Orthoepic norms. Topic: “orthoepy

Lecture 4 Orthoepic norms

The lecture discusses the features of Russian literary pronunciation

Orthoepic norms

The lecture discusses the features of Russian literary pronunciation.

Lecture outline

4.1. Features of Russian accent.

4.2. Stress norms.

4.3. Pronunciation standards.

4.1. Features of Russian accent

A word may consist of one, two or more syllables. If there are several syllables, then one of them is necessarily pronounced differently than the rest. Such emphasis on one of the syllables serves as a condition for the phonetic design of the word and is called word stress. The syllable on which the stress falls is called the stressed or stressed syllable. Accent is indicated by the sign “?” above the letter corresponding to the vowel sound.

Phonetic stress type determined by the methods of highlighting a stressed syllable. Stress in the Russian language is forceful and quantitative at the same time. A stressed syllable differs from unstressed syllables both in its duration and in its strength (loudness).

Word stress endowed with an organizing function. A group of syllables connected by a common stress forms a special phonetic unit. It is called a phonetic word, for example: [head] head, [ná(gulva] on the head. Within the framework of a phonetic word, the stressed syllable turns out to be the starting point in relation to which the nature of the pronunciation of the remaining syllables is determined.

Unstressed words can behave differently. Some of them obey the usual rules of pronunciation of sounds: [da_sad] to the garden (cf.: [dasad] annoyance); [l’ e´j_къ] lei-ka (cf.: [l’ e´jкъ] watering can). Others, despite being unstressed, retain some phonetic features of an independent word. For example, they may contain vowels that are not typical for unstressed syllables: [what (nám] what do we need (cf.: [pants] pants); [t’e (l’isa] - those forests (cf.: [t’l’isa] bodies).

There are words in which, in addition to the main one, there is a side stress. It is weaker, falls most often on initial syllables and is fixed in words with a complex word-formation structure: construction materials, waterproof, aerial photography.

When characterizing stress, it is important to take into account its position in the word. If the stress is assigned to a certain syllable, it is fixed. Thus, in Czech the stress can only fall on the first syllable, in Polish - on the penultimate one, in French - on the last. The Russian language does not know such a pattern. Being heterogeneous (or unfixed), Russian stress can fall on any syllable and on any morpheme in a word: gold, water, milk, gilding, extraordinary. This makes possible the existence of words, as well as individual forms of words, the distinction of which is related to the place of stress: castle - castle, burden - burden, legs - legs, etc.

Russian accent has another feature - mobility. The mobility of stress in the formation of grammatical forms of a word is determined by the possibility of stress transition:

1) from base to ending and vice versa: countries-á - countries, head-á - head-y;

2) from one syllable to another within the same morpheme: derev-o - tree-ya, lake-o - lake-a.

The mobility of stress during word formation is determined by the possibility of moving the stress to another morpheme in the derived word compared to the producing one: red/red-from-á. The fixed word-formative stress falls on the same morpheme: birch-a / birch-ov-y.

Thus, we can distinguish the following main features of Russian accent:

1) force and quantity according to the phonetic type;

2) varied in the nature of the location in the word;

3) mobile according to the criterion of attachment to a specific morpheme (in the formation of grammatical forms and in word formation).

4.2. Stress norms

In one lecture it is impossible to consider all the norms of Russian accent. We will limit ourselves to only the main ones.

1) Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent in the singular indirect cases at the end, For example:

- bandage - bandage, pancake - pancake, bob - bob, screw - screw, hump - hump, tourniquet - tourniquet, umbrella - umbrella, whale - kita, klok - kloka, fang - fang, ladle - ladle, hook - hook, cul - kulya?, tench - tench?, fruit - fruit, sickle - sickle, stack - stack, polecat - polecat?, flail - chain, pole - pole, stroke - stroke.

2) In the accusative case, feminine nouns have stress sometimes at the end, sometimes at the root. Wed:

- tops - tops, spring - spring, desna - gums, ash - ash, pick - pick, nora - nora, sheep - sheep, dew - dew, plow - plow, stopa - foot;

- mountain - mountain, board - board, winter - zoom, wall - wall, side - side, price - price, cheek - cheek.

3) With emphasis at the end some nouns are pronounced feminine when used with prepositions V And on in circumstantial meaning: in a handful, on the chest, on the door, in the blood, at night, on the stove, in a bundle, in a net, in the steppe, in the shade, on a chain, in honor.

4) In the genitive plural case the following are pronounced:

With accent based: localities, honors, achievements;

With accent at the end: statements, fortresses, news, stories, taxes, tablecloths, sterlets, quarters.

Pronunciation varies steps(in the stairs) and steps(stage of development of something).

5) Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) that follows it turns out to be unstressed. Most often, prepositions take over the emphasis on, for, under, by, from, without. For example:

- ON: on the water, on the mountain, on the hand, on the back, on the winter, on the soul, on the wall, on the head, on the side, on the shore, on the year, on the house, on the nose, on the floor, tooth on tooth, on the day, on night, on the ear, on two, on three, on five, on six, on seven, on a hundred;

- BEHIND: for the leg, for the head, for the hair, for the hand, for the back, for the winter, for the soul, for the nose, for the year, for the city, for the gate, for the ear, for the ears;

- POD: under the feet, under the arms, under the mountain, under the nose, towards the evening;

- BY: in the forest, in the floor, in the nose, in the sea, in the field, in the ear;

- FROM: From the forest, from the house, from the nose, from the sight;

- WITHOUT: without news, without a year, a week, to no avail;

- FROM: hour after hour, every day.

