Orthoepic and accentological norms of the modern Russian language. Lesson "Orthoepy"
An important aspect of orthoepy is emphasis , that is, the sound emphasis of one of the syllables of the word. Stress on a letter is usually not indicated, although in some cases (when teaching Russian to non-Russians) it is customary to put it.
Distinctive features of Russian accent are its diversity and mobility. The difference lies in the fact that the stress in Russian can be on any syllable of a word ( book, signature- on the first syllable; lantern, underground- on the second; hurricane, spelling - on the third, etc.). In some words, the stress is fixed on a specific syllable and does not move during the formation of grammatical forms, in others it changes place (compare: ton - tons And wall - wall- to the walls And wallam).
The last example shows the mobility of the Russian accent. This is the objective difficulty of mastering accent norms. “However,” as K.S. rightly notes. Gorbachevich, - if the variety of places and mobility of Russian stress create some difficulties in its assimilation, then these inconveniences are completely compensated by the ability to distinguish the meaning of words using the place of stress (flour- torment, coward- Cowardly, loaded on the platform- submerged in water) and even the functional and stylistic consolidation of accent options (Bay leaf, but in botany: Laurus family). Particularly important in this regard is the role of stress as a way of expressing grammatical meanings and overcoming homonymy of word forms.” As scientists have established, most words in the Russian language (about 96%) have a fixed stress. However, the remaining 4% are the most common words that make up the basic, frequency vocabulary of the language.
Here are some rules of spelling in the area of stress that will help prevent corresponding errors.
Stress in adjectives
In full forms of adjectives, only fixed stress is possible on the stem or on the ending. The variability of these two types in the same word forms is explained, as a rule, by a pragmatic factor associated with the distinction between rarely used or bookish adjectives and adjectives of frequency, stylistically neutral or even reduced. In fact, less frequently used and bookish words are often stressed on the base, while high-frequency, stylistically neutral or reduced words are stressed on the ending.
The degree of mastery of a word is manifested in the variants of stress: circle And mug Oh, spare And spare, near-Earth And near-Earth, minus And minus Oh, clean And purification Such words are not included in the Unified State Examination tasks, since both options are considered correct.
And yet, the choice of stress location causes difficulties most often in short forms of adjectives. Meanwhile, there is a fairly consistent norm, according to which the stressed syllable of the full form of a number of common adjectives remains stressed in the short form: Beautiful- beautiful- beautiful- Beautiful- beautiful; unthinkable - unthinkable- unthinkable- unthinkable- unthinkable and so on.
The number of adjectives with movable stress in the Russian language is small, but they are often used in speech, and therefore the stress norms in them need comments. The emphasis often falls on the stem in the form of masculine, neuter and plural. numbers and feminine endings: right- rights- right- RIGHTS- rights; GRAY - gray- gray- sulfur- sulfur; slim- built- slim- slim- slimA.
Such adjectives usually have monosyllabic stems without suffixes or with simple suffixes (-k-, -n-). However, one way or another there is a need to turn to a spelling dictionary, since a number of words “stand out” from the specified norm. You can, for example, say: length And LONG, FRESH And fresh, full And FULL etc.
It should also be said about the pronunciation of adjectives in the comparative degree. There is such a norm: if the emphasis in the short form of the feminine gender falls on the ending, then in the comparative degree it will be on the suffix -ee: strong- stronger, sick- sick, alive- livelier, slimmer- slimmer, right - right; if the accent in the feminine gender is on the basis, then to a comparative degree it is preserved on the basis: beautiful- more beautiful, sad- Sadder, disgusting- Nastier. The same applies to the superlative form.
Stress on verbs
One of the most intense stress points in common verbs is the past tense forms.
The stress in the past tense usually falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive: sit- She was sitting, moaning - moaning. hide- hid, started - started. At the same time, a group of common verbs (about 300) obeys a different rule: the emphasis in the feminine form goes to the ending, and in other forms it remains on the stem. These are verbs take. be, take, twist, lie, drive, give, wait, live, call, lie, pour, drink, tear etc. It is recommended to say: live- lived- lived - lived- lived; wait- waited- was waiting- waited - waitedA; pour - lil- poured- Lily- LilA. Derived verbs are also pronounced in the same way. (live, take, finish, spill and so on.).
The exception is words with the prefix You-, which takes the emphasis: survive- survived, poured out - poured out, caused- Called.
