The mood of verbs is indicative, imperative and conditional. Mood verb

More on the topic MOOD VERB:

1. 11. Verb as a part of speech: semantics and grammatical categories. Syntactic functions of the verb. The figurative use of mood and tense forms of the verb.
2. § 56. Definition of the category of mood. Grammatical terminology related to the doctrine of the mood of the verb
3. § 56. Determination of the category of mood. Grammatical terminology related to the doctrine of verb mood

And in French there are subjunctives in some types of sentences).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in the indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change according to tenses: I am engaged (present tense), I was engaged (past tense), I will be engaged (future tense).

Verbs in the conditional mood do not denote actual actions, but desired, possible ones. Forms of the conditional mood are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) using the suffix -l- (followed by the ending with the meaning of number and in the singular - gender) and the particle would (b) (which can appear before the verb, after it, or may be torn away from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Yu. Moritz).

In the conditional mood, verbs change according to number and gender (in this mood there is no tense or person): would have passed, would have passed, would have passed, would have passed.

Verbs in the imperative mood denote an inducement to action (request, order), that is, they do not denote an actual action, but a required one. In the imperative mood, verbs change according to numbers and persons (there is also no tense in this mood).

The most common forms are the 2nd person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 faces unit. number is formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense using the suffix -i- or without a suffix (in this case the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present/simple future tense): speak, look, write, hold, work (stem of the present tense - work-eat), rest (rest), remember (remember), cut (cut), stand up (will stand up).

2nd person plural form numbers are formed from the 2nd person singular form. numbers using the ending -te: speak-\te\, hold-\te\, remember-\te\, etc.

Forms 3rd person unit. and many more numbers express the motivation to action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed with the help of particles let, let, yes + forms of 3rd person units. or more numbers of the indicative mood: let him go, let him go, long live, long live, etc.: May the descendants of the Orthodox of their native land know the past fate (A. Pushkin).

1st person plural form numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. It is formed with the help of particles come on, let's + infinitive of imperfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play) or the 4th form of the 1st person plural. numbers of the indicative mood of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's compliment each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden - amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); Comrade life, let’s quickly trample, let’s trample the rest of the five-year days... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their literal meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and the indicative mood (2): 1) If it weren’t for God’s will, they wouldn’t have given up Moscow (M. Lermontov); 2) Just tell him: “I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

A verb in the indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! let's go, let's go, Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, today we will stand up for Mother Empress and prove to the whole world that we are brave and sworn people” (A. Pushkin).

The form of the conditional mood can have an imperative meaning: Dad, you should talk to Alexandra, she is behaving desperately (M. Gorky).

There is also a point of view according to which in the Russian language there are only two morphological moods - imperative and non-imperative, and the phrase with the particle would synchronously is no longer an analytical construct.

In other languages

• Imperative - as in Russian, expresses a request, order, advice.
• Prohibitive - expresses the speaker’s request that the action not be implemented.
• Optative - serves to express desire “in its pure form”, exists in the languages ​​of Eurasia (for example, in Georgian, ancient Greek and Sanskrit).
• The subjunctive is a reduced form of the subjunctive mood in French. Not used in conditional constructions. There is a special form for this - conditionalis. Conditionalis is used only in the main part of a conditional sentence. In many other languages ​​of the world, such a conditional is more common, which is used in the dependent part to indicate a condition (for example, in Tatar it replaces the conditional conjunction).
• Subjunctive is a mood in German, close in meaning to the Russian subjunctive.
• Irrealis is a form of the irreal mood in complex sentences in many Native American and Pacific languages. Sometimes used in simple sentences for a situation that near or almost realized.
• Paraphrase is a mood in the Latvian language, used to convey foreign words.

see also

Notes

Links

• Referovskaya E. A. Inclination // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: SE, 1990. - P. 321-322.