6) In many verbs in the past tense in the feminine form, the emphasis is at the end, less often based on. Wed:

- took, was, took, forked, listened, lied, drove, gave, got, tore, lived, asked, borrowed, called, lila, profited, hired, started, drank, sailed, understood, arrived, accepted, tore, distributed, reputed, removed, slept, etc.;

- bula, brula, dula, sting, lay, stole, wings, we?la, mja?la, fell, gave birth, shula.

7) Many passive past participles have an accent based, except for the feminine singular form in which it is transferred at the end, For example:

- taken - taken - taken? that - taken? you; started - started - started - started; prúdan - dowry - prúdano - prúdany; accepted - accepted - accepted - accepted; sold - sold - sold - sold; will live - lived - lived - lived etc.

But from participles to -abused, -torn, -called the feminine form has an accent based. Wed:

- selected, recruited, selected, created, selected, selected, selected, selected, disassembled, assembled, selected, selected etc.;

- torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, torn, flayed, torn etc.;

- called, called, called, recalled etc.

4.3. Pronunciation standards

Orthoepy is a set of rules that determine the pronunciation norms of oral (sounding) speech and ensure a uniform and mandatory sound for all literate native speakers of all language units in accordance with the characteristics of the language phonetic system, as well as a uniform (or in the form of strictly regulated variants) pronunciation of certain or other linguistic units in accordance with historically established and established in public linguistic practice norms of pronunciation for a literary language.

The rules (norms) of pronunciation in the Russian literary language may relate to the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, as part of certain combinations of sounds, in different grammatical forms, to the phonetic word and rhythmic structure (correct placement of stress). Thus, the basic orthoepic rules of the Russian language can be divided into those that determine:

Pronunciation of vowel sounds (in different positions in a word, as well as when determining the place of stress);

Pronunciation of consonant sounds (also in different positions in a word, in combinations of consonants, in combinations with some vowel sounds, in different grammatical forms).

Pronunciation of vowels

In the area of vowels, modern pronunciation is associated with akan and hiccups.

When akaning, unstressed vowels alternating with stressed [ó] and [á] coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after paired hard vowels in the sound [a]: n[a]chnoy = n[a]s y´pat (cf. test night and embankment).

When hiccupping, unstressed vowels alternating with stressed vowels [i?], [e?], [ó], [á] coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after the soft ones in the sound [i]: h[i]tát = h[i]rv y´k = h[i]rnét = h[i]s y´ (cf. test read, worm, black, hour).

Another way of pronouncing unstressed vowels, characterized by the opposition of i-shaped and e-shaped sounds, is called ekan: ch[i]tát / ch[ie]rv ya´k = ch[ie]rnet = ch[ie]s y´ (in transcription uses the icon “and, inclined to e”). The current norm is outdated and is not currently used.

In the position of the first pre-stressed syllable, after the hard sibilants in place of the letter a, the vowel [a] is pronounced: zh[a]rá heat, sh[a]gát stride, champagne champagne. However, there are several exception words in which [s] sound: losh[y]dy horses, zh[y]ly pity, unfortunately, twenty [s]twenty. The words jacket and jasmine allow for two pronunciations.

In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to some more pronunciation norms in the vowel area:

In some words of both Russian and foreign origin, there is hesitation in the choice of [e] or [o] after soft consonants and sibilants: maneuvers - maneuvers, bile - bile, faded, but faded.
Some words allow variations in the sound design of the root: zero - zero, plan - plan, tunnel - tunnel, condition - condition.
In some cases, in words of foreign language origin, the corresponding laws of phonetic implementation of vowels may be violated, while the sounds [o], [e], [a] may appear in unstressed syllables: b[o]á (boa), b[o]lero (bolero), r[o]k[o]kó (rococo).
In some cases, in the first stems of complex and complexly abbreviated words, the laws of behavior of vowels may be violated, while sounds may appear in unstressed positions [o], [e], [a]: g[o]szakaz (government order), [o]rgtékhnika (office equipment).
In some unstressed prefixes of both foreign and Russian origin, the corresponding laws of phonetic implementation of vowels may be violated, while the sounds [o], [e], [a] may be pronounced in the unstressed position: postmodernism (postmodernism), pro[o]islamic (pro-Islamic).
In some unstressed prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and particles adjacent to a stressed word, the corresponding phonetic laws for the implementation of vowels may be violated: n[o]i (but I), n[a]our site (our site).

Pronunciation of consonants

It is necessary to distinguish between orthoepic norms in the sphere of consonants regarding their voicedness/voicelessness and hardness/softness.

1. By voicedness/voicelessness.

1) In Russian literary pronunciation, voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants are deafened, and voiceless consonants before voiced ones are voiced. There is no positional change in consonants in terms of deafness-voicing before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], [v']: [zu?p], [p'р'ievo?skъ], , [vo?dy], [sl' o?t], [matchmaker].

2) Before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], [v’], a voiced plosive consonant [g] is pronounced. When deafening at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants, a voiceless [k] is pronounced in place of a voiced [g]: [p'irLga?], [gra?t], [gro's't'], [p'iro?k] . Only in the interjection lord, in the word god, the fricatives [γ] and [x] are preserved:

2. By hardness/softness.

1) In modern language, both hard and soft consonants may appear before [e]: model[d]el, ti[r]e, an[t]enna, but [d']espot, [r']els, [tenor. In a number of words, variable pronunciation is allowed, for example: prog[r]ess / prog[r’]ess, k[r]edo / k[r’]edo, etc.

