Orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Orthoepy

Orthoepy is a system of norms for correct pronunciation. Orthoepic norms are historically established and socially accepted rules for the pronunciation of words and grammatical forms of words. Orthoepic norms are no less important for a literary language than the norms for the formation of grammatical forms of words and sentences or spelling norms.

It is customary to distinguish between different spelling norms: “senior” and “younger”, as well as norms of high and neutral pronunciation styles.

The older norm, which primarily distinguishes the speech of educated older people, is characterized by the pronunciation of bulo[sh]aya, myag[ky], [z`v`]er. The younger pronunciation norm, observed in the speech of young people who speak a literary language, allows the pronunciation of bulo[chn]aya, soft[k`y], [zv`]vr.

The norms of a high pronunciation style (cf. the measured speech of a radio or television announcer, as well as an artist reading a solemn ode from the stage) allow, for example, the pronunciation of the unstressed sound [o] in borrowed words: p[o]et, s[o]net, nocturne. In a neutral style, these and similar words are pronounced according to the general rule of replacing the unstressed sound [o] with the sound [a]: p[a]et, s[a]net, n[a]cturn.

The system of modern norms of Russian literary pronunciation and the pronunciation features of more than 63,000 words and their grammatical forms are reflected in the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by R. A. Avanesov (the first edition was published in 1983, after which there were a number of reprints). The compact “Dictionary of Russian Pronunciation Difficulties” by M. L. Kalenchuk and R. F. Kasatkina (M., 1997) is also useful for both the student and the teacher, which presents 15,000 of the most common Russian words, the pronunciation of which can cause difficulties.

To master the norms of correct literary pronunciation, it is important to take into account four sections of orthoepy: orthoepy of consonant sounds; orthoepy of vowel sounds; spelling of individual grammatical forms; spelling of borrowed words.

Norms of orthoepy. Orthoepic norms are also called literary pronunciation norms, since they serve the literary language, i.e. a language spoken and written by cultured people. Literary language unites all Russian speakers; it is needed to overcome linguistic differences between them. And this means that he must have strict norms: not only lexical - norms for the use of words, not only grammatical, but also orthoepic norms. Differences in pronunciation, like other differences in language, interfere with people's communication by shifting their attention from what is being said to how it is being said. Pronunciation standards are determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language has its own phonetic laws according to which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian, the stressed sound [o] in an unstressed position changes to [a] (v[o]du - v[a]da, t[o]chit - t[a]chit); after soft consonants, stressed vowels [o, a, e] change to an unstressed sound [i] (m[ya]so - m[i]snoy, v[yo]l - v[i]la, l[e]z - get in); at the end of words, voiced consonants change to voiceless (du[b]y - du[p], moro[z]y - moro[s]). The same exchange of voiced for voiceless occurs before voiceless consonants (ru[b]it - ru[p]ka, slide - how much [s]ko), and voiceless consonants before voiced ones change to voiced (ko[s]it - goat, molo [t]it - young [d]ba). Phonetics studies these laws. Orthoepic norms determine the choice of pronunciation options - if the phonetic system in this case allows for several possibilities. Thus, in words of foreign origin, in principle, the consonant before the letter e can be pronounced both hard and soft, while the orthoepic norm sometimes requires hard pronunciation (for example, [de]kada, [te]mp), sometimes soft (for example [d] "e]claration, [t"e]perament, mu[z"e]y). The phonetic system of the Russian language allows both the combination [shn] and the combination [ch"n], cf. bulo[ch"n]aya and bulo[sh]aya, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to say kone[sh"o, and not kone[h"n]o. Orthoepy also includes stress norms: correctly pronounce document, not document, started, not started, zvont, not zvnit, alphabet, not alphabet). The basis of the Russian literary language, and therefore literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect. This is how it happened historically: it was Moscow that became the unifier of Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow dialect formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state were not Moscow, but, say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be “okanye” (i.e. we would now pronounce in [o]da, and not in [a]da), and if Ryazan became the capital - “yakanye” (i.e. we would speak in [l "a]su, and not in [l "i]su). Orthoepic rules prevent errors in pronunciation and cut off unacceptable options. Pronunciation options recognized as incorrect, non-literary, may appear under the influence of the phonetics of other language systems - territorial dialects, urban vernacular or closely related languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all Russian speakers have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia they “okayut” and “yakayat”: they pronounce v[o]da, g[o]v[o]rit, n[e]su), in the south - “akayat” and “yakayat” (they say v[a] ]da, n[ya]su), there are other phonetic differences. A person who has not mastered the literary language since childhood, but is consciously mastering literary pronunciation, may encounter in his speech pronunciation features characteristic of the local dialect, which he learned in childhood. For example, people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of the sound [g] - they pronounce in its place a voiced [x] (a sound denoted in transcription by the sign [g]). It is important to understand that this kind of pronunciation features are a violation of norms only in the system of a literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and correspond to the phonetic laws of these dialects. More details in the specified source

