Morality and law assignment for the exam. Unified State Exam social studies

1. Morality and ethics. Ethics.

2. Moral structure:

1) Moral values.

2) Moral standards, regulations.

3) Values and norms.

3. Specifics of morality.

4. Functions of morality:

1) Regulatory

2) Motivational function

3) Constitutive

4) Coordination

5. The origin of morality.

6. Moral culture of the individual.

Morality and ethics. Ethics.

1.1. What is morality?

Morality (from Latin moralis - moral) - 1) a special type of regulation of people’s behavior and relationships between them based on following certain norms of communication and interaction; 2) a set of norms approved by public opinion that determine the relationships of people, their responsibilities to each other and to society.

1.2. The main contradiction of morality. A person is capable of breaking any moral rules. The gap between proper and actual behavior is the main contradiction of morality.

1.3. How is morality different from ethics? (three points of view).

1) Morality = morality.

2) Morality is the values and norms of consciousness, and morality is the implementation of these norms in life and the practical behavior of people.

Morality is the degree to which an individual has assimilated moral values and their practical adherence to them in everyday life, the level of real moral behavior of people.

3) Morality refers to the behavior of an individual - personal morality, and morality refers to the characteristics of the behavior of groups of people - public morality.

4. Ethics (Greek ethike, from ethos - custom, disposition, character) - a philosophical science that studies morality.

The term was introduced by Aristotle. The problem of good and evil has been and remains central to ethics.

2. The structure of morality: ideals, values, categories, moral norms.

12.1. Moral values.

Moral values (principles of morality) - 1) extremely broad requirements for individual behavior, supported by the opinion of a social group or society as a whole (humanism, collectivism, individualism); 2) the starting points on the basis of which all morality, all moral behavior of a person is built.

The ancient sages considered prudence, benevolence, courage, and justice to be the main virtues. In Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, the highest moral values are associated with faith in God and zealous reverence for him. Honesty, loyalty, respect for elders, hard work, and patriotism are revered as moral values among all nations. These values, presented in their impeccable, absolutely complete and perfect expression, act as ethical ideals.

Moral (ethical) ideal (French ideal - relating to an idea) - 1) the idea of moral perfection; 2) the highest moral example.

1) good (everything that is moral, morally proper) and evil;

2) duty (personal responsible adherence to moral values); conscience (the ability of an individual to realize his duty to people);

3) honor and dignity of the individual (the presence of nobility in the individual, readiness for selflessness);

4) happiness.

What is good and evil?

1) Hobbes: “Good and evil are names denoting our dispositions and aversions, which differ according to the differences of character, habits, and modes of thought of men.”

2) Nietzsche argued that Jesus' call to love your enemies demonstrates that Christian morality is for the weak and cowardly, not the strong and brave. Jesus is an idealist divorced from real life.

4) The cunning of the world mind (Hegel).

“... so who are you, finally?

I am part of that force that is eternal

wants evil and always does good...”

(Goethe's Faust).

What is happiness?

Happiness is a feeling and state of complete, highest satisfaction; success, luck.

There are five levels of happiness: 1) joy from the very fact of life; 2) material well-being; 3) the joy of communication; 4) creativity; 5) make others happy.

Eudaimonism (from the Greek eudaimonia - bliss) is a direction in ethics that considers happiness, bliss to be the highest goal of human life; one of the basic principles of ancient Greek ethics, closely related to the Socratic idea of the internal freedom of the individual, its independence from the outside world.

2.2. Moral standards, regulations.

Moral norms, regulations - 1) forms of moral requirements that determine the behavior of people in various situations; 2) private rules, which in imperative form prescribe a generally binding order of behavior.

Moral (moral) norms are rules of behavior oriented towards moral values.

Every culture has a system of generally accepted moral regulations, which, by tradition, are considered mandatory for everyone. Such regulations are moral norms.

The Old Testament lists 10 such norms - “the commandments of God”, written on the tablets that were given by God to the prophet Moses when he climbed Mount Sinai: 1) “Thou shalt not kill”, 2) “Thou shalt not steal”, 3) “Thou shalt not commit adultery " and etc.

The norms of truly Christian behavior are the 7 commandments that Jesus Christ indicated in the Sermon on the Mount: 1) “Do not resist evil”; 2) “Give to the one who asks you, and do not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you”; 3) “Love your enemies, bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you, and pray for those who use you and persecute you,” etc.

The “Golden Rule of Morality” is a fundamental moral requirement: “(don’t) act towards others as you (wouldn’t) want them to act towards you.” The term “golden rule of morality” arose at the end of the 18th century. The first mentions of Z.p.n. belong to ser. I millennium BC This rule is found in the Mahabharata, in the sayings of Buddha. Confucius, when asked by a student whether one could be guided throughout one’s life by one word, replied: “This word is reciprocity. Don’t do to others what you don’t want for yourself.”

2.3. Values and norms.

Values are what justify and give meaning to norms. Human life is valuable, and its protection is the norm. A child is a social value, the responsibility of parents to take care of him in every possible way is a social norm.

In society, some values may conflict with others, although both are equally recognized as inalienable norms of behavior. Not only norms of the same type, but also of different types, for example, religious and patriotic, come into conflict: a believer who sacredly observes the norm “thou shalt not kill” is asked to go to the front and kill enemies.

Different cultures may give preference to different values (heroism on the battlefield, material enrichment, asceticism).

3. Specifics of morality.

3.1. Comprehensiveness (regulates human activity and behavior in all spheres of public life - in everyday life, work, politics, science and art, in personal family, intra-group and even international relations);

3.2. Autonomous regulation (moral behavior depends entirely on the will of the subjects themselves, and not on special social institutions, for example, the court, the church);

3.3. The finality of moral values and the imperativeness of moral regulations.

The principles of morality are valuable in themselves. The purpose for which we follow moral principles is to follow them. Following moral principles is an end in itself, that is, the highest, final goal” and there are no other goals that we would like to achieve by following them.

Imperative (from Latin imperativus - imperative) - an unconditional requirement, command, obligation. Kant introduced into ethics the concept of the categorical imperative - an unconditionally universally binding formal rule of behavior for all people. The categorical imperative requires one to always act in accordance with a principle that at any time could become a universal moral law, and to treat every person as an end and not as a means.

4. Functions of morality.

1) Regulatory (regulates human activities in various social spheres).

2) Motivational function (moral principles motivate human behavior, that is, they act as reasons and motivations that make an individual want to do something or, conversely, not to do something).

3) Constitutive (from constitutus - established, established) function.

The principles of morality are the highest, dominating over all other forms of regulation of human behavior.

4) Coordination function.

This function follows from the previous one. It lies in the fact that morality, due to the priority of its principles, ensures the unity and consistency of the interaction of people in a wide variety of circumstances. Even without knowing either the character of a person, or his habits, skills, abilities, you can determine in advance what should and should not be expected from him.

