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech.

Morphological norms of nouns

1. Indeclinable nouns that denote inanimate objects are neuter: coupe, medley, bikini.
Exceptions: curlers, breeches (plural), blinds, kiwi, whiskey, brandy, coffee (m. and s.r.), mocha, penalty, euro (m.r.).

2. The gender of nouns denoting persons is determined based on the gender to which they belong: beautiful madame, serious monsieur, cunning frau and so on.

3. The gender of geographical names and names of press organs is determined by the generic word: Capri - island (m.r.), Jungfrau - mountain (w.r.), Monaco - principality (m.r.), Borjomi - city (m.r.); "Times" - newspaper (female).

4. Abbreviations are usually assigned to the gender to which the reference word in them belongs: NATO - alliance (m.r.), CIS - commonwealth (m.r.); MSU – university (m.r.).

However, the following rules must be kept in mind:

• If an abbreviation ends in a consonant, then it can agree on the masculine gender, despite the fact that the reference word is feminine or neuter. Moreover, in some cases, agreement on the masculine gender is the only possible one. For example, only masculine words university(albeit an establishment) Ministry of Foreign Affairs(although the ministry) marriage registry(recording though). In some cases, fluctuations are observed: for example, MKAD– masculine in colloquial speech, feminine in stylistically neutral contexts. In some cases, masculine gender matching is not possible: hydroelectric power station, CHP– nouns are only feminine. The gender of such abbreviations should be found in dictionaries.
• The gender of a foreign abbreviation is determined by the reference word in the Russian decoding: FIFA(the federation) made a decision; CERN(center) conducted the research. However, in some cases, the gender affiliation may be influenced by the external phonetic appearance of the word. For example, the abbreviation NATO used as a masculine noun (as a result of the influence of combination with the words alliance, block, agreement), feminine gender (according to the reference word organization) and neuter gender (according to its phonetic appearance, compare with other words ending in -O: coat, metro, cinema). The gender of the abbreviation fluctuates UNESCO(the phonetic appearance suggests the neuter gender, and the reference word organization– female).

6. The gender of compound nouns is determined by the word that expresses the broader meaning of the noun: admiral butterfly, pay phone, sofa bed.
And if both concepts are equivalent, the gender is determined by the first word: chair-bed, cafe-restaurant.

7. To correctly form the genitive plural form of nouns, you should know the following trends: For most masculine nouns, in the initial form ending in a hard consonant ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock), the ending -ov is characteristic in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc. A wide range of exceptions can be identified from this rule, which have a zero ending in the genitive plural form:

• Names of people by nationality (in words with stems ending in –р, –н) and by belonging to military units, mainly used in the plural forms with a collective meaning: live among Turkmens, Romanians, Turks, Ossetians, Armenians, Georgians, Gypsies, Tatars, Bulgarians; see partisans, soldiers, hussars; this also includes the form p. p.m. h. person.
• Names of paired items: a lot of shoes, for the eyes, without shoulder straps, for stockings, for epaulettes, from boots.
• Names of measures and units of measurement: 220 volts, 1000 watts, 5 amps, 500 gigabytes. If such names are used outside the “measuring” context (in other words, the genitive case form is not countable), then the ending -ov is used: live without extra pounds, not enough gigabytes.

8. Nouns ending in unstressed -я and -ь have the ending -й in the genitive plural form: naughty - naughty, wrist - wrists, and on the struck -ya and -ё - the ending -ey: bench - benches, gun - guns. But: spear - spears.

9. In the genitive plural form of nouns ending in -nya with a preceding consonant or the letter й, the letter ь is not written at the end: cherry - cherries, bedroom - bedrooms, slaughterhouse - slaughterhouse. Exceptions: young ladies, hawthorns, villages, kitchens.

10. Russian surnames ending in -ov(ev)/-ev, -yn/-in in the instrumental case singular: -ym: Nekrasov, Ptitsyn, Nikitin. Foreign surnames ending in -ov and -in: Darwin, Chaplin.

11. The names of settlements in -ov/-ev, -yn/-in, -ovo/-evo, -yno/-ino have the ending -om in the instrumental case form: beyond Lgov, near Kiev, above Pushkin, beyond Ukleev, near Borodin, beyond Golitsyn.

Morphological norms of adjectives

1. You cannot combine simple and complex forms of the comparative degree of an adjective into one construction: better essay / this essay is better (not this essay is better)
2. You cannot mix the simple and complex superlative form of an adjective: the wisest old man/the wisest old man (not the wisest old man)

Morphological norms of pronouns

1. The mistake is the formation of the form of the possessive pronoun theirs instead of their: their son.

2. After the prepositions of the personal pronouns he, she, they, a letter appears in the indirect cases n: to him, from her.

Morphological norms of numerals

1. When declension of compound ordinal numbers, their last part changes, which, when declensed, takes on forms that coincide with the form of full adjectives: first, first, first etc. The rest of the compound ordinal noun remains unchanged for all types of declensions, and any changes to it are considered a morphological error: in two thousand and two.

2. Each part and each word that makes up a compound and complex cardinal number is declined separately: met twenty-four classmates.

3. Cases when it is correct to use collective numerals:

• with nouns denoting males: two brothers, three men, four boys.
• with nouns children, people: two children, four people.
• with nouns denoting baby animals: three puppies, seven kids.
• with nouns that have only plural forms. h.: five days.
• with nouns denoting paired or compound objects: two glasses, two skis.
• with pronouns: the two of us, the five of them.

4. Numeral both used only with nouns.: both girls, both books. With nouns m.r. and Wed R. the form used both: both brothers, both elephants.

Morphological norms of verbs

1. Verbs win, convince, convince, dissuade, find, feel, outshine, dare, vacuum and some others do not have the form 1 person unit. h.
2. Formation of return forms: met, wanted to say hello(after vowels -s is used), Sorry(no return form).

3. Formation of imperative forms: go, wave, drive away, put down, buy, lie down.

4. Formation of past tense forms: hardened, dried out, wet(Not got stronger, dried out, got wet).

Morphological norms of participles

1. Formation of participles: gargling, waving, wanting(Not rinsing, waving, wanting);

2. Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs.

Morphological norms of gerunds

1. Perfect participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive using a suffix -V: pour - spill, preserve - preserved, thin out - thin out.
There are perfective verbs from which gerunds can be formed using a suffix -and I or -shi, -lice: come in - having entered, look - looking, lean against - leaning against.

2. Imperfect participles are formed from the infinitive stem using suffixes -and I: think - thinking, walk - walking, fly - flying.

Morphological norms of adverbs

1. Formation of adverbs: I can hardly break away from there, inside, I’ll hardly be able to, we’ll divide it in half.

2. Formation of comparative degrees of adverbs: bad - worse, beautiful - more beautiful, good - better, hard - harder.