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See what “Mood (linguistics)” is in other dictionaries:

- (conjunctive, subjunctive, lat. modus conjunctivus or subjunctivus) a number of special forms of the verbal mood of most Indo-European languages, expressing through a subjective attitude possible, conjectural, desirable or ... ... Wikipedia

- (lat. modus imperativus; also imperative) a form of mood expressing expressions of will (order, request or advice). For example: let's go, let's go, talk. Contents 1 Meaning 2 Morphological characteristics ... Wikipedia

- (lat. modus indicativus) expresses the presence or absence of an unconditioned (objective) action, within one time or another, as if in contemplation of an action; various relations of the subject to this action are not determined by him and... ... Wikipedia

- (lat. Optativus), as an expression of the desire (more or less persistent) of the speaker, was quite common in the Proto-Indo-European language; from it it passed into later languages, in which it gradually disappeared, leaving only in some... ... Wikipedia

This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Modality. This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Taxis (meanings). Taxis is the connection between two predicative units in terms of mood, person, tense. If in a phrase the infinitive is indicated after the verb of motion, then they coincide in ... ... Wikipedia

Verb mood category

Mood is an inflectional grammatical category of a verb, denoting the relationship of a process to reality. This meaning is expressed in the forms of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods.

The indicative mood represents a process as real in the past, present or future ( read - read - will read). Unlike the imperative and subjunctive moods, the indicative mood does not have a special morphological indicator of mood: morphemes of time and person are used in this capacity.

The meaning of the actual process can be combined with additional modal characteristics - determination, readiness, threat and others introduced by lexical semantics, syntax and intonation: I'll go home now!; She will definitely come; So I'll ask him!

The imperative mood expresses the will of the speaker - a request, order or encouragement to action: Bring documents; Give back the tickets; Let's go to the theater. The imperative mood has no tense forms. The system of forms of the imperative mood includes forms of 2 l. units and plural and 1 l. plural (forms of joint action). The imperative forms are formed from the present tense stem of perfective and imperfective verbs.

Form 2 l. units is formed using the ending -And or zero ending. In this case, the final paired-hard consonant of the base alternates with the corresponding soft one. For the correct formation of the form, it is necessary to know the place of emphasis in the form of 1 l. units present or future indicative mood. If the stress falls on the ending, then the form is 2 l. units is usually formed with the help of the ending -and: I write - write, I'm going - go, I study - study.

In verbs beat, twist, pour, drink, sew, as well as in verbs with the basis of the present or future simple tense in [ j] and the infinitive is not on -it form 2 l. units formed by a null ending: hit - hit, wey - wey, pour - pour, drink - drink, sew - sew(with simultaneous alternation of zero sound in the generating stem and vowel e in the form of the imperative mood), as well as stand — I'm standing — stop, sing — I sing — sing, chew — I'm chewing — chew.

If the accent is in the form 1 l. units the present or future simple tense falls on the stem, then the imperative form is formed using a zero ending and is equal to the stem (spelling in the imperative form th after a vowel, b after soft and sizzling): read — I'm reading — read, sit down — I'll sit down — sit down, cut — I cut — cut.

Verbs whose stem ends with several consonants, as well as verbs with a stressed prefix, deviate from this rule. You-(correlative verb without prefix You- has an accent on the ending): remember — I remember — remember, wince - wince — wrinkles, endure — I'll take it out — take it out, kick out — I'll kick you out — kick me out. In some cases, variant formations are possible, and forms with a zero ending are more often used in colloquial speech: clean — I'm cleaning — clean And clean, expose — I'll put it up — expose And put it out. Finally, some verbs form the 2nd form. units from a stem different from the present tense: -give- - -come on, get up - get up, create - create, -know - know, give - give, create - create, eat - eat, go - go.

Form 2 l. units used to encourage the interlocutor, the addressee of the speech, to take action: Alla, write a letter. In colloquial speech, in teams it is possible to use the 2 liter form. units with a secondary meaning to motivate a certain set of interlocutors or addressees of speech to action: All the way up! Listen to the command! Set the for-bom-bram-sit down!(A.N. Tolstoy).

Form 2 l. plural formed using a postfix -those, attached to the 2 l mold. units ( praise —praise, cut it off — cut off, get up — get up). This form is used to motivate several persons, addressees of speech, to action ( Passengers, Be carefull) or one person in case of polite address to “You” ( Vladimir Nikolayevich, go into the room).