5. The origin of morality.

17.5.1. Religious view.

3500 years ago, the god Yahweh burned moral commandments onto the tablets of the prophet Moses.

2000 years ago Jesus Christ proclaimed them on Mount Tabor (Sermon on the Mount).

5.2. Cosmological explanation.

The cosmological explanation dates back to ancient times: the teaching of Heraclitus on morality as the law of a single logos, the Pythagoreans’ ideas about heavenly harmony, Confucius’s theory of the heavenly world, etc.

According to Confucius, heaven monitors justice on earth and guards social inequality.

Moral qualities consist of 5 interconnected principles, or constancies: “ren” - humanity, philanthropy; “Xin” - sincerity, directness, trust; “and” - duty, justice; “li” - ritual, etiquette; “zhi” - mind, knowledge.

The basis of philanthropy is “zhen” - “respect for parents and respect for older brothers”, “reciprocity” or “caring for people” - the main commandment of Confucianism. “Do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself.”

5.3. Biological explanation.

Morality in human society is a type of natural (general biological morality in the animal world). This is a system of prohibitions that serve the survival of the species. For example, in the struggle for territory, poisonous snakes push each other, but not only never bite each other, but do not even bare their poisonous teeth. In other observations of animals, prohibitions on attacking females, other people's cubs, and an opponent who had taken a “submissive pose” were discovered.

Peter Kropotkin considered the principle of sociability or the “law of mutual assistance” in the animal world as the initial beginning of the emergence of such moral norms as a sense of duty, compassion, respect for fellow tribesmen and even self-sacrifice. “Nature can... be called the first teacher of ethics, the moral principle for man,” “the concepts of “virtue” and “vice” are zoological concepts...”.

Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921) - Russian revolutionary, one of the theorists of anarchism, geographer.

5.4. Anthropological explanation.

1) Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilitas - benefit, benefit) - 1) the principle of assessing all phenomena only from the point of view of their usefulness, the ability to serve as a means to achieve any goal; 2) a philosophical movement founded by Bentham, which considers benefit to be the basis of morality and the criterion of human actions.

Jeremiah Bentham (1748 - 1832) - English philosopher and lawyer, founder of utilitarianism and ideological liberalism.

“New people” in Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?” realize that their happiness is inextricably linked to social well-being.

Luzhin’s theory of “reasonable egoism” (Dostoevsky’s parody of the ideas of Bentham, Chernyshevsky and the utopian socialists), according to Raskolnikov, is fraught with the following: “But bring to consequences what you preached just now, and it will turn out that people can be slaughtered...”.

2) In The Genealogy of Morals, Nietzsche (1844 - 1900) evaluates Christian morality as a form of power of the weak over the strong. This morality was formed in the minds of slaves who were jealous of the powerful and dreamed of revenge. Being weak and cowardly, they hoped for an intercessor-messiah who, at least in the next world, would restore justice and when the humiliated and insulted on this earth would be able to enjoy the suffering of their strong offenders. Gradually the Christian morality of the slaves takes possession of the masters.

5.5. Social - historical (sociological) explanation.

Morality arises during the period of decomposition of the primitive community in the process of social differentiation and the formation of the first state institutions.

According to another point of view, morality arises in the depths of the primitive community.

The whole point is whether we understand by morality in general any norms that regulate relations between people (and such norms, indeed, are formed simultaneously with the formation of man and the transition of man from a state of savagery to barbarism) or special norms, the action of which is based on individual and independent choice (such methods of regulating behavior are formed during the period of decomposition of the tribal community, during the transition from barbarism to civilization).

Taboo (Polynesian) - in primitive society, a system of prohibitions on performing certain actions (using any objects, pronouncing words, etc.), violation of which is punishable by supernatural forces.

17.5.6. Modern ethics:

1) the period of primitive society (moral regulation is combined with other forms of regulation - utilitarian-practical, religious-ritual, etc.);

2) group morality as a system of prohibitions (taboos) in tribal society;

3) at the third stage, internal individual moral values appear, which determined the beginning of civilization.

6. Stages of formation of a person’s moral culture.

The moral culture of a person is the degree to which an individual perceives the moral consciousness and culture of society, an indicator of how deeply the requirements of morality are embodied in a person’s actions.

1) At the first stage, the child develops elementary morality. It is based on obedience and imitation. The child copies the behavior of adults and follows their instructions and requirements. Regulation of behavior comes from the outside.

2) The second stage is conventional morality. They develop their own ideas about “what is good and what is bad.” Comparing oneself with others and making an independent moral assessment of both one’s own and others’ actions plays an important role. A person is focused on the public opinion of others.

3) At the third stage, autonomous morality is formed. The individual replaces public opinion with his own judgment about the ethical or unethical nature of his actions. Autonomous morality is the moral self-regulation of one's behavior.

The main motive for moral behavior here is conscience. If shame is a feeling directed outward, expressing a person’s responsibility to other people, then conscience is directed inward to the individual and is an expression of his responsibility to himself.

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Describe three examples of the impact of the arts on parenting.

Explanation.

1. Education of moral qualities. Reading A. S. Pushkin’s great work “The Captain’s Daughter,” schoolgirl Varya understood what honor, dignity, and morality are.

2. Education of strong-willed qualities. Varya studies at a music school. She knows that at first the piece will sound clumsy, but in the future, she will succeed. In this way, fortitude and self-confidence are cultivated.

3. Education of moral principles. Alla, having watched the children's play “Morozko” in the school theater, knows that happiness does not lie in money, but in hard work.

Source: Unified State Exam 06/08/2016 in social studies. Main wave. Option 39. (Part C)

Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that will allow you to essentially reveal the topic “The Role of Social Control in the Development of Society.” The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

Explanation.

The presence of plan points indicating the examinee’s understanding of the main aspects of this topic, without which it cannot be revealed in essence;

Wording of plan items that are abstract and formal in nature and do not reflect the specifics of the topic are not counted in the assessment.

2. Elements of social control:

a) social norms (morality, law, traditions, etc.);

b) formal and informal, positive and negative sanctions.

3. Functions of social control:

a) socialization of individuals;

6) regulation of human interaction;

c) correction of deviant behavior, etc.

4. Forms of social control:

a) internal (self-control);

b) external (formal and informal).

A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan is possible. They can be presented in nominal, question or mixed forms.

The presence of any two of the 2, 3, 4 points of the plan in this or similar formulation will allow us to reveal the content of this topic in essence.

Using social science knowledge, create a complex plan that allows you to essentially cover the topic “Social Control”. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

Explanation.

When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account:

Compliance of the structure of the proposed response with a plan of a complex type;

The presence of plan points indicating the examinee’s understanding of the main aspects of this

topics without which it cannot be disclosed on its merits;

Correct wording of plan items.

