The industry for growing potato grain and industrial crops. Crop production in Russia

Plant growing, agricultural sector Its main specialization is the process of growing cultivated plants. The basis of crop production is agriculture, which is understood as economic activity directly related to the process of land cultivation.

The main and determining sector is grain farming. Almost half of the world's sown area is sown with grains. And grain and grain products constitute the second (after meat and meat products) item in global agricultural trade.

Development of crop production in the USSR

Lenin's Decree on Land allocated peasants an additional more than one hundred and fifty million hectares of agricultural land. However, after collectivization, almost all peasant farms were united into collective farms or state farms. The mechanization of agriculture has also increased dramatically. Its energy capacity has increased more than fourteen times (compared to the pre-revolutionary period), and its power supply has increased by almost twenty-two and a half times. Almost all agricultural field work (sowing, arable, harvesting) was mechanized. The sowing of grain, cotton and sugar beets, and the harvesting of silage crops were completely mechanized. During the Soviet period, agricultural labor productivity increased fivefold and hourly productivity increased sixfold.

The Soviet government did not limit itself to the mechanization of agricultural production, but this became the impetus for improving the culture of agriculture, improving the agricultural technology of crops, increasing the use of mineral fertilizers, expanding the use of land reclamation and increasing the area of ​​varietal crops. The chemicalization program made it possible to increase soil fertilization by almost one hundred and thirty times. In 1970, ninety-five percent of the total area was occupied by varietal grain crops on Soviet collective and state farms, of which 99% was spring wheat, 97% winter rye, 99.9 corn, 100% sugar beets, 99.4 sunflowers, 99. 8 fiber flax. The structure of sown areas has also changed. This was due to an increase in the proportion of technical and forage plants.

In the Soviet Union, crop production moved far to the north. So wheat was sown up to 60 degrees north latitude, and grain corn and silage began to be planted in the central regions. In the North Caucasus and Ukraine, the cultivation of rice was mastered, and in the Altai in Belarus and the Baltic states, sugar beets were cultivated. Between 1953 and 1963, the area under cultivation for all agricultural crops increased by more than 75 percent. This was led to by the massive development of virgin lands. Most of all, the scale of planting of potatoes, vegetable and melon crops, as well as industrial and fodder crops has increased.

Crop production in Russia

Despite the fact that the climate in Russia is quite harsh, its agricultural sectors have never lagged behind other countries. In Russia, the production of potatoes, legumes, sugar beets, and vegetables is developed; grains and oilseeds grow. Almost all areas of crop production have been developed, except for the rarest ones, such as coffee or cocoa. Domestic croplands are located in the region of temperate continental latitudes. The country's breadbaskets are the Volga region, the Urals, Western Siberia, and the southern Caucasus. Moreover, crop production technology covers both food and technical varieties of plants and feed crops.

The bulk of cereals, as throughout the world, is wheat. Moreover, thanks to weather conditions, both winter and spring crops are grown in Russia. At the same time, winter crop yields are much higher than spring crops, which is easily explained by nature and geography. The most heat-loving varieties are planted in western regions with mild climates. The production volumes of barley, which has a number of important advantages: frost resistance and a short growing season, are only slightly inferior to the volumes of wheat production. In addition to barley and wheat, rye is grown in Russia, and the cultivation of oats, corn, buckwheat and rice has been established.

Among root vegetables, potatoes take first place. In the central Black Earth region, such a multi-purpose crop as sugar beet grows. It is also necessary to remember sunflower, the raw material for all vegetable oil produced in the country. Another area that is less developed in Russia due to the climate is vegetable growing and growing melons. However, vegetables such as beets, onions, cabbage, tomatoes, carrots, etc. are grown in Russia. Watermelons and melons grow in the lower reaches of the Volga and in the Orenburg region.

Crop production sectors in Russia

The main link in crop production in our country is grain farming. Different varieties of wheat, barley, oats, rye and a number of others occupy huge areas. In the first place in the structure of sown areas are those allocated for wheat. While the areas allocated for rye, oats and barley have a slight tendency to decrease, and for corn, on the contrary, to increase.

Rice farming has achieved impressive results over the past ten years. Thus, in 2015, rice harvest volumes almost doubled those of 2005. Buckwheat harvests in 2015 updated the figures from ten years ago by 42.45 tons.

Another branch of crop production in Russia is the cultivation of legumes, which include beans, lentils, soybeans, peanuts, etc. the seeds of which can be eaten both after appropriate processing and raw. A considerable part of them is used as feed. The largest soybean processing plant is located in the Kaliningrad region; they are grown mainly in the Far East and the Southern Federal District.