2) The combination of letters chn in some cases corresponds to the sequence [shn], in others - [ch’n]. So, for example, of course, boring, scrambled eggs are pronounced with [shn], and accurate, excellent student, eternal - with [ch’n]. In some words, both options are correct: decent, bakery, milkman. There are also examples in which the choice between [shn] and [ch’n] depends on the meaning: a friend is heart [sh]ny, but a heart [ch’n] attack; hat acquaintance, but hat workshop.

3) The consonant [zh:’] is a very rare sound. It is pronounced in place of the letters zhzh, zzh in words such as yeast, reins, ride, splashes, rattle, later and some others. However, even in these words, the soft [zh:’] is gradually lost, being replaced by the hard [zh:]. In the case of rain, the consonant rain [zh:’] is replaced by the sound combination [zh’].

4) In modern language, the rules for positional softening of consonants before soft ones are characterized by particular variability and instability. Consistently there is only a replacement of [n] with [n’] before [h’] and [sh¯’]: diva [n’ch’]ik sofa, deceiver [n’ sh:’]ik deceiver. In other groups of consonants, softening either does not occur at all (la[fk']i benches, rag[pk']i rags), or it is associated with the choice of positions, with the representation in speech of not all native speakers. Thus, most people soften the dental ones before the dental ones not only in the middle of the word (ko[s’t’] bone, pe[s’n’]ya song), but also at the beginning of the word and at the junction of the prefix with the root, i.e. in “unstable” positions: [with’t’] the wall, it’s time to smash it. The softening of the consonant in other combinations is more the exception than the rule: [dv']open the door (less often [d'v']ver), [sj]eem (less often [s'j]em), e[sl']and if (less often e[s'l']i).

5) The adjectives na -kiy, -giy, -hiy are pronounced with soft back-lingual consonants: russ[k’]y Russian, stro[g’]y strict, ti[x’]yy quiet.

6) In the overwhelming majority of cases, the consonant also turns out to be soft in the postfixes -sya / -s of verbs: I’m learning, I’m learning, I was rising [s’]I was rising.

Date: 2010-05-18 00:49:35

Orthoepy(from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) - a department of linguistics that studies the rules of exemplary pronunciation ( Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language D.N. Ushakova). Orthoepy is the historically established norms of Russian literary pronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations in the flow of oral speech.

The basis of Russian orthoepy is the patterns of formation and interaction of individual sounds in the phonetic system of the Russian language. The pronunciation features of the Russian literary language developed by the middle of the 17th century on the basis of the Moscow urban spoken language.

To prepare for the unified state exam, there is no need to study in detail all the rules of Russian orthoepic (and educational standards for the Russian language do not require this), so we will only touch on the main orthoepic rules. If we talk about the sections of the science of language that are closest to the “orthoepy” section, then phonetics is the closest to orthoepy, but since 2009, phonetics tasks have been excluded from CIM.

As with most languages of the world, vowel sounds in Russian they are divided into stressed and unstressed, and stressed vowels have the most distinct sound and are pronounced with a clear distinction between the corresponding rows and rises. In the unstressed position, there is a slight reduction in the duration of vowel sounds and the relief of their acoustic pattern is erased (less clear pronunciation).

You can deal with stress in the initial form of words by memorizing them (you need to “read” spelling dictionaries more often), to determine the place of stress in the derivative forms of words ( bluna or pancake) there are rules:

Most monosyllabic (consisting of one syllable) masculine nouns in oblique case forms have stressed endings ( Crap - pancake - pancake, horse - horse - horse¢ etc.), however, in some words in the genitive singular form there are two possible stress options ( goose¢ And goose, milk mushrooms¢ And chest, rod And rod, rogue And pluta, pond And really etc.).

For feminine nouns of the 1st declension in most forms of oblique singular cases the stress falls on the ending ( spring - spring - spring, armor - armor - armor etc.), however, some feminine nouns ending in -and I in the accusative singular form they have emphasis on the stem ( beard, mountain, board, earth, zuma, pore, back, wall, price, cheek etc.), and in a number of words there are two possible stress options: defense And harrow, river And river, ketu And ketý.

Some nouns of the 3rd declension when used with prepositions V And on in meaning, circumstances are pronounced with emphasis on the ending ( in a handful, in a bone, in blood, in the night, in a bundle, in the steppe, in the shade, in honor, on the chest, on the stove, on a chain etc.), others suggest two accent options ( on the door And on the door, in the cage And in the cage and etc.).

Nouns of the 3rd declension in the genitive plural form can be pronounced with either stem or ending stress, and some of them require both stress options (see examples in the table):

Place of stress in nouns of the 3rd declension in the form R.P., plural.

Rule of Russian orthoepy

Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos direct, correct and epos speech) is a set of rules that, unlike spelling, determine the pronunciation norms of oral (sounding) speech and ensure a uniform and mandatory sound for all literate native speakers of the language in accordance with the peculiarities of the language phonetic systems, as well as uniform (or in the form of strictly regulated variants) pronunciation of certain linguistic units in accordance with historically established pronunciation norms for a literary language that have been established in public linguistic practice.
The rules (norms) of pronunciation in the Russian literary language may relate to the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, as part of certain combinations of sounds, in different grammatical forms, to the phonetic word and rhythmic structure (correct placement of stress). Thus, the basic orthoepic rules of the Russian language, for the convenience of the user, can be divided into those that determine the pronunciation of vowel sounds (in different positions in a word, as well as when determining the place of stress) and the pronunciation of consonant sounds (also in different positions in a word, in combinations of consonants , in combination with some vowel sounds, in different grammatical forms). A trend in the field of orthoepy is also the phonetic nature of foreign words (borrowings) - a process that is constantly intensifying and then fading depending on the changing degree of intensity of the borrowing process itself. A borrowing language always strives to subordinate borrowings to its orthoepic, orthographic and grammatical rules and laws; It is believed that the degree of “subordination” of a foreign language borrowing to language norms determines its “mastery” of a given language.