Wording of plan items that are abstract and formal in nature and do not reflect specifics

Topics do not count towards the assessment

One of the options for a plan for covering this topic:

1. The concept of “social control”.

2. Functions of social control:

a) regulation and consolidation of society;

6) ensuring the stability of society;

c) eliminating (minimizing) deviations, etc.

3. Types of social control:

a) internal (self-control)

b) external (formal and informal)

4. Elements of social control:

a) Social sanctions (formal and informal);

b) Social norms (law, morality, etc.)

A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan is possible. They

can be presented in nominal, question or mixed forms

The presence of any two of the 2, 3, 4 points of the plan in this or similar formulation will allow us to reveal the content of this topic in essence.

Establish a correspondence between examples and groups of human qualities: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G	D

Explanation.

A) Anton has blue eyes - biological.

B) Peter’s height is 180 cm - biological.

C) Anna is hardworking - social.

D) Katya is very responsive - social.

D) Makar likes to be the center of attention of others - social.

Answer: 11222.

Larisa is 17 years old. Find in the list below her traits (qualities) that are social in nature. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Larisa’s height is below average.

2) Larisa is an honest person.

3) Larisa has blond hair and green eyes.

4) Larisa is kind and sympathetic.

5) Larisa is an outwardly attractive girl.

6) Larisa is friends with many of her classmates.

Explanation.

By its biological characteristics we mean that which brings a person closer to an animal (with the exception of the factors of anthropogenesis, which were the basis for separating man from the kingdom of nature) - hereditary characteristics; the presence of instincts (self-preservation, sexual, etc.); emotions; biological needs (breathe, eat, sleep, etc.); similar physiological characteristics to other mammals (presence of the same internal organs, hormones, constant body temperature); the ability to use natural objects; adaptation to the environment, procreation.

Social features are characteristic exclusively of humans - the ability to produce tools; articulate speech; language; social needs (communication, affection, friendship, love); spiritual needs (morality, religion, art); awareness of your needs; activity (labor, artistic, etc.) as the ability to transform the world; consciousness; ability to think; creation; creation; goal setting.

Man cannot be reduced solely to social qualities, since biological prerequisites are necessary for his development. But it cannot be reduced to biological characteristics, since one can only become a person in society. The biological and social are inseparably fused in a person, which makes him a special biosocial being.

1) Larisa’s height is below average - no, that’s incorrect.

2) Larisa is an honest person - yes, that’s right.

3) Larisa has blond hair and green eyes - no, that’s incorrect.

4) Larisa is kind and sympathetic - yes, that’s right.

5) Larisa is an outwardly attractive girl - no, that’s not true.

6) Larisa is friends with many of her classmates - yes, that’s right.

Answer: 246.

Answer: 246

1) All living beings have the ability for purposeful, including creative, activity.

2) The set of socially significant qualities of an individual, formed in the process of social life, is called personality.

3) The individual needs of a person are related to the specific conditions of his life, the characteristics of his personality.

4) Human freedom presupposes an integral connection with responsibility for decisions made.

5) Human biological needs include the needs for communication, work, success in life, taking a certain position in society, etc.

Explanation.

“Man” is a general concept denoting membership in the human race, the nature of which, as noted above, combines biological and social qualities. In other words, a person appears in his essence as a biosocial being.

1) All living beings have the ability for purposeful, including creative, activity - no, that’s not true.

2) The set of socially significant qualities of an individual, formed in the process of social life, is called a personality - yes, that’s right.

3) A person’s individual needs are related to the specific conditions of his life, the characteristics of his personality - yes, that’s right.

4) Human freedom presupposes an integral connection with responsibility for decisions made - yes, that’s right.

5) Human biological needs include the needs for communication, work, success in life, taking a certain position in society, etc. - no, that's wrong.

Answer: 234.

Firuza Toktonyazova 11.04.2017 22:46

The first position is clearly incorrect. Not all living beings are capable of creative activity. Animals are not capable, however, we cannot help but classify them as living beings.

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Choose the correct judgments about moral standards and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Moral norms are based on social ideas about good and evil.

2) Moral norms develop gradually in the process of development of society.

3) Moral standards are formalized in legal acts.

4) Moral standards vary in different social groups.

5) Compliance with moral standards is ensured by the power of state coercion.

Explanation.

Morality is a set of moral norms that regulate people's behavior. Moral attitudes are associated with ideas about good and evil. Signs of morality: universality and voluntariness.

Lesson 6. Religion. Art. Morality

Religion

Religion- worldview and attitude, as well as the behavior of people determined by them, based on belief in the existence of the supernatural.

Structure of religion:

religious consciousness

religious relations

religious organizations

Religious consciousness:

ideology: dogmatics, theology (theology)

religious psychology

conviction in the reality of the sacred world

belief in the priority of the sacred world in relation to the earthly

recognizing the possibility of a relationship between them

Faith– a specific attitude towards reality or imaginary objects, when their reliability and truth are accepted without evidence.

Religious relations:

religious norms

cult actions are symbolic actions with the help of which believers attempt to establish a connection with supernatural forces (or God) in order to influence them: rites, rituals, prayers...

Cult- religious worship.

non-cult activities – spiritual (self-deepening, meditation, development of religious ideas, theologians’ writings) and practical (introduction, propaganda, defense of religion)

Religious organizations

Confession - religion.

The Church is an organization of believers, which is based on a single doctrine (the symbol of Faith), which determines the norms and methods of activity of believers, their daily behavior.

A sect is a religious group that has broken away from a religious movement and acts as an opposition movement in relation to it.

Forms of religion

Historical: totemism, fetishism, magic, animism

Modern:

theistic and ethical
polytheistic and monotheistic
tribal cults, national-state religions, world religions

Signs of world religions:

huge number of followers

cosmopolitanism - does not attach importance to the nationality of believers

egalitarianism - recognition of all believers as equal before the face of God

proselytism - the desire to increase the number of adherents, active missionary activity

Functions of religion as a social institution

Worldview: explanation of the world and the meaning of human life.

Regulatory: regulates people's activities.

Communicative: ensures communication of believers with God (other supernatural forces) and with each other.

Integrating: a common religion unites and helps maintain stability. BUT... and disintegrating: if we are talking about relationships with adherents of other faiths.

Compensatory: compensates for the limitations and powerlessness of people, consoles, gives spiritual pleasure (catharsis)

Levels of religiosity

religious fanaticism

religious asceticism

moderate religiosity

situational appeal to religion

The Russian Federation is a secular state

No state religion: church is separated from state, school from church

Freedom of conscience is a person’s natural right to have any beliefs, including religious ones.

Freedom of religion is the freedom to profess and practice any religion or not to profess any, to be an atheist.

Art

Art– human activity aimed at mastering and creating aesthetic values.

