Normal discharge in women. Causes and nature of normal discharge in women

The nature of vaginal discharge directly depends on the condition of the reproductive organs. If inflammatory or infectious processes begin to develop in them, this immediately leads to a change in their consistency, color and smell. And it is very important to pay attention to such changes in time to prevent the development of serious complications. And in order to understand what signs may indicate the occurrence of pathologies, you first need to know exactly what there arenormal discharge in women, because their character can also change under the influence of certain physiological conditions.

Natural secretions

Talking about what kind of discharge should there be?in women, it should be noted that normal vaginal secretion consists of:

• Dead epithelial cells.
• Leukocytes.
• Mucus produced by the gonads.

It is for this reason that vaginal secretions have a mucous consistency. However, it is produced in very small quantities and is practically invisible to a woman. As for the color of the discharge, it can be white, transparent or milky. Depending on external factors, the level of leukocytes in them constantly increases and decreases, as a result of which the vaginal secretion periodically changes its color.

Important! Speaking about what kind of vaginal discharge a healthy woman should have, it should be said that their appearance should not be accompanied by a specific smell or burning sensation in the vagina, since these signs always indicate the development of pathological conditions.

However, the nature of the discharge depends not only on the level of leukocytes in it, but also on the hormonal background, the change of which occurs several times during one menstrual cycle. The first time a hormonal surge is observed immediately after menstruation and is characterized by increased production of progesterone. It is under its influence that the follicle matures. And when it reaches full maturity, ovulation occurs, during which an egg is released from the follicle.

In addition, progesterone helps to thin the cervical mucus, which is why in the middle of the cycle a woman may notice an increase in vaginal discharge (it can even become like water in consistency). Moreover, they may also contain ichor, which occurs as a result of rupture of the follicle and damage to its small capillaries. However, it is observed, as a rule, not for long - only a couple of hours.

If during the period of ovulation a woman did not engage in unprotected sexual intercourse and fertilization of the egg did not occur, then the production of progesterone decreases and instead of it, estrogen begins to be actively produced, which prepares the ovaries and uterus for the upcoming menstruation. It becomes especially active a few days before the start of menstruation. At the same time, women experience not only abundant mucous discharge, but also bloody streaks, the volume of which gradually increases, after which menstruation begins.

And talking aboutWhat is the normal vaginal discharge in women?, it should be noted that regardless of the physiological processes occurring in the body, they do not smell of anything, do not cause irritation and do not require the use of sanitary pads.

If pregnancy occurs, how does the nature of the discharge change?

If fertilization of the egg occurs during ovulation, the level of progesterone in the body increases even more. This is due to the fact that it is this hormone that ensures the maintenance of pregnancy and the normal formation of the embryo. Therefore, in the early stages of gestation, women often experience thin, transparent or whitish discharge.

At the same time, after 6-7 days from the moment of conception, the fertilized egg reaches the uterus and attaches to its walls. As a result of this, small vessels and capillaries are also damaged, which causes spotting. However, they should not be considered a sign of deviation by a woman. They do not last long and stop on the same day. And to eliminate the feeling of wetness in the perineum, simply use a panty liner.

It should also be noted thatnormal vaginal discharge that occurs during pregnancy, should not provoke irritation in the intimate area, even despite its abundance. They can be released in large quantities throughout the first trimester, and in the second trimester their volume decreases and they become almost invisible.

But already in the third trimester, at 32-34 weeks of pregnancy, the body’s production of progesterone increases again, due to which vaginal secretions begin to be released in large quantities again. It is thanks to the increased concentration of progesterone in the body that the tone of the uterus weakens and prepares it for the upcoming birth.

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In the last stages of pregnancy, a woman should pay special attention to vaginal discharge, since it is by its nature that she can predict the imminent opening of labor. As a rule, before childbirth, the so-called plug, which forms in the cervical canal in the early stages of pregnancy, comes out. It has a slimy consistency, a whitish tint, and may contain streaks of blood. As soon as the plug comes out of the cervix, the amniotic fluid begins to recede and contractions begin.

Important! If a woman notices a mucus plug coming out, she should immediately call an ambulance without waiting for the amniotic fluid to break. Since for some women, even the first birth proceeds quickly, against the background of which some complications can occur, which affects not only women’s health, but also the health of the newborn.

Since pregnancy is often accompanied by various complications, a woman must know how they can manifest themselves. The following conditions should be alarming:

1. The opening of bleeding and the appearance of severe cramping pain in the abdomen. If a bloody clot is also noted, this already indicates a miscarriage and requires immediate medical examination.
2. The appearance of a brown spot, accompanied by weakness and nagging pain in the abdomen. This condition is a signal of placental abruption and the threat of miscarriage. If in this case, medical assistance was received in a timely manner, there is every chance of maintaining the pregnancy.

Ectopic pregnancy

When an ectopic pregnancy occurs, the nature of vaginal discharge also changes. It not only begins to stand out profusely, but also acquires a brown or pink color. Brown spotting is observed not only for the first day, as is the case with implantation bleeding, but until the pregnancy is terminated. In this case, pain appears in the left or right side of a pulling nature, and an increase in temperature is also observed.

Important! An ectopic pregnancy is a dangerous condition characterized by the attachment of the fertilized egg to the fallopian tube. And since it grows very quickly, this can lead to pipe rupture and internal bleeding.

Does vaginal discharge change after childbirth?

After childbirth, the female body begins to gradually recover and return to its previous “mode” of work. However, this does not happen quickly. During the postpartum period, all women experience cleansing of the uterus, which is manifested by heavy uterine bleeding. It is observed for about 2-3 weeks, after which the amount of bloody discharge decreases and is first replaced by pink and then scanty brown discharge.

And speaking of how long it takes for postpartum cleansing to occur, it should be said that on average this process takes from 7 to 9 weeks. Then the bleeding stops and leucorrhoea appears instead.

If a woman is breastfeeding, the discharge may also be copious and thin, white, clear, or creamy. This is due to increased production of prolactin in the body, which ensures the production of breast milk. As soon as lactation stops, the woman's menstrual cycle is restored and vaginal discharge becomes the same as it was before pregnancy.

How does vaginal discharge change after 40 years?