The term “orthoepy” is used in the science of language in two meanings: 1) a set of norms of a literary language associated with the sound design of words: norms of pronunciation of sounds, stress and intonation; 2) a science that studies the variation of pronunciation norms of a literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (spelling rules). Orthoepy ensures the unity of the sound design of the national language, which promotes fast and easy linguistic communication. The rules of orthoepy have a long history and usually emerge as language norms late, when various forms of public speech develop and the share of oral speech in the life of society increases. Theater, which preserved the norms of orthoepy in its purest form, was of great importance in the development of literary pronunciation. Stage speech in many languages is the basis of orthoepic norms. The importance of orthoepy increases with the development of sound cinema, radio, and television. The orthoepic norms of the Russian language developed in their most important features back in the first half of the 17th century as norms of the Moscow dialect, which later began to acquire the character of national norms. The norms of orthoepy were finally formed in the second half of the 19th century and are largely preserved today; Only some private rules have changed.

Lecture 4 Orthoepic norms

The lecture discusses the features of Russian literary pronunciation

Orthoepic norms

The lecture discusses the features of Russian literary pronunciation.

Lecture outline

4.1. Features of Russian accent.

4.2. Stress norms.

4.3. Pronunciation standards.

4.1. Features of Russian accent

A word may consist of one, two or more syllables. If there are several syllables, then one of them is necessarily pronounced differently than the rest. Such emphasis on one of the syllables serves as a condition for the phonetic design of the word and is called word stress. The syllable on which the stress falls is called the stressed or stressed syllable. Accent is indicated by the sign “?” above the letter corresponding to the vowel sound.

Phonetic stress type determined by the methods of highlighting a stressed syllable. Stress in the Russian language is forceful and quantitative at the same time. A stressed syllable differs from unstressed syllables both in its duration and in its strength (loudness).

Word stress endowed with an organizing function. A group of syllables connected by a common stress forms a special phonetic unit. It is called a phonetic word, for example: [head] head, [ná(gulva] on the head. Within the framework of a phonetic word, the stressed syllable turns out to be the starting point in relation to which the nature of the pronunciation of the remaining syllables is determined.

Unstressed words can behave differently. Some of them obey the usual rules of pronunciation of sounds: [da_sad] to the garden (cf.: [dasad] annoyance); [l’ e´j_къ] lei-ka (cf.: [l’ e´jкъ] watering can). Others, despite being unstressed, retain some phonetic features of an independent word. For example, they may contain vowels that are not typical for unstressed syllables: [what (nám] what do we need (cf.: [pants] pants); [t’e (l’isa] - those forests (cf.: [t’l’isa] bodies).

There are words in which, in addition to the main one, there is a side stress. It is weaker, falls most often on initial syllables and is fixed in words with a complex word-formation structure: construction materials, waterproof, aerial photography.