Pronunciation norms, for one reason or another, may begin to “lose”: fluctuations in pronunciation norms arise, which, if they become widespread, lead to the emergence of variants of the literary norm, and then to the emergence and strengthening of a new pronunciation norm. Orthoepy, along with obligatory pronunciation norms, primarily studies variants of pronunciation norms that coexist in the language at some point in time, when the old (due to history) pronunciation variant is still actively used along with the new variant. Yes, the combination chn pronounced as [chn] in the words floral, colorful, as [shn] in the words scrambled eggs, boring, and variable pronunciation is allowed (both options - [chn] and [shn] - are correct) in the words bakery, laundry, gingerbread. At the same time, the option of pronouncing this combination as [sh] is currently perceived as outdated.

Pronunciation norms of the Russian language have developed historically. It was a long process. Modern Russian literary pronunciation was formed on the basis of the oral speech of Moscow (Moscow vernacular), which reflected the features of northern and southern Russian dialects.

Modern pronunciation norms developed gradually on the basis of variant pronunciation in different territorial dialects, in different social groups and partly in different styles. From a chronological point of view, the difference in pronunciation options can be assessed as "younger" And "senior" norms. The following situation is visible here: the new pronunciation displaces the old one, but it may be that both pronunciations coexist in parallel for quite a long time.

Failure to comply with uniform rules of pronunciation (orthoepic norms) can lead to both the complete impossibility of verbal communication and its significant difficulty. It is traditionally believed that ignorance of spelling rules indicates an insufficiently high cultural level of a person. In addition, the unity of pronunciation norms is also supported by spelling rules (orthographic rules), which thereby ensure adequate perception of the written text

phonetica.philol.msu.ru

Modern Russian language

In general, the current spelling norms of the Russian language (and their possible variants) are registered in special dictionaries.

a) rules for pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);

b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;

c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;

d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.

1 . Pronunciation of vowel sounds determined by position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels are subject to reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. Thus, the vowels [у], [ы], [и] in an unstressed position retain their basic sound, while [а], [о],

[uh] change qualitatively. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends primarily on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.

A) In the first pre-stressed syllable the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [ in Ù dy ́ / s Ù dy ́ / n Ù zhy ́ ] . After sibilants it is pronounced [Ù]: [w Ù ra ́ / w Ù ry ́].

In place of [e] after the hissing [zh], [w], [ts], the sound [y e] is pronounced: [tsy e pno į], [zhy e lto ́ k].

After soft consonants, in place of [a], [e], the sound [and e] is pronounced:

[ h ٬ i e sy ́ / sn ٬ i e la ́ ] .

b ) In other unstressed syllables in place of the sounds [о], [а], [е] after hard consonants the sound [ъ] is pronounced: [кълък Ù la ́ / tsъх Ù ́ į /

рър ٨ в ́ с] After soft consonants in place of the sounds [а], [е] is pronounced [ь]: [п’ьт Ù ч’о ́ к / ч’м Ù ́н] .

2. Pronunciation of consonants:

a) norms of literary pronunciation require positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in the position before the deaf (voiced only) - voiced (voiced only) and at the end of the word (voiced only): [ хл'е ́ p ] / tru ́ pkъ / pro ́ z 'b] ;

b) assimilative softening is not necessary, there is a tendency towards its loss: [s’t’ina ́] and [st’ina ́], [z’d’e ́ s’] and [z’e ́ s’].

3. Pronunciation of some vowel combinations:

a) in pronominal formations What, to – Thu pronounced [pcs]; in pronominal formations like something, mail, almost the pronunciation [ch’t] is preserved;

b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place chn: [k Ù n’e ́ shn / n Ù ro ́ shn] .

In words of book origin, the pronunciation [ch’n] has been preserved: [ml’e ́ ch’nyiį / in Ù hundred ́ ch’nyiį ];

c) in the pronunciation of combinations rise, zdn, stn(hello, holiday, private trader) usually there is a reduction or loss of one of the consonants: [pra ́ zn’ik], [ch’a ́ sn’ik], [zdra ́ stvį]

4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:

a) pronunciation of the form I.p. units adjectives m.r. without emphasis: [ kra ́ snyį / s’i ́ n’iį ] - arose under the influence of spelling - oh, - yay; after back-lingual g, k, x ® й: [ t’i ́ x’iį ], [ m’a ́ hk’iį ];

b) pronunciation – sya, – sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation has become the norm: [ n'ch'i e la ́ s' / n'ch'i e l'a ́ ];

c) pronunciation of verbs in – to live after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g’], [k’], [x’] (under the influence of spelling) became the norm: [vyt’a ́ g’iv’t’].

5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.

In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.