After 40 years, every woman begins to actively develop aging processes in her body, which lead to the decline of reproductive functions (menopause occurs). Naturally, this also affects the nature of vaginal discharge. As hormone production decreases, the amount of cervical mucus also decreases. Therefore, during this period, women may feel that they have completely stopped producing vaginal secretions. But that's not true. It is released, but in very small quantities.

At the same time, a woman experiences other symptoms of menopause:

• Menstruation becomes irregular (frequent delays are noted).
• The nature of menstruation changes (it becomes either heavy or scanty).
• Sweating increases.
• There are hot flashes.
• Frequent surges in blood pressure occur.
• Psychological disorders are observed (insomnia, tearfulness, irritability, etc.).

As soon as reproductive function completely subsides, postmenopause occurs, which is characterized by the absence of menstruation and normalization of the general condition.

What discharges can be signs of pathologies?

Every girl and woman should know how pathologies of the reproductive system manifest themselves in order to promptly seek medical help. As they develop, the nature of vaginal discharge almost always changes.

Conventionally, all gynecological diseases are divided into 3 types:

• inflammatory;
• oncological;
• infectious.

Inflammatory diseases include erosion, endometritis, cervicitis, oophoritis and others. Their development has a similar clinical picture:

• nagging pain in the abdomen;
• brown or bloody spotting.

To get rid of these diseases, you will need to undergo a special course of treatment, which involves the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. If the general clinical picture is supplemented by an increase in temperature, then this already indicates the late stages of the development of the disease and the addition of a bacterial infection to them, requiring an antibacterial course of treatment.

Oncological diseases include:

• cancer;
• uterine fibroids;
• polyps.

A distinctive feature of these diseases is that their development is asymptomatic. The only thing is that with these pathologies, some women begin to smear brown from the vagina after mechanical impact on the cervical canal and uterus (for example, after sex).

However, the development of cancer has slightly different symptoms. When it occurs, women experience severe abdominal pain, dark brown (almost black) discharge, which may contain clots, indicating the beginning of rejection of the affected epithelium.

Important! Cancer is a disease that develops rapidly and can be fatal within a few months. Therefore, you cannot delay your visit to the doctor and treatment.

As for infectious diseases, their provocateurs are:

• gonococci;
• chlamydia;
• staphylococci;
• streptococci;
• fungi, etc.

If a woman develops an STD, she experiences the following symptoms:

• Vaginal discharge takes on a greenish or yellowish tint.
• The intimate area may smell like rotten fish or a missing egg.

The most common problem with which people consult a gynecologist is discharge. For women, this phenomenon causes concern. Of course, you should panic for this reason, but refusing to consult a doctor is also not an option. Discharge in women may be normal, but in most cases this type of phenomenon is caused by infection, fungus or other harmful microorganisms. What kind of secretion is normal, and when to sound the alarm - we’ll find out now.

Normal discharge: signs and causes

Due to lactobacilli that are found in the vagina, discharge is often white in color. Thus, a favorable environment for conception is created, and the development and growth of harmful microorganisms is blocked.

Signs of normal discharge:

• transparent in color, white, cream sometimes with a yellowish tint;
• do not have a specific odor;
• consistency: liquid, slightly watery, less often similar to egg white;
• in quantity they should not exceed 1 tsp;
• are more pronounced after sexual intercourse, during sexual arousal, and before menstruation.

The reasons for this kind of phenomenon are often several main factors that every woman experiences in life. After sexual intercourse, the appearance of white secretions within 24 hours is normal. During the period of ovulation, white liquid discharge may be observed for one or two days. During pregnancy, perhaps, this phenomenon occurs most often, but there is no need to worry about it. It is recommended to consult a specialist if red and brownish streaks appear.

1. During pregnancy. Occurs due to hormonal dysfunction. The blood supply to the genital organs increases, and clear snot-like discharge appears. In the third trimester, the production of mucous structures increases. Liquid secretion can be called a pathology exclusively before childbirth.
2. After childbirth. During this period, after 6–8 weeks of bleeding, the woman again experiences clear, odorless discharge, as was the case before childbirth. The pathology is discharge with an unpleasant odor, color, and also accompanied by itching and burning.
3. After menstruation. The presence of mucous leucorrhoea during this period is the norm for every woman. As in other cases, deviations are considered: changes in color, smell and the manifestation of various symptoms of irritation.

Mucus discharge

A mucous secretion is considered normal. They become opaque on linen during the day due to the presence of epithelial cells. The secretion of mucus, which does not have a strong odor and does not cause discomfort, is also confirmation of the normal functioning of the ovaries.

During the day, a woman may secrete approximately 2 ml of secretion. Don't worry if it has a white tint, as this is a result of cleaning the vagina. The structure and quantity are directly related to the phases of the menstrual cycle.

1. From 1 to 7 days. A secretion of a pink or brown hue is released, which increases in volume from the second to third days and may be accompanied by the release of clots. By the fifth day, the release of this type of secretion decreases, and for some it disappears completely.
2. From 5 to 14 days. During this period, the egg matures. There is no significant appearance of leucorrhoea at this time; it can be released up to about 2 ml per day. Color may vary from white to yellow.
3. From 14 to 15 days. Ovulation period. This period is characterized by the greatest secretion of mucus due to estrogen reaching its maximum level. Often at this time, watery discharge is observed, as well as sticky and more stretchy discharge.
4. From 16 to 28 days. Premenstrual period. The work of the reproductive system subsides, the volume of secretion released becomes smaller, but at the end of the cycle a new surge is possible.

In addition, such a phenomenon may be the result of climate change, a stressful situation, the use of hormonal drugs, allergies and failure to comply with hygiene rules.

Watery discharge like water in the first weeks is a sign of pregnancy. But if an unpleasant odor is added to them, this is a sure sign of infection in the body.

Important! Liquid, transparent discharge in the third trimester is a “bell” about the possibility of premature birth.

White discharge

In general, white secretion is also considered normal for the female body. But there are enough signs that signal pathology.

These signs are normal. Their quantity is insignificant, and as well as consistency varies depending on the menstrual cycle. They are harmless: they do not irritate the mucous membrane, external genitalia and skin. Rather, they perform beneficial properties: they cleanse the walls of the uterus and vagina from germs.