Aesthetics– a philosophical discipline that studies a person’s relationship to the world based on ideas about the beautiful and the ugly, the sublime and the base, as well as the artistic activity of people.

The specificity of art is the expression of reality in artistic and figurative form.

The form of existence of art is a work of art

Kinds of art:

By medium and material

By means of expression

Spatial types (plastic): fine art, architecture, arts and crafts, design.
Temporary types (dynamic): literature, music.
Spatio-temporal (synthetic, spectacular): choreography, theater, cinema, stage.

Functions of art:

Aesthetic – forms the aesthetic tastes and needs of a person, the desire for beauty and creativity according to the laws of beauty.

Socially transformative - designed to give the individual a worldview orientation and transform society in the direction of the ideal (according to the laws of beauty).

Hedonic – the ability of works of art to provide pleasure.

Compensatory – restores harmony in the sphere of spirit that a person has lost in reality, helps restore the mental balance of the individual.

Cognitive – gives special knowledge of the world (knowledge of the world in figurative form).

Anticipation of events - warns of social troubles, predicting the consequences of scientific discoveries or social transformations.

Communicative – promotes spiritual communication between people.

Educational – forms an idea of the proper state of things, feelings and thoughts of people.

Instillation of values – subconsciously communicates certain ideas and meanings to a person.

Morality

Morality is a system of norms and rules of behavior accepted in society and based on ideas about good and evil, about proper and improper actions.

Good- something that is useful to people and contributes to a person’s self-discovery and self-realization.

Evil– a concept opposite to good; that which destroys the good.

Duty– the need accepted by an individual to obey a social rule or regulation; a person’s moral obligation, perceived as an internal necessity.

Conscience– a person’s ability to critically evaluate his actions, thoughts, desires from the point of view of moral standards; the ability for internal regulation based on ideas about goodness and duty.

Moral– internal spiritual values that determine a person’s actions and aspirations, his way of thinking.

Moral values. Value- the significance that an object or phenomenon has for us.

meaning of life

freedom – the possibility of arbitrary choice; perceived necessity

happiness is a human state associated with a feeling of deep moral satisfaction, completeness of being

Moral standards– determine how a person should behave in relation to society, other people, and himself. Universal human norms - “thou shalt not kill”, “thou shalt not steal”, “thou shalt not lie” - ensure the survival of the human collective.

Moral qualities– politeness, decency, honesty, justice, courage, wisdom – personality traits that reflect the polarity of the moral world.

Moral principles– a person’s strategic attitude in his relationship with people.

Moral ideal- a holistic example of moral behavior that people strive for, considering it the most reasonable, useful, and beautiful.

Functions of morality

Humanizing (value-oriented): affirms the human in a person, forms the desire for self-improvement.

Cognitive – developing criteria for moral behavior, knowledge of good and evil.

Regulatory – regulates human behavior in all spheres of public life.

Educational (motivational): forms the imperative of moral behavior.

Coordination: ensures unity and consistency in the interaction of people in a wide variety of circumstances.

Specifics of moral regulation of behavior:

the generalized nature of moral norms requires interpretation in each specific case

all-pervasive nature: regulates all spheres of public life

based on the idea of what should be, about justice, good and evil

non-institutional

norms were formed gradually, along with the development of society

the motives for choice are selfless

Problem solving

Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, characterize religion. Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in your answer.

1) supernatural; 2) cult; 3) technology; 4) confession; 5) experiment; 6) monotheism.

Find the main characteristics of the world's religions in the list below. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) the basis of the religious life of individual nations

2) supra-ethnic character

3) preaching equality of people

4) a large number of followers all over the world

5) the desire to coordinate life with religious norms

6) belief in the reliability and truth of a phenomenon, accepted without evidence

Choose the correct judgments about religious and secular consciousness and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Religious consciousness is characterized by the perception of moral norms as derivatives of the will of higher powers.

2) Interaction is not typical for secular and religious consciousness.

3) The position of religious consciousness is the separation of church from school and state.

4) Religious consciousness can be formed in a person in adulthood.

5) In religious consciousness, content adequate to reality and illusions can be combined.

Choose the correct judgments about art and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Art influences a person’s worldview.

2) Art allows us to theoretically explain social phenomena.

3) Works of art help a person restore spiritual harmony and realize creative potential.

4) Art helps to attract public attention to social and moral issues.

5) The role of art is manifested in opposition to scientific concepts.

Below is a list of characteristics. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the characteristics of art.

1) imagery; 2) awakening fantasy and imagination; 3) reliability and verifiability of the results; 4) focus on obtaining objective truth; 5) emotionality of perception; 6) visibility.

Find two characteristics that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

Establish a correspondence between works of art and the types to which these works belong: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

The grandmother teaches her grandson to always be honest and act fairly. What features distinguish the sphere (area) to which these tips (rules) relate from the sphere (area) of law? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) regulation of public relations

2) assessment of actions from the positions of “good” and “evil”

3) reliance, first of all, on public opinion and one’s own assessment

4) establishment of norms by the state

5) assimilation of norms in the process of socialization

6) the informal nature of sanctions following violation of the rules

Find a concept that generalizes all other concepts in the series below and write it down as an answer.

Good; duty; morality; conscience; honor.

Write down the word missing in the table.

FUNCTION OF MORALITY	CHARACTERISTIC
	Ensures mutual understanding, interconnection and communication between people in society
Value-oriented	Forms the ability to independently navigate moral values

Practice solving the task of the second part of the Unified State Exam

Task 26

In art, artistic invention is allowed, the introduction from the artist himself of something that does not exist in this form, did not exist and, perhaps, will not exist in reality. Why, despite this, is art considered one of the forms (ways) of understanding the objective world?

Based on social science knowledge, indicate two features of this form of cognition.

Illustrate with three examples the implementation of the educational function of art. (Examples should be related to various types of art.)

Task 29

Reveal the meaning of the statement in the form of a mini-essay, identifying, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised). When expressing your thoughts about the raised problem (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use the knowledge gained from studying the social studies course, relevant concepts, as well as facts of social life and your own life experience. (Give at least two examples from different sources for factual argumentation.)

Philosophy

“Art and life are not one, but must become one in me, in the unity of my responsibility” (M. M. Bakhtin).

Choose one of the statements below and write a mini-essay based on it.

C9.1 Philosophy:“Knowledge is a treasure, but the key to it is practice.” (T. Fuller)

C9.2 Economics:“The main social responsibility of business is not to contribute to poverty and unemployment.” (B.S. Erasov)

C9.3“Man is a fundamental novelty in nature.” (N.A. Berdyaev)

C9.4 Political Science:“Totalitarianism is a form of government in which morality falls within the purview of power.” (A.N. Kruglov)

C9.5 Jurisprudence:“It is easier to make laws than to follow them.” (Napoleon Bonaparte)

Explanation.

Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 06/10/2013. Main wave. Far East. Option 2.

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“Moral assessments of actions allow us to evaluate them as good or bad, bringing good or causing evil, and deserving ________ (A). The main ______(B) values include: kindness, sense of duty, ________(B), justice, etc. Focusing on them, we evaluate our own and others’ actions from a moral point of view.

Moral standards, along with ________(D) are the main regulators of people's behavior in society. Morality is, first of all, __________ (D) human behavior, based on his will, duty, conscience.

It is inherent not only to individuals, but also to ________(E), which also operates with moral categories and gives moral assessments.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.

A	B	IN	G	D	E

Explanation.

Based on the context, sequence 315968 is the only correct answer. Indirect clues are the gender, number and case of words.

Answer: 3, 1, 5, 9, 6, 8.

Answer: 315968

Subject area: Man and society. Morality

Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 06/10/2013. Main wave. Ural. Option 5.

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“Social control is a mechanism by which society ensures compliance with certain rules, __________(A) of which are detrimental to the functioning of the social system. In this capacity are __________(B) and law, customs, administrative decisions, etc. The action of social control comes down mainly to the application of various __________(B) to violators of accepted social norms. At the same time, social control involves rewarding __________(D) social norms.

Social control acts as an organic element of any __________(D) management of the social process, as a feedback mechanism that ensures the execution of the commands of the governing body.

Social control can be found in the earliest societies. With the development of productive forces and division of labor, the role of social control increases, and its structure becomes more complex. Social __________(E) arise, dealing almost exclusively with social control (for example, the judiciary). At the same time, the functions of social control are carried out by almost any social institution.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G	D	E

Explanation.

Based on the context, the sequence 231458 is the only correct answer. Indirect clues are the gender, number and case of words.

Answer: 2, 3, 1, 4, 5, 8.

Answer: 231458

Subject area: Social relations. Social control

Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 05/05/2014. Early wave. Option 3.

Identify, at your discretion, one or more main ideas of the topic raised by the author and expand on it (them). When revealing the main idea(s) you have identified in your reasoning and conclusions, use social science knowledge (relevant concepts, theoretical positions), illustrating them with facts and examples from public life and personal social experience, examples from other educational items.

To illustrate the theoretical positions, reasoning and conclusions you have formulated, please provide at least two facts/examples from various sources. Each given fact/example must be formulated in detail and clearly related to the illustrated position, reasoning, and conclusion.

C9.1 Philosophy.“Culture is activity and creativity.” (P.S. Gurevich)

C9.2 Economics.“A planned economy takes into account everything in its plans except the economy.” (K. McWilliams)

C9.3 Sociology, social psychology“If you want to achieve anything, you must have the courage to fail.” (K. Douglas)

C9.4 Political Science.“A citizen in the general sense is one who participates in both domination and subjugation.” (Aristotle)

C9.5 Jurisprudence.“Law and morality are always addressed to the free will of the individual.” (E. A. Lukasheva)

Explanation.

When writing an essay, you can use the following sample outline.

1. Introduction - introduces the topic, gives preliminary, general information about the problem that lies behind the proposed topic. The introduction may contain an answer to a question asked on the topic; contain a fact from the author’s biography or characterize a historical period, if this information is important for subsequent analysis of the text.

2. Main part: represents a detailed analysis of the statement. In the main part, it is necessary to demonstrate knowledge of the material, the ability to logically, reasoned and stylistically correct, and competently express one’s thoughts. The main part is checking how correctly the topic is understood. The main part can begin with a thesis - the position that you will prove. Then give arguments, there should be at least two. Support your arguments with examples from the text.

3. Conclusion: summing up, summarizing what has been said, completing the text, returning attention to the most important thing. The final part should be short but concise; organically connected with the previous presentation. The conclusion can express the writer’s attitude to the problem. It must be presented correctly, without excessive emotional assessments, have a clearly defined meaning and be prepared with material from the main part.

Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 05/08/2014. Early wave, reserve day. Option 201.

C9.1 Philosophy: “You can only expand your knowledge when you look your ignorance straight in the eye.” (K.D. Ushinsky)

C9.2 Economics: “An individual driven only by the desire for money is clearly sick. The same, I believe, can be said of a company whose sole purpose is profit.” (R. Heian)

C9.3 Sociology, social psychology: “Our social roles are determined by other people’s expectations.” (N. Smelser)

C9.4 Political Science: “Totalitarianism is a form of government in which morality falls within the purview of power.” (A.N. Kruglov)

C9.5 Jurisprudence: “Times change, and laws change with them.” (Latin legal saying)

Explanation.

When writing an essay, you can use the following sample plan.

Among the criteria by which the completion of task C9 is assessed, criterion K1 is decisive. If the graduate, in principle, did not reveal (or revealed incorrectly) the meaning of the statement, did not identify the problem posed by the author (the topic put forward), and the expert gave 0 points according to criterion K1, then the answer is not further checked. For the remaining criteria (K2-KZ), 0 points are given in the protocol for checking tasks with a detailed answer.

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

"A. Condorcet, like other French educators, considered the development of _______ (A) to be the source of human improvement. The utopian socialist Saint-Simon believed that ________ (B) should take this form

organization that would lead to the implementation of the principle that all people should treat each other as brothers. The German philosopher F.W. Schelling wrote that supporters and opponents of the belief in the perfectibility of mankind became entangled in disputes about the criteria of ________ (B). Some talk about the improvement of humanity in the field of ________ (D), others - about the development of science and _________ (D). Schelling proposed his own solution to the problem: the criterion for establishing the historical progress of mankind can only be its gradual approach to the _____ (E) state.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.

A	B	IN	G	D	E

Explanation.

Based on the context, sequence 214683 is the only correct answer. Indirect clues are the gender, number and case of words.

Answer: 214683

Art; the science; education; morality; culture.

Explanation.

All concepts presented are spheres of culture.

Answer: culture.

Answer: culture

“Initially, art was called a high degree of mastery in any matter. This meaning of the word is still present in the language when we talk about the art of a doctor or teacher, about martial art or oratory. Later, the concept of “art” began to be increasingly used to describe special activities aimed at _______(A) and transforming the world in accordance with _______(B), i.e. according to the laws of beauty. At the same time, the original meaning of the word has been preserved, since the highest _______ (B) is required to create something beautiful.

The world and man in the totality of their relationships with each other are _______(D). _______(D) - a work of art (poem, painting, performance, film, etc.).

The purpose of art is twofold: for the creator it is _______(E), for the viewer it is the enjoyment of beauty. In general, beauty is as closely connected with art as truth is with science and goodness with morality.”

List of terms:

1) form of existence of art

2) ethical standards

3) artistic expression

4) creativity

5) reflection

6) piece of art

7) objective reality

8) skill

9) aesthetic standards

A	B	IN	G	D	E

Explanation.