However, in some cases there are deviations:

a) pronunciation [ o ] in place [Ù]: [ boa ́ / ote ́ l’ / poe ́ t ], although [ r Ù ma ́ n / [ r Ù ĵ a ́ l’ / pr Ù tse ́ nt ];

b) [е] is preserved in unstressed syllables: [Ù tel’ ĵ e ́ / d’epr’e ́ s’iįь] ;

c) before [ e ] g, k, x, l are always softened: [ g’e ́ try / k’e ́ ks / b Ù l’e ́ t ] .

The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.

Speech norms operate differently in different styles of pronunciation: in colloquial, in the style of public (book) speech, of which the first is implemented in everyday communication, and the second in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of reduction of vowels, simplification of consonant groups (in the colloquial style the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intense), etc.

1. What is the subject of the study of orthoepy?

2. Describe the basic rules for pronunciation of vowel sounds.

3. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of consonant sounds.

4. Indicate the main features and variants of pronunciation of individual grammatical forms acceptable by literary norms.

5. Indicate the pronunciation features of some combinations of sounds and doubled consonants.

6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in foreign words.

7. What are the main reasons for the appearance of pronunciation variants and violations of the norms of literary pronunciation?

1. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1972.

2. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary and dialectal phonetics. M., 1974.

3. Gorbachevich K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1978.

§ 29. Basic rules of Russian spelling and their changes.

Classic (“Old Moscow”) Russian pronunciation is determined by the following basic rules.

In the area of vowels, it is mandatory to observe two stages of vowel reduction as described in § 19.

There are also some grammatical features of Moscow speech, which, according to tradition, are usually considered together with issues of orthoepy. This, firstly, is that verbs with unstressed endings are all conjugated according to the 1st conjugation, i.e. in the 3rd person plural, numbers have an ending

ut: , , , like t , , and with the base to soft ones - /*-«/: , , , , , and , . Thirdly, the fact that in the verbal suffix of repetition after hard words, in particular back-lingual ones, is pronounced [d]: , , . Fourthly, the fact that endings and suffixes with vowels after soft ones in case forms in overstressed syllables are aligned according to the pattern of endings with vowels after hard ones: [roVd], - as in im.-vin. case cf. kind of units numbers; [rdGt], - as in creation. case cf. and husband kind of units numbers; [gys’dk], [klr ’yo]dk] - as in gen. case of wives kind pl. numbers. Fifthly, the reflexive affix of verbs has a hard [s]: , . (See the Morphology section for more information on these forms.)

This, in general terms, is the classical Russian pronunciation, as it developed by the beginning of the 19th century and as reflected in the works of A. S. Griboyedov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov.

But already during the 19th century (and not in the post-October period, as is often believed), some new features appeared and accumulated in the Russian pronunciation norm, gradually displacing the old ones, but nevertheless continuing to coexist with them. They arose partly under the influence of St. Petersburg pronunciation! somewhat more artificial AND BOOKISH compared to I Moscow, partly under the influence of vernacular and dialects, but mainly due to the internal development of the literary language system * - These new features are as follows.

In the area of vowel pronunciation, the number of

borrowed^-words p. unstressed [o] and [e]: for example, instead of the old one, [klya 7 *yt] is now pronounced, instead

If the number of vowels decreases and their positional dependence increases, and, conversely, the number of consonants increases and their positional dependence weakens, then it will become clear that these changes are not random.

At the same time, one cannot prematurely write off Old Moscow pronunciation into the archives. It was reflected in Russian classical literature, and it should retain the status of a high example as long as all other features of the language of Krylov and Griboyedov, Pushkin and Lermontov, Nekrasov and Turgenev remain examples.

In conclusion, it should be emphasized once again that the development of the orthoepic norm is primarily and most clearly determined by the internal development of the phonetic system. Any external influences, such as the influence of spelling, are of secondary importance. The widely held opinion that in the era of universal literacy leading

Even in this “we repeat” artificial text, there are more cases of divergence between the new pronunciation and spelling than cases of convergence (30 versus 25); in natural texts, this preponderance is apparently immeasurably greater, i.e.

We did not say anything about the rules of Russian orthoepy in the area of stress. At first glance, it seems that the Russian language has no rules in this area at all, since the stress can be on any syllable of a word. In reality this is, of course, not the case. All words of the Russian language are distributed according to so-called accent paradigms - lists of word forms taking into account the place of stress. Accent paradigms are distinguished within each part of speech and are designated by Latin letters (sometimes with a numerical index). Within each paradigm, stress behaves the same way: either it is constantly on the same syllable (as, for example, in the words cow, road, sopoma)> or moves according to a certain rule that operates within this particular paradigm.

From this it is clear that the rules for setting stress, although they exist, do not lend themselves to any compact presentation; they are formulated in a very complex and cumbersome manner, so that practically whenever there is difficulty in setting stress, one has to turn to the dictionary every time. It is better to use special spelling dictionaries and stress dictionaries, since in other types of dictionaries only the “initial” dictionary form of the word is usually given (nominative case for inflected words, infinitive for verbs), and difficulties can also arise in the forms of indirect cases, different persons and tenses etc. For example, in verbs with the roots -da, -nya, -na, there are rarely errors in the pronunciation of the indefinite form (except perhaps for the pronunciation, which is common in southern dialects, to begin instead of to begin). But in indirect forms, errors are constant, since in this group of verbs the stress moves quite difficult: in the infinitive, active participle, gerund, it is on the root (sell, start, hire; sold, started, hired; having sold, started, nana'v), in the passive participle and in the past tense, masculine and neuter and plural - on the prefix (sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired), and in in the feminine past tense and in the future tense - at the end (sold, started, hired; will sell, start, hire). Orthoepic dictionaries list all forms that are difficult in terms of stress.