When characterizing stress, it is important to take into account its position in the word. If the stress is assigned to a certain syllable, it is fixed. Thus, in Czech the stress can only fall on the first syllable, in Polish - on the penultimate one, in French - on the last. The Russian language does not know such a pattern. Being heterogeneous (or unfixed), Russian stress can fall on any syllable and on any morpheme in a word: gold, water, milk, gilding, extraordinary. This makes possible the existence of words, as well as individual forms of words, the distinction of which is related to the place of stress: castle - castle, burden - burden, legs - legs, etc.

Russian accent has another feature - mobility. The mobility of stress in the formation of grammatical forms of a word is determined by the possibility of stress transition:

1) from base to ending and vice versa: countries-á - countries, head-á - head-y;

2) from one syllable to another within the same morpheme: derev-o - tree-ya, lake-o - lake-a.

The mobility of stress during word formation is determined by the possibility of moving the stress to another morpheme in the derived word compared to the producing one: red/red-from-á. The fixed word-formative stress falls on the same morpheme: birch-a / birch-ov-y.

Thus, we can distinguish the following main features of Russian accent:

1) force and quantity according to the phonetic type;

2) varied in the nature of the location in the word;

3) mobile according to the criterion of attachment to a specific morpheme (in the formation of grammatical forms and in word formation).

4.2. Stress norms

In one lecture it is impossible to consider all the norms of Russian accent. We will limit ourselves to only the main ones.

1) Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent in the singular indirect cases at the end, For example:

- bandage - bandage, pancake - pancake, bob - bob, screw - screw, hump - hump, tourniquet - tourniquet, umbrella - umbrella, whale - kita, klok - kloka, fang - fang, ladle - ladle, hook - hook, cul - kulya?, tench - tench?, fruit - fruit, sickle - sickle, stack - stack, polecat - polecat?, flail - chain, pole - pole, stroke - stroke.

2) In the accusative case, feminine nouns have stress sometimes at the end, sometimes at the root. Wed:

- tops - tops, spring - spring, desna - gums, ash - ash, pick - pick, nora - nora, sheep - sheep, dew - dew, plow - plow, stopa - foot;

- mountain - mountain, board - board, winter - zoom, wall - wall, side - side, price - price, cheek - cheek.

3) With emphasis at the end some nouns are pronounced feminine when used with prepositions V And on in circumstantial meaning: in a handful, on the chest, on the door, in the blood, at night, on the stove, in a bundle, in a net, in the steppe, in the shade, on a chain, in honor.

4) In the genitive plural case the following are pronounced:

With accent based: localities, honors, achievements;

With accent at the end: statements, fortresses, news, stories, taxes, tablecloths, sterlets, quarters.

Pronunciation varies steps(in the stairs) and steps(stage of development of something).

5) Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) that follows it turns out to be unstressed. Most often, prepositions take over the emphasis on, for, under, by, from, without. For example:

- ON: on the water, on the mountain, on the hand, on the back, on the winter, on the soul, on the wall, on the head, on the side, on the shore, on the year, on the house, on the nose, on the floor, tooth on tooth, on the day, on night, on the ear, on two, on three, on five, on six, on seven, on a hundred;

- BEHIND: for the leg, for the head, for the hair, for the hand, for the back, for the winter, for the soul, for the nose, for the year, for the city, for the gate, for the ear, for the ears;

- POD: under the feet, under the arms, under the mountain, under the nose, towards the evening;

- BY: in the forest, in the floor, in the nose, in the sea, in the field, in the ear;

- FROM: From the forest, from the house, from the nose, from the sight;

- WITHOUT: without news, without a year, a week, to no avail;

- FROM: hour after hour, every day.