Forms 1 l. plural (forms of joint action) can be synthetic and analytical. The synthetic form of joint action is externally identical to the 1 liter form. plural indicative mood in perfective and imperfective verbs denoting unidirectional movement, but differs from them in the special intonation of motivation: let's go, let's run, we're flying.

This form may be appended with a postfix if politely requested. -te: Let's bet, Please, about something(A. Herzen). The analytical form of joint action is formed by the combination of a particle Let's(those) with the infinitive of an imperfective verb: Let's work up a sweat to increase the number, to improve quality(V. Mayakovsky). The form of joint action is used to encourage an action in which the speaker intends to take part.

A call to action can have different shades of meaning. To express an order or a categorical demand, perfect forms of verbs are more often used (sit down, buy, stand up). Imperfect forms of verbs denote the broadest invitation to action - request, advice, etc. ( sit down, buy, get up). When used with negation, the imperative mood of imperfective verbs usually expresses prohibition (Not put things in a corner). To express a warning with negation, verbs of the perfect form are used, denoting processes that are undesirable and are carried out against the will of the bearer of the procedural attribute: get lost, get sick, get infected, get dirty, catch a cold and so on. (It's windy outside, don't catch a cold; Be careful, don't stumble). In colloquial speech, in such constructions, to enhance the meaning of warning, the semantically empty form is often used look look, do not be late; Look, don't let it slip. Different shades of motivation are not morphologically expressed; they are created by the intonation and lexical meaning of the verb: the same form, pronounced with different intonation, can mean an order, a demand, advice, a plea, and a polite invitation to action.

Form 2 l. units can be addressed not only to the interlocutor, but also to the speaker himself or to a third party, and also used in a generalized personal meaning: Brother will play a trick, and I hold answer;

What a life — never lie (I. Goncharov); You and me, be at least we are state councilors, they won't let you in for anything(A. Chekhov). In this case, it is not the actual motivation in all its varieties that is expressed, but desirability, assumption, obligation.

With a similar meaning of desirability, assumption, obligation, particle combinations are often used let (let him) with 3 l molds. units and plural indicative mood ( let him read, let him come in). Such combinations are sometimes included in the paradigm of the imperative mood as analytical forms 3 l. units and plural Particle let (let him) can be combined with 1 and 2 l forms. indicative mood: Let you be the storyteller; May we rise to the occasion. The proximity of such combinations to free syntactic constructions does not allow them to be included in the paradigm of the imperative mood as full members.

The subjunctive mood denotes an expected, possible or desired process: Would say you're on time., nothing would have happened; I would read it he book. A special feature of the subjunctive mood is the absence of tense and person forms. The forms of the subjunctive mood are analytical; they are formed by combining the verb form in -l, which coincides with the past tense form, and the particle would and change according to numbers and genders (in singular): it would be shining, would shine, it would be shining, would shine. Particle would can be separated from the form with -l in other words, and also be part of conjunctions to, so that, if, as if and some others. If the particle is preceded by a word ending in a vowel, the particle can appear in the form b: If only for a vague attraction / Something thirsty soul, / I'm here I would have stayed — pleasure / Taste in unknown silence: / I would have forgotten everyone desires trembling. / With a dream b the whole world named (A. Pushkin).

Subjunctive forms can also be used to express desire or advice: Fine would He came Today; I would go you're off to the village. In complex sentences, subjunctive forms are used with a concessive meaning, usually in combination with conjunctions and allied words: No matter what, we are inseparable before eternity(Yu. Bondarev).

Scope of use of the particle would in Russian is very wide. This particle, even without combination with the verb form ending in -l, can express the meanings inherent in the subjunctive mood: It's so hot, kvass; I would like to get some sleep; If only I knew about this, bad luck for him. The possibility of combining particles can be noted as quite rare would with participle: Human, would gain confidence, looks to the future with great optimism. However, all these cases are not included in the morphological subjunctive mood.