Based on the context, the sequence 598613 is the only correct answer. Indirect clues are the gender, number and case of words.

Answer: 598613

C9.1 Philosophy.“Morality is a teaching not about how we should make ourselves happy, but about how we should become worthy of happiness.” (I. Kant)

C9.2 Economics.“Budgeting is the art of evenly distributing disappointments.” (M. Stans)

C9.3 Sociology, social psychology.“The greatest revolution of our generation is the discovery that a person, by changing his internal attitude towards life, is able to change the external aspects of this life.” (D. William)

C9.4 Political Science.“A political party is a union of people who united in order to achieve the laws they all need.” (I. Ilyin)

C9.5 Jurisprudence.“The brutality of the laws prevents their enforcement.” (C. Montesquieu)

Explanation.

To cope with the task, we definitely need to familiarize ourselves with the work evaluation criteria. You can find the criteria on the FIPI website; they are posted in one document along with a demo version of the exam.

The first criterion (K1) is decisive. You need to reveal the meaning of the statement. If you do not do this or reveal the meaning of the statement inaccurately, you will be given zero points for K1 and all essays will not be checked. If K1 is met, you are given 1 point and the expert checks the work further.

Second criterion (K2). You must provide arguments from your social studies course. It is necessary to cite and explain concepts, social processes, laws that will help reveal the meaning of the statement.

The maximum number of primary points for this criterion is 2. If “the answer contains individual concepts or provisions related to the topic, but not related to each other and to other components of the argumentation,” the expert reduces the score and gives one point.

If the meaning of at least one term is conveyed incorrectly, then the K2 score is reduced by 1 point: from 2 points to 1 point, from 1 point to 0 points.

Third criterion (K3). According to this criterion, you need to provide 2 factual arguments in favor of your own point of view. If you make a factual error (for example, say that Putin is the chairman of the government), the argument will not be taken into account. If the argument does not work for your point of view and reveal the meaning of the statement, it will not be taken into account either.

Arguments should be from various sources: “media reports, materials from educational subjects (history, literature, geography, etc.), facts of personal social experience and own observations.” Two arguments from the literature or two arguments from the media can be counted as “arguments from the same type of source,” which will lead to a decrease in score by 1 point.

How to choose a quote?

Before you write your essay, you need to choose a quote. And you need to choose not according to the principle “liked - disliked”, “boring - interesting”. You need to carefully study the statements and evaluate the prospects for writing a good essay on each of them. This should take no more than 2-3 minutes.

Read the statements carefully. Identify several quotes whose meaning is most clear to you.

For each statement, the meaning of which is clear, determine the range of terms, processes, phenomena and laws from the social studies course. Discard quotes that you are not sure about.

From the remaining quotes, choose those to which you can provide quality arguments.

If, after you run all the quotes through these three filters, you are left with all five quotes, you can choose the one that is closest to your heart. (In that case, you know your social studies course very well, congratulations!)

Essay writing algorithm

You have chosen a quote whose meaning is clear to you, and you can easily make theoretical and factual arguments. At worst, this quote will cause you the least amount of trouble, which is also a good thing.

We are writing an essay based on the fact that it will have only two readers - Unified State Exam experts. This means that we need to make it as easy as possible for them to check their essays. It will be convenient for the expert to check if the work is structured into blocks according to the criteria.

The essay structure might look like this:

1) Convey the meaning of the quote. It is important that this is not just a retelling of the statement. You must demonstrate understanding of the author's words.

It's okay if you write primitively. There are no requirements for text style in the essay criteria.

We chose a quote from economics. “Supply and demand are a process of mutual adaptation and coordination” (P.T. Heine).

2) Formulate our own point of view: I agree / I disagree with the author.

As a rule, it is difficult to argue with the statements that are offered to graduates at the Unified State Exam. But if you feel you disagree, don't be afraid to argue.

Example: I agree with P. Heine because...

3) Support your point of view with terms, concepts and laws from the social studies course. Moreover, it is important to use material from the sphere of social relations that is indicated in the task. Expand a quote in economics in economic terms, in political science in terms of political science, etc.

Example: The basis for interaction between a consumer and a manufacturer (seller) in market conditions is the mechanism of supply and demand. Demand is the desire and ability of the consumer to buy a specific product or service here and now. Supply is the desire and ability of the manufacturer to offer the consumer a product or service at a specific price within a certain time. Supply and demand are interconnected. An increase in demand can affect the quantity of supply, and vice versa.

The ideal situation is when there is an equilibrium price in the market. If demand exceeds supply, a scarce market for a certain product develops. If supply exceeds demand, this can lead to overproduction.

In conditions of high competition, when there is great demand and many producers in the market, the quality of goods increases, and the price falls, as sellers are forced to fight for buyers. This is one example of changes in the market situation under the influence of supply and demand.

4) Give two factual arguments from different sources. If you use a fact from personal experience as an argument, try not to make it up. The examiner will most likely not believe you if you state that you ran for president of Chile or are on the Nobel committee.

Example: One example that proves the regulating function of supply is the situation on the oil market in the modern world. In 2014, the price of hydrocarbons fell due to declining demand. The oil market has been squeezed out by promising technologies: solar energy, wind energy and other renewable resources. Oil companies had to adapt to new conditions - reduce oil production costs, reduce added value and lower product prices.

The law of supply and demand does not only work in global commodity markets. We can see how, under the influence of supply and demand, the situation is changing literally outside the window of our house. In the residential area where I have lived for more than 15 years, there was a grocery store in the basement of a high-rise building. Residents of nearby houses regularly bought essential products there. However, a supermarket of one of the large retail chains opened in the microdistrict. The prices there were lower, the work hours were more convenient, and the assortment was much richer. People voted with their feet, and after a while the small store closed because it could not adapt to the new situation in the local market.

5) Conclusion. Here you can summarize your thoughts. Write your conclusion only if you have time left and you are sure that all other tasks do not require double-checking. Otherwise, forget about the conclusion - the presence or absence of a conclusion is not assessed in the criteria for the task.

Example: In a market and mixed economy, the regulating influence of supply and demand is the basis of economic relations. Indicators of supply and demand are taken into account when planning the activities of any enterprise and the entire country. It is important that supply and demand are balanced, otherwise crisis phenomena may arise in the economy.

It is worth remembering that the enemy of good results in the exam is a waste of time. Don't do extra work. Many teachers demand that the problem raised by the author be deduced. There is no need to do this, it will not affect the assessment, and the risk of making a mistake will increase.

This algorithm is not the ultimate truth. You can adhere to it, you can focus on it, but you should not use these recommendations thoughtlessly. Perhaps after training you will have your own idea of how to write an essay. Wonderful! Most importantly, do not forget that this work is assessed according to strict criteria that you need to try to comply with.