The sugar industry in the Russian Federation is represented by the cultivation of sugar beets, the gross harvest of which increased by almost 28 percent compared to 2005.

Increased investments are being directed by the government to the cultivation of oilseeds, as well as essential oil crops. The reason for this is the increased demand for processed products (vegetable oils, cake, meal, protein concentrates) on the world market. Gross sunflower harvests increased by forty-three percent compared to 2005. The volume of sunflower oil exports in 2015 amounted to 1,237.4 thousand tons.

Potato production in the Russian Federation compared to 2005 in terms of gross harvests exceeded previous figures by two and a half times and amounts to seven and a half tons.

Starch production in Russia is closely connected with other branches of crop production, since grain and cereal crops, as well as root crops, can serve as sources for starch production. The main raw material for its production are potato tubers. Starch is used in the food textile industry, but its main consumer is pulp and paper production.

Textile crops in Russia are represented by cotton and fiber flax, which serve as raw materials for the domestic textile industry.
Vegetable production in the industrial sector, formed from agricultural organizations and farms, amounted to 5,312.2 thousand tons, which is eighty-three percent higher than ten years ago.

Crop production in countries of the world

(Cargill, USA)

About seven hundred and fifty million hectares of all cultivated land in the world are occupied by grain crops. At the same time, over two-thirds of the total world grain production occurs in a dozen countries, primarily China (480 million tons). It is followed by the United States (360 million tons) and also India (360 million tons). But the most accurate assessment of the state’s grain supply should be based on grain production per capita. The undisputed leader in this indicator is Canada (1,700 kilograms).

The entire world grain economy is based on three crops: wheat, rice and corn. It is necessary to distinguish two large wheat belts, called southern and northern. The Northern Belt includes Western countries (United States, Canada, Foreign Europe), as well as countries of the post-Soviet space, India, China, Pakistan and a number of other states. The much smaller Southern Belt includes Argentina, South Africa and Australia.

Corn is cultivated in a similar geography, but almost forty percent of the world's total harvest comes from one country, the United States. The world's rice crops are located completely differently. One tenth of its global harvest comes from Southeast and South Asia, with China, India and Indonesia particularly prominent.

Some of the largest grain exporters are the United States, Canada, Australia, France, and Argentina.

Among oilseeds, soybeans are of great importance, which mainly grows in the USA, China, Brazil, sunflowers (in the Balkans), peanuts (grown in India and West Africa), and olives (mainly in Mediterranean countries).

Among tuber crops, potatoes are in first place (mostly grown in China, the USA, and Poland). The record holders for the collection of sugar cane are Cuba, Brazil, India, sugar beets - Germany, the USA, France.

The main tonic crops are grown in India, Sri Lanka and China (tea), Brazil, Colombia, West African countries (Coffee), Ghana, Ivory Coast (cocoa).
Among fiber crops, cotton is significant.

The main suppliers of cotton are China, India, Pakistan, Latin America and Africa. Natural rubber comes from Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand.

Domestic crop production is striking in its diversity, regardless of the territorial and climatic characteristics of the area. The use of modern equipment and modernization of production make it possible to organize more efficient sowing and harvesting of natural, environmentally friendly harvests.

Crop production accounts for about half of domestic agricultural production. This industry not only provides jobs to millions of Russians, but also provides the state with an adequate level of food security. Russian farmers grow about four hundred different types of cultivated plants, which makes it possible to saturate the consumer market with all basic food products. But the state of the industry is far from ideal. There are a number of serious problems in crop production that hinder its development.

Main branches of domestic crop production

The vast territory of the country with a variety of weather and climatic zones makes it possible to engage in all branches of crop production in Russia. In particular, domestic farmers specialize in growing:

• grain crops;
• forage crops;
• industrial crops;
• vegetables;
• berries and fruits;
• colors;
• trees for timber.

Agricultural farms that belong to the grain growing segment are engaged in the cultivation of wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, millet, buckwheat, rice, etc. This is the most important branch of crop production, providing the population with basic food products (bread, pasta, cereals). A significant part of the grain is used in the production of feed for farm animals. In general, more than half of the acreage in Russia is allocated specifically to grain crops.

Feed crop production clearly demonstrates how closely the livestock and crop production sectors are interconnected. Every fifth hectare of cultivated land in our country is sown with fodder crops, without which the existence of the livestock industry would simply be impossible. In addition to forage varieties of grain crops, annual and perennial grasses, silage crops (corn, cabbage), fodder root crops (beets, carrots) and other plants are grown in Russia for livestock feed.

Some crops are grown specifically to obtain valuable technical raw materials for the light and food industries. Russian farmers allocate about 15-20% of arable land to such industrial crops. The largest areas in our country are occupied by:

• sunflower, from which edible vegetable oil is obtained;
• sugar beets, which provide the production of almost all domestic sugar;
• flax, from the fibers of which fabrics are made, and from the seeds - inedible vegetable oil.

Russia provides most of its own needs for vegetables independently. Vegetable and melon growing supplies the population with potatoes, onions, tomatoes, carrots, cucumbers, cabbage, sweet peppers, beets, eggplants, pumpkins, watermelons, etc.

Horticulture and viticulture are developed in the southern regions of the country. The largest production volumes belong to such crops as apples, pears, grapes, plums, apricots, strawberries, raspberries, and currants.

Crop farming as a branch of agriculture also includes forestry, although it is weakly associated with the agricultural sector, since it is engaged in the production of industrial raw materials rather than food. Nevertheless, this industry is of great importance for Russia, since it provides wood for the furniture and construction industries.

As for floriculture, it is the least developed segment of domestic crop production. Although we grow roses, tulips, chrysanthemums and other flowers, the overall scale of production cannot be compared with other agricultural sectors.

Geography of Russian crop production

Unlike the vast majority of other countries in the world, Russia is continental in size, which means dramatic differences in weather and climate conditions in different regions. In addition, population density and therefore the level of infrastructure development also varies greatly in different parts of the country. All this means that some regions are better suited for crop production and growing many crops, while others are less suitable and suitable for cultivating only some plants.

About 80% of farmland is located in the west of the country:

• Central Volga region,
• North Caucasus,
• Ural,
• Western Siberia.

In addition, more or less significant areas of farmland are located in the Far East in the Amur region. Thus, domestic crop production is concentrated in the most densely populated areas with a favorable climate and fertile soils.

The geographical factor greatly influenced the main branches of crop production in Russia, or rather the areas where specific crops are cultivated. For example, winter wheat - the queen of domestic agriculture - is grown mainly in the North Caucasus, in the Black Earth Region and the right bank of the Volga region. More unpretentious and hardy barley - the number two grain crop in the country - is cultivated almost everywhere, but the largest areas are allocated to it in the same regions as in the case of wheat.

Regions with harsher climates and less fertile soils, where wheat and barley do poorly, are places where oats are grown. This is mainly the Non-Black Earth Region, Forest-Steppe, Siberia and the Far East.

Industrial crops, which are very demanding on weather conditions and soil characteristics, are grown mainly in the southern regions of the country. For example, 60% of sunflowers are produced by the North Caucasus economic region, and about half of sugar beets are produced by the Black Earth Region.

Vegetables and fruits also come mainly from the southern regions: the North Caucasus, the Volga delta and the Black Earth Region.

Features of domestic crop production

The characteristics of the crop production industry would be incomplete without mentioning the main problems. At the moment, agriculture, including crop production, in Russia is significantly inferior in efficiency to the countries of Europe and North America. The reason for this is the never-completed transition of the industry from an administrative-command system to a market-based management system. Although most enterprises (those that survived in the new conditions) have largely managed to adopt many approaches to managing a crop business, Soviet (and perhaps originally Russian) methods of work still dominate. All this is superimposed on general economic problems associated with insufficient support for the industry from government institutions.

If we talk about the industry as a whole, the main problem is the low availability of bank loans for farmers. Due to the peculiarities of the production process in crop production, farms do not always have enough of their own working capital at the initial stages of the cycle, and a bank loan with a reasonable interest rate could solve this problem. But for well-known reasons, bank loans are too expensive and simply beyond the means of most households.

An alternative to bank loans could be a system of government subsidies for agricultural producers, which exists in many developed countries. But here, too, the state is in no hurry to help out its farmers. And although previously at the federal level the management of the crop production industry already had a positive practice of state support within the framework of state programs, at the moment the effect of them has been exhausted and leveled out by the macroeconomic difficulties of the last two years.

The constant shortage of working capital among enterprises gives rise to many other problems characteristic of Russia. First of all, this is a technical lag and a shortage of qualified personnel. While European and American farmers have the latest highly efficient agricultural machinery at their disposal and are constantly modernizing plant growing technologies, domestic farmers, as a rule, are forced to work on old tractors and combines, using technologies and techniques that are 30-40 years old.

Among the fundamental problems that are specific to Russia is the low level of agricultural infrastructure. The banal lack of modern granaries, processing enterprises, the poor condition of roads in rural areas - all this hinders the development of agriculture. Thus, an enterprise that could grow highly profitable or scarce agricultural crops often simply cannot do this due to the fact that there is simply no processing enterprise in the region to which these products could be sold. As a result, we have to cultivate traditional, less profitable, but more familiar plants.

Finally, crop production as a branch of agricultural production suffers greatly from a shortage of personnel. For several decades in a row, Russia has seen a constant outflow of residents from rural areas. And although this process takes place in all European countries, in our country it is also accompanied by a growing shortage of qualified personnel in the agricultural sector. All the problems listed above lead to the fact that agricultural enterprises have a rather low level of profitability, and therefore cannot provide their employees with a high level of wages. As a result, qualified personnel, primarily those with a university education, simply do not want to work for several times lower wages than they can receive in the city.

It consists of two large interrelated industries: agriculture (crop production) and livestock farming. A general idea of ​​the sectoral structure of agriculture can be obtained using indicators of the value of gross and marketable agricultural products by type. In this case, the sectoral structure of agriculture is determined by the share of the cost of individual types of agricultural products in its total value, calculated in uniform comparable prices. In the structure of world agriculture, the shares of agriculture and livestock farming are approximately equal, but livestock farming is the predominant industry in industrialized countries, and crop farming in developing countries.

The identification of sub-sectors in crop production mainly depends on the grouping of cultivated plants. Depending on the chosen basis for division, there are different approaches to such grouping. For example, depending on the purpose of production, a distinction is made between cash crops and consumer crops (used not for sale, but in agriculture itself). There is a division of food crops, industrial crops and fodder crops. However, many plants can be simultaneously used as food, feed, and technical. All this significantly complicates the classification of crop production sectors. The most common sectors in agriculture are the following:

Branches of crop production are characterized by the composition of crops; agricultural system (set of production methods); material and technical equipment; productivity and other indicators.

Features of placement of crop production (agriculture)

When locating agricultural sectors, it is necessary to take into account that 90% of the land has various natural limitations for the development of agriculture (swamps, deserts, mountains, droughts, etc.). Therefore, crop production, like agricultural production in general, is concentrated mainly in temperate and hot zones. At the same time, agricultural land, i.e. Cultivated lands and pastures occupy 4.8 billion hectares, which is about 37% of the land surface. Of these lands, 70% are pastures, i.e. lands are more associated with. Of the cultivated lands (30%) directly related to agriculture, the majority are arable lands (28%), and perennial plantations (gardens, plantations) account for only 2% of agricultural land.

Sugar crops

The most important sugar sources are sugar cane and sugar beets. Their distribution areas are completely different. About 125 million tons of sugar are produced annually in the world: 2/3 from sugar cane, and 1/3 from sugar beets.
Sugar cane is a perennial heat-loving and moisture-loving plant, cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. Its homeland is South Asia. The main producers of sugar cane are the countries of Latin America, East and South Asia, and Australia. The following countries are leaders in sugar cane production (Fig. 34 of the textbook, page 145): Brazil (340 million tons per year), India (170), Cuba (70), China (50), Mexico (40), USA (27), Pakistan (27), (25), Australia (25), Indonesia (25).

The main suppliers of raw cane sugar to the world market are Brazil, Cuba, and Australia. India, Thailand, and India also supply cane sugar. Main cargo flows:

• Brazil - USA, Foreign Europe;
• Cuba - CIS, Foreign Europe;
• Australia - Japan, SW Asia, Foreign Europe.

Sugar beet is a less heat-loving crop than sugar cane, common in temperate regions (Europe, USA, China). In terms of sugar beet collection, France and the USA are ahead (30 million tons per year). This is followed by: Germany (26), Turkey (17), Russia (15), Ukraine (13), (12), Poland (12), (8), Great Britain (8), China (8). Beet sugar is less involved in international trade. The leading supplier of beet sugar to the world market is France.

Fiber crops

The main spinning crop, which has the widest distribution among fibers, is cotton. Cotton plants require plenty of heat, sunlight and well-moistened, nutrient-rich soils. The natural conditions of the tropical and subtropical zones of the globe are most suitable for cotton. The main regions producing cotton are foreign Asia (60% cotton) and North America. Africa ranks third. The leading countries are: China (4.5 million tons per year, 1/4 of world production), USA (3.7), India (2.1), Pakistan (1.5), (1.2), Turkey ( 0.8), Australia (0.7), Brazil (0.5), Egypt (0.3). In addition, Vietnam, Mexico, Peru, etc. stand out for their large cotton harvests. Egypt is famous for the best varieties of long-staple cotton.

The main exporters of cotton are the USA, Pakistan, Egypt, Sudan, and Uzbekistan.

The distribution areas of other fiber crops are more limited.

Fiber flax is a crop of the temperate zone of broad-leaved forests, the main producers are Belarus and Russia (3/4 of world production).

Jute is a herbaceous plant (subequatorial and equatorial climates), the fibers of which are used to make coarse fabrics, ropes, ropes; production is concentrated in Asian countries. The leading producer is Bangladesh. Jute is also produced in China and India.

Sisal is a fiber produced from the leaves of the herbaceous tropical plant agave. It is grown in Brazil and African countries (Kenya, etc.).

Rubber plants

A tree of tropical rainforests, Hevea, is used on the farm for the production of natural rubber. The world's largest rubber plantations (Hevea) are located in the countries of Southeast Asia (85% of natural rubber production), especially the countries: Thailand, Indonesia,.

Stimulating (tonic) - tea, coffee, cocoa, tobacco - heat-loving and moisture-loving plants, mainly cultivated in those tropical and subtropical regions of the globe where there is a lot of rainfall.

Tea gained enormous popularity in the 17th century. Its homeland is China. And today 4/5 of the world's tea harvest comes from Asian countries. The world's largest producers and exporters of tea are India, China, Indonesia, Turkey;

The largest coffee producers are Brazil, Colombia, Mexico (the birthplace of coffee); cocoa beans - West African countries (Ivory Coast, etc.) and Brazil; tobacco - China, India, USA, Brazil.
Oilseeds occupy second place in the diet of the world's population after grains (especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America). 2/3 of the fats consumed by humanity are of plant origin.

Soybean is the most important oilseed crop, most widespread in the USA (about half of the world production and export of soybeans), China, Brazil, and Argentina.

Other oilseed crops are also of great importance - sunflower (Russia, Ukraine), olive tree (Mediterranean countries, especially Italy), oil palm (countries of Western and Equatorial Africa, Malaysia, Indonesia), peanuts (tropical countries of Asia, especially India, America, and Africa), rapeseed (Canada, India, Argentina), sesame (Asia).

Club non-production

The most common tuber crop is potato. Its homeland is South America. But currently it is most widespread in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. Leading countries: China, Russia, India, USA, Poland.

Vegetable growing is widespread throughout the world. Moreover, in terms of production volume it significantly exceeds fruit growing (600 million tons and 430 million tons, respectively). Specialized areas of vegetable growing are confined mainly to suburban areas. Almost 70% of vegetables are grown by Asian farmers.

Fruit growing is widespread only in a few places with the most favorable natural and transport conditions. Among the specialized fruit growing areas there are many areas in the tropical and subtropical zones.

40% of all fruits are harvested annually in Asia.

Viticulture has become widespread in the subtropics, especially in the Mediterranean. In terms of grape harvest, Italy, France, Spain and the USA stand out.

The world's largest citrus production areas are also located in the subtropics. Particularly prominent are the territories of North America (USA), South America (Brazil), Southern Europe (Spain, Italy), East Asia (China, Japan).

Bananas are widely distributed in tropical areas of Asia, Central and South America and Africa. The main producers are India, Brazil, the Philippines, and Mexico.

The consumer market, food and light industries create demand for many products of plant origin. To meet market needs, farmers grow various types of plant crops, from which specific products are obtained during processing: from ready-made food (fresh fruits/vegetables) to industrial raw materials (technical oils, fibers for fabrics, etc.)

Types of crop production: main branches of plant production

In addition to the initially existing demand for various types of plant-based agricultural products, the variety of directions in the industry is also explained by the high level of its dependence on climatic conditions. When determining the list of crops that will be profitable to grow, the managers of agricultural enterprises are guided not only by the needs of the market, but also by the weather conditions in the area where they have to work. Temperature conditions, amount of precipitation, level of solar radiation, soil characteristics - all this is of fundamental importance when choosing the specialization of an agricultural producer.

According to the most common classification, there are seven types of crop production:

• growing grain crops;
• vegetable growing and melon growing;
• horticulture and viticulture;
• floriculture;
• cultivation of industrial crops;
• feed production;
• forestry.

Types of crop products - the most popular goods

The very terms denoting the branches of crop production make it clear what types of plant products they specialize in.
Thus, enterprises growing grain crops supply the market with wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, millet, buckwheat, rice and other grains.
Vegetable and melon growing provides the population with a variety of vegetables, of which the most important in Russia are:

Agricultural firms engaged in horticulture and viticulture produce fruits and berries. In our country they grow in large quantities:

• apples,
• pears,
• grape,
• plums,
• apricots,
• strawberries,
• raspberries,
• currants, etc.

Industrial crops are plants that are grown for raw materials for the food and light industries. This includes some vegetables (for example, potatoes, from which starch is extracted) and grains, as well as plants that, in principle, are not eaten by either people or livestock (for example, cotton). In Russia, the main industrial crops are sunflower (sunflower oil is obtained from it), sugar beets (sugar), flax (textiles and industrial oils are made from it), and potatoes.

Feed crop production is the foundation on which the entire livestock industry is built. Almost any cultivated plant can be used to one degree or another as livestock feed. Very often, animals are fed spoiled or substandard vegetables, fruits and grains. However, some plants are grown specifically for the production of feed:

Forestry is of great importance for the economy, providing raw materials for many industries. In Russia, logging enterprises specialize mainly in pine, larch, spruce, oak and ash.

Floriculture stands apart. While other types of crop products have practical value (food, animal feed, raw materials for industry), flowers have a purely decorative function. In our country this area is relatively poorly developed. Mainly roses, tulips and chrysanthemums are grown on an industrial scale.

Grain crops are the backbone of Russian crop production

For most countries of the world, including Russia, the most important area of ​​crop production is the cultivation of grain crops. This industry produces the most important food products that form the basis of the modern human diet and also play a key role in the production of feed for farm animals.
Russian farmers specialize in growing the following grain crops:

The most important are wheat, rice, rye and barley. The grain of these plants, almost without exception, is present in one form or another in any meal of a modern Russian. It is also a major product used in the production of animal feed and a strategic raw material for several industries.

The queen of modern crop production - wheat - has been known since the times of Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. It is believed that this crop originates from the steppes of the “Fertile Crescent” (the modern Middle East), but today it is cultivated in almost all countries of the world, which was made possible by the development of many different varieties adapted to any climatic conditions. However, the main producers of wheat are the countries of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere: the USA, Canada, Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, China. In the Southern Hemisphere, Argentina and Australia produce the most wheat.

Rice is the second most important grain crop (after wheat) in the world. At the same time, in some regions of the planet (South-East Asia, tropical countries of Africa and Latin America), rice is the first grain crop in terms of crop area and harvest volume, which forms the basis of the people's diet. It is not only used in its usual form (like porridge), but also flour is made from it, starch is extracted, alcohol is boiled, and waste from rice processing is used to feed livestock.

According to the most common version, rice was first grown in the central and southern regions of modern China about three thousand years ago. Despite the work of breeders, this crop still remains very demanding on weather and climatic conditions: it needs a hot and humid climate. In this regard, about 90% of world rice production occurs in its historical homeland - Southeast Asia. The world's largest rice producers are China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Japan and Brazil. Rice is also grown in relatively small quantities in Russia - in the southern regions, where the climate is most suitable for it.

• Indonesia (palm oil),
• Malaysia (palm oil),
• Argentina (sunflower oil),
• Ukraine (sunflower oil),
• USA (soybean oil),
• India (peanut and sunflower oil),
• China (cottonseed and rapeseed oil).

Fiber is obtained from spinning crops and is used as raw material for the textile industry. On a global scale, the most widely used crops are cotton, fiber flax, jute and hemp. Russian farmers grow mainly flax and, in much smaller quantities, cotton. Cotton production is mainly dominated by countries in Asia, America and Africa. Approximately 75% of flax is produced by Russia and Belarus, the main producer of jute is Bangladesh.

Crop growing is one of the most important branches of agriculture. Crop products are the basis for providing the livestock industry with feed and the world's population with food. Also, crop products are used in many industries as raw materials of plant origin, such as food, textile, pharmaceutical, fuel and others. Recently, there has been increasing interest in biodiesel fuel, which is based on oilseeds. To successfully and efficiently grow cultivated plants, a modern farmer and agronomist must have knowledge not only in the field of crop production, but also in agrochemistry, including fertilizers and plant protection; selection and seed production; land reclamation and agriculture; and also understand the economics of the industry as a whole.

Sections of crop production