Preparation for FVD. Spirometry (spirography): what it is, indications and contraindications, interpretation of the results of respiratory function (pulmonary function)

Various methods are used to diagnose the bronchopulmonary system. One of the most informative tests is the assessment of external respiratory function (RPF). FVD includes: spirometry, body plethysmography, diffusion test, stress tests, bronchodilator test. Sounds a little scary, right? But in fact, all these tests are completely painless and safe. Lung disease can make some lung tests a little tedious or cause slight dizziness, coughing, or rapid heartbeat. These symptoms pass quickly, and a pulmonologist is constantly nearby and monitors the patient’s condition.

Let's take a closer look at the function of external respiration. Why is each test needed? How is a lung examination performed, how to prepare for it and where to get a lung examination?

2. Types of pulmonary tests

Spirometry

Spirometry is the most common lung examination. Spirometry shows whether the patient has bronchial obstruction (bronchospasm) and evaluates how air circulates in the lungs.

During spirometry, your doctor may check, for example:

What is the maximum amount of air you can exhale after a deep breath; how quickly you can exhale; what is the maximum amount of air you can inhale and exhale within a minute; how much air remains in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation.

How is spirometry performed? You will have to breathe through a special mouthpiece and follow the instructions of your pulmonologist. The doctor may ask you to inhale as deeply as possible and then exhale as completely as possible. Or you will have to inhale and exhale as often and deeply as possible for a certain time. All results are recorded by the device, and then they can be printed in the form of a spirogram.

Diffusion test

A diffusion test is performed to evaluate how well oxygen from the inhaled air penetrates into the blood. A decrease in this indicator may be a sign of lung disease (and in a rather advanced form) or other problems, for example, pulmonary embolism.

Bodyplethysmography

Body plethysmography is a functional test that is somewhat similar to spirometry, but body plethysmography is more informative. Body plethysmography allows you to determine not only bronchial patency (bronchospasm) as with spirometry, but also to evaluate lung volumes and air traps (due to increased residual volume), which may indicate the presence of pulmonary emphysema.

How is body plethysmography performed? During body plethysmography, you will be inside a sealed plethysmograph cabin, somewhat reminiscent of a telephone booth. And just like with spirometry, you will have to breathe into a mouthpiece tube. In addition to measuring respiratory functions, the device monitors and records the pressure and volume of air in the cabin.

Lung test with bronchodilator

A bronchodilator test is done to find out whether the bronchospasm is reversible, i.e. Is it possible to relieve the spasm and help in case of an attack with the help of medications that affect the smooth muscles of the bronchi.

Lung stress tests

A lung stress test means your doctor will check how well your lungs function after exercise. For example, spirometry at rest and then spirometry after performing several physical exercises would be indicative. Among other things, stress tests help diagnose exercise asthma, which often manifests itself in the form of a cough after exercise. Exercise asthma is an occupational disease of many athletes.

Lung provocative test

A lung provocative test with methacholine is a way to accurately diagnose bronchial asthma in the case when all the signs of asthma are present (history of asthma attacks, allergies, wheezing), and the test with a bronchodilator is negative. For a provocative test of the lungs, inhalation is performed with a gradually increasing concentration of a methacholine solution, which artificially causes the manifestation of clinical symptoms of bronchial asthma - difficulty breathing, wheezing, or affects lung function (decrease in forced expiratory volume).

3. Preparation for examination of pulmonary function (PRF)

There is no need to prepare specially for a pulmonary examination (PPE). But in order not to harm your own health, you must tell your doctor if you have recently had chest pain or a heart attack, if you have had surgery on your eyes, chest or abdominal area, or if you have had a pneumothorax. You should also tell your doctor about drug allergies and bronchial asthma.

Before examining the lungs and bronchi, you should avoid eating heavy foods, since a full stomach can make it difficult for the lungs to fully expand. 6 hours before the examination of the lungs and bronchi, you should not smoke or exercise. Also, avoid drinking coffee and other caffeinated drinks as they can cause the airways to relax, allowing more air to pass through the lungs than in their normal physiological state. Also, on the eve of the examination, you should not take bronchodilator medications.

Depending on the program, examination of the lungs and bronchi can take from 5 to 30 minutes. The accuracy and effectiveness of the external respiration function largely depends on how correctly you follow the instructions of the pulmonologist.

All studies of external respiration function existing in the world can be done here at IntegraMedservice quickly and professionally.