The intonation features of Russian literary pronunciation are not described with sufficient clarity, so in order to master literary intonation, as well as orthoepy in general, listening to exemplary speech plays an important role. The main propagandist of the Russian orthoepic norm is the Maly Theater of Moscow. Actors of other leading theaters, announcers of Moscow television and especially radio are distinguished by their high speech culture.

Overcoming dialectal and vernacular features in pronunciation requires a lot of work on oneself, and for its success one needs, first of all, a psychological attitude, the conviction that mastering the norm of literary pronunciation is the professional duty of everyone who has to teach a language or otherwise communicate with a wide audience.

Matusevich M.I. Modern Russian language: Phonetics. M, 1976. S. 6-7,9-10.

Avanesov RK Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1950 et seq. ed.

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation. Emphasis. Grammatical forms / Ed. R. if Avanesova. M., 1983 et seq. ed.

Gorbachevich K S Changing the norms of the Russian literary language. L., 1971. S. 41 - 107.

Verbitskaya L. A. Russian orthoepy. L., 1977.

Panov M.V. History of Russian literary pronunciation of the 19th - 20th centuries. M., 2002.

scicenter.online

Orthoepic norms (pronunciation of consonants, stress)

Orthoepic norms (pronunciation of consonants, stress).

Even though I looked in the old days

In Academic Dictionary.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

Indeed, the best way to successfully cope with task A1 (spelling norms) is to constantly look in dictionaries, which indicate the correct pronunciation of words. Look at the page with the correct accents for several hundred words.

In no case when completing a task Not costs lean on on own experience! Most words have a spelling minimum in everyday speech We pronounce it wrong!

Orthoepy is a set of rules that determine the pronunciation norms of our speech and ensure a uniform and mandatory sound for all literate native speakers of all language units in accordance with the characteristics of the language phonetic system, as well as uniform pronunciation of language units in accordance with historically established pronunciation norms that have been established in linguistic practice . Orthoepic norm- this is the only possible or preferred option for the correct pronunciation of the word.

Rule.

I. Stresses in the initial form of verbs.

1. In verbs ending in I-Т, the stress is most often the suffix –I-

You can learn about what orthoepy is from dictionaries and reference books of the literary language. All languages of the world have certain lexical norms, which are examples of the correct use of words.

The science of spelling

Orthoepy studies the laws and rules of pronunciation of words. It is very similar to spelling, which deals with the laws of the correct spelling of words. The term "orthoepy" includes two Greek words: orthos - "true", "correct", "straight" (direction) and epos - "speech", "conversation". Therefore, to the question of what orthoepy is, one can give an answer directly translated from Greek: correct pronunciation.

Orthoepy rules

Various deviations from the norms of use and pronunciation interfere with communication, distract the listener from the meaning of the spoken speech and significantly complicate the assimilation of the spoken text. Following the rules of pronunciation of words is just as important as adhering to the rules of spelling. Orthoepy will tell you the correct pronunciation of a particular lexical unit. The rules of this science make it possible to determine how to pronounce a particular word and the scope of its lexical application. Indeed, in a world where oral speech is a means of widespread communication, it must be impeccable, from the point of view of the rules of spelling.

History of Russian orthoepy

Russian orthoepy took shape already in the mid-17th century. Then the rules for pronunciation of certain words were approved, and standards for constructing phrases and sentences were laid down. Moscow became the center of the new literary language. Based on North Russian dialects and southern dialects, Moscow pronunciation was formed, which was taken as the basis of the lexical norm. The science of how to correctly pronounce this or that word came from Moscow to the remote hinterlands of Russia.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the new capital of Russia, the city of St. Petersburg, became the center of the political and cultural life of the country. Gradually, pronunciation norms changed, and clear, letter-by-letter pronunciation of words became the rule among the intelligentsia. But among the general population, Moscow pronunciation continued to be considered the norm.

Orthoepy studies such norms of pronunciation of the Russian language as stress, norms of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, melody and intonation of spoken language.

Accent

What orthoepy is can be discussed using the rules for placing stress in Russian words. The question is not as simple as it might seem. In French speech, in the vast majority of cases, the stress is placed on the last syllable. In Russian, the stress is movable, it can fall on an arbitrary syllable, and change its location depending on the gender and case of a given word. For example, city, but cities, train, but trains, will accept, but accepted.

Sometimes incorrect pronunciation is so ingrained in spoken language that it takes a lot of effort to eradicate the error. For example, everywhere we hear calls instead of calls, contract, instead of the correct contract. The orthoepy of the word insists on: catalog, necrology, quarter instead of the established incorrect versions of these words.

Sometimes surprise helps correct stress. For example, in the mid-50s of the 20th century, the use of the word “youth” instead of the correct “youth” was widespread. The widely popular song “Anthem of Democratic Youth” helped correct the mistake. The song was created by composer Novikov based on poems by the poet Oshanin. The chorus of the anthem contained the words: “Young people sing this song.” The widespread “youth” did not fit into the rhythm or text of this musical work, so the incorrect pronunciation of the popular word was replaced by the correct one.

Transcription

The spoken word can be written down using transcription. This is the name given to recording the audible words and sounds of a language. In transcription, along with ordinary letters, special letters are also used, for example, the letter [æ] denotes an open stressed vowel, something between “a” and “e”. This sound is not used in Russian speech, but is often found when studying languages of the Germanic branch.