6) In many verbs in the past tense in the feminine form, the emphasis is at the end, less often based on. Wed:

- took, was, took, forked, listened, lied, drove, gave, got, tore, lived, asked, borrowed, called, lila, profited, hired, started, drank, sailed, understood, arrived, accepted, tore, distributed, reputed, removed, slept, etc.;

- bula, brula, dula, sting, lay, stole, wings, we?la, mja?la, fell, gave birth, shula.

7) Many passive past participles have an accent based, except for the feminine singular form in which it is transferred at the end, For example:

- taken - taken - taken? that - taken? you; started - started - started - started; prúdan - dowry - prúdano - prúdany; accepted - accepted - accepted - accepted; sold - sold - sold - sold; will live - lived - lived - lived etc.

But from participles to -abused, -torn, -called the feminine form has an accent based. Wed:

- selected, recruited, selected, created, selected, selected, selected, selected, disassembled, assembled, selected, selected etc.;

- torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, flayed, torn etc.;

- called, called, called, recalled etc.

4.3. Pronunciation standards

Orthoepy is a set of rules that determine the pronunciation norms of oral (sounding) speech and ensure a uniform and mandatory sound for all literate native speakers of all language units in accordance with the characteristics of the language phonetic system, as well as a uniform (or in the form of strictly regulated variants) pronunciation of certain or other linguistic units in accordance with historically established and established in public linguistic practice norms of pronunciation for a literary language.

The rules (norms) of pronunciation in the Russian literary language may relate to the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, as part of certain combinations of sounds, in different grammatical forms, to the phonetic word and rhythmic structure (correct placement of stress). Thus, the basic orthoepic rules of the Russian language can be divided into those that determine:

Pronunciation of vowel sounds (in different positions in a word, as well as when determining the place of stress);

Pronunciation of consonant sounds (also in different positions in a word, in combinations of consonants, in combinations with some vowel sounds, in different grammatical forms).

Pronunciation of vowels

In the area of vowels, modern pronunciation is associated with akan and hiccups.

When akaning, unstressed vowels alternating with stressed [ó] and [á] coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after paired hard vowels in the sound [a]: n[a]chnoy = n[a]s y´pat (cf. test night and embankment).

When hiccupping, unstressed vowels alternating with stressed vowels [i?], [e?], [ó], [á] coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after the soft ones in the sound [i]: h[i]tát = h[i]rv y´k = h[i]rnét = h[i]s y´ (cf. test read, worm, black, hour).

Another way of pronouncing unstressed vowels, characterized by the opposition of i-shaped and e-shaped sounds, is called ekan: ch[i]tát / ch[ie]rv ya´k = ch[ie]rnet = ch[ie]s y´ (in transcription uses the icon “and, inclined to e”). The current norm is outdated and is not currently used.

In the position of the first pre-stressed syllable, after the hard sibilants in place of the letter a, the vowel [a] is pronounced: zh[a]rá heat, sh[a]gát stride, champagne champagne. However, there are several exception words in which [s] sound: losh[y]dy horses, zh[y]ly pity, unfortunately, twenty [s]twenty. The words jacket and jasmine allow for two pronunciations.

In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to some more pronunciation norms in the vowel area:

In some words of both Russian and foreign origin, there is hesitation in the choice of [e] or [o] after soft consonants and sibilants: maneuvers - maneuvers, bile - bile, faded, but faded.
Some words allow variations in the sound design of the root: zero - zero, plan - plan, tunnel - tunnel, condition - condition.
In some cases, in words of foreign language origin, the corresponding laws of phonetic implementation of vowels may be violated, while the sounds [o], [e], [a] may appear in unstressed syllables: b[o]á (boa), b[o]lero (bolero), r[o]k[o]kó (rococo).
In some cases, in the first stems of complex and complexly abbreviated words, the laws of behavior of vowels may be violated, while sounds may appear in unstressed positions [o], [e], [a]: g[o]szakaz (government order), [o]rgtékhnika (office equipment).
In some unstressed prefixes of both foreign and Russian origin, the corresponding laws of phonetic implementation of vowels may be violated, while the sounds [o], [e], [a] may be pronounced in the unstressed position: postmodernism (postmodernism), pro[o]islamic (pro-Islamic).
In some unstressed prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and particles adjacent to a stressed word, the corresponding phonetic laws for the implementation of vowels may be violated: n[o]i (but I), n[a]our site (our site).