For verbs put, steal, send, send The emphasis in the feminine form of the past tense remains on the basis: stole, sent, sent, stole.
And one more pattern. Quite often in reflexive verbs (in comparison with non-reflexive ones), the emphasis in the past tense form goes to the ending: begin- I began, I began, I began, I began; accepted - accepted, acceptedb, Accepted, Accepted.
About verb pronunciation call in conjugated form. Recent spelling dictionaries quite rightly continue to recommend stress on the ending: You call, they call, they call, they call, they call. This tradition is based on classical literature (primarily poetry), speech practice of authoritative native speakers.
Accentin some participles and gerunds
The most frequent fluctuations in stress are recorded when pronouncing short passive participles.
If the stress in the full form is on the suffix -yonn- then oh but remains on it only in the masculine form, in other forms it goes to the ending: carried out- carried out, carried outA, carried outO, carried out; introduced- imported, imported, imported, imported. However, native speakers sometimes find it difficult to choose the correct stress location and in the full form. They say: “introduced” instead introduced,"translated" instead translated etc. In such cases, you should consult the dictionary more often, gradually practicing the correct pronunciation.
A few notes on the pronunciation of full participles with a suffix -T-. If the suffixes are indefinite -o-, -well- have an accent on them, then in participles it will move one syllable forward: hollow- hollowed, pricked- chopped, bend- Bent, Wrap- wrapped.
Passive participles of verbs pour And drink(with suffix -T-) are distinguished by unstable stress. You can speak: spilled And spilled, spilled And spilled, spilled(only!), spilled And spilled, spilled And spilled; finished And finished, finished And finish it, finish it And topped up, topped up And additionally, additionally And additional drinks.
Participles often have stress on the same syllable as the indefinite form of the corresponding verb: having invested, given, filled, taken, washed down, exhausted(NO: exhausted) , starting, raising, living, watering, putting, understanding, betraying, undertaking, arriving, accepting, selling, cursing, shedding, permeating, drinking, creating.
Stress in adverbs should mainly be studied by memorizing and referring to a spelling dictionary.
Nouns
alphabet, from Alpha And V AND that
AIRPORTS, motionless stress on 4th syllable
bows,
beard, Vin.p., only in this form singular. stress on 1st syllable
accountants, gen.p.pl.h., motionless stress on 2nd syllable
religion, to confess faith
citizenship
hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
dispensary, the word came from English. language through the French language, where the blow. always on the last syllable
agreement
document
blinds,
significance, from adj. zn A cleaned
X's, im.p. plural, motionless emphasis
catalog, in line with the words dial ABOUT g, monol ABOUT g, necrol ABOUT g etc.
quarter, from it. language, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
kilometer, on a par with the words centime E tr, decim E tr, millim E tr...
konus, konus, motionless stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in singular and plural.
taps, motionless stress on 1st syllable
flint, flint, hit. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire
lecturers, lecturers, see word bow(s)
localities, gen.p.pl., on a par with the word form p ABOUT honors, h E darling... but news E th
garbage chute, on a par with the words gas pipeline ABOUT d, nefteprov ABOUT d, water supply ABOUT d
intention
obituary, see catal ABOUT G
hatred
news, news, but: see m E ness
Nail, nail, motionless stress in all singular forms
adolescence, from ABOUT Trock Teen
partner, from French language, where is the blow. always on the last syllable
briefcase
dowry, noun
appeal, in line with the words poses Y in, from Y in (ambassador), cos Y in, but: ABOUT review (for publication)
orphans, im.p.pl., emphasis in all forms of plural. only on the 2nd syllable
facilities, im.p.pl.h.
tableYar, in the same poison with the words small I r, up I r, schools I R…
convening, see prize Y V
Cakes, cakes
scarves, see b A nts
chauffeur, in line with the words kiosk Yo p, control Yo R…
expert, from French a language where the stress is always on the last syllable
Adjectives
true, short adj. w.r.
old
significant
more beautiful, adj. And adv. in comparative art.
most beautiful, superior.st.
bleeding
kitchen
dexterity, short adj. w.r.