White liquid discharge is the result of gland secretion. They are responsible for several functions important for the female body.

1. Hydration. When moving, the body serves as a barrier to mechanical damage. This reduces the risk of injury during sexual intercourse.
2. Exchange and nutrition. The glandular secretion takes part in metabolic processes, thereby providing cells with useful substances and destroying unnecessary products.
3. Cleansing. The layered structure of the vaginal epithelium regularly gets rid of the top layer, and new cells are formed in the same place. The secretion produced washes away the obsolete layer from the surface.
4. Protection. With good immunity, thanks to leucorrhoea, the mucous membrane copes well with inflammatory processes. The glandular structures produce more secretion, which prevents microbes from penetrating deeper into the layers.

Sour smell of discharge

This symptom indicates the presence of thrush in the body. Another confirmation is the fact that they are curd. General signs may be blurred and occasionally appear.

Often, this type of phenomenon is caused by several main factors: hormonal changes in the body, pregnancy, stressful situations, increased fatigue and overwork. Thrush can also be a consequence of eating spicy food, allergies, climate change, taking antibacterial drugs, or damage to the mucous membrane during sexual intercourse. Undoubtedly, this phenomenon is influenced by wearing low-quality synthetic underwear and non-compliance with hygiene rules.

Important! The treatment of thrush should be handled exclusively by a doctor; only he can adequately determine the causes and prescribe the correct treatment. Douching with soda, chamomile and potassium permanganate can lead to complications.

Such a manifestation of the body indicates the presence of negative reasons. The presence of a mucous secretion similar to snot requires mandatory and immediate examination in several cases.

If leucorrhoea comes out in copious amounts, then most likely this is a sign of thrush. If they are accompanied by an unpleasant odor, it may be bacterial vaginosis. We can definitely say that the presence of these signs indicates problems with women’s health.

White discharge, itching and causes

Thrush and bacterial vaginosis also cause these symptoms. The reasons for which can be various factors: hidden infections, diabetes, poor nutrition. The presence of these signs prevents a woman from leading a full life. To get rid of an unpleasant illness, you need to consult a specialist. In this case, doctors prescribe pills and vaginal suppositories. Bacterial vaginosis can only be determined by undergoing appropriate tests.

Thick white discharge

The appearance of thick leucorrhoea can be prevented. But for this it is important to follow some guidelines.

• do not douche with chloride preparations;
• you should not change sexual partners frequently;
• Before using any medications, carefully study the instructions;
• Observe hygiene rules and change pads more often during menstruation.

Yellow discharge

If yellow leucorrhoea does not cause any discomfort and is not accompanied by unpleasant symptoms, then most likely there is no reason to worry. Although, according to experts, the norm for secretion is white and transparent, in many cases it turns yellow when it gets on underwear. Therefore, we do not necessarily have to talk about the inflammatory process. Perhaps the reason lies in changes in hormonal levels, taking birth control pills and stress. Also, the release of yellow secretion with clots can be observed after sexual intercourse, if the semen gets into the vagina.

Yellow discharge with odor

Yellowish discharge with an odor most often indicates sexually transmitted diseases. Their causative agents are microorganisms that provoke discomfort, burning and inflammation. In addition, the woman experiences severe itching and irritation. In some cases, the disease is combined with other infections.

1. Chlamydia. Yellow discharge is noticeable when examined on the cervical canal and flows down the walls of the vagina.
2. Trichomoniasis. The secreted secretion has a rotten odor, is foamy in structure, and abundant in volume.
3. Gonorrhea. The discharge is not particularly large. They are yellow-white in color, sometimes brown streaks appear or bloody secretions appear. A woman may feel nagging pain in the lumbar region.
4. Thrush. Curdled yellow-white discharge with a sour odor.
5. Ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis. In appearance they resemble normal vaginal discharge. There is redness in the genital area, and the woman feels itching.
6. Bacterial vaginitis. There is a fishy smell and copious discharge.

Important! Chronic diseases: erosion of the cervix, inflammation of the uterine appendages and in the fallopian tubes are indicated by yellow discharge in small quantities.

Secretion that is brown in color often indicates the presence of blood in it. Depending on the amount of blood, the discharge gives different shades: red, pink and brown. The secreted secretion with a brown tint appears in the case of a minor source, since before it comes out, the blood coagulates and, as a result, darkens.

The causes of brown discharge can be different. This phenomenon is accompanied by many factors. Let's consider in what situations it is safe and when a doctor is required.

1. Mechanical damage to the mucosa. These include douching, abortion, cauterization, erosion, and birth trauma. If damage occurred during gynecological manipulations, the doctor must warn the patient about this. Brown discharge often does not require special treatment; after injury, the epithelium recovers on its own.
2. Intermenstrual period. Occurs due to hormonal disorders or taking contraceptives.
3. Inflammatory changes. The mucous membranes become more sensitive and are easily injured, and as a result they begin to bleed.
4. Intrauterine device. In the place where the spiral is attached there is a small area of ​​inflammation, so the epithelium can easily be injured. If this phenomenon occurs on an ongoing basis, it is necessary to remove the spiral.

In addition, pseudo-erosion can also cause brown discharge. The mucous membrane where the ectopia is located is usually inflamed and may bleed. If brown secretion appears after a delay, then you need to take a pregnancy test. During the postpartum period, women secrete lochia, which also has different colors from red to brown. They go away on their own and do not require treatment.

Important! But still, brown discharge deserves special attention, since sometimes it can be the cause of a polyp, endometriosis or fibroids.

Often, almost all discharge is a consequence of the inflammatory process of the cervix, fallopian tubes, vagina and ovaries. The green tint of the secretion is due to the content of leukocytes. Discharges of this nature are called leukorrhea, often a manifestation of a bacterial infection.

Symptoms of pathological discharge:

• copious discharge with a specific color, independent of the day of the menstrual cycle;
• the secreted secretion can be of any color, appears before menstruation or in the middle of the cycle, and is also accompanied by a burning sensation, unpleasant odor and pain in the abdomen;
• spotting before and after menstruation, which can be expressed as bleeding in the middle of the menstrual cycle;
• a sharp decrease or increase in bleeding during menstruation.