Pronunciation of consonants

It is necessary to distinguish between orthoepic norms in the sphere of consonants regarding their voicedness/voicelessness and hardness/softness.

1. By voicedness/voicelessness.

1) In Russian literary pronunciation, voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants are deafened, and voiceless consonants before voiced ones are voiced. There is no positional change in consonants in terms of deafness-voicing before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], [v']: [zu?p], [p'р'ievo?skъ], , [vo?dy], [sl' o?t], [matchmaker].

2) Before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], [v’], a voiced plosive consonant [g] is pronounced. When deafening at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants, a voiceless [k] is pronounced in place of a voiced [g]: [p'irLga?], [gra?t], [gro's't'], [p'iro?k] . Only in the interjection lord, in the word god, the fricatives [γ] and [x] are preserved:

2. By hardness/softness.

1) In modern language, both hard and soft consonants may appear before [e]: model[d]el, ti[r]e, an[t]enna, but [d']espot, [r']els, [tenor. In a number of words, variable pronunciation is allowed, for example: prog[r]ess / prog[r’]ess, k[r]edo / k[r’]edo, etc.

2) The combination of letters chn in some cases corresponds to the sequence [shn], in others - [ch’n]. So, for example, of course, boring, scrambled eggs are pronounced with [shn], and accurate, excellent student, eternal - with [ch’n]. In some words, both options are correct: decent, bakery, milkman. There are also examples in which the choice between [shn] and [ch’n] depends on the meaning: a friend is heart [sh]ny, but a heart [ch’n] attack; hat acquaintance, but hat workshop.

3) The consonant [zh:’] is a very rare sound. It is pronounced in place of the letters zhzh, zzh in words such as yeast, reins, ride, splashes, rattle, later and some others. However, even in these words, the soft [zh:’] is gradually lost, being replaced by the hard [zh:]. In the case of rain, the consonant rain [zh:’] is replaced by the sound combination [zh’].

4) In modern language, the rules for positional softening of consonants before soft ones are characterized by particular variability and instability. Consistently there is only a replacement of [n] with [n’] before [h’] and [sh¯’]: diva [n’ch’]ik sofa, deceiver [n’ sh:’]ik deceiver. In other groups of consonants, softening either does not occur at all (la[fk']i benches, rag[pk']i rags), or it is associated with the choice of positions, with the representation in speech of not all native speakers. Thus, most people soften the dental ones before the dental ones not only in the middle of the word (ko[s’t’] bone, pe[s’n’]ya song), but also at the beginning of the word and at the junction of the prefix with the root, i.e. in “unstable” positions: [with’t’] the wall, it’s time to smash it. The softening of the consonant in other combinations is more the exception than the rule: [dv']open the door (less often [d'v']ver), [sj]eem (less often [s'j]em), e[sl']and if (less often e[s'l']i).

5) The adjectives na -kiy, -giy, -hiy are pronounced with soft back-lingual consonants: russ[k’]y Russian, stro[g’]y strict, ti[x’]yy quiet.

6) In the overwhelming majority of cases, the consonant also turns out to be soft in the postfixes -sya / -s of verbs: I’m learning, I’m learning, I was rising [s’]I was rising.

Date: 2010-05-18 00:49:35

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What is orthoepia?

The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech is what orthoepy is.

Graphic abbreviations

Graphic abbreviations include initials next to the surname, designations of volume or distance, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. When reading, all these truncated words must be deciphered, that is, the word must be pronounced in full.

The use of graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may only be appropriate in certain circumstances.

First names and patronymics

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.