If you need an assessment or examination of respiratory function - spirography, body plethysmography, assessment of the diffusion capacity of the lungs, feel free to contact us
If you need spirography for a planned operation, we will quickly do it and give a detailed conclusion.
Need spirometry at home? Nothing could be easier! We conduct spirometry at home, both as a separate study and as part of a consultation with a pulmonologist at home
We perform spirography for children
if necessary, we can immediately give .

Spirometric study

Spirography is an informative, non-invasive, painless study of pulmonary function. Using this method, it is possible to determine whether there are changes in the speed of air passage through the bronchi, the nature of this disorder, how the air passes through the bronchi and the forced vital capacity of the lungs.

Why is Spirometry and spirography needed?

allows you to accurately diagnose broncho-obstructive pulmonary diseases: with bronchial obstruction, bronchiolitis.
suspect restrictive lung diseases.
Spirometry is often necessary for anesthesiologists before elective surgery under general anesthesia.
Spirometry is performed for both children and adult patients. For children, it is carried out provided that the child complies with the commands of the doctor conducting the study.

How is spirometry performed?

When performing spirometry in our medical center

The pulmonologist will ask you to make three attempts to maximally inhale and exhale into a special device (spirograph) through a disposable mouthpiece-tube.
all obtained results are stored and processed by the device.
Having received the result, the doctor immediately gives a written conclusion.
Especially for children, when conducting physical exercise, we use an animation program built into the computer. It’s easier and more fun for a child to go through a boring, but necessary, doctor’s visit.

Spirometry with a bronchodilator (bronchodilator)

This is carrying out the above-described spirometry after inhaling, using a certain maneuver, a bronchodilator drug (ventolin, salbutamol, berodual). According to all the rules, it must be carried out, since hidden bronchospasm can be missed. In addition, the test allows you to determine whether bronchodilators can help you, and which ones.

The total duration of full spirometry with a bronchodilator takes 20 minutes.

Bronchoprovocation test with methacholine

This is a study of physical activity with inhalation of the drug methacholine. This type of spirometry allows us to identify hyperreactivity and readiness for bronchospasm in patients with a controversial diagnosis of bronchial asthma, the “cough” version of bronchial asthma and physical exertion asthma. In other words, it allows you to detect any bronchial asthma. In these conditions, routine spirometry is normal, but the bronchodilator test is negative. And only an expert test with methacholine can correctly diagnose whether you have asthma or not.

Rules for preparing for the study of respiratory function: spirometry, body plethysmography

Breath tests are not recommended if:
pain in the heart, angina pectoris
after eye, chest or abdominal surgery
recent pneumothorax
with individual sensitivity to drugs

Some tips:

do not take bronchodilators (discuss the period of non-use with your pulmonologist)
do not overeat - a full stomach will interfere with the correct maneuvers
do not smoke or exercise at least 6-8 hours before the test

Do you want to do spirography of external respiration function?
Why do we make FVD better?
Where should you do: spirometry, body plethysmography, methacholine test?

IntegraMedservice medical center has a license for functional diagnostics and pulmonology
in the pulmonology department of our medical center we will carry out all the necessary breathing tests at the highest professional level
We employ pulmonologists and specialists in the study of external respiration function only from the Research Institute of Pulmonology
we know how to work with children
we can perform spirometry at home
you immediately get the result and, if you want, a consultation with a pulmonologist
the opinions of our specialists are authoritative in medical circles

In the instrumental diagnosis of pulmonary diseases, the function of external respiration is often examined. Such an examination includes methods such as:

spirography;
pneumotachometry;
peak flowmetry.

In a narrower sense, the study of physical function is understood as the first two methods, carried out simultaneously using an electronic device - a spirograph.

In our article we will talk about indications, preparation for the listed studies, and interpretation of the results obtained. This will help patients with respiratory diseases understand the need for a particular diagnostic procedure and better understand the data obtained.

A little about our breathing

Respiration is a vital process as a result of which the body receives oxygen from the air, necessary for life, and releases carbon dioxide, which is formed during metabolism. Breathing has the following stages: external (with the participation), transfer of gases by red blood cells and tissue, that is, the exchange of gases between red blood cells and tissues.

Gas transfer is studied using pulse oximetry and blood gas analysis. We will also talk a little about these methods in our topic.

The study of the ventilation function of the lungs is available and is carried out almost everywhere for diseases of the respiratory system. It is based on measuring lung volumes and air flow rates during breathing.