Mood forms can express a wide variety of meanings and are used in figurative meanings, i.e. as a function of other moods.

For example, to express motivation, along with forms of the imperative mood in the Russian language, forms of the indicative and subjunctive moods are widely used. This use is typical for 2 liter forms. units and plural indicative mood, with incentive intonation playing an important role: Now will you go home and bring it me a book!; You immediately come back to your unit and about everything report commander! Past tense forms of verbs also have an incentive meaning. begin, cum, go, go, fly, take, undertake and etc.: Well, together, together started!; I went Go away — that's what I'm telling you. The use of forms of the indicative mood with an incentive meaning enhances the categorical nature of the incentive: the speaker thus emphasizes confidence in the fulfillment of his expressed will. At the same time, in structures with a particle Not forms of the indicative mood can also express a softened impulse, a request:

You won't tell do we have anything, Ivan Fedorovich? WITH The forms of the subjunctive mood are also used with the same meaning of weakened impulse: Sergey, walked would you go home. But if there is a particle in the design so that, the impulse expressed by the form of the subjunctive mood is of a very categorical nature: So that returned the book to me immediately!

In the same way, the meaning of an expected or possible process can be expressed not only by the subjunctive mood, but also by the forms of the indicative and imperative moods. Past tense forms of the indicative mood are used to denote a possible, easily feasible action: He is not connected with Yermil by a rope, quit Yes went (A. Ostrovsky). Forms of the imperative mood are often used with a conditional or concessional meaning: Not even a word about this Tell; No matter what, everything falls out of hand; Come you before, everything would be fine; She will give , and he will kick you out of the hut.

A special case is the use of the 2 liter form. units imperative mood to denote an unexpected action, always combined with And, and: After all, Lady Matryona recognized me and recognized me, old, yes a complaint against me and serve (I. Turgenev); And I and remember about your offer. To enhance the meaning of surprise and unpreparedness of action in such constructions the form is often used take: And he take it yes and say it out loud. Carrying out the action named by the verb (give, remember, Tell) has nothing to do with the will of the speaker. This use of the form allows the speaker only to qualify the action as unexpected, unprepared. Form 2 l. units The imperative mood in this use is very close in meaning to the past tense form of perfective verbs.

Such a concept as the category of mood in verbs expresses the relationship of action to reality, which is established by the speaker. An action can be thought of as a very real fact that took place in the past, is happening in the present, or one that will definitely happen in the future.

In this case, the verb should be used in the indicative mood in the form of present, past or future tense. For example me I'm reading book”, “she told a lot of interesting things about her journey”, “Alexander will hear what will they tell him”, “we will write at the lesson". These phrases clearly and clearly indicate that the action is happening at the moment (the verb I read), the action definitely happened in the past (the verb told) or will definitely happen in the future and there is no doubt about it (the verbs “will hear” and “we will write” ").

Verbs are in the indicative mood and change in tense. But there is one peculiarity here. Imperfective verbs in the indicative mood have three tenses: present, past and future.

And verbs of the perfect form of the indicative mood have two tenses - past and future simple. For example: “Seryozha carefully listened teachers in the classroom and carried out homework with attention and very diligently.” The verb in this sentence is in the past tense. Or another example: “I I'll leave to the dacha and meeting there the arrival of spring, I will see how the first leaves bloom on the trees.” In this example, the verbs “I will leave” and “meeting” are used in the simple future tense, but this action does not raise doubts for the speaker.

Verbs of the indicative mood, unlike verbs of the imperative or subjunctive mood, do not raise doubts about what is happening, even if it is planned in the future. You can compare these two sentences and you will understand the difference. (Maksim fell, and him hit… And " Hit, hit, hit his!" - shouted the children who had gathered in the school yard). In the first sentence, the verb is used in the indicative mood and in this case the action is completed - fell, hit. And in the second sentence the form of the imperative mood is used - hit, hit, but no one knows whether this action will be perfect. This verb only expresses a call to hit, but there is no action as such yet, and therefore the imperative mood is used in this case.