The use of a person's full name and patronymic is necessary in various circumstances, both verbally and in writing. Such addresses are especially often used in work environments and official documents. Such an address to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with elders and elderly people.

Most Russian-language names and patronymics have several pronunciation options, which can vary, among other things, depending on the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is advisable to pronounce the interlocutor’s name and patronymic clearly, as close to written form as possible.

However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for the historically established method of use in oral speech.

Patronymic names ending in “-evna”, “-evich”. In female versions, it is necessary to comply with the written form, for example, Anatolyevna. For men, a short version is also acceptable: Anatolyevich / Anatolyich.
On “-aevich” / “-aevna”, “-eevich” / “-eevna”. For both male and female options, a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Aleksevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
On “-ovich” and “-ovna”. In the male version, contraction of the form is acceptable: Alexandrovich / Alexandrych. For women, full pronunciation is required.
In female patronymics, formed from names ending in “n”, “m”, “v”, [ov] is not pronounced. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.

How to pronounce loanwords

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules of pronunciation of foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter “o” in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same way as if it were in a strong position: oasis, model.

Also, in some foreign words, the consonants preceding the softening vowel “e” remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce “e” both hard and soft: therapy, terror, dean.

In addition, for borrowed words the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to turn to a spelling dictionary.

Accentological norm

Now we will take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. First, let's figure out what an accentological norm is. This is the name for the rules for placing stress in a word.

In the Russian language, stress is not fixed, as in most European ones, which not only enriches speech and increases the possibilities of language play, but also provides enormous opportunities for violating the accepted norm.

Let's consider the functions that a non-fixed accent performs. So here it is:

provides an opportunity for stylistic coloring of words (Silver - Serebro) and the emergence of professionalisms (Kompas - Kompas);
provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (melI - meli, Atlas - atlas);
allows you to change the morphological features of the word (sosny - sosny).

Also, placing stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word “maiden” will refer to the literary, and “maiden” will refer to the neutral one.

There is also a class of words in which the variability of stress does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a unified norm and equal existence of the dialect and literary language.

Also, the placement of stress in some words may simply be an outdated form. For example, music is music, an employee is an employee. In essence, you are only changing the stress, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.

Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of a literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a poetic line sound smoother.

However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Stress and its correct placement is too broad and complex a topic, so it is usually placed in a special section and studied separately. Those who want to familiarize themselves with the topic in more detail and eliminate violations of the norm of stress placement from their speech are recommended to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.

Conclusion

It would seem that what could be difficult about speaking your native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated every day.

Orthoepy(Greek orthоpeia, from orthоs - correct and еpos - speech). The term “orthoepy” has two main meanings: 1) “a set of norms of a literary language associated with the sound design of significant units: morphemes, words, sentences. Among such norms, a distinction is made between pronunciation norms (the composition of phonemes, their implementation in different positions, the phonemic composition of individual phonemes) and the norms of supersegmental phonetics (stress and intonation)”; 2) a branch of linguistics that studies the rules of oral speech.

The scope of the concept “orthoepy” is not completely established: some linguists understand orthoepy in a narrowed way - as a set of not only specific norms of oral speech (i.e. norms of pronunciation and stress), but also the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of a word: candles - candles, sways - sways, heavier - heavier. In our manual, in accordance with the definition given at the beginning of this paragraph, orthoepy is understood as a set of rules of pronunciation and stress. The formation of grammatical forms is considered only if the form-distinguishing function is performed by stress.

Orthoepy is closely related to phonetics: pronunciation rules cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in a given language, their quality, changes in different phonetic conditions. The subject of orthoepy is pronunciation standards. Orthoepic norm- this is the only possible or preferred language option that corresponds to the pronunciation system and the basic patterns of language development.

Orthoepy includes the following sections.