The science; morality; religion; spiritual culture; art.

Explanation.

All concepts presented are spiritual culture.

Answer: spiritual culture.

Answer: spiritual culture

In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented. Write down this word (phrase).

Social control; morality; right; encouragement; punishment.

Explanation.

All concepts presented relate to social control.

Answer: social control.

Answer: social control

Read the text below, in which a number of words (phrases) are missing. Select from the list of words (phrases) that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“Culture arose and develops along with man. It represents what distinguishes a person from all other ____________(A). Neither man nor ____________(B) can exist outside of culture. In the broadest sense, we can say that culture is everything that is created by man in the process of ____________ (B) the surrounding world. Culture is sometimes called “second nature.”

Culture performs a number of very important ____________ (D) in the life of a person and society. It is the environment in which ____________ (D) of the individual occurs. Only through culture can a person master accumulated social experience and become a full-fledged member of society. Culture regulates relations between people using a system of norms, for example, norms ____________ (E).”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

1) art

2) information

3) transformation

5) living beings

6) society

7) socialization

8) function

9) activity

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G	D	E

Explanation.

The internal structure of the structural elements of law is called ____________ (D) law. The largest element in the legal system is the branch of law. It is formed by a set of legal norms governing a qualitatively homogeneous group of _____________ (D) relations. A legal institution is a separate group of legal ___________(E) that regulate qualitatively homogeneous social relations within one branch of law or at their junction.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once. Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G	D	E

Explanation.

Based on the text of the task, the correct sequence is 483675

Answer: 483675

29.1 Philosophy:“Those doubts that theory does not resolve, practice will resolve for you.” (L. Feuerbach)

29.2 Economy:“Competition is central planning carried out by many independent individuals.” (F. Hayek)

29.3 Sociology, social psychology:“One is not born a person, one becomes a person.” (A. N. Leontyev)

29.4 Political science:“Morality without politics is useless. Politics without morality is inglorious.” (A.P. Sumarokov)

29.5 Jurisprudence:“At the trial, not only what was obtained during the preliminary investigation is examined, but also how it was obtained.” (A.F. Koni)

Explanation.

When writing an essay, you can use the following sample outline.

29.1 Philosophy:“Human activity is not entirely given by nature, although it is connected with what nature gives in itself.” (P.S. Gurevich)

29.2 Economy:“The economy changes along with life.” (S. Vine)

29.3 Sociology, social psychology:“Morality is a household item, not a deity. You need to use it, you don’t need to idolize it.” (Ya. Cederberg)

29.4 Political science:“To the duties of government power there are corresponding rights; to its rights are the responsibilities of its subjects.” (V.M. Gessen)

29.5 Jurisprudence:“A judicial decision must be accepted as truth.” (Latin legal saying)

Explanation.

When writing an essay, you can use the following sample outline.

Choose the correct judgments about morality and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Moral standards reflect the needs of society.

2) Morality is always formalized in normative legal acts.

3) Morality helps a person evaluate the events of social life.

4) The basis of morality is a person’s internal motivation and self-control.

5) Morality always ensures mutual understanding between people in society.

Explanation.

Morality is the socially accepted ideas about good and bad, right and wrong, good and evil, as well as a set of norms of behavior arising from these ideas.

1) Moral standards reflect the needs of society - yes, that's right.

2) Morality is always formalized in normative legal acts - no, that’s incorrect.

3) Morality helps a person evaluate the events of social life - yes, that’s right.

4) The basis of morality is a person’s internal motivation and self-control - yes, that’s right.

5) Morality always ensures mutual understanding between people in society - no, that’s not true, not always.

Answer: 134.

In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts, and write down this word (phrase).

Conscience, duty, evil, justice, goodness, morality.

Explanation.

Answer: morality.

Find a concept that generalizes all other concepts in the series below. Write down this word (phrase).

Good, morality, humanism, conscience, honor.

Explanation.

Goodness, humanism, conscience, honor are categories of morality.

Answer: morality.

Answer: morality

Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 05/05/2014. Early wave. Option 1.

2) make two sentences:

− one sentence containing information about the origin of morality;

− one sentence revealing the integrative function of morality.

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) the meaning of the concept, for example: a set of norms approved by public opinion that determine the attitude of people in society, their responsibilities to each other and to society. (Another, similar definition or explanation of the meaning of the concept may be given.)

2) one sentence with information about the origin of morality, for example: Morality arose through natural history and goes back to custom. (Another proposal may be made about the origin of morality.)

3) one sentence revealing the integrative function of morality, for example: the integrative function of morality is to ensure the necessary stability and integrity of society. (Any other sentence can be drawn up that reveals, based on knowledge of the course, the integrative function of morality).

Proposals must be formulated correctly and not contain elements that distort the meaning of the concept and/or its aspects. Sentences containing essential errors are not counted towards the assessment.

1) reveal the meaning of the concept of “morality”;

2) make two sentences:

− one sentence containing information about any of the functions of morality in society;

− one sentence revealing any category of morality.

Sentences must be general and contain correct information about the relevant aspects of the concept.

Explanation.

1) the meaning of the concept, for example: a form (area) of culture in which high ideals and strict norms regulating human behavior and consciousness are concentrated and generalized;

(Another definition similar in meaning may be given.)

2) one sentence with information about any of the functions of morality in society, based on knowledge of the course, for example: “Morality guides the consciousness and regulates the behavior of people in all spheres of life”;

(Other sentences may be made containing information about any of the functions of morality.)

3) one sentence, based on knowledge of the course, revealing any category of morality, for example: “One of the categories of morality is duty - the obligation of an individual to act in accordance with the mandatory requirements of society.”

Other proposals can be made that, based on knowledge of the course, reveal any of the categories of morality

1) social norms

2) sanctions

3) state coercion

4) formal certainty

5) responsibility

6) free choice

Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series, and write them down in the numbers under which they are indicated.

Explanation.

State coercion and formal certainty are related to “law.”

Answer: 34.

Denis Ulanov 16.05.2017 13:20

In this task, the correct answer is 3 5, because this is typical for legal norms. (Under state coercion, liability for an offense occurs)

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

Responsibility may also arise for violating moral standards. For example, parents scold their child after learning about his bad grade.

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Explanation.

Morality is the socially accepted ideas about good and bad, right and wrong, good and evil, as well as a set of norms of behavior arising from these ideas.

Answer: morality.

Answer: Morality

Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2016 in social studies.

Explanation.

A specific way of regulating public life from the standpoint of humanism, goodness and justice, the purpose of which is to affirm the value of the individual, the equality of people in their pursuit of happiness and a decent life - morality.

Answer: morality.

Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the highest moral values.

2) the meaning of life

4) freedom

5) property

6) happiness

Find two terms that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in your answer.

Explanation.

Money and property “fall out” from the general series, since they are material things.

Answer: 35.