Nowadays, special dictionaries will help you put the correct stress in a word.

Pronunciation of individual sounds

You can explain what orthoepy is using the example of the pronunciation of vowels in words of the Russian language. For example, the norm in the Russian language is reduction - weakening of the articulation of vowels in some words. For example, in the word “box” only the third sound “o” is clearly heard, and the first one is pronounced muffled. The result is a sound that resembles both [o] and [a] at the same time.

If an unstressed [o] is at the beginning of a word, it is always pronounced as [a]. For example, in the words “fire”, “window”, “glasses”, [a] is clearly pronounced in the first case. The stressed [o] does not change its meaning: the words “cloud”, “island”, “very” are pronounced with an expressed [o] at the beginning.

The sound of some consonants

The existing rules of orthoepy say that voiced consonants at the end of spoken words sound like their paired voiceless ones. For example, the word “oak” is pronounced [dup], “eye” - [voice], “tooth” - [zup], and so on.

The consonant phrases “zzh” and “zhzh” are pronounced as a double soft [zhzh], for example, we write I’m coming, we pronounce [priezhzhyayu], rattling - [rattling] and so on.

The exact pronunciation of a particular word can be found in special spelling dictionaries.

For example, Avanesov presented quite a serious work on orthoepy. The deeply researched publications by linguists Reznichenko, Abramov and others are interesting. Spelling dictionaries can be easily found on the Internet or in special departments of libraries.

Competent oral speech is the key to successful communication. The ability to correctly express your thoughts will help not only when applying for a job or in business negotiations, but also in everyday life. But in order to perfectly master oral speech, you need to know and follow the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. This is what our article will be devoted to.

What is orthoepia?

The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech is what orthoepy is.

Graphic abbreviations

Graphic abbreviations include initials next to the surname, designations of volume or distance, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. When reading, all these truncated words must be deciphered, that is, the word must be pronounced in full.

The use of graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may only be appropriate in certain circumstances.

First names and patronymics

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.

The use of a person's full name and patronymic is necessary in various circumstances, both verbally and in writing. Such addresses are especially often used in work environments and official documents. Such an address to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with elders and elderly people.

Most Russian-language names and patronymics have several pronunciation options, which can vary, among other things, depending on the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is advisable to pronounce the interlocutor’s name and patronymic clearly, as close to written form as possible.

However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for the historically established method of use in oral speech.

Patronymic names ending in “-evna”, “-evich”. In female versions, it is necessary to comply with the written form, for example, Anatolyevna. For men, a short version is also acceptable: Anatolyevich / Anatolyich.
On “-aevich” / “-aevna”, “-eevich” / “-eevna”. For both male and female options, a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Aleksevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
On “-ovich” and “-ovna”. In the male version, contraction of the form is acceptable: Alexandrovich / Alexandrych. For women, full pronunciation is required.
In female patronymics, formed from names ending in “n”, “m”, “v”, [ov] is not pronounced. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.

How to pronounce loanwords

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules of pronunciation of foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter “o” in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same way as if it were in a strong position: oasis, model.

Also, in some foreign words, the consonants preceding the softening vowel “e” remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce “e” both hard and soft: therapy, terror, dean.

In addition, for borrowed words the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to turn to a spelling dictionary.

Accentological norm

Now we will take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. First, let's figure out what an accentological norm is. This is the name for the rules for placing stress in a word.

In the Russian language, stress is not fixed, as in most European ones, which not only enriches speech and increases the possibilities of language play, but also provides enormous opportunities for violating the accepted norm.

Let's consider the functions that a non-fixed accent performs. So here it is:

provides an opportunity for stylistic coloring of words (Silver - Serebro) and the emergence of professionalisms (Kompas - Kompas);
provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (melI - meli, Atlas - atlas);
allows you to change the morphological features of the word (sosny - sosny).

Also, placing stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word “maiden” will refer to the literary, and “maiden” will refer to the neutral one.

There is also a class of words in which the variability of stress does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a unified norm and equal existence of the dialect and literary language.

Also, the placement of stress in some words may simply be an outdated form. For example, music is music, an employee is an employee. In essence, you are only changing the stress, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.

Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of a literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a poetic line sound smoother.

However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Stress and its correct placement is too broad and complex a topic, so it is usually placed in a special section and studied separately. Those who want to familiarize themselves with the topic in more detail and eliminate violations of the norm of stress placement from their speech are recommended to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.

Conclusion

It would seem that what could be difficult about speaking your native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated every day.

These are the rules for pronunciation of vowels and consonants.

The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over centuries, changing. So, for example, in Ancient Rus' the entire population who spoke Russian was Okala, i.e. pronounced the sound [o] not only under stress, but also in unstressed syllables (similar to how this happens today in the dialects of the North and Siberia: in [o] yes, d[o] va, p[o] I’m going etc.). However, okanye did not become the norm of the national Russian literary language. What prevented this? Changes in the composition of the Moscow population. Moscow in the XVI-XVIII centuries. accepted many people from the southern provinces and absorbed features of southern Russian pronunciation, in particular akanye: in [a] yes, d[a] va, p[a] I’m coming. And this happened just at the time when the solid foundations of a single literary language were being laid.

Since Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, centers of economic, political and cultural life in Russia, it so happened that the literary pronunciation was based on Moscow pronunciation, on which some features of St. Petersburg were subsequently “layered.”