1. Orthoepic norms in the field of vowels and consonants.

2. Features of the pronunciation of borrowed words.

3. Features of the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms.

4. The concept of pronunciation styles. Their features.

Orthoepy norms

Orthoepic norms are also called literary pronunciation norms, since they serve the literary language, i.e. a language spoken and written by cultured people. Literary language unites all Russian speakers; it is needed to overcome linguistic differences between them. And this means that he must have strict norms: not only lexical - norms for the use of words, not only grammatical, but also orthoepic norms. Differences in pronunciation, like other differences in language, interfere with people's communication by shifting their attention from what is being said to how it is being said.

Pronunciation standards are determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language has its own phonetic laws according to which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian the stressed sound [o] in an unstressed position changes to [a] ( V[O] du - in[A] Yes,T[O] cheat - t[A] read); after soft consonants, stressed vowels [o, a, e] change to an unstressed sound [i] ( m[I] with - m[And] sleep, V[ё] l - V[And] la, l[e] h - ow[And] shut up); at the end of words, voiced consonants change to voiceless (du[b]y - du[P], Moro[h] s - Moro[With]). The same exchange of voiced for voiceless occurs before voiceless consonants ( RU[b] it - RU[P] ka, how much h it - how much[With] co), and voiceless consonants before voiced ones change to voiced ones ( co[With] it - co h bah, molo[T] it - molo[d] bah). Phonetics studies these laws. Orthoepic norms determine the choice of pronunciation options - if the phonetic system in this case allows for several possibilities. So, in words of foreign origin, in principle, the consonant before the letter e can be pronounced both hard and soft, while the orthoepic norm sometimes requires hard pronunciation (for example, [de] when, [te] mp), sometimes soft (for example [d "e] declaration, [i.e.] temperament, mu[z"e] th). The phonetic system of the Russian language allows both the combination [shn] and the combination [ch"n], cf. bulo[h"n] and I And bulo[shn] and I, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to speak horse[shn] O, but not horse[h"n] O. Orthoepy also includes stress norms: pronounce correctly document, but not document,began, but not started,ringing, A Not rings, alphabet, but not alphabet).

The basis of the Russian literary language, and therefore literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect. This is how it happened historically: it was Moscow that became the unifier of Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow dialect formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state were not Moscow, but, say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be “okanye” (i.e. we would now pronounce V[O] Yes, but not V[A] Yes), and if Ryazan became the capital - “yakanye” (i.e. we would say V[l "a] su, but not V[l"i] su).

Orthoepic rules prevent errors in pronunciation and cut off unacceptable options. Pronunciation options recognized as incorrect, non-literary, may appear under the influence of the phonetics of other language systems - territorial dialects, urban vernacular or closely related languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all Russian speakers have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia they “okayat” and “ekayat”: they pronounce V[O] Yes, G[O] V[O] rit, n[e] su), in the south - “akat” and “yak” (they say V[A] Yes, n[I] su), there are other phonetic differences.

A person who has not mastered the literary language since childhood, but is consciously mastering literary pronunciation, may encounter in his speech pronunciation features characteristic of the local dialect, which he learned in childhood. For example, people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of the sound [g] - they pronounce in its place a voiced [x] (a sound denoted in transcription by the sign [g]). It is important to understand that this kind of pronunciation features are a violation of norms only in the system of a literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and correspond to the phonetic laws of these dialects.

There are other sources of non-literary pronunciation. If a person first encountered a word in a written language, in fiction or other literature, and before that he had never heard how it was pronounced, he may read it incorrectly, pronounce it incorrectly: the pronunciation may be affected by the lettering of the word. It was under the influence of writing that, for example, the pronunciation of the word appeared chu[f] quality instead of the correct one chu[With] yours, [h] That instead of [w] That, help[sch] Nick instead of help[w] Nick.