Tidal volumes and capacities

Vital capacity (VC) is the largest volume of air exhaled after the deepest inhalation. In practice, this volume shows how much air can “fit” into the lungs during deep breathing and participate in gas exchange. When this indicator decreases, they speak of restrictive disorders, that is, a decrease in the respiratory surface of the alveoli.

Functional vital capacity (FVC) is measured like vital capacity, but only during rapid exhalation. Its value is less than vital capacity due to the collapse of part of the airways at the end of a rapid exhalation, as a result of which a certain volume of air remains “unexhaled” in the alveoli. If FVC is greater than or equal to VC, the test is considered as incorrectly performed. If FVC is less than VC by 1 liter or more, this indicates a pathology of small bronchi that collapse too early, preventing air from leaving the lungs.

While performing the rapid exhalation maneuver, another very important parameter is determined - forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). It decreases with obstructive disorders, that is, with obstacles to the exit of air in the bronchial tree, in particular with severe. FEV1 is compared with the proper value or its ratio to vital capacity (Tiffenau index) is used.

A decrease in the Tiffno index of less than 70% indicates pronounced.

The indicator of minute ventilation of the lungs (MVL) is determined - the amount of air passed through the lungs during the fastest and deepest breathing per minute. Normally it is 150 liters or more.

Pulmonary function test

It is used to determine lung volumes and velocities. Additionally, functional tests are often prescribed to record changes in these indicators after the action of any factor.

Indications and contraindications

The study of respiratory function is carried out for any diseases of the bronchi and lungs, accompanied by impaired bronchial obstruction and/or a decrease in the respiratory surface:

Chronical bronchitis;
and others.

The study is contraindicated in the following cases:

children under 4–5 years of age who cannot correctly follow the nurse’s commands;
acute infectious diseases and fever;
severe angina pectoris, acute period of myocardial infarction;
high blood pressure, recent stroke;
congestive heart failure, accompanied by shortness of breath at rest and with slight exertion;
mental disorders that do not allow you to correctly follow instructions.

External respiration function: how the study is carried out

The procedure is carried out in a functional diagnostics room, in a sitting position, preferably in the morning on an empty stomach or no earlier than 1.5 hours after a meal. As prescribed by the doctor, the following medications that the patient is constantly taking can be discontinued: short-acting beta2-agonists - 6 hours, long-acting beta-2 agonists - 12 hours, long-acting theophyllines - one day before the examination.

Pulmonary function test

The patient's nose is closed with a special clip so that breathing is carried out only through the mouth, using a disposable or sterilizable mouthpiece (mouthpiece). The subject breathes calmly for some time, without focusing on the breathing process.

Then the patient is asked to take a calm maximum inhalation and the same calm maximum exhalation. This is how vital capacity is assessed. To assess FVC and FEV1, the patient takes a calm, deep breath and exhales all the air as quickly as possible. These indicators are recorded three times at short intervals.

At the end of the study, a rather tedious registration of MVL is carried out, when the patient breathes as deeply and quickly as possible for 10 seconds. During this time, you may feel slightly dizzy. It is not dangerous and goes away quickly after stopping the test.

Many patients are prescribed functional tests. The most common of them:

test with salbutamol;
exercise test.

Less often a test with methacholine is prescribed.

When conducting a test with salbutamol, after recording the initial spirogram, the patient is asked to inhale salbutamol, a short-acting beta2 agonist that dilates spasmodic bronchi. After 15 minutes, the study is repeated. You can also use inhalation of the M-anticholinergic ipratropium bromide, in which case the test is repeated after 30 minutes. Administration can be carried out not only using a metered dose aerosol inhaler, but in some cases using a spacer or.

A test is considered positive when the FEV1 indicator increases by 12% or more while simultaneously increasing its absolute value by 200 ml or more. This means that the initially identified bronchial obstruction, manifested by a decrease in FEV1, is reversible, and after inhalation of salbutamol, bronchial patency improves. This is observed at .

If, with an initially reduced FEV1 value, the test is negative, this indicates irreversible bronchial obstruction, when the bronchi do not respond to drugs that dilate them. This situation is observed in chronic bronchitis and is not typical for asthma.

If, after inhalation of salbutamol, the FEV1 indicator decreases, this is a paradoxical reaction associated with bronchospasm in response to inhalation.

Finally, if the test is positive against the background of an initial normal FEV1 value, this indicates bronchial hyperreactivity or hidden bronchial obstruction.