mosaic
visionary, short adj. zh.r., on a par with the words smazl AND wow, fuss AND wow, chatty AND va..., but: prozh ABOUT rliva
plum, derived from sl AND va
Verbs
pamper, on a par with the words indulge, spoil, spoil..., but: darling of fate
take-takeA
take-under
take-take
take up
turn on, turn on,
turn it on, turn it on
join in - join in
burst-burst
perceive-perceived
recreate-recreated
hand it over
drive-drive
chase-chased
get-got
get-got
wait-wait
get through - get through,
They're getting through
dose
wait-waited
live-lived
seal
borrow-borrowed, borrowed,
busy, busy
locked-locked (key, lock, etc.)
call-call
Call, call, call,
exclude-exclude
exhaust
put-klaL
sneak-sneak
bleed
lie-lie
pour-lila
flow-flow
Lie-lied
endow-endow
overstrained-strained
to be called-to be called
tilt-tilt
pour-poured
narvat-narwhal
Litter-LitterIt
start-started, started, started
Call-callIt
Make it easier - make it easier
wet yourself
hug-hug
overtake-overtaken
RIP-RIPED
encourage
take heart, take heart
aggravate
borrow-borrow
Angry
surround-surround
SEAL, on a par with the words formed A yeah, normal A yeah, sort it A ugh...
To be defiled - to be defiled
inquire - inquire
depart-departed
give-gave
Unlock-Unlock
recall-recalledA
respond-responded
Call back-call backIt
overflow-overflow
fruit
Repeat-repeat
call-called
call-call-call-call
water-water
put-put
I understand, I understand
send-sent
arrive-arrived-arrivedA-arrived
accept-accepted-accepted
force
tear-tear
drill-drill-drill-drill
remove-remove
create-created
rip off
Litter-Litter
remove-remove
speed up
deepen
strengthen-strengthen
It's a pinch-it's a pinch
Participles
spoiled
included-on, see downgrading Yo ny
delivered
folded
busy-busy
locked-locked
populated-populated
spoiled see ball ABOUT bathroom
feeding
bleeding
profited
acquired-acquired
poured
hired
started
brought down, brought down, see incl. Yo new...
encouraged-encouraged-encouraged
aggravated
definite-determined
disabled
repeated
divided
understood
accepted
tamed
lived
removed-removed
bent
Participles
sealed
starting
Adverbs
Don't
envious in the meaning of the predicate
ahead of time, colloquial
after dark
more beautiful, adj. And adv. in comparative art.
Orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language regulate the correct pronunciation of sounds in various phonetic positions, with other sounds, in certain grammatical forms and individual words. A distinctive feature of pronunciation is uniformity. Spelling errors can negatively affect listeners’ perception of speech. They can distract the interlocutor’s attention from the essence of the conversation, causing misunderstanding and irritation. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates the communication process and makes it more effective.
Orthoepic norms determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language is characterized by its own phonetic laws governing the pronunciation of sounds and the words they create.
The basis of the Russian literary language is the Moscow dialect, however, in Russian orthoepy, the so-called “younger” and “senior” norms are distinguished. The first reflects the distinctive features of modern pronunciation, the second draws attention to Old Moscow spelling norms.
Basic rules of pronunciation
In the Russian language, only those vowels that are under stress are clearly pronounced: garden, cat, daughter. Those vowels that are in an unstressed position may lose clarity and clarity. This is the law of reduction. Thus, the vowel “o” at the beginning of a word without stress or in pre-stressed syllables can be pronounced like “a”: s(a)roka, v(a)rona. In unstressed syllables, an unclear sound can be pronounced in place of the letter “o”, for example, like the first syllable in the word “head”.
The vowel sound “and” is pronounced like “y” after a preposition, a hard consonant, or when pronouncing two words together. For example, “pedagogical institute”, “laughter and tears”.
As for the pronunciation of consonants, it is guided by the laws of deafening and assimilation. Voiced consonants facing a dull sound are deafened, which is a characteristic feature of Russian speech. An example is the word “pillar”, the last letter of which is stunned and pronounced like “p”. There are very, very many such words.
In many words, instead of the sound “ch”, one should pronounce “sh” (the word “what”), and the letter “g” in endings is read as “v” (the words “mine”, “nobody” and others).
As mentioned above, orthoepic norms deal with the pronunciation of borrowed words. Usually such words obey the norms existing in the language, and only sometimes can they have their own characteristics. One of the most common rules is to soften the consonants before “e”. This can be seen in words such as “faculty”, “cream”, “overcoat” and others. However, in some words the pronunciation may vary (“dean”, “terror”, “therapy”).
