Isolations in the Russian language table. Types of isolated secondary members of a sentence

An isolated circumstance, expressed by an adverbial phrase, is always highlighted in speech with commas and answers certain questions given in this article. There are also exceptions for isolating adverbial phrases in sentences with examples.

What is an isolated circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase?

In russian language isolated circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase, is a minor member of the sentence, represented by a gerund with dependent words. It denotes a sign of action, depends on the predicate verb and is always highlighted in writing with commas. Answers the questions - When? How? How? For what purpose? and etc.

Examples of sentences with isolated circumstances with adverbial verbs:
Moving the furniture, we freed up space (freed up - how? - moving the furniture). Guys, hiding from the rain in a hut, discussed what they saw (discussed - when? - sheltered from the rain). Mom went to bed kissed my son goodnight(went to bed - when? - kissing my son).

Exceptions when isolating adverbial phrases in a sentence

An isolated circumstance can be represented by two homogeneous adverbial phrases or an adverbial phrase with a single participle, which are used through a conjunction And. In this case, commas highlight the entire circumstance, and not each adverbial phrase separately.

Examples: Girl, evoking a song And dancing, walked through the park. Greeting your opponent and shaking each other's hands, the athletes prepared for the match.

In addition, the circumstances expressed by the participial phrase are not isolated:

• If the participial phrase is part of a phraseological expression.

  Examples: They worked tirelessly all day. Worried about her brother, she spent the night without closing my eyes.

• If the participial phrase contains a conjunctive word which.

  Examples: Masha drew up an essay plan, following which she will write an interesting story. Seryozha had many friends, communicating with whom he learned a lot of new things.

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Separation- This semantic and intonation highlighting of sentence members in order to give them a certain semantic and syntactic independence in a sentence. In oral speech they are distinguished by intonation, and in writing they are separated or highlighted by punctuation marks. Various members of a sentence are isolated for different reasons. In one case, the minor members of the sentence are isolated because in terms of their meaning in a sentence they are close to the predicate. In other cases they are isolated because they are used in a sentence as something additional, introduced to clarify any member of the sentence or to communicate something additional about it.All isolated members are divided into two groups: isolated members with the value of an additional predicate And isolated members with qualifying value . I. The meaning of an additional predicate can have separate definitions, applications and circumstances. These sentence members can be easily replaced with a predicate. Compare: 1) The sea, which had calmed overnight, was now barely splashing in the rocks. - The sea calmed down overnight and now it was barely splashing in the rocks; 2) An excellent mechanic, he easily fixed the problem with the engine. - He easily fixed the engine malfunction, as he was an excellent mechanic; 3) Having passed several stations without stopping, the train stopped only in Lyubertsy. - Electric train drove through several stations without stopping and stopped only in Lyubertsy. Separate definitions are expressed by participle phrases, single and homogeneous participles and adjectives, as well as phrases consisting of adjectives or nouns with dependent words.For example: Books read in childhood are remembered throughout your life; And the forest, silent, dark, stretched for many miles around(Bunin) ; I've lived a life full of surprises(Paustovsky) ; Kolya, in his new jacket with gold buttons, was the hero of the day(Turgenev). Special circumstances can be expressed by participial phrases, single gerunds, as well as nouns with prepositions despite, according to, thanks to, in spite of, because of and etc.For example: Large drops of rain crashed onto the ground, turning into dust and tiny splashes(Soloukhin); Despite the weather, we decided to perform(Obruchev). Standalone Add-ons most often expressed by nouns with prepositions except, apart from, over, except for, including and etc.For example: Apart from wild birds and animals, not a single soul appeared near the monastery(Chekhov).All isolated members of a sentence can also be expressed by comparative phrases with conjunctions as if, as if, as if and etc.For example: You walk through dry pine forests as if across a deep, expensive carpet; The room was flooded with an even light, as if from a kerosene lamp.(Paustovsky). II. Various isolated members of a sentence can have the meaning of clarification, which specify the preceding refined members. A member of a sentence will be considered clarifying if, located after its syntactic analogue, it will narrow the conveyed concept or limit it in some respect. In other words, the clarifying circumstance of time should come after the circumstance of time, the definition - after the definition, but the meaning of the second should be narrower and more specific than the first. The role of clarifying members is the circumstances of place, time, mode of action, definition and application. For example: From the south, from the steppe ridge, warm and wet snow came rushing in; On the second day, in the evening, Razmetnov ran to Davydov(Sholokhov). These sentences specify the circumstances of place and time (the most common cases).Connecting structures that contain additional notes are highlighted. or clarifications , introduced in the middle or at the end of a sentence. Such constructions are usually joined with the words even, especially, especially, for example, in particular, mainly, including, moreover, and moreover, and(meaning “and moreover”), yes, yes and, yes and in general and etc.For example: It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky); There is a lot of nobility in people, a lot of love, selflessness, especially in women(A. Ostrovsky); And Rudin started talking about pride, and he spoke very sensibly(Turgenev); What’s a sculptor, and a bad one at that, to do?(Turgenev); Already in the Caucasus I learned, and not from the captain, that he was seriously wounded four times...(L. Tolstoy); There was only one road, and it was wide and lined with milestones, so it was impossible to get lost(Korolenko); Let these people, and many others, remember what happened. It seemed that everything, including forests and fields, was moving to the west, and it was impossible to go or go to the east.(Kazakevich)

Separation of minor members

Punctuation in sentences with isolated members

Separation- this is the selection of any constructions with two characters (commas or dashes). It is precisely by two signs - this is what distinguishes separation from separation, for example, of homogeneous members, where the sign is not double.

Secondary members differ from the “primary” ones (subject and predicate) in that they are not included in the grammatical basis. That is, without them, a sentence as a unit of message can exist. Usually, the distinction between the main and minor members of a sentence does not cause difficulties. However, there are cases when a seemingly “completely minor” member turns out to be actually part of the predicate or subject, since without it the sentence is uninformative and meaningless.

Planes stand ready for takeoff.

Telepathy is an unsolved and alluring phenomenon.

Type Basics Planes are standing or Telepathy is a phenomenon do not allow us to understand what the speaker wanted to say, so it is necessary to expand the composition of the predicate. In this case, there are no secondary members in the sentence, and there is simply nothing to apply the rules for their isolation.

So, if we managed to separate the basis of the sentence from the minor members, then the next task is to determine which of the minor members is in front of us: definition(or its variation - an application), addition or circumstance. There are typical ways of expressing minor terms: definition- this is usually an adjective or participle, addition- noun, circumstance - adverb. However, one part of speech does not always play only a single syntactic role.

For example, a noun can also be a modifier ( checkered dress, house around the corner), and addition (letter to sister), and circumstance ( I'm writing to the village).

The members of a sentence are reliably determined only by the following questions:

definition: which one? whose?

application: which one? (expressed as a noun)

addition: who? what? and other questions of indirect cases

circumstance: where? Where? When? Why? for what purpose? no matter what? How? how? in what degree? to others

Why is there reliability here? Then, in order to accurately select the necessary rule: for a circumstance - the rule for isolating precisely the circumstances (and not additions, for example).

Considering that the isolation of additions is optional in most cases, we will dwell on the rules for the isolation of the remaining minor members.

Definitions can be agreed upon (red dress, flying birds) And inconsistent (what kind of dress? - polka dots, man - what? - in Hat). Inconsistent definitions are separated optionally; the absence of a sign, as a rule, is not classified as an error. For agreed definitions, the rule is more stringent. It is difficult to imagine a text, for example an essay, in which there would be no separate definitions. Therefore, knowledge of this rule is absolutely necessary.

1. To decide whether to isolate or not, two factors (or conditions) are most relevant:

1) the position of the definition in relation to the word being defined;

2) how the definition and the word being defined are expressed.

After the word being defined, the following are separated:

a) common definitions;

b) single homogeneous definitions.

Compare: The dawn that broke out in the east was covered with clouds. The dawn that broke out in the east was covered with clouds. The world, sunny and fragrant, surrounded us. A sunny and fragrant world surrounded us.

Notice how the punctuation changes depending on the position of the definition in relation to the word being defined.

2. Always (i.e., regardless of position) the following are separated:

a) definitions related to the personal pronoun;

b) definitions “torn off” from the word being defined (there are other members of the sentence between them);

c) definitions that have additional meaning, for example reasons (you can ask a question about them from the predicate verb Why?)

Excited by the experiences of the day, I haven't slept for a long time. Them, exhausted, I didn’t even want to talk. Narrow and transparent, hatches in the sky for a month. Blinded by the darkness, the old man stood motionless for a long time. (Why?)

§1. Separation. General concept

Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

1. Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
2. An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
3. Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

• agreed upon
• inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

• participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
• two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

• single definition: excited girl;
• two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
• a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She, excited, could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.

(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:

Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.

(additional meaning of reason)

Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.

(additional value of concession)

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Dedicated Applications

Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:

And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.

The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.

New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.

§4. Standalone Add-ons

Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:

No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

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§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are distinguished:

1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:

• simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
• similes: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with a union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:

1. are of a phraseological nature:

It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down like buckets.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:

We're walking in circles.

(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)

3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":

It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from How is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:

We stayed up late, until nightfall.

Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) using unions: that is, namely:

I am preparing for the Unified State Examination C1 task, that is, for an essay.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?

2. Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?

3. What can be separate definitions?

   • common and not common
   • agreed and uncoordinated

4. Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?

5. In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?

   • if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
   • if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed

6. Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?

7. What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?

   • about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
   • except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with

8. Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?

9. Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?

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