Withdrawal of hand from hot. Higher nervous activity of a person
What is a reflex and a reflex arc? Give an example of a reflex arc.
Answer
A reflex is the body's response to irritation, carried out with the participation of the central nervous system.
A reflex arc is a chain of nerve cells involved in the implementation of a reflex. The reflex arc begins with a receptor that perceives stimuli and converts them into nerve impulses. Through sensory neurons, nerve impulses are transmitted to the central nervous system, where they are processed and transmitted (in most cases with the participation of intercalary neurons) to motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses to the working organ.
For example, consider the reflex arc of a specific reflex - pulling the hand away from a hot object. When touching a hot object, special receptors perceive heat. They transmit a signal along sensory fibers to the spinal cord, and from there a nerve impulse travels along motor neurons to individual muscle fibers of the extensor muscles, which causes them to contract and withdraw the hand from a hot object.
In a word, be human.
How the Nervous System Works The nervous system, which controls our body, consists of the brain and spinal cord and about 30 billion nerve cells that permeate our entire body. To coordinate all our movements and reactions, the brain receives information from all the nerves. Without it, we would not be able to lead the life we lead.
What is a nerve cell Nerve cells (neurons) consist of a body, short processes (dendrites) and a long process (axon). Axons "scatter" throughout the body. Through them, as through wires, nerve impulses are transmitted from sensitive neurons (receptors) to the brain and spinal cord, and from them to all parts of the body.
Why an arm or leg goes numb We may feel numbness in some part of the body if the nerves are compressed or deprived of blood flow. In this case, neurons cannot send clear signals to the brain, and there is a numbness of this part of the body, loss of sensitivity. Movement and rubbing of the swollen area relieves these unpleasant sensations, as they restore blood circulation.
What are reflex actions Reflex actions are performed quickly and automatically, helping us to protect ourselves from harm. For example, if we accidentally touch a hot object, we instantly withdraw our hand, without even having time to realize what has happened, because the muscles have received a signal to act from the spinal cord. The signal from the brain would have to go a longer way, and our reaction would not be so instantaneous. The boy in the drawing would get burned by taking the hot mug if he had to think before acting.
How nerves collect information The skin contains many receptors that collect information about the world around us. Ruffini receptors respond to stretching of the skin surface, Merkel cells send information about touches to the brain, Krause terminal flasks are susceptible to temperature changes.
If you stretch all the nerves of our body in one line, they will stretch for an incredible distance - 950 km!
Every second throughout your body, a wide variety of nerve impulses are transmitted through the nerves at a speed of 300 km / h.
Questions about the human spinal cord
Who is the main "helper" of the brain?
Spinal cord. We do not think at every step how many different muscles are involved in walking and which of them to strain at the moment and which to relax.
The muscles of the legs themselves follow the sequence of reflex movements, which are, as it were, introduced into their program.
While walking, the muscles of the legs rest in turn, and not all at once, so we move smoothly, and not in jerks.
Neurons are constantly "listening" to the rest of the body. If any complaints come from the heart, they immediately “slow down” the step, and if a person stumbles, they immediately “support” him.
Why does a person immediately withdraw his hand when touching a hot object?
Remember: when you accidentally touched a hot iron, you immediately pulled your hand away. It seemed to happen by itself.
In fact, this is a reflex - the body's reaction to irritation, in this case, pain receptors in the skin. From them, through the nerve "wiring", a signal was received to the central nervous system, from which the instruction is then transmitted to the muscles of the hand: "Immediately remove your hand." And at that moment you pull it away, without even having time to come to your senses.
The path described is called the reflex arc. It transmits signals from the executing body to the head body and vice versa.
Why is it said that "the morning is wiser than the evening"?
Scientists believe that all the "telegrams" that enter the brain from the eyes, nose, tongue and skin leave special traces in its nerve cells. The brain sifts through everything that gets into it and saves only the most important, and erases unnecessary information, such as how many cars a passing freight train has or what combination of numbers you dialed to top up your mobile phone account, erases from its memory.
When we sleep, nerve cells do not stop their work. The brain analyzes and memorizes valuable information, fixes important information in long-term memory.
By the time of awakening, all the "information shelves" are in order, and the person feels cheerful and ready to make decisions.
Why do we sleep for twenty-five years?
During sleep, the processing and sorting of all the information that was sent to the brain during the day takes place. And so that it would not be boring to sleep, he shows us scary or fantastic pictures. You sleep to yourself under a color film and do not interfere with the brain to work, do not tell it what to remember and what to forget. Yes, and the senses "do not disturb" him.
In human life, sleep is an indispensable need. Its duration, necessary for maintaining health, changes with age. Newborns can sleep 16-20 hours a day. Young children need 10-12 hours of sleep, and adults need 6-7 hours by age 40. From 40 to 70 years, the need for sleep increases, and after 70 years it decreases again.
The decrease and increase in the duration of sleep are associated with the intensity of the brain. In young children, brain activity is almost twice as high as in adults.
Krasnoyarsk medical portal Krasgmu.net
How do people feel pain and why does the body need it. How the mechanism of pain perception works, why some people do not feel it at all, and how the body protects itself from pain, says the science department of Gazeta.Ru.
We feel pain every day. It controls our behavior, shapes our habits and helps us survive. Thanks to pain, we put on a cast in time, take a sick leave, pull our hand away from a hot iron, are afraid of dentists, run away from a wasp, sympathize with the characters in the Saw movie, and avoid a gang of hooligans.
Fish are the first organisms on Earth to feel pain. Living beings evolved, became more and more complex, and so did their way of life. And to warn them of danger, a simple survival mechanism emerged: pain.
Why do we feel pain?
Our body is made up of a huge number of cells. In order for them to interact, there are special proteins in the cell membrane - ion channels. With the help of them, the cell exchanges ions with another cell and contacts with the external environment. Solutions inside the cells are rich in potassium, but poor in sodium. Certain concentrations of these ions are maintained by the potassium-sodium pump, which pumps excess sodium ions out of the cell and replaces them with potassium.
Botox interferes with communication
Why do we sob over a sad movie, genuinely rejoice at a friend's good fortune, or sympathize even with strangers? The point is that it exists in our brain. →
The work of potassium-sodium pumps is so important that half of the food eaten and about a third of the oxygen inhaled goes to provide them with energy.
Ion channels are real gates of the senses, thanks to which we can feel heat and cold, the aroma of roses and the taste of our favorite dish, and also experience pain.
When something affects the cell membrane, the structure of the sodium channel is deformed and it opens. Due to changes in the ionic composition, electrical impulses arise that propagate through the nerve cells. Neurons consist of a cell body, dendrites and an axon - the longest process along which the impulse moves. At the end of the axon there are vesicles with a neurotransmitter - a chemical involved in the transmission of this impulse from a nerve cell to a muscle or to another nerve cell. For example, acetylcholine transmits a signal from a nerve to a muscle, and there are many other mediators between neurons in the brain, such as glutamate and the "happy hormone" serotonin.
Cutting your finger while preparing a salad - this happened to almost everyone. But you do not continue to cut your finger, but withdraw your hand. This is because the nerve impulse runs through the neurons from sensitive cells, pain detectors, to the spinal cord, where the motor nerve already transmits the command to the muscles: remove your hand! Here you have covered your finger with a band-aid, but you still feel pain: ion channels and neurotransmitters send signals to the brain. The pain signal passes through the thalamus, hypothalamus, reticular formation, areas of the midbrain and medulla oblongata.
Finally, the pain reaches its destination - the sensitive areas of the cerebral cortex, where we are fully aware of it.
Life without pain
Life without pain is the dream of many people: no suffering, no fear. This is quite real, and there are people among us who do not feel pain. For example, in 1981, Steven Peet was born in the USA, and when his teeth erupted, he began to chew his tongue. Fortunately, his parents noticed this in time and took the boy to the hospital. There they were told that Stephen had a natural insensitivity to pain. Soon Steve's brother Christopher was born, and he was found to have the same thing.
Mom always told boys: infection is a silent killer. Not knowing the pain, they could not see the symptoms of diseases in themselves. Frequent medical examinations were necessary. Without realizing what pain is, the guys could fight half to death or, having received an open fracture, hobble with a protruding bone without even noticing it.
Once, while working with a power saw, Steve cut his arm from wrist to elbow, but sewed it up himself, too lazy to go to the doctor.
“We often skipped school because we ended up in a hospital bed with another injury. We spent more than one Christmas morning and birthday there,” says Steven. Life without pain is not life without suffering. Steve has severe arthritis and a sore knee - this threatens him with an amputation. His younger brother Chris committed suicide after learning he could be in a wheelchair.
It turns out that the brothers have a defect in the SCN9A gene, which encodes the Nav1.7 protein, a sodium channel involved in the perception of pain. Such people distinguish cold from hot and feel touch, but the pain signal does not pass. This sensational news was published in the journal Nature in 2006. Scientists have established this in the process of studying six Pakistani children. Among them was a magician who entertained the crowd by walking on hot coals.
In 2013, another study was published in Nature, the subject of which was a little girl who was unfamiliar with the feeling of pain. German scientists at the University of Jena discovered she had a mutation in the SCN11A gene, which encodes the Nav1.9 protein, another sodium channel responsible for pain. Hyperexpression of this gene prevents the accumulation of ion charges, and the electrical impulse does not pass through the neurons - we do not feel pain.
It turns out that our heroes received their “superpower” due to a malfunction of the sodium channels that are involved in the transmission of a pain signal.
What makes us feel less pain?
When we are in pain, the body produces special “internal drugs” - endorphins, which bind to opioid receptors in the brain, dulling the pain. Morphine, isolated in 1806 and gaining fame as an effective pain reliever, acts like endorphins - it attaches to opioid receptors and suppresses the release of neurotransmitters and neuronal activity. When injected subcutaneously, the effects of morphine begin within 15 to 20 minutes and may last up to six hours. Just do not get carried away with such a "treatment", it can end badly, as in Bulgakov's story "Morphine". After a few weeks of morphine use, the body stops producing enough endorphins, and addiction appears. And when the effect of the drug ends, a lot of tactile signals that enter the brain, which is no longer protected by the anti-pain system, cause suffering - withdrawal occurs.
Alcoholic drinks also affect the endorphin system and increase the pain threshold. Alcohol in small doses, like endorphins, causes euphoria and makes us less susceptible to being punched in the face after a wedding feast. The fact is that alcohol stimulates the synthesis of endorphins and suppresses the reuptake system of these neurotransmitters.
However, after alcohol is eliminated from the body, pain thresholds decrease due to inhibition of endorphin synthesis and increased activity of their capture, which does not alleviate the hangover typical of the next morning.
Who hurts more: men or women?
Women and men experience pain differently, according to a study by scientists from McGill University who found that the perception of pain in female and male mice starts from different cells. To date, many studies have been conducted on the nature of female and male pain, and most of them indicate that women suffer from it more than men.
In a massive 2012 study of more than 11,000 hospital patients in California, researchers found that women tolerate pain worse and experience it more often than men. And plastic surgeons from the United States have found that women have twice as many nerve receptors per square centimeter on their facial skin as men. Girls are already so sensitive from birth - according to a study published in the journal Pain, in newborn girls, facial reactions to injections in the foot were more pronounced than in boys. It is also known that women are more likely to complain of pain after surgery and feel worse in the chair at the dentist.
Hormones come to the aid of poor women.
For example, one of the female sex hormones, estradiol, reduces the activity of pain receptors and helps women more easily tolerate high levels of pain.
For example, the level of estradiol rises sharply before childbirth and acts as a kind of pain reliever. Unfortunately, after menopause, the level of this hormone in the body decreases, and women endure pain more severely. By the way, men have a similar situation with testosterone. The level of this male sex hormone decreases with age, and some pain symptoms become more pronounced.
But pain is not only the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain, it is also the psychological perception of pain. For example, participants in one interesting study had a threefold increase in pain threshold after they were shown how another participant calmly endured the same pain exposure. Boys are taught from birth to be courageous: “boys don’t cry”, “you have to endure”, “crying is shameful”. And this makes a significant contribution: men steadfastly endure pain, and the brain “thinks” that they don’t hurt so much.
Why do we withdraw our hand from hot
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The skin receptors sense the temperature, the signal travels along the neurons through the spinal cord to the muscles, which contract, and we withdraw our hand.
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Why do you pull your hand away when you touch a hot object?
Why do you pull your hand away when you touch a hot object, but at first nothing hurts?
Because it hurts, because the instinct of self-preservation. Because the nerve endings at the fingertips instantly send an impulse to the brain with a warning of danger, and we instinctively pull our hand back. People with no-pain phenomenon don't live long, they end up self-destructive. Thank God that we feel pain, otherwise, the human race would have died out long ago.
When touching a hot object, we withdraw our hand before we have time to think about it Explain why this is happening Question 30
These are the reflexes of our body and the instinct of self-preservation.
The nerve endings at the fingertips instantly send an impulse to the brain with a warning of danger, and we, instinctively and reflexively, pull our hand back.
If there is no answer on the subject Other subjects or it turned out to be incorrect, then try to use the search for other answers in the entire database of the site.
Why scalding hot water may seem icy to you
Nerves, for the most part, are capable of processing whatever you encounter. Nerves that respond to cold tell the brain that you've touched something cold, but ignore the sensation of warmth. Nerves that respond to heat will not respond to cold.
In everyday life, the nerves do not have to work too hard, they are not overloaded, at least as long as you do not stick your hand into something really hot. If you do this, then your nervous system experiences a kind of stress. In this case, absolutely all the nerves that came into contact with it will respond to the stimulus, and therefore, when the signal reaches the brain, many people will feel a sensation of cold before they burn themselves, or at the same time.
In doing so, we will withdraw our hand from the boiling water as quickly as we can, thanks to the reflex arc. Often, when the nerves react to severe pain, the signal only reaches the spinal cord, but motor neurons are already starting to work, forcing our body to move away from the source of pain. We understand that pain appeared first, but our nervous system reacts to it faster than the brain, and sometimes it does not have time to realize it.
There is also the opposite phenomenon - something very cold can seem hot to us. Sometimes the cold is perceived by us as a burning sensation, and only then the nerves figure out what's what, and let us know that we are cold. As a result, people suffering from hypothermia often feel warm, which is why many people who have frozen to death have been found without clothes.
Have you ever confused hot and cold sensations?
Functions: 1.regulates the work bodies, ensuring their coordinated work;
2.provides accommodation organism to environmental conditions(and information comes through the senses).
Parts of the nervous system:
Central part (CNS)- This is the spinal cord and brain;
peripheral- nerves and ganglions.
Departments of the Nervous System:
Somatic(from Greek soma - body) - controls the work of skeletal muscles (controlled by consciousness and will).
Vegetative / Autonomous- Regulates metabolism, the functioning of internal organs and the functioning of smooth muscles.
- its work does not depend on our desires (we cannot intentionally stop or increase the work of the heart, blush or turn pale (some people succeed, but after a long workout and in an indirect way). Intervene in the work of internal organs, regulated by the autonomic nervous system, stop illness, it is impossible to overcome alcoholism and drug addiction without medical assistance).
Rice. Nervous system:
1 - brain;
2 - spinal cord;
4 - nerve nodes.
Reflex is the simplest form of neural regulation.
There are reflexes in both the somatic and autonomic parts of the nervous system. .
The reflex is based chain of neurons or reflex arc.
5 links reflex arcUnconditioned / Congenital reflex of the somatic department N.S. :
1.Receptor are nerve formations that perceive and transform irritation into nerve impulses →
2.Sensitive Neuron (their bodies are in nerve nodes) - perceives stimuli through receptors .
Nerve impulses arising from stimulation are transmitted by dendrite →into the body sensory neuron→ along the axon into the brain→
3. on the Interneurons - their processes do not extend beyond the central nervous system / CNS(brain and spinal cord) - processing of received information→
4. after, the signals are transmitted Executive / motor neurons, whose nerve impulses cause work →
5.body .
(Example: Blinking reflex, Patellar reflex, Salivation reflex, Hand withdrawal from a hot object).
5 links of the reflex arc of the blinking reflex
Obtaining a blinking reflex and conditions that cause its inhibition:
When touched inner corner eyes - involuntary blinking of both eyes.
In Fig. 1, the reflex arc of this reflex.
The circle is the part of the medulla oblongata where the centers of the blinking reflex are located. The bodies of sensory neurons 2 lie outside the brain in the ganglion.
Irritation of receptors → the flow of nerve impulses directed by dendrite to body sensory neuron 2 and from it axon in medulla oblongata. There's excitement through synapses transmitted intercalary neurons 3. Information is processed by the brain, including the cortex. We after all felt a touch to a corner of an eye! → then the executive neuron 4 is excited, the excitation along the axon reaches the circular muscles of the eye 5 and causes blinking. Let's continue monitoring.
But, if you touch the inner corner of the eye several times - reflex slowed down.
When answering, it should be taken into account that along with direct connections, according to which the "orders" of the brain go to the organs, there are feedback carrying information from organs to the brain. Since our touches were not dangerous for the eye, after a while the reflex faded.
A completely different result would have been if a speck had got into the eye. Disturbing information would reach the brain and increase the response to irritation. In all likelihood, we would try to extract the mote.
By force of will it is possible slow down blink reflex:
To do this, touch with a clean finger to the inner corner of the eye and try not to blink. Many succeed. Impulses from the cortex, slowed down the nerve centers of the medulla oblongata - this central braking , discovered by a Russian physiologist Sechenov: « Higher Centers of the Brain able to regulate work Lower Centers: enhance or inhibit reflexes.
Spinal knee jerk: cross your legs. Relax the muscles in your outstretched leg. With the edge of your hand, hit the tendon of the quadriceps muscle of the thrown leg. The leg should bounce. Don't be surprised if the reflex doesn't happen. To get into the reflexogenic zone, you need to stretch the tendon. In all other cases, there will be no reflex.
Organism Levels:cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism.
Organ level form organs - independent anatomical formations that occupy a certain place in the body, have a certain structure and perform certain functions.
System level represented by groups (systems) of organs that perform common functions.
organism as a whole, uniting the work of all systems, constitutes the organismic level.
Behavioral level, which determines the adaptation of the organism to the natural, and in humans, to the social environment.
The nervous and endocrine regulatory systems unite all levels of the body, ensuring the coordinated work of all executive organs and their systems.
Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes are characteristic of the entire animal world.
In biology, they are considered as the result of a long evolutionary process and represent the response of the central nervous system to external environmental influences.
They provide a very fast response to a particular stimulus, which significantly saves the resources of the nervous system.
Classification of reflexes
In modern science, such reactions are described using several classifications that describe their features in different ways.
So, they are of the following types:
- Conditional and unconditional - depending on how they are formed.
- Exteroreceptive (from "extra" - external) - reactions of external receptors of the skin, hearing, smell and vision. Interoreceptive (from "intero" - inside) - reactions of internal organs and systems. Proprioceptive (from "proprio" - special) - reactions associated with the sensation of one's own body in space and formed by the interaction of muscles, tendons and joints. This is a classification by type of receptor.
- According to the type of effectors (zones of a reflex response to information collected by receptors), there are: motor and vegetative.
- Classification based on a specific biological role. Allocate species aimed at protection, nutrition, orientation in the environment and reproduction.
- Monosynaptic and polysynaptic - depending on the complexity of the neural structure.
- According to the type of influence, excitatory and inhibitory reflexes are distinguished.
- And according to where the reflex arcs are located, they distinguish cerebral (various parts of the brain are included) and spinal (spinal cord neurons are included).
What is a conditioned reflex
This is a term denoting a reflex formed as a result of the fact that at the same time for a long time a stimulus that does not cause any reaction is presented with the stimulus that causes some specific unconditioned reflex. That is, the reflex response as a result extends to an initially indifferent stimulus.
Where are the centers of conditioned reflexes located?
Since this is a more complex product of the nervous system, the central part of the neural arc of conditioned reflexes is located in the brain, and specifically in the cerebral cortex.
Examples of conditioned reflexes
The most striking and classic example is Pavlov's dog. The dogs were presented with a piece of meat (this caused the secretion of gastric juice and salivation) along with the inclusion of a lamp. As a result, after a while, the process of activating digestion started when the lamp was turned on.
A familiar example from life is the feeling of cheerfulness from the smell of coffee. Caffeine does not yet directly affect the nervous system. He is outside the body - in a circle. But the feeling of cheerfulness is turned on only from the smell.
Many mechanical actions and habits are also examples. They rearranged the furniture in the room, and the hand reaches in the direction where the closet used to be. Or the cat that runs to the bowl when it hears the rustle of the food box.
The difference between unconditioned reflexes and conditioned
They differ in that the unconditional are innate. They are the same for all animals of one species or another, as they are inherited. They are quite invariable throughout the life of a person or animal. From birth and always occur in response to receptor irritation, and are not produced.
Conditionals are acquired during life, with experience in interaction with the environment. Therefore, they are quite individual - depending on the conditions under which it was formed. They are fickle throughout life and can die out if they are not reinforced.
Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes - comparative table
The difference between instincts and unconditioned reflexes
An instinct, like a reflex, is a biologically significant form of animal behavior. Only the second is a simple short response to a stimulus, and instinct is a more complex activity that has a specific biological purpose.
The unconditioned reflex is always triggered. But instinct is only in a state of biological readiness of the body and start this or that behavior. For example, mating behavior in birds only kicks in at certain times of the year, when chick survival can be at its maximum.
What is not characteristic of unconditioned reflexes
In short, they cannot change throughout life. Do not differ in different animals of the same species. They cannot disappear or stop appearing in response to a stimulus.
When conditioned reflexes fade
Extinction occurs as a result of the fact that the stimulus (stimulus) ceases to coincide in time of presentation with the stimulus that caused the reaction. They need reinforcements. Otherwise, without being reinforced, they lose their biological significance and fade away.
Unconditioned reflexes of the brain
These include the following types: blinking, swallowing, vomiting, indicative, balance maintenance associated with hunger and satiety, inhibition of movement in inertia (for example, with a push).
Violation or disappearance of any of these types of reflexes can be a signal of serious disorders in the brain.
Pulling your hand away from a hot object is an example of what kind of reflex
An example of a pain reaction is pulling your hand away from a hot kettle. It's an unconditional view, response of the body to the dangerous effects of the environment.
Blink reflex - conditioned or unconditioned
Blinking reaction is an unconditioned species. It occurs as a result of dryness of the eye and to protect against mechanical damage. All animals and humans have it.
Salivation in a person at the sight of a lemon - what a reflex
This is a conditional view. It is formed because the rich taste of lemon provokes salivation so often and strongly that as a result of simply looking at it (and even remembering it), a response is triggered.
How to develop a conditioned reflex in a person
In humans, unlike animals, a conditional view is developed faster. But for all the mechanism is the same - the joint presentation of incentives. One, causing an unconditioned reflex, and the other - indifferent.
For example, for a teenager who fell off a bicycle to some particular music, later unpleasant feelings arising to the same music may become the acquisition of a conditioned reflex.
What is the role of conditioned reflexes in the life of an animal
They enable an animal with rigid, unchanging unconditional reactions and instincts to adapt to conditions that are constantly changing.
At the level of the whole species, this is an opportunity to live in the largest possible areas with different weather conditions, with different levels of food supply. In general, they make it possible to react flexibly and adapt to the environment.
Conclusion
Unconditioned and conditioned responses are essential to the survival of the animal. But it is in interaction that they allow to adapt, multiply and grow the most healthy offspring.
Option I
1. Which of the following reflexes is unconditioned?
A. Salivation when showing food B. Dog's reaction to the owner's voice
2. If in the room where the dog develops a salivary reflex to light a light bulb, the receiver suddenly turns on, then its sound ...
A. Is a conditioned stimulus B. Is an indifferent stimulus
C. Is an unconditioned stimulus D. Causes inhibition of the reflex
3. The conditioned reflex will be strong if the conditioned stimulus.
A. Constantly reinforce with unconditional B. Reinforce with unconditional irregularly
C. Do not reinforce with unconditional D. Either reinforce with unconditional, then do not reinforce for a long time
4. What sign is characteristic of the unconditioned reflex?
A. Characteristic for all individuals of this species B. Acquired during life
C. Not inherited D. Produced in each individual of the species
5. Higher nervous activity includes:
A. Cogitative, speech activity and memory B. A group of orienting reflexes
V. reflexes that provide organic needs (hunger, thirst, etc.)
6. What is a need?
A. A complex set of adaptive motor acts aimed at satisfying the body's needs
B. The need for something necessary for the maintenance of life and development of the body
C. The inner world of a person D. The main form of activity of the nervous system.
7. What form of higher nervous activity is characteristic of a person?
A. Conditioned reflexes B. Unconditioned reflexes
B. elementary rationality
8. A great contribution to the doctrine of higher nervous activity was made by
A.B.V. Louie
A. Stops for the duration of sleep B. Stops for the duration of non-REM sleep
C. Does not change at all D. Rebuilds, changing cyclically throughout sleep
10. Instinct is:
A. Genetically fixed behavior B. Lifetime experience
B. Behavior driven by purposeful learning
11. Which, according to, is "an extraordinary addition to the mechanisms of the brain ?
A. Reasoning activity B. Emotions: C. Speech
12. First signal system:
A. Analyzes sign signals coming in the form of symbols (words, signs, images)
B. Analyzes signals coming from the external environment C. Analyzes both types of signals
13. The most important function of speech is:
A. Generalization and abstract thinking B. Notation of specific examples C. Expression of emotions
14. Dreams occur during A. Slow sleep B. REM sleep C. In both cases
15. Cat courting kittens is:
A. Conditioned reflex B. Complex chain of unconditioned reflexes
C. Combination of skills and unconditioned reflexes
16. The concentration of consciousness on a particular type of activity, object:
A. Attention B. Memory
17. Which of the forms of inhibition is inherited ?
A. internal B. There are none
18. What can not be seen in dreams ? A. present B. future
19. How is a conditioned reflex different from an unconditioned reflex?
20. What is the importance of sleep for the body?
21. What is the difference between human thinking and the rational activity of animals ?
22.1 - B; 2 - G; 3 - A; 4 - A; 5 - A; 6 - B; 7 - B; 8 - B; 9 -G; 10-A; 11 - B; 12 - B;
23.13 -A; 14-A; 15 -B; 16 - B; 17 - B; 18 - B; 19 - unconditioned reflexes are inherited, and conditioned reflexes are developed after birth in the process of life; 20 - rest of the brain, active restructuring of its work, necessary to streamline the information received during wakefulness; 21 - thinking is a way, based on known knowledge, to extract new information, to generalize known facts. Reasoning activity is the highest form of adaptation to environmental conditions.
HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF HUMAN
Option II
1. Which of the following reflexes is conditional ?
A. Salivation when showing food
B. Pulling the hand away from a hot object
2. If the dog develops a conditioned salivary reflex to the ignition of an electric light bulbs, then food in this case...
A. Is a conditioned stimulus
B. Is an indifferent stimulus
B. Is an unconditioned stimulus
G. Causes inhibition of the reflex
3. What forms of higher nervous activity are observed in animals?
A. Only unconditioned and conditioned reflexes
B. Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes and elementary rational activity
B. Thinking
D. Only elementary rational activity
4. Conditioned reflex...
A. Characteristic for all individuals of this species
B. Acquired during life
B. Is inherited
G. Is congenital
5. Which of the forms of higher nervous activity correlates with the ability to solve mathematical problems?
A. Conditioned reflexes
B. Unconditioned reflexes
B. Abstract thinking
D. Elementary intellectual activity
6. In the room where the dog develops a salivary reflex to light a light bulb, the radio is constantly on. The radio in this case acts as...
A. Conditioned stimulus
B. Indifferent stimulus
B. Unconditioned stimulus
G. Factor that causes inhibition of the reflex
7. During REM sleep
A. The temperature drops
B. Breathing slows down
B. There is a movement of the eyeballs under the closed eyelids
D. Blood pressure drops
8. The response of the body to irritation of receptors with the participation and control of the nervous system is called:
A. Humoral regulation
B. Reflex
B. automatism
D. Conscious activity
9. During sleep, brain activity:
A. Stops for the duration of sleep
B. Stops during slow sleep
B. Doesn't change at all
D. Rebuilds, cyclically changing throughout sleep
10. Right in front of the student, a car suddenly passed at high speed. He stopped dead in his tracks. Poch to him ?
A. External brake activated
B. The conditioned reflex worked
B. Internal brake activated
11. Second signal system:
A. Analyzes sign signals coming in the form of symbols (words, signs, images) B. Analyzes signals coming from the external environment
B. Analyzes both types of signals
12. Reasoning activity is...
A. The highest form of adaptation to environmental conditions
B. Ability to speak
B. Ability to use tools
13. Dreams occur during the period
A. Slow sleep
B. REM sleep
B. In both cases
14. Falling asleep of a person occurs:
A. Only reflexively
B. Under the influence of humoral processes
B. Under the influence of humoral and reflex processes
15. Who was the first to explain the reflex principle of the brain?
G. II. I. Anokhin
16. What did you understand by the name “signals of signals”?
A. The first signaling system
B. Second signaling system
B. Reflex
17. Experiences in which people's attitudes to the world around them and to themselves are manifested are called:
A. Learning
B. Memory
B. Emotions
18. What is the biological significance of the inhibition of conditioned reflexes?
19. What is more difficult to form: knowledge, skills or skills?
20. How else can you call a chain of conditioned reflexes?
Option II
1 - B; 2 - B; 3 - B; 4 - B; 5 - B; 6 - G; 7 - B; 8 - B; 9 -G; 10-A; 11-A; 12 -A; 13 - B; 14 -B; 15 -B; 16 - B; 17 - B; 18 - allows you to adapt to specific conditions of existence; 19 - skills; 20 - dynamic stereotype.
HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF HUMAN
5. What is a need?
8. Instinct is...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF HUMAN
1. If in the room where the dog develops a salivary reflex to light a light bulb, the receiver suddenly turns on, then its sound is ...
2. The conditioned reflex will be strong if the conditioned stimulus ...
3. What signs are characteristic of the unconditioned reflex?
4. Higher nervous activity includes ...
5. What is a need?
6. A great contribution to the doctrine of higher nervous activity in the study of conditioned reflexes was made by
7. During sleep, brain activity ...
8. Instinct is...
9. The first signal system is ...
10. The most important function of speech is ...
11. Dreams occur during the period ....
12. Cat courting kittens is an example...
13. The concentration of consciousness on a particular type of activity, an object is called ...:
14. Which form of inhibition is inherited?
15. How does human thinking differ from the rational activity of animals?
16. How does a conditioned reflex differ from an unconditioned one?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF HUMAN
1. If in the room where the dog develops a salivary reflex to light a light bulb, the receiver suddenly turns on, then its sound is ...
2. The conditioned reflex will be strong if the conditioned stimulus ...
3. What signs are characteristic of the unconditioned reflex?
4. Higher nervous activity includes ...
5. What is a need?
6. A great contribution to the doctrine of higher nervous activity in the study of conditioned reflexes was made by
7. During sleep, brain activity ...
8. Instinct is...
9. The first signal system is ...
10. The most important function of speech is ...
11. Dreams occur during the period ....
12. Cat courting kittens is an example...
13. The concentration of consciousness on a particular type of activity, an object is called ...:
14. Which form of inhibition is inherited?
15. How does human thinking differ from the rational activity of animals?
16. How does a conditioned reflex differ from an unconditioned one?