Orthoepic norms– these are also norms for setting stress, which is not fixed in the Russian language. This means that in different grammatical forms of the word the stress may differ (“hand” - “hand _
9. Stress norms in modern Russian
Accent- This is a mandatory feature of the word. This is the highlighting of a syllable in a word by various means: intensity, duration, tone movement. Russian stress is unfixed (various places) and mobile (moves in different grammatical forms of one word). Stress serves to distinguish the grammatical forms of a word. Sometimes stress serves as a sign by which the meanings of a word differ (homographs). In the accentological norm, there are such concepts as proclitic and enclitic. A proclitic is an unstressed word adjacent to a stressed word in front. An enclitic is an unstressed word attached to the back of a word. In addition, there are words in the language with so-called double stress, these are accentological variants. Sometimes they are equal, often one may be preferable.
Plan:
1. Orthoepy tasks.
2. Modern spelling standards.
3. Russian literary pronunciation and its historical foundations.
4. General and specific rules of orthoepy.
5. Deviations from pronunciation norms and their causes.
Orthoepy – This is a set of rules for pronunciation of words. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - straight, correct and eros - speech) is a set of rules of oral speech that establish uniform literary pronunciation.
Orthoepic norms cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in the modern Russian literary language, their quality and changes in certain phonetic positions. In addition, the content of orthoepy includes the pronunciation of individual words and groups of words, as well as individual grammatical forms in cases where their pronunciation is not determined by the phonetic system.
Orthoepy is a term that is used in 2 meanings:
1. A set of rules that establish the unity of pronunciation in a literary language (this is the rule of literary pronunciation).
2. A branch of linguistics adjacent to phonetics, which describes the theoretical foundations and norms of the literary language from the point of view of pronunciation. Oral speech has existed as long as human society. In ancient times and even in the 19th century. Each locality had its own pronunciation features - these were the so-called territorial dialect features. They have survived to this day.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, an urgent need arose for a unified literary language, including unified, general rules of pronunciation. Therefore, science began to take shape orthoepy. It is closely related to phonetics. Both sciences study spoken speech, but phonetics describes everything that is in oral speech, and orthoepy characterizes oral speech only from the point of view of its correctness and compliance with literary norms. Literary norm - This is a rule for the use of linguistic units. These rules are mandatory for everyone who speaks a literary language.
The norms of literary language develop gradually, and mastery of the norms is a difficult and complex task, which is facilitated by the widespread development of means of communication. The norms of the literary language, including pronunciation, are laid down at school. Oral literary speech has uniform norms, but it is not uniform. She has some options. There are currently three pronunciation styles:
1. Neutral (average) This is the usual calm speech of an educated person who knows literary norms. It is for this style that orthoepic norms are created.
2. Book style (nowadays rarely used in scientific oratorical introductions). This is characterized by increased clarity of pronunciation.
3. Colloquial literary style. This is the pronunciation of an educated person in unprepared situations. Here it is possible to deviate from strict rules.
Modern pronunciation developed gradually over a long period of time. The basis of modern pronunciation is the Moscow dialect. The Moscow dialect itself began to be created in the 15th-16th centuries, and in general terms took shape in the 17th century. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, a system of pronunciation rules was developed. Norms based on Moscow pronunciation were reflected in stage speeches in Moscow theaters of the 2nd half of the 19th century. These norms are reflected in a 4-volume explanatory dictionary edited by Ushakov in the mid-30s and Ozhegov’s dictionary was created. These norms are not fixed. Moscow pronunciation was influenced by: a) St. Petersburg and Leningrad norms; b) some norms of book writing. Orthoepic norms are changing.
By their nature, pronunciation norms are divided into two groups:
1. Strictly mandatory.
2. Variant acceptable standards
Modern spelling standards include several sections:
1. Rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds.
2. Rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds.
3. Rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical sounds.
4. Rules for pronunciation of foreign words and abbreviations.
5. Rules for placing stress.
The orthoepy of the modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, largely preserves old, traditional features that reflect the historical path traversed by the literary language. The historical basis of Russian literary pronunciation is the most important linguistic features of the spoken language of the city of Moscow, which developed back in the 1st half of the 17th century. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrow dialectal features and combined the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Acquiring a generalized character, Moscow pronunciation became a typical expression of the national language. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” to be the basis of literary pronunciation: “The Moscow dialect is not ...... for the importance of the capital city, but also for its excellent beauty, it is rightly preferred to others ...”
Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and were adopted there on the basis of local dialect features. This is how the peculiarities of pronunciation developed in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries. at the same time, there was no complete unity in Moscow pronunciation: there were pronunciation variants that had different stylistic overtones.
With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved to this day in all its main features as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.
Literary pronunciation is often called stage pronunciation. this name indicates the importance of realistic theater in developing pronunciation. When describing pronunciation norms, it is quite legitimate to refer to the pronunciation of the scene.
All rules of orthoepy are divided into: general and private.
General rules pronunciations cover sounds. They are based on the phonetic laws of the modern Russian language. These rules are generally binding. Their violation is considered a speech error. These are the following.
You can learn about what orthoepy is from dictionaries and reference books of the literary language. All languages of the world have certain lexical norms, which are examples of the correct use of words.
The science of spelling
Orthoepy studies the laws and rules of pronunciation of words. It is very similar to spelling, which deals with the laws of the correct spelling of words. The term "orthoepy" includes two Greek words: orthos - "true", "correct", "straight" (direction) and epos - "speech", "conversation". Therefore, to the question of what orthoepy is, one can give an answer directly translated from Greek: correct pronunciation.
Orthoepy rules
Various deviations from the norms of use and pronunciation interfere with communication, distract the listener from the meaning of the spoken speech and significantly complicate the assimilation of the spoken text. Following the rules of pronunciation of words is just as important as adhering to the rules of spelling. Orthoepy will tell you the correct pronunciation of a particular lexical unit. The rules of this science make it possible to determine how to pronounce a particular word and the scope of its lexical application. Indeed, in a world where oral speech is a means of widespread communication, it must be impeccable, from the point of view of the rules of spelling.
History of Russian orthoepy
Russian orthoepy took shape already in the mid-17th century. Then the rules for pronunciation of certain words were approved, and standards for constructing phrases and sentences were laid down. Moscow became the center of the new literary language. Based on North Russian dialects and southern dialects, Moscow pronunciation was formed, which was taken as the basis of the lexical norm. The science of how to correctly pronounce this or that word came from Moscow to the remote hinterlands of Russia.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the new capital of Russia, the city of St. Petersburg, became the center of the political and cultural life of the country. Gradually, pronunciation norms changed, and clear, letter-by-letter pronunciation of words became the rule among the intelligentsia. But among the general population, Moscow pronunciation continued to be considered the norm.
Orthoepy studies such norms of pronunciation of the Russian language as stress, norms of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, melody and intonation of spoken language.
Accent
What orthoepy is can be discussed using the rules for placing stress in Russian words. The question is not as simple as it might seem. In French speech, in the vast majority of cases, the stress is placed on the last syllable. In Russian, the stress is movable, it can fall on an arbitrary syllable, and change its location depending on the gender and case of a given word. For example, city, but cities, train, but trains, will accept, but accepted.
Sometimes incorrect pronunciation is so ingrained in spoken language that it takes a lot of effort to eradicate the error. For example, everywhere we hear calls instead of calls, contract, instead of the correct contract. The orthoepy of the word insists on: catalog, necrology, quarter instead of the established incorrect versions of these words.
Sometimes surprise helps correct stress. For example, in the mid-50s of the 20th century, the use of the word “youth” instead of the correct “youth” was widespread. The widely popular song “Anthem of Democratic Youth” helped correct the mistake. The song was created by composer Novikov based on poems by the poet Oshanin. The chorus of the anthem contained the words: “Young people sing this song.” The widespread “youth” did not fit into the rhythm or text of this musical work, so the incorrect pronunciation of the popular word was replaced by the correct one.
Transcription
The spoken word can be written down using transcription. This is the name given to recording the audible words and sounds of a language. In transcription, along with ordinary letters, special letters are also used, for example, the letter [æ] denotes an open stressed vowel, something between “a” and “e”. This sound is not used in Russian speech, but is often found when studying languages of the Germanic branch.
Nowadays, special dictionaries will help you put the correct stress in a word.