Green discharge without odor

Greenish, odorless discharge may be caused by bacterial vaginosis. The causes of this disease are many factors: stress, taking antibacterial drugs, weak immunity, pregnancy, and insufficient care of the intimate area.

Bacterial vaginosis leads to a disruption in the composition of the microflora and tests can show gardnerellosis. With this disease, a gray-white or green secretion is released, it has a fishy smell, which peels off as a film. The disease also results in painful urination and pain during sexual intercourse.

Another cause of green secretion is trichomoniasis. This disease is difficult to diagnose; it produces a small amount of secretion, and the irritation of the genital organs is not particularly strong.

The next reason is acute inflammation. In diseases that are chronic in nature, leucorrhoea may not be very pronounced. If the disease is at the initial stage of development, you should expect heavy discharge. In some inflammatory processes, the temperature may rise from 37 to 37.5 °C.

Important! Green discharge requires the intervention of a doctor.

Causes of purulent discharge

It is the green and yellow-green secretion, for which proper treatment was not received, that is the cause of purulent discharge. In other words, we can say that these are complications of certain diseases.

• trichomoniasis;
• vaginitis;
• acute inflammatory processes of the ovaries, fallopian tubes and cervix.

Important! Purulent discharge should not be left without proper attention! This is the first “call” about visiting a gynecologist.

Prevention

To avoid pathological discharge, it is worth paying the necessary attention to prevention. When having sexual intercourse (if you doubt your sexual partner), be sure to use condoms - this will help prevent the risk of sexually transmitted infections.

Pay special attention to your diet, it should be balanced. Eating sweets in large quantities provokes candidiasis. Include more probiotic foods in your diet that help normalize microflora.

Use special products for intimate hygiene. Scented gels cause irritation, which leads to many diseases. Also, forget about using scented pads and tampons. Give preference to cotton products, avoid synthetics.

Does vaginal discharge always indicate the presence of a disease? In what cases is vaginal discharge considered normal?
Vaginal discharge can occur even in completely healthy women, and this condition is considered normal. Signs of healthy vaginal discharge include:

• Clear, liquid discharge ( jelly-like, mucus)
• Discharge without a noticeable odor
• A small amount of discharge
• Discharges that do not cause irritation to the skin and mucous membranes of the genital organs
• Discharge not accompanied by an increase in body temperature, pain or discomfort in the genital area.

Vaginal discharge - what can it be?
Below, readers will be presented with information regarding the most common forms of vaginal discharge, as well as the reasons that provoke their development.

Vaginal discharge of varying colors, smells and consistency
We already said a little higher that all healthy representatives of the fairer sex experience watery, transparent and colorless vaginal discharge. If they acquire a different consistency, a specific smell or some color, then, most likely, some kind of disease has settled in the woman’s body:

Bloody (red) vaginal discharge - is a signal that there is blood in the vaginal discharge. In most cases, this type of discharge occurs two to four days before the onset of menstruation, after which it turns into heavy discharge along with the onset of menstruation. It is worth noting that this type of discharge tends to occur several days after menstruation. If the discharge is not abundant, then it is better for the woman not to panic. This phenomenon is especially common in women who wear IUDs.
Quite often, spotting is blackish or brown in color, which indicates the fact of oxidation, as well as destruction of blood in the vagina.
There are also cases when a woman experiences spotting, which contains a small amount of blood. As a rule, perimenstrual bleeding does not have a specific odor.

Sometimes light spotting is observed at the time of ovulation, as well as in women who wear a spiral or use oral contraceptives. In the case of a constant occurrence of this phenomenon while wearing an intrauterine device or using contraceptives, it is necessary to discuss this fact with a gynecologist, having previously made an appointment with him.
If bloody vaginal discharge is in no way related to the menstrual cycle, then it can be considered a signal of the presence of some pathology.
In most cases, this type of discharge makes itself felt:

• For menstrual irregularities
• Endometriosis ( adenomyosis)
• Cancer or cervical erosion. In this case, the discharge is especially abundant after sexual intercourse.

Purulent vaginal discharge are observed in such infectious pathologies as chlamydia, trichomoniasis, thrush, gonorrhea and others. As a rule, this type of discharge also causes a feeling of discomfort in the genital area and itching. Sometimes women also complain of pain in the lumbar region or lower abdomen. During pregnancy, whitish, viscous vaginal discharge is considered to be a normal condition if the expectant mother does not experience other symptoms of the disease.

Curdled, foamy, thick vaginal discharge
A change in the consistency of vaginal discharge is also considered to be one of the clear signs of the presence of a particular pathology. We already said a little higher that normal discharge must be liquid, similar to mucus. If the discharge is white, cheesy or foamy, then most likely the woman has some kind of infectious disease.

Vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor
The appearance of vaginal discharge with a specific odor indicates the presence of an infectious pathology. The smell in this case can be either sour or rotten or reminiscent of the smell of fish. It occurs against the background of the activity of pathogenic microorganisms, which tend to decompose nutritional components, while releasing gases with a very unpleasant odor.

Vaginal discharge before and after sexual intercourse
At the moment of sexual arousal, the vaginal glands of the fair sex tend to intensively synthesize vaginal lubrication, so that a large amount of liquid transparent discharge, which is noted before and during sexual intercourse, is considered to be the norm. Women should not be afraid of the occurrence of thick, profuse discharge even after sexual intercourse. The fact is that if sexual intercourse took place without using a condom, then it is quite possible that in this way the vagina is trying to cleanse itself of sperm. In most cases, this type of discharge disappears in a fairly short period of time.
If a woman experiences spotting during or after sex, then most likely she has cervical erosion.
The appearance of yellow, purulent, white, gray or greenish discharge several days or weeks after sexual intercourse is considered to be a signal of the occurrence of some infectious disease.