The orthoepic norm does not always affirm as the only correct one of the pronunciation options, rejecting the other as erroneous. In some cases, it allows variations in pronunciation. Literary, correct pronunciation is considered e[f"f"] at, in and[f"f"] at with a soft long sound [zh "], and e[LJ] at, in and[LJ] at- with a hard long; correct and before[f"f"] And, And before[railway] And, And ra[sh"sh"] ist And ra[sh"h"] ist, and [d] believe and [d"] believe, And P[O] ezia And P[A] ezia. Thus, in contrast to spelling norms, which offer one option and prohibit others, orthoepic norms allow options that are either assessed as equal, or one option is considered desirable and the other acceptable. For example, Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language edited by R.I.Avanesov (M., 1997) word pool allows you to pronounce with both soft and hard [s], i.e. And ba[s"e] yn And ba[se] yn; in this dictionary it is suggested to pronounce maneuvers, glider, but pronunciation is also allowed maneuvers, plner.

The appearance of many orthoepic variants is associated with the development of the literary language. The pronunciation is gradually changing. At the beginning of the 20th century. talked A[n"] gel, this[R"] forge, ve[r"x], ne[R"] vyy. And even now in the speech of older people one can often find such pronunciation. The hard pronunciation of the consonant [s] in the particle - is quickly disappearing from the literary language. Xia (s) (laughed[With] A, met[With]). At the beginning of the 20th century. this was the norm of the literary language, just like the hard sounds [g, k, x] in adjectives in - cue, -Guy, -hey and in verbs ending in - nod, -give up, -huff. Words high, strict, dilapidated, jump, bounce, shake off pronounced as if it were written strict, dilapidated, jump up, jump up. Then the norm began to allow both options - old and new: and laughed[With] A And laughed[s"]i, and strictly[G] th strictly[G"] th. As a result of changes in literary pronunciation, variants appear, some of which characterize the speech of the older generation, others - of the younger.

Orthoepic norms are established by scientists - specialists in the field of phonetics. On what basis do linguists decide which option should be rejected and which should be approved? Orthoepy codifiers weigh the pros and cons of each of the variants encountered, taking into account various factors: the prevalence of the pronunciation variant, its compliance with the objective laws of language development (i.e. they look at which variant is doomed and which has a future ). They establish the relative strength of each argument for a pronunciation option. For example, the prevalence of a variant is important, but this is not the strongest argument in its favor: there are also common mistakes. In addition, spelling specialists are in no hurry to approve a new version, adhering to reasonable conservatism: literary pronunciation should not change too quickly, it should be stable, because the literary language connects generations, unites people not only in space, but also in time. Therefore, it is necessary to recommend a traditional, but living norm, even if it was not the most widespread

In the pronunciation of adjectives of the genitive case singular, neuter and masculine, according to tradition, the consonant [g] is replaced by [v]: near a black [ch"yaoґrnav] stone, without a blue [s"yn"въ] scarf.

In adjectives starting with - hiy, -kyy, -hiy and in verbs ending in - nod, nod, huff the consonants G, K, X are pronounced softly, in contrast to the Old Moscow pronunciation, which required a hard consonant in these cases:

Unstressed personal endings of verbs 1 and 2 conjugations - ut, -ut, -at, -yat and suffixes of active present participles -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -box- in the language of our days they are pronounced differently, their pronunciation is guided by writing. Old Moscow norms required the pronunciation of these endings and suffixes only according to option 1 of the conjugation. Such pronunciation options are now outdated, but they can still be heard in the speech of old intellectuals.

4. Pronunciation of postfixes -sya and -sya in reflexive verbs. Old Moscow pronunciation was characterized by the pronunciation of the hard [s] in these morphemes: battle[s], soap[sъ]. The only exceptions were gerunds in which a hard consonant was pronounced: fighting [s"], knocking [s"]. In modern language, it is recommended to pronounce [s"] in all cases, except those when the postfix is preceded by the sound [s]: carried [sъ], shook [sъ], but: stay[s"ъ], soap[s"ъ] .