Pronunciation of individual sounds
You can explain what orthoepy is using the example of the pronunciation of vowels in words of the Russian language. For example, the norm in the Russian language is reduction - weakening of the articulation of vowels in some words. For example, in the word “box” only the third sound “o” is clearly heard, and the first one is pronounced muffled. The result is a sound that resembles both [o] and [a] at the same time.
If an unstressed [o] is at the beginning of a word, it is always pronounced as [a]. For example, in the words “fire”, “window”, “glasses”, [a] is clearly pronounced in the first case. The stressed [o] does not change its meaning: the words “cloud”, “island”, “very” are pronounced with an expressed [o] at the beginning.
The sound of some consonants
The existing rules of orthoepy say that voiced consonants at the end of spoken words sound like their paired voiceless ones. For example, the word “oak” is pronounced [dup], “eye” - [voice], “tooth” - [zup], and so on.
The consonant phrases “zzh” and “zhzh” are pronounced as a double soft [zhzh], for example, we write I’m coming, we pronounce [priezhzhyayu], rattling - [rattling] and so on.
The exact pronunciation of a particular word can be found in special spelling dictionaries.
For example, Avanesov presented quite a serious work on orthoepy. The deeply researched publications by linguists Reznichenko, Abramov and others are interesting. Spelling dictionaries can be easily found on the Internet or in special departments of libraries.
Competent oral speech is the key to successful communication. The ability to correctly express your thoughts will help not only when applying for a job or in business negotiations, but also in everyday life. But in order to perfectly master oral speech, you need to know and follow the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. This is what our article will be devoted to.
What is orthoepia?
The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech is what orthoepy is.
Graphic abbreviations
Graphic abbreviations include initials next to the surname, designations of volume or distance, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. When reading, all these truncated words must be deciphered, that is, the word must be pronounced in full.
The use of graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may only be appropriate in certain circumstances.
First names and patronymics
Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.
The use of a person's full name and patronymic is necessary in various circumstances, both verbally and in writing. Such addresses are especially often used in work environments and official documents. Such an address to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with elders and elderly people.
Most Russian-language names and patronymics have several pronunciation options, which can vary, among other things, depending on the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is advisable to pronounce the interlocutor’s name and patronymic clearly, as close to written form as possible.
However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for the historically established method of use in oral speech.
- Patronymic names ending in “-evna”, “-evich”. In female versions, it is necessary to comply with the written form, for example, Anatolyevna. For men, a short version is also acceptable: Anatolyevich / Anatolyich.
- On “-aevich” / “-aevna”, “-eevich” / “-eevna”. For both male and female options, a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Aleksevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
- On “-ovich” and “-ovna”. In the male version, contraction of the form is acceptable: Alexandrovich / Alexandrych. For women, full pronunciation is required.
- In female patronymics, formed from names ending in “n”, “m”, “v”, [ov] is not pronounced. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.
How to pronounce loanwords
Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules of pronunciation of foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of the use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter “o” in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same way as if it were in a strong position: oasis, model.
Also, in some foreign words, the consonants preceding the softening vowel “e” remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce “e” both hard and soft: therapy, terror, dean.
In addition, for borrowed words the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to turn to a spelling dictionary.
Accentological norm
Now we will take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. First, let's figure out what an accentological norm is. This is the name for the rules for placing stress in a word.
In the Russian language, stress is not fixed, as in most European ones, which not only enriches speech and increases the possibilities of language play, but also provides enormous opportunities for violating the accepted norm.
Let's consider the functions that a non-fixed accent performs. So here it is:
- provides an opportunity for stylistic coloring of words (Silver - Serebro) and the emergence of professionalisms (Kompas - Kompas);
- provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (melI - meli, Atlas - atlas);
- allows you to change the morphological features of the word (sosny - sosny).
Also, placing stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word “maiden” will refer to the literary, and “maiden” will refer to the neutral one.
There is also a class of words in which the variability of stress does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a unified norm and equal existence of the dialect and literary language.
Also, the placement of stress in some words may simply be an outdated form. For example, music is music, an employee is an employee. In essence, you are only changing the stress, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.
Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of a literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a poetic line sound smoother.
However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Stress and its correct placement is too broad and complex a topic, so it is usually placed in a special section and studied separately. Those who want to familiarize themselves with the topic in more detail and eliminate violations of the norm of stress placement from their speech are recommended to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.
Conclusion
It would seem that what could be difficult about speaking your native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated every day.