Vaginal discharge as a symptom of infection
Vaginal discharge is considered to be a clear sign of the development of an infectious pathology of the genital tract in only a few cases. The largest number of pathologies in which vaginal discharge is noted are infectious and transmitted during sexual intercourse.
The most common causes of vaginal discharge include:

• Candidiasis ( thrush)
• Urogenital trichomoniasis

Diagnosis of urogenital trichomoniasis
It is impossible to make an accurate diagnosis of urogenital trichomoniasis, taking into account only the presence of discharge and some other symptoms of this pathology.
To identify this pathology, studies such as:

• A cultural research method is the cultivation of colonies of microorganisms taken from the vagina on special nutrient media and their further study.
• Microscopic examination of unstained ( native) a smear taken from the vagina.
• PCR (polymerase chain reaction) research method involving the study of genetic material Trichomonas vaginalis .
• Microscopic examination of a stained vaginal smear. It is painted with special dyes.

Therapy for urogenital trichomoniasis is possible only if the woman has been given a truly accurate diagnosis of this pathology. Among the most effective medications used in the fight against this pathology are: Nimorazole, Metronidazole , Ornidazole, Tinidazole and others. It is very important that the treatment of this disease is carried out under the vigilant supervision of a doctor. Self-treatment in this case is not recommended, since this pathology can become chronic if not treated properly. As a rule, during therapy for urogenital trichomoniasis, vaginal discharge initially becomes weaker, and then disappears completely. It is also important to draw the attention of readers to the fact that the absence of discharge does not mean complete healing, so the course of treatment must be completed to the end. How long it will last will be determined by your attending physician.

Bacterial vaginosis as a reason contributing to the development of vaginal discharge
Bacterial vaginosis is a very common pathology accompanied by discharge that has an unpleasant odor. This disease occurs as a result of a very strong growth of bacteria directly on the vaginal mucosa. In a healthy state, these bacteria are also present in the vagina, but only in very small quantities. These can be counted as Peptococcus, so Gerdenerella vaginalis , Bacteroides and others. With the development of this pathology, a woman experiences white vaginal discharge with a fishy odor. To make a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, information about the presence of discharge alone is not enough.

Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis involves the use of such research methods as:

• pH-metry, or detection of the acidity of the vaginal environment. In a normal state, the vagina has an acidic environment, but in the case of bacterial vaginosis, it becomes alkaline.

Therapy for bacterial vaginosis involves the use of local drugs, namely:

• Vaginal suppositories clindamycin ( one hundred milligrams) – must be inserted into the vagina once a day for six days.
• Metronidazole gel seventy-five percent - must be inserted into the vagina once a day for five days.

• Ornisid forte should be taken orally five hundred milligrams in the morning and evening for five days.
• Clindamycin Take three hundred milligram capsules in the morning and evening for seven days.
• Metronidazole(Trichopolum) in the form of tablets of two hundred and fifty milligrams. You should take two tablets morning and evening for seven days.

Urogenital candidiasis (thrush) as a cause contributing to the occurrence of vaginal discharge
Urogenital candidiasis is an inflammatory pathology of the genital organs in women and men, resulting from exposure to fungi of the genus Candida. In women with the development of this disease, white thick discharge is observed. In addition, they may experience discomfort and itching in the genital area. Quite often, this disease also causes pain and cramping during urination.

Diagnosis of thrush involves the use of the following research methods:

• Examination under a microscope of unstained smears taken from the vagina.
• Examination under a microscope of smears taken from the vagina stained with special dyes.
• Mycological study, which involves the detection of the type of fungus that provoked the development of urogenital candidiasis.

• Clotrimazole vaginal tablets two hundred milligrams - must be inserted into the vagina once a day for three days.
• Clotrimazole vaginal cream one percent should be inserted into the vagina once a day for seven to fourteen days.
• Isoconazole– vaginal suppositories of six hundred milligrams. It is recommended to insert into the vagina once.

• Itraconazole (Irunin, Orungal) should be taken two hundred milligrams once a day for three days.
• Fluconazole ( Diflucan, Flucostat, Mikomax) - used according to several treatment regimens: one hundred and fifty milligrams once, or one hundred milligrams on the first, fourth, and seventh day of therapy.

Vaginal discharge during pregnancy
Vaginal discharge is especially alarming to expectant mothers, since during this period they are responsible not only for themselves, but also for the child. In fact, every pregnant woman should pay special attention to the nature of vaginal discharge in order to “sound the alarm” at the right time.

Discharge in early pregnancy
A little higher, we said that copious clear discharge in the first months of pregnancy, which is not endowed with a specific odor, is normal.
If a woman experiences bloody discharge during this period, then this may serve as a signal of an unexpected miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy.
Whitish or purulent vaginal discharge in the early stages of pregnancy is considered to be a sign of the development of one or another infectious pathology.

Discharge in late pregnancy
In the second trimester of pregnancy, in a healthy pregnant woman, vaginal discharge may acquire a thicker and more viscous consistency. This phenomenon is normal. If vaginal discharge is bloody, this may serve as a signal of the onset of premature labor or miscarriage, so in such cases, emergency hospitalization of the expectant mother is recommended. Brown vaginal discharge in late pregnancy quite often occurs due to minor bleeding from the vessels of the cervix. In this case, a pregnant woman should also visit a doctor.

When should you see a doctor about vaginal discharge?

Normal discharge is small in volume, translucent, transparent or whitish in color, watery, creamy or jelly-like consistency, with a slight sour odor. Normal discharge does not irritate the genitals and does not cause discomfort, itching, redness or swelling. Also, normal discharge does not emit a strong or unpleasant odor (for example, fishy odor, strong sour odor, etc.).

In addition, slight bloody or brownish discharge 2 to 4 days before and after menstruation is considered normal. Light spotting for several days during ovulation is also considered normal.

Bloody discharge not before or after menstruation, and also not during ovulation, is considered pathological. In addition, discharge of a greenish, yellowish, grayish, earthy color, containing impurities of pus, blood, flakes, bubbles, having a cheesy or other heterogeneous consistency, emitting an unpleasant pungent odor or causing itching, burning, swelling, redness and discomfort in the genital area, is pathological. organs.

Which doctor should I contact if I have pathological vaginal discharge?

If, within two weeks after intercourse, the nature of the discharge changes, impurities of pus, mucus, flakes or bubbles appear in it, they turn greenish, yellowish, grayish or earthy in color, and begin to emit an unpleasant odor, then the woman can also consult a venereologist or a gynecologist, since such discharge indicates infection with an infectious disease.

What tests can doctors prescribe for vaginal discharge?

First of all, for any type of discharge, the doctor prescribes a gynecological bimanual examination (by hand) and examination of the tissues of the vagina and cervix in the speculum. These studies are considered routine and are carried out without fail when a woman goes to a medical facility regarding vaginal discharge of any nature.

Further, if there is quite heavy bleeding (blood discharge, as during menstruation, in the same or greater quantities), the doctor usually prescribes an ultrasound examination (endometrial hyperplasia. If the cervix is ​​not damaged, then even with minor bleeding/ In case of bleeding, hysteroscopy, diagnostic curettage and ultrasound are prescribed.

For pathological discharge of an inflammatory nature (with a greenish, yellowish, grayish, earthy color, containing an admixture of pus, blood, flakes, blisters, having a cheesy or other heterogeneous consistency, emitting an unpleasant pungent odor or leading to itching, burning, swelling, redness and discomfort in the genital area) the doctor always prescribes first flora smear (sign up), which allows you to identify a number of the following infectious diseases: candidiasis, trichomoniasis, gardnerellosis (bacterial vaginosis), gonorrhea (sign up). These sexually transmitted infections are the most common compared to others, and therefore at the first stage the doctor does not prescribe more expensive and complex tests, because a simple smear on the flora allows them to be detected.

If, based on the results of the smear, it was possible to identify candidiasis, trichomoniasis, gardnerellosis or gonorrhea, then the doctor can go in two ways - either immediately prescribe treatment, or take a smear from the vagina for bacteriological and mycological culture to determine which antibiotics and antifungal agents will be most destructive in relation to the infectious agent present in a particular case. If the immediately prescribed treatment turns out to be ineffective, the doctor prescribes bacteriological or mycological culture.

If, according to the results of the smear, no infectious agents were detected, but there is a picture of inflammation, then the doctor prescribes more complex tests to identify pathogenic microbes. Usually, first of all, an analysis of vaginal discharge is prescribed for the presence of Trichomonas and gonococci using the PCR method and blood test for syphilis (treponema pallidum) (sign up), since these are the pathogens that occur most often. If the results of the analysis reveal any, then treatment is prescribed.

If gonococci, Trichomonas or Treponema pallidum are not detected, then ureaplasma test (sign up), chlamydia (sign up), mycoplasma (sign up), gardnerella, bacteroides. Tests for these pathogens can be different - bacteriological culture, PCR, ELISA and various methods of collecting and staining vaginal smears. The choice of analysis is made by the doctor and depends mainly on the technical capabilities of the medical institution or on the financial capabilities of the patient, since the most accurate tests most often have to be taken in private laboratories for a fee.

If the test results reveal the absence of trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, syphilis, candidiasis, ureaplasmosis, chlamydia, mycoplasmosis and gardnerellosis, but there is an inflammatory process in the genitals, then the doctor may prescribe tests for the presence of viruses - herpes virus types 1 and 2, human papillomavirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, which can also provoke inflammation in the female genital organs.

Pregnant women who suspect leakage of amniotic fluid are usually prescribed a vaginal smear test for scales. In addition, there are pharmacy, ready-to-use tests for leakage of amniotic fluid, which are similar in principle to pregnancy tests. A pregnant woman can use such tests independently. Otherwise, when inflammatory vaginal discharge appears, pregnant women are prescribed the same tests as non-pregnant women. And if bleeding occurs during pregnancy, women are sent to the hospital for examination, since in such a situation they can be a sign of pregnancy complications.

What does discharge in early pregnancy tell you?

Often, women who adore cleanliness and diligently maintain body hygiene are overly zealous in trying to get rid of leucorrhoea. When women and girls experience vaginal discharge on their underwear, most often there is no need to worry about pathology - this is a natural process caused by physiology. But when the secretion is accompanied by discomfort, an unpleasant odor or a suspicious color, it is necessary to visit a gynecologist - such phenomena indicate possible inflammatory or infectious processes in the genitourinary system. In order to take timely measures, it is necessary to understand where natural processes end and the development of pathology begins.

How is discharge formed and what is it?

Before considering what leucorrhoea should be like normally, let’s define what it is. As a rule, the released secretion is a natural phenomenon; it is produced by glands located on the mucous layer of the vestibule of the vagina and cervix. A certain amount of effusion from the vaginal vessels and secretions of the uterine cavity are added to the composition of the mucus. One of the main tasks of the secretion is to protect the uterine and vaginal walls from the introduction of pathogenic organisms. It is also necessary to prevent vaginal dryness and clean the genital tract. Accordingly, by eliminating those leucorrhoea that are normal, a woman also removes the protective layer, opening up access to infections.

Typically, from 1 to 5 ml of vaginal mucus is secreted throughout the day, and during the menstrual cycle its characteristics may change, including color and consistency. The volume may also change; natural reasons affecting this indicator are:

• ovulatory period;
• bearing a child;
• sexual arousal.

If there is insufficient production of vaginal fluid, pain during sex and frequent infection of the body may occur. If we consider the parameters of vaginal mucus in a woman, its composition includes cells and various microorganisms:

• Mucus formed by the cervical canal, which is a protection against infectious pathologies in the cervix.
• Constantly renewed cells of the uterine epithelium, while the separated ones descend into the vaginal cavity, then exiting.
• Microflora, which includes from 5 to 12 varieties of microorganisms, including a small number of coccal bacteria, viruses and fungi. By actively multiplying under the influence of negative factors, they can provoke the development of the inflammatory process.

It is believed that normally the ovaries, uterine cavity and fallopian tubes, along with the cervix, are completely sterile and microorganisms populate only the vagina.

In women and girls of reproductive age, the natural vaginal microflora for the most part includes lactic acid bacteria, due to which the normal secretion is an acidic environment with a pH value from 3.8 to 4.4. This is what explains the possible sour smell of mucus.

Characteristics of natural vaginal discharge

Every girl who has reached childbearing age should have discharge that indicates the health of her reproductive system.

There are a number of signs according to which a woman is able to independently determine how much the secreted secretion meets the norm:

• The color of the secretion is assessed, the results are correlated with the period of the menstrual cycle - shades can be white, cream, yellow or transparent.
• For the most part, natural vaginal discharge has almost no odor or has a sour tint.
• The consistency of mucus can vary from liquid to viscous.
• Although the volume of secretion may vary, it should not exceed approximately a teaspoon.
• The amount of mucus increases significantly before menstruation, after sexual intercourse, and during sexual arousal.

The nature of vaginal discharge is largely influenced by the woman’s age, the hormonal background of her body, the presence or absence of sexual life and other factors. In girls, leucorrhoea should be absent until puberty, taking into account the hormonal characteristics characteristic of this age and the structure of the genital organs.

Discharge is evidence of pathology if it has an odor, color and appears in girls 10-12 years of age. Typically, such mucus indicates problems in the genitourinary or digestive system. Approximately 12 months before the start of the first menstrual cycle, teenage girls begin to produce vaginal fluid due to hormonal changes. Leucorrhoea can be liquid or mucous, colored white or faint yellow; when it comes out of the vagina there should be no unpleasant sensations - pain, burning or itching, swelling and redness. After the monthly cycle has stabilized, cyclic changes in the properties of the discharge are observed. Considering that most often girls and women have a monthly cycle consisting of 28 days, let’s consider the natural changes in vaginal discharge, taking it as a basis:

• In the initial phase of the cycle - and this is the period from the first to the twelfth day after the end of menstruation - the secreted mucus is often liquid, of a uniform consistency, sometimes with the inclusion of lumps that consist of dead epithelium. Its color is transparent, but white or yellow shades are not considered a pathology. There is no smell or it smells slightly sour.
• On the thirteenth – fifteenth day, the ovulatory period begins, in which the volume of daily secretions increases to 4 ml, their consistency is similar to viscous mucus, and the color ranges from transparent to white or light beige tones.
• In the second phase of the cycle, which begins on the fifteenth or sixteenth day, normal discharge in women decreases in volume, the consistency is similar to jelly or a thin cream. The color remains transparent, whitish or yellowish. Immediately before menstruation, the discharge becomes mucous and smeared, acquiring a brown tint.

Why does leucorrhoea change?

In addition to the monthly cycle and pathological conditions, there are many, most often hormonal factors that affect the nature of the secretion:

• When a girl begins to be sexually active or a change of partners occurs, a new microflora penetrates into the vagina, non-pathogenic in essence, but completely foreign. As a result, over a certain period of time, the duration of which is individual for each individual organism, the reproductive system adapts to the changed composition of the microflora. At such moments, there may be an increase in the volume of secreted secretions, a change in its consistency and color. In this case, any discomfort, including itching or burning, should be completely absent.
• Sexual contact itself also provokes the production of specific leucorrhoea - after intercourse without using a condom for several hours, vaginal discharge is similar to transparent clots, colored whitish or yellowish. After six or eight hours, the mucus changes again - it becomes liquid and abundant, colored white. When using a condom or when intercourse is interrupted, the secretion released subsequently has a structure similar to a cream, since it consists of “waste” vaginal lubricant. Its color is whitish, the quantity is quite scarce.
• Female oral contraceptives significantly change hormonal levels, inhibit ovulation and, when taken, help reduce the volume of discharge. After stopping use of the product, the nature of vaginal discharge is restored. In the same way, the period of lactation affects the character of leucorrhoea. When the lactation period ends, the amount of mucus produced is quite low.
• Let's consider what discharge is considered normal for women carrying a child. Usually their number increases because blood circulation in the genital organs is accelerated and a certain amount of plasma penetrates into the vaginal lumen. In the last trimester, the volume of secretions increases even more noticeably, which is a harbinger of labor.

Pregnant women need to pay increased attention to the nature of the substance released from the vagina, as it may indicate hidden problems. For example, liquid mucus in the last trimester often indicates the breaking of water.

Leucorrhoea that appears after labor is called lochia; it is a uterine discharge containing blood, mucus, rejected due to tissue non-viability. Normally, lochia is secreted for three to six weeks, sometimes this period increases to almost one and a half months. At this stage, the tendency towards a decrease in the volume of lochia and their lightening is important - the first seven days of discharge resemble normal heavy menstruation, which may contain clots. Gradually, the volume of lochia decreases, the color also changes towards yellow-white shades, which is facilitated by the large amount of mucus contained in them; bloody inclusions may be present. Closer to about the fourth week, the discharge becomes spotty; at the end of the sixth week (this period can last until the eighth week), the discharge becomes the same as before the child was conceived.

Hormonal levels in women change significantly during the period before the onset of postmenopause. Let's consider what the discharge should be like at this time - its volume is significantly reduced, and mostly contains coccal microorganisms, which include streptococci and staphylococci.

It should be remembered: regardless of the period of the menstrual cycle and other circumstances, the release of vaginal secretions should not be accompanied by unpleasant sensations. Otherwise, an immediate gynecological examination is necessary.

Signs of pathological discharge

We have looked at natural discharge in girls and women; now we need to understand when leucorrhoea becomes pathological and the development of what diseases it accompanies. Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, present in small quantities in the vaginal environment, under the influence of certain reasons, begin to actively multiply and suppress lactobacilli, causing inflammatory processes.

These factors include:

• violated personal hygiene rules;
• taking antimicrobial drugs;
• hormonal imbalances.

Based on the changed properties of leucorrhoea, one can assume the development of pathology in the reproductive system, although without carrying out appropriate tests it is impossible to establish an accurate diagnosis. The danger signals are:

• Discomfort, itching, burning.
• The secreted mucus becomes foamy and acquires yellow, green or white shades.
• Curd-like clots of white or yellow shades are released from the vagina, irritating the external genitalia.
• There is profuse leucorrhoea with a fishy odor, the volume of which increases with sexual arousal.
• Leucorrhoea acquires a yellow tint, accompanied by problems with urination and pain in the lower abdomen.
• The discharge becomes thick, with inclusions of blood, and its smell is strong and unpleasant.
• Between scheduled periods, bleeding occurs.
• When carrying a child, brown or red discharge appears.
• Thick purulent discharge mixed with blood, with a pungent odor.

Leucorrhoea is classified according to where exactly it is formed and can be tubal, occurring during inflammatory processes in the fallopian tubes, cervical, appearing when there are problems in the cervix, uterine, forming in the presence of endometritis.

The safest is vaginal discharge, which, however, if it changes color or has an unpleasant odor, may indicate the development of trichomoniasis, thrush, gardnerellosis and other pathologies.

Despite the fact that it is not possible to determine the exact cause of pathological changes in mucus without special laboratory tests, focusing on the smell, color and consistency we can assume what kind of disease is occurring. It should be borne in mind that the same signs may indicate different pathologies, therefore an examination by a gynecologist remains a necessity:

• The development of chlamydia may be indicated by foaming, transparent leucorrhoea.
• A gray tint combined with an unpleasant fishy odor usually indicates bacterial vaginosis or gardnerellosis.
• White leucorrhoea may be a natural occurrence or may indicate thrush. It should be noted that mild candidiasis may not be accompanied by burning and itching, its usual symptoms, but an increase in the volume of leucorrhoea, its thick consistency and cheesy appearance raises concerns.
• Light yellow leucorrhoea may be normal; a day or two before menstruation, a more saturated shade is not considered a pathology. However, accompanied by a sharp, unpleasant odor, an increase in secreted volume, irritation and redness of the genitals, the presence of trichomoniasis can be suspected.
• Green shades are never normal; even in the absence of other symptoms, it is a danger signal. Typically, such discharge warns of the development of vaginal inflammatory processes, since the green color is caused by an increased number of leukocytes. Greenish leucorrhoea can occur with vaginitis, cervicitis, or inflammation of the ovaries.
• Leucorrhoea becomes red from the admixture of blood, immediately before menstruation this is a normal phenomenon, but you should be wary when such mucus appears between menstruation. Breakthrough bleeding indicates possible cervical cancer, endometriosis, spontaneous abortion at the beginning of pregnancy, and others.

Pathological odor can be:

• sour, which often indicates fungal growth;
• fishy, ​​when vaginosis is suspected;
• putrefactive, often indicating the development of malignant neoplasms;
• glandular in discharge with blood included.

What to do if vaginal discharge is suspicious? The most reasonable solution is to go to the clinic for an examination and take a smear for analysis, which will identify the causative agent of the problem. Self-medication is unacceptable, since taking pharmaceutical drugs without a doctor’s prescription can worsen the situation.

The more a woman learns about her body, the calmer and more confident she feels in a variety of life situations. To avoid unnecessary worry and not make far-fetched diagnoses, let’s figure out what is normal and when to suspect something is wrong.

What is normal vaginal discharge?

During puberty (10-12 years), the glands of the cervical canal begin to secrete mucus, which mixes with dead epithelial cells and microorganisms living in the vagina (lactobacillus, Doderlein bacilli, streptococci, fungi, mycoplasma, ureplasma, etc.). By moisturizing the mucous membrane, these secretions prevent the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, protect against infections and promote self-cleaning of the vagina. The first discharge is usually scanty, colorless or whitish, does not smell of anything, or has a faint yellowish tint and a subtle sour odor (the result of the action of lactic acid bacteria).

As soon as the girl's pregnancy begins, the amount, color and consistency of vaginal discharge will change depending on the phase of the cycle. Let's look at the normal options using the example of a 28-day menstrual cycle.

The first phase of the menstrual cycle (1-12 days after the end of menstruation): the discharge is scanty, liquid or mucous. The consistency is mostly homogeneous, less often with an admixture of small lumps. Color - transparent, whitish or yellowish. The smell is sour or absent.

Ovulation (13-15 days after the end of menstruation, mid-cycle): discharge becomes abundant (up to 4 ml/day). The consistency is viscous mucus. Color - transparent, whitish, light beige.

The second phase of the menstrual cycle (15-16 days - the beginning of the next menstruation): there is less discharge than during the ovulation period. Their consistency resembles liquid cream or jelly. Color - whitish, yellowish, transparent. The appearance of brown spotting indicates the onset of menstruation.

Why does the discharge change?

The nature of discharge from the genital tract can change under the influence of hormonal factors, without being a symptom of any pathology. For example, the beginning of sexual activity or a change of partner becomes a hormonal stress for the female body. In the process of “getting used to” the new microflora, vaginal discharge becomes more abundant and changes color and consistency.

Women who are sexually active have noticed that the nature of the discharge changes during and after sexual intercourse. The increase in their number is associated with excitement and blood flow to the vessels of the vagina, as a result of which mucous drops are secreted directly by the walls of the vagina. This natural lubrication facilitates insertion of the penis into the vagina, making sexual intercourse natural and painless for both spouses.

Vaginal discharge may also change as a result of taking it. The drugs inhibit the onset of ovulation, therefore, while taking them, the amount of discharge decreases. A similar process occurs after childbirth, during breastfeeding.

In pregnant women, heavy discharge is caused by increased blood supply to the uterus and vagina. In later stages, this is also associated with the discharge of cervical mucus immediately before childbirth. If a woman notices the appearance of heavy liquid discharge, she should consult a doctor, as this may indicate that her water has broken.

After childbirth, normal discharge is lochia - a mixture of mucus, blood and dead tissue of the lining of the uterus, reminiscent of heavy periods with clots. Typically, lochia discharge occurs within 1-2 months after the birth of the child.

Signs of pathology

It is impossible to make a diagnosis on your own based on the nature of vaginal discharge. Moreover, without appropriate tests and clinical examination, a gynecologist will not be able to do this. But there are several simple signs that will signal a possible disease:

The appearance of discomfort, itching, burning in the vagina.

Foamy discharge that is yellow, white or greenish in color.

Copious discharge of white or yellowish cheesy lumps, causing irritation of the genitals.

Copious discharge with an unpleasant fishy odor, which intensifies during sexual arousal.

Yellow discharge, accompanied by difficulty urinating, pain in the lower abdomen.

Thick purulent discharge mixed with blood, with a strong unpleasant odor.

Bloody discharge that appears between periods.

Watch your body, study it, visit your gynecologist regularly, and pathological vaginal discharge will not bother you.

Maria Nitkina