To successfully master orthoepic norms you need:

1) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

2) learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

3) listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which should be mastered by radio and television announcers, masters of literary expression;

4) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

5) correct mistakes through constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The complete style is characterized by:

1) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic standards;

2) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation;

3) correct placement of verbal and logical stress;

4) at a moderate pace;

5) correct speech pauses;

6) neutral intonation.

With an incomplete pronunciation style, the following is observed:

1) excessive abbreviation of words, loss of consonants and whole syllables, for example: shchas (now), thousand (thousand), kilogram of tomato(kilograms of tomatoes), etc.;

2) unclear pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations;

3) inconsistent pace of speech, unwanted pauses.

If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

Some difficult cases of pronunciation of vowels and consonants

Pronunciation of vowel sounds

In the pronunciation of a number of words like scam, guardianship, grenadier, fur, faded and so on. Difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of the letters e/e in printed text, since only one graphic symbol is used to denote them - e. This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word and causes frequent pronunciation errors.

List of words with stressed vowel [e]:

af e ra

breve started

being

head

holole ditsa

potted

grenada r

single-, foreign-, one-, tribal (but: multi-, multi-tribal)

hagiography

expired (year); but: drained (blood)

Kiev-Pechersk Lavra

perplexed

guardianship

ose long

produced

List of words with stressed vowel [o]:

bl damn

why lie; iron (additional [zhe])

same forehead

oblivion

manyo vr; manyo fidelity

nothing much

eponymous

tip

named

tenyo ta

lye

In some words of foreign origin in place unstressed spelling "o" instead of a sound close in pronunciation to [a], the sound [o] is pronounced: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulant, advice note, oasis, reputation. Pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, etc.

Pronunciation of consonants

According to Old Moscow norms, the spelling combination -chn- was pronounced as [shn] in the words bulo cheap, deliberate, cheap, trifling, creamy, apple etc. Currently, the pronunciation [shn] has been preserved only in some words: horse chno, boring, egg, eyeglass, mustard, trifling, birdhouse, girlish. In the vast majority of other words, in place of the letter combination -chn- is pronounced [ch’n]: igrushe chalky, creamy, apple, snack, glass etc. In addition, according to the norms of the Russian literary language, the letter combination -chn- has always been pronounced and is pronounced as [ch’n] in words of book origin, for example: al eternal, eternity, carefree, as well as in words that recently appeared in the Russian language: otli chn ik, camouflage and etc.

The pronunciation [shn] today is preserved in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikiti chn a, Ilyinichna and so on.

The letter combination -ch- in the word that and in its derivatives is pronounced as [pcs]: [pcs] about, something [pcs] about, [pcs] something, not [pcs] about. The word something sounds [h’t].

Combinations of the letters zhzh and zzh can be pronounced as a long soft sound [zh’zh’] in accordance with the Old Moscow pronunciation: in [zh’zh’] and, dro [zh’zh’] and, later - by [zh’zh’] e etc. However, at present, soft [zh’zh’] in such words is being replaced by hard [zhzh]: in [zhzh] and, dro [zhzh] and, later - by [zhzh] e etc. Soft long [zh’zh’] is recommended for stage, as well as radio and television speech.

In the pronunciation of the word rain, the variant before predominates [PC'] with persisting but becoming obsolete to [sh’sh’]. In other forms of this word in modern Russian the sound combination [zh’] has been fixed: before [zh’] I, before [zh’] and.

Pronunciation of borrowed words

In the position before the sound [e], denoted in writing by the letter e, both soft and hard consonants are pronounced in borrowed words, for example: detective - [dete] active, academy - aka[d’e] miya.

Lack of softness is often characteristic of dental consonants d, t, z, s, n and consonant r, for example: fo [ne] tika, [re] quiem. However, in borrowed words that have been fully mastered by the Russian language, these consonants are pronounced softly in accordance with the tradition of the Russian letter e to denote the softness of the preceding consonant sound: mu ze y, te rmin, shine el and etc.

Remember the pronunciation of the following words!

List of words with soft consonants before E (aka [d'e] mia, [b'er'e] t and etc.):

ah re ssion

Academy Miya

disinfection

de pressia

de kan [d "e] and [de]

de fis

competence

congress ss

museum

Ode ssa

pathe nt

pre ssa

pre ssing

progress ss

se yf

service

se ssia [s "e] and [se]

those rmin

federal

the bus

express ss

jurisprudence

List of words with firmly pronounced consonants before E (a [de] pt, [dete] rminism and etc.):

A de quatny

antise bird

ate ism

business s, business change n

sandwich

degradation

de qualification

décolleté

de cor

de mping

dete rminism

dispensary

indexation

computer

conse nsus

mene jer (additional [m "ene])

nonce nose

desk

pretentious

producer r

protection

rating

requiem

stre ss

those zis

those ICBMs

those mp

trend

thermos

extrase ns

energy

P.S. In borrowed words starting with the prefixes de- before vowels, dez-, as well as in the first part of complex words starting with neo-, with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard din are observed:

devaluation [d"e and de]

disinformation [d"e and de]

neocolonialism [neo and additional. n"eo]

IN foreign-language proper names recommended solid pronunciation consonants before e: De Cartes, Flouber, "De Cameron", Rembrandt and etc.

Hard [sh] is pronounced in the words parachute [shu], brochure [shu]. In the word jury it is pronounced soft hissing [w"]. The names Julien and Jules are also pronounced softly.

When pronouncing some foreign words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear. Should be pronounced: