Food industry of Russia. Industry characteristics of the food industry

The concept of food industry refers to the production of food, semi-finished products, soap and other products. The food industry is interconnected with agriculture, they supply raw materials and trade for the sale of finished products.

The food industry is divided into several large groups. Among them are such industries as:

Dairy – produces milk and fermented milk products. This includes the production of fats and many technical and perfumery components for use in various fields.
Meat - engaged in the processing of livestock. They produce meat and meat products, animal feed and various components for the manufacture of medicines.
Fishing – production of fish and seafood through conventional fishing or breeding.
Salt industry - engaged in the extraction of salt using various methods.
Bakery - processing of wheat crops for the production of bakery products.

There are several other industries - baking, canning, winemaking, tobacco and others.

The importance of the food industry combined with agriculture is as follows:

Extraction of important minerals that the average person cannot find.
Breeding animals and fish, which allows not to reduce their population in nature.
Growing crops and vegetables in compliance with the necessary requirements.
Processing of food products for subsequent safe consumption.
Production of various products for semi-finished and ready-to-eat foods.

Each person can independently obtain food for themselves. But the world has long moved on from antiquity, when fire was made with a stone, and animals were caught with a stick. Without Food Industry Only people from deep villages get by. They raise animals, bake their own bread and make sour cream. It is more convenient for a city resident to purchase the necessary products already prepared.
Food industry It produces not only food products, but also various threads, wool, etc. In a word, everything that can be made using animals and plant products.
The food industry helps to purchase high-quality and proven products. Everything is tested for quality and safety before being released into retail. This is reflected in special documents and certificates. A mark is placed on meat products, which means that the animal did not suffer from diseases that could cause harm to humans.

Structure of the food industry

The food industry is one of the oldest industries. It includes all enterprises responsible for the processing of agricultural products and food production.

The food industry includes more than twenty smaller industries, consisting of several sub-sectors. The meat and dairy industry includes the meat industry, sausage production, dairy, butter and cheese industries, production of canned meat and milk.

The sugar, baking, confectionery, oil and fat, pasta, yeast, starch, salt, alcohol, wine, alcoholic beverage and brewing industries are united into the food and flavoring industry. This also includes the production of canned fruits and vegetables and food concentrates.

Principles for locating food industry enterprises

The peculiarity of the food industry is that, on the one hand, the proximity of the raw material base (perishable raw materials) must be taken into account, and on the other hand, the proximity of the consumer (products have a limited shelf life). In addition, the entire population, regardless of place of residence or occupation, needs food.

Therefore, the food industry is distributed more or less evenly, according to the distribution of the population. The larger the settlement, the more food industry enterprises will be developed in it.

The fishing industry occupies a special place. Its enterprises are located in port cities of the sea coast and on major rivers of Russia. In addition, part of the production is located on modern factory ships as part of fishing fleets in the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic oceans. They process raw materials (fish) and produce products (canned fish) on site.

Geography of the Russian food industry

Sugar production focuses on sugar beet crops and is located in the Central Black Earth region, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the south of the Central region, the south of Siberia and the Far East. In the south of these same regions it develops oilseed processing – sunflower, mustard, flax, hemp.

Meat processing plants are located in almost all major cities of the country. Large sausage production facilities are located in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Saratov, Orel, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Omsk, Barnaul, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, and Ulan-Ude. Butter and milk The Volga-Vyatka region, the Urals and the North Caucasus are famous for their products.

Flour milling and baking industry developed in all regions of the country. But a significant part of the production comes from areas specializing in wheat cultivation - Kuban, Stavropol, Rostov region, Volga region, Central Chernozem region, Altai region. Recently, the network of mini-bakeries has been expanding. This brings production closer to the consumer and improves the quality of service to the country's population. Pasta production developed in large regional centers. There are also located confectionery enterprises . Large factories candy production are located in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Volgograd, Astrakhan, Orenburg, Krasnoyarsk.

In the southern regions of the country, on the basis of gardening, it is developing fruit and vegetable canning industry, wine production .

Importance of the food industry

The food industry is designed to satisfy the population's needs for high-quality food products. It promotes the processing of agricultural products, their preservation (preservation), ensuring the supply of important substances to the diet - vitamins, fats, microelements. Recently, food industry enterprises have been located further and further north, focusing not only on the consumer, but also on new raw material bases - greenhouse production of agricultural products. With the development of chemicalization in the food industry, the shelf life of products is increasing and the quality of their processing is improving. But today the main task of the industry is to maximize the preservation of all useful components in food products and to produce environmentally friendly food products.

The purpose of the food industry is to satisfy the basic needs of the population for essential food products. Developed in the Republic of Kazakhstan: meat, flour, cereal, sugar, fish, confectionery, wine, etc. Food products make up 90% of the country's food reserves. Light industry produces consumer goods. This is the most dynamic branch of the industry, the distinctive feature of which is the demand for labor with professional qualifications. skills, artistic culture and taste. Main industries: textile, clothing, knitwear, leather and footwear.

The food industry is equipped with modern equipment and has fairly high technology. Processing of agricultural raw materials into shelf-stable products, large refrigerator capacities of food enterprises ensure a constant uniform supply of food to the market. Industrial waste is used both in agriculture and in other industries.

Raw materials sources and consumers are the main factors influencing the location of the food industry. According to the degree of influence of these factors, production is divided into three industries located: close to sources (sugar, alcohol, oil, etc.); to areas of consumption (baking, brewing, dairy, pasta, confectionery, etc.); close to sources of raw materials and consumers (meat, flour-grinding, wine-making, etc.).

Light industry facilities are unevenly located. This is due to the principles of placement of their structures. Raw materials industries that are directly part of the agro-industrial complex (cotton gins, wool cleaning and processing factories) are concentrated in areas where there are agricultural raw materials bases. Textile, leather, fur and other enterprises are located in cities where there are qualified workers. personnel and main consumers.

Sugar factories in beet-growing regions - Almaty, Zhambyl and South Kazakhstan. Production of sunflower oil (Ust-Kamenogorsk) and cottonseed oil (Shymkent). Fruit and vegetable industry is located in the south, primarily in the Almaty region. Fish The industry is tied to large bodies of water. Almost ½ of its products are produced by a plant in the village. Balykshi (near Atyrau).

Meat industry– the largest food industry, accounting for ¼ of the total volume of food products. In 2011, per capita consumption of meat and meat products in the Republic of Kazakhstan amounted to 50.3 kg. Main regions: North Kazakhstan region, South Kazakhstan region and East Kazakhstan region. Semeysky Meat Processing Plant is the largest center (100 types of semi-finished products and finished products).

Flour and cereal: consumption was 120 kg per capita. Widely represented in Northern, Southern and Eastern Kazakhstan. Large flour mills: Akmola, Zhambyl, Kapshagai, Kostanay.

Milk production amounted to 4649 million tons (2011), concentrated in all regions. Large dairies: Almaty, Karaganda, Kostanay, Pavlodar, Shymkkent. Butter and cheese factories in Northern, Central and Southern Kazakhstan, where cattle are bred.

Textile industry: the volume of GDP is 10%, the share in the economy is 0.4%. Raw materials: cotton and wool. Cotton gin plants: Shymkent, Slavyansk, Maktaaral, Turkestan (SKO)\ Wool washing factories in Semey and Taraz. JSC "Utex" (SKO) produces raw cotton and cotton threads.

Cotton industry: produces cotton fabrics (chintz, calico, pile, gauze, linen, suiting, decorative lining fabrics. Large cotton mill in Shymkent.

Wool industry: fabrics are the most expensive products; these are wool-blend, wool-blend, fine-wool, and coarse-wool types of wool. Combines: Kargalinsky (Almaty region) and Kostanay.

Leather industry: based on the tanning of leather. Factories in Uralsk, Kyzylorda, Taraz and Kostanay.

Footwear industry: at sources of raw materials. The main enterprises are in Almaty, Semey, Taraz, Karaganda, Kyzylorda, Kostanay, Taldykorgan. Types of shoes: leather, textile, rubber and plastic.

Production of porcelain and earthenware products in Astana and Kapshagai (Almaty region).

Labor resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Social and professional structure.

Labor resources are the part of the country’s population that has the necessary physical development, knowledge and practical experience to work in the national economy. The labor resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan amount to over 9 million people (59%). Working age: men 16-63 years, women 16-58 years.

Most of the labor force works in the economy (employed population) or is looking for work (unemployed). Employed and unemployed people make up the economically active population (EAP). A minority of the labor force consists of the economically inactive population (for example: students). About 5% of EANs are unemployed.

A characteristic feature of the labor market in Kazakhstan in the 90s was a decrease in employment of the population and demand for labor. Unstable work and production downtime of enterprises and organizations caused a process of job reduction and, as a consequence, a decrease in employers' demand for jobs. Since the beginning of the economic recovery in the 2000s, the situation on the labor market has begun to improve.

The situation in the labor market remains tense for the least socially protected segments of the population - women, youth and people of pre-retirement age. In terms of age composition, the labor market is represented mainly by middle-aged people from 30 to 50 years old - they made up more than half of those who applied to the employment service, and young people (16-29 years old) - more than one third. Of all those who applied, every second was a woman.

One of the advantages of Kazakhstan is the good level of education of the working population.

Professional structure shows the distribution of the employed population by type of activity - industries and their groups - sectors of the economy. The primary sector includes agriculture, the secondary sector includes industry and construction, and the tertiary sector includes the service sector (trade, transport, education and other industries.

The structure of employment of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan: agriculture - 28%, industry - 11%, education - 15%, transport and communications - 11%, construction - 8%, healthcare - 8%, trade and public catering - 5% and in other industries 14%.

Folded by Prof. the structure does not meet the goals of modernization of Kazakhstan. Modernization is the powerful development of advanced industry, many forms of services for the economy and the population. Therefore, the main shift in the professional structure of the population will be the “flow” of labor from the primary sector of the economy to the secondary and tertiary.

Social structure: distinguish classes - groups of people differing in their position in society. It can be represented in the shape of a pyramid. At the base - the Sami are a large class - wage-earners(workers and employees) - 68% (5810 thousand people). They do not own factories, factories (means of production). Their income is wages received from an entrepreneur or the state. The middle part of the pyramid is small owners(cooperators, independent workers) – 30% (2510 thousand). Crowning the pyramid entrepreneurs(employers who own the means of production that generate income - 2% (180 thousand people). To generate income, entrepreneurs use hired labor.

With another approach - according to income level - three classes are also distinguished: rich, poor, middle. The middle class includes those who have achieved a high standard of living. The source of their well-being is personal labor and professional qualities.