Answer: 35|53

Subject area: Man and society. Morality

Alexander Yugov 30.01.2017 00:35

I live in a society of Satanists, money and property are the highest moral values, and goodness, freedom, happiness and other nonsense are despised, can I prove this in court in the (one hundred percent) case of rejection of the appeal?

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

I sympathize with you

Olga Semibokova 01.04.2017 20:15

Why the meaning of life is a moral value

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

It’s not material, touch it with your hands, the meaning of life.

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Find the main characteristics of moral standards in the list below. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) established by the state

2) are expressed in public opinion

3) mandatory

4) regulate social relations from the standpoint of good and evil

5) give a lot of room for interpretation

6) supported by the power of state coercion

Explanation.

Moral norms are evaluative in nature, and their violation is met with public condemnation. A sign characteristic of moral norms: their violation entails responsibility in the form of condemnation by society and individuals.

Answer: 245.

Answer: 245

Subject area: Man and society. Morality

Explanation.

The communicative function ensures mutual understanding and communication between people in society.

Answer: communicative.

Answer: communicative

Subject area: Man and society. Morality

Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 06/10/2013. Main wave. Center. Option 3.

Masha Stepanova 04.08.2016 16:45

What materials should you use to prepare for the Unified State Exam if, for example, Baranov’s collection doesn’t even have such a function? but there is regulatory and coordination.

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

I recommend using Bogolyubov’s textbooks, which are closest to the Unified State Examination. There are a lot of errors in Baranov's collection

Anvar Tashtemirov 12.03.2017 10:36

Can you write all the functions of morality? (You can without explanation, just list them) thanks in advance)

Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko

Functions of morality:

1. educational

2. regulatory

3. educational

4. motivational

5. prognostic

6. axiological (forms values)

Diana Maksak 11.11.2018 11:17

Is integrative not suitable?

Ivan George

Ekaterina Potemkina 22.01.2019 12:46

In your list of moral functions according to Bogolyubov, there is no communicative function, as required by the correct answer in the explanation.

Ivan Ivanovich

In Bogolyubov’s textbooks there is no listing of the functions of morality with their names, neither in the specialized one for grade 11, nor in the basic one for grade 10, where this topic is discussed. The integrative function involves uniting people around an idea, and not just mutual understanding and communication. Therefore, the above answer was negative. If you open a new FIPI bank and set the task type to “short answer” and the topic “person and society”, this task will be the first there. The answer is “communicative”. This is the only thing I can refer you to.

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Write down the word missing in the table. Types of social norms

Explanation.

Answer: morality

1) reveal the meaning of the concept of “moral norms”;

2) make two sentences:

− one sentence containing information about any difference between moral norms and legal norms;

− one sentence revealing the essence of conscience as a category (concept) of morality.

Sentences must be general and contain correct information about the relevant aspects of the concept.

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) the meaning of the concept, for example: moral norms - one of the types of social norms based on a person’s idea of good and evil, fair and unfair, good and bad, prescribing proper rules of behavior;

(Another, similar definition or explanation of the meaning of the concept may be given.)

2) one sentence with information about any difference between moral norms and legal norms, based on knowledge of the course, for example: Moral regulation is based on human self-control and public opinion, and legal regulation is based on the authority and coercive power of the state;

(Another sentence may be written containing information about any difference between moral norms and legal norms.)

3) one sentence, based on knowledge of the course, revealing the essence of conscience as a category (concept) of morality, for example: Conscience is a person’s moral self-esteem and self-control and the feelings and experiences associated with them.

(Another sentence can be drawn up that reveals the essence of conscience as a category (concept) of morality.)

Proposals must be formulated correctly and not contain elements that distort the meaning of the concept and/or its aspects.

Sentences containing essential errors are not counted towards the assessment.

The author believes that “law and morality are always addressed to the free will of the individual.” Do you agree with this opinion? Based on the text and social science knowledge, give three arguments (explanations) in defense of your position.

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(E. A. Lukasheva)

Explanation.

The correct answer may include the following arguments in defense of your position:

Only an individual endowed with freedom of choice has the opportunity to choose;

Law and morality define specific rights, responsibilities, and roles in relation to a particular individual.

Law and morality establish specific sanctions (formal and informal) for fulfillment or non-fulfillment of instructions in society.

Law and morality act as a source of adaptation to the specific conditions of an individual’s existence.

Law and morality determine the boundaries of what is permitted, because the free will of an individual cannot always be directed in a peaceful direction.

What role do law and morality play in an individual's life? Using the content of the text, give three points.

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

Law and morality as social regulators invariably deal with the problems of the individual’s free will and his responsibility for his actions. Law and morality, as the most important elements of a person’s value orientation, could neither arise nor exist if a person were not endowed with free will. They are addressed to the mind and will of a person, helping him adapt to the complex and changing world of social relations.

Law and morality are always addressed to the free will of the individual. At the same time, they act as a “measure” of this freedom, defining the boundaries of a person’s free behavior. But this community already contains properties that determine the specifics of law and morality. Law acts as a formal, concrete, historically determined measure of freedom.<...>

Law, by its nature, outlines the freedom of external actions of a person, remaining neutral in relation to the internal motives of his behavior. Morality is a different matter, which not only defines the boundaries of external freedom, but also requires internal self-determination of the individual. And in this sense, morality is an informal determinant of freedom.

The difference in the nature of freedom in the legal and moral spheres also determines the differences in the nature of legal and moral responsibility. The differences in legal and moral responsibility lie in the nature of the motivation; in the difference between legal and moral sanctions and the evaluative categories underlying them; in the differences between the subjects applying these sanctions.<.. .="">

When distinguishing between legal and moral sanctions, one should take into account the specific historical conditions in which these social regulators operate. The greater severity of legal sanctions compared to moral ones is not a universal difference that has existed in all eras and in all societies. The degree of severity of moral sanctions, as well as legal ones, was different in different periods among different peoples; in addition, moral prohibitions often became legal, and legal prohibitions became moral.

Nor can such a sign of the difference between legal sanctions and moral ones as their formal certainty be considered as absolute. Ethnographic studies show that moral prohibitions often had a fixed scale of sanctions.

The specificity of legal sanctions lies not in their rigidity and formal certainty, but in the methods of enforcement, which are inextricably linked with the state, which has a special set of means and institutions capable of enforcing compliance with legal norms.

(E. A. Lukasheva)

Explanation.

The correct answer may include the following items:

1) They are addressed to the mind and will of a person, helping him adapt to the complex and changing world of social relations.

2) At the same time, they act as a “measure” of this freedom, defining the boundaries of a person’s free behavior.

3) Law, by its nature, outlines the freedom of external actions of a person,

4) morality, which not only defines the boundaries of external freedom, but also requires internal self-determination of the individual.

Subject area: Law. Law in the system of social norms