In the subjunctive mood, a request is also made to do something, but more gently than in the imperative mood, the action seems possible or desirable, but has not yet been carried out. (I would fall, but the path was generously sprinkled with sand. Alexey with great pleasure would go to the theater, but...).

“Rain, rain, go away! Let me wander through the puddles!” - in this children's poem we see verbs that express a request. They are called imperative.

verb in Russian

In Russian, such words are used in The forms of these verbs have a surreal meaning, which means that they are not connected with reality, because the action called in this way is possible, but does not necessarily happen in reality. Here are some examples of sentences that use imperative verbs:

• Anatoly Andreevich, allow me to submit the report within a week ( request).
• Don't wait too long on this ( advice).
• Let this be the last time ( requirement).
• Be silent. Listen ( order).

Singular forms

Imperative verbs change according to numbers and persons. This table provides examples of unit forms. numbers.

Plural forms

If we address more than one person with an impulse, then we use the verb in the plural imperative form. number. They also change according to persons and, unlike the changes in previous forms, can be used in the first person. This is explained by the fact that one person cannot ask himself to do something, but he can make a request for joint action from people nearby.

Formation of verbs. imperative mood

Such verbs have the second person form and are formed from the present form. and bud. tense in which the stem is highlighted (part of a word without an ending):

• walks - move-;
• writes - write-;
• reads - reads-;
• will install - install-;
• will leave - leaving -.

The suffix -и- (-й-) or a zero suffix is ​​added to the stem:

• move + and;
• write + and;
• chita + th;
• set + and;
• leave the + zero suffix.

The endings of this verb form express the grammatical meaning of the number.

If the imperative form of a verb is singular, it will remain before the plural ending and before the suffix -sya:

• correct, correct;
• stay, stay;
• reset, reset;
• don't argue;
• don't touch
• if you please.

In business

The verb in the imperative mood is quite actively used in various fields of activity. For example, in the business world we use instructions.

What should you do in case of fire?

If signs of fire are detected:

• immediately call the fire department of your city, village or other populated area;
• evacuate people;
• take all possible measures to extinguish the fire.

Heads of the enterprise:

• duplicate the fire message to the fire department and inform superiors and the person on duty;
• organize the rescue of people using all possible means;
• check whether fire protection systems are turned on;
• turn off the power or take measures to eliminate the fire;
• stop all work at the fire site, except for those related to extinguishing the fire;
• remove workers and other persons from the danger zone, except those involved in extinguishing the fire;
• provide guidance on extinguishing the fire until the fire department arrives;
• ensure compliance with safety requirements by all workers taking part in fire extinguishing;
• organize the protection of material assets;
• meet the fire department;
• ensure the provision of necessary medical care to persons affected by the fire;
• inform the fire extinguishing manager about all the features of the fire object;
• organize the involvement of forces and resources to carry out activities related to extinguishing the fire and preventing its development.

In educational activities

In educational activities, sentences with imperative verbs are used, for example, in algorithms.

Example - application of the spelling rule for unstressed vowels:

1. Change the word or choose a word with the same root.
2. Select the root.
3. Find the root in which the vowel is stressed.
4. Check all the remaining words using this root.

In everyday activities

In everyday life, sentences with imperative verbs are used in manuals for using household appliances, carrying out repair work, preparing dishes, making clothes, and the like.

Take, for example, a cooking recipe:

• Beef strips. Cut two hundred grams of beef and one onion into equal strips seven to eight centimeters long. Heat a frying pan over very high heat and melt 100 g of pork fat. Dip the chopped meat and onions into it, fry, stirring all the time, avoiding burning. After two minutes, add a teaspoon of table wine, the same amount of beef broth, salt and sugar to taste. Bring to a boil and serve, garnished with herbs.
• Cucumber salad in sweet and sour sauce. First, prepare the filling: dissolve two teaspoons of granulated sugar in two teaspoons of apple cider vinegar. Wash the cucumbers, cut them, place the chopped pieces in a salad bowl, finely chop the greens, stir. Pour in sugar and vinegar sauce. Can be served.