When conducting a load test, the patient performs an exercise on a bicycle ergometer or treadmill for 6–8 minutes, after which a repeat test is performed. When FEV1 decreases by 10% or more, they speak of a positive test, which indicates exercise asthma.

To diagnose bronchial asthma in pulmonology hospitals, a provocative test with histamine or methacholine is also used. These substances cause spasm of the altered bronchi in a sick person. After inhalation of methacholine, repeated measurements are taken. A decrease in FEV1 by 20% or more indicates bronchial hyperresponsiveness and the possibility of bronchial asthma.

How are the results interpreted?

Basically, in practice, the doctor of functional diagnostics focuses on 2 indicators - vital capacity and FEV1. Most often they are assessed according to the table proposed by R. F. Clement et al. Here is a general table for men and women, which shows percentages of the norm:

For example, with a vital capacity of 55% and an FEV1 of 90%, the doctor will conclude that there is a significant decrease in the vital capacity of the lungs with normal bronchial patency. This condition is typical for restrictive disorders in pneumonia and alveolitis. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, on the contrary, vital capacity may be, for example, 70% (slight decrease), and FEV1 – 47% (sharply decreased), while the test with salbutamol will be negative.

We have already discussed the interpretation of tests with bronchodilators, exercise and methacholine above.

Pulmonary function: another way to assess

Another method of assessing external respiration function is also used. With this method, the doctor focuses on 2 indicators - forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1. FVC is determined after a deep breath with a sharp full exhalation, lasting as long as possible. In a healthy person, both of these indicators are more than 80% of normal.

If FVC is more than 80% of normal, FEV1 is less than 80% of normal, and their ratio (Genzlar index, not Tiffno index!) is less than 70%, they speak of obstructive disorders. They are associated primarily with impaired bronchial patency and the exhalation process.

If both indicators are less than 80% of the norm, and their ratio is more than 70%, this is a sign of restrictive disorders - lesions of the lung tissue itself that prevent full inspiration.

If the values of FVC and FEV1 are less than 80% of normal, and their ratio is less than 70%, these are combined disorders.

To assess the reversibility of obstruction, look at the FEV1/FVC value after inhalation of salbutamol. If it remains less than 70%, the obstruction is irreversible. This is a sign of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Asthma is characterized by reversible bronchial obstruction.

If irreversible obstruction is identified, its severity must be assessed. For this purpose, FEV1 is assessed after inhalation of salbutamol. When its value is more than 80% of the norm, we speak of mild obstruction, 50–79% – moderate, 30–49% – severe, less than 30% of the norm – severe.

Pulmonary function testing is especially important to determine the severity of bronchial asthma before treatment. In the future, for self-monitoring, patients with asthma should perform peak flow measurements twice a day.

This is a research method that helps determine the degree of narrowing (obstruction) of the airways. Peak flowmetry is carried out using a small device - a peak flow meter, equipped with a scale and a mouthpiece for exhaled air. Peak flowmetry is most widely used for.

How is peak flowmetry performed?

Each patient with asthma should perform peak flow measurements twice a day and record the results in a diary, as well as determine the average values for the week. In addition, he must know his best result. A decrease in average indicators indicates a deterioration in control over the course of the disease and the onset of an exacerbation. In this case, you need to consult a doctor or increase it if the pulmonologist explained in advance how to do this.

Daily peak flow chart

Peak flowmetry shows the maximum velocity achieved during expiration, which correlates well with the degree of bronchial obstruction. It is carried out in a sitting position. First, the patient breathes calmly, then takes a deep breath, takes the mouthpiece of the device into his lips, holds the peak flow meter parallel to the floor surface and exhales as quickly and intensely as possible.

The process is repeated after 2 minutes, then again after 2 minutes. The best of the three indicators is recorded in the diary. Measurements are taken after waking up and before going to bed, at the same time. During the period of selection of therapy or if the condition worsens, additional measurements can be taken during the daytime.

How to interpret the data

Normal values for this method are determined individually for each patient. At the beginning of regular use, subject to remission of the disease, the best indicator of peak expiratory flow (PEF) for 3 weeks is found. For example, it is equal to 400 l/s. Multiplying this number by 0.8, we obtain the minimum limit of normal values for a given patient - 320 l/min. Anything above this number is in the “green zone” and indicates good asthma control.

Now we multiply 400 l/s by 0.5 and get 200 l/s. This is the upper limit of the “red zone” - a dangerous decrease in bronchial patency, when urgent medical attention is needed. PEF values between 200 l/s and 320 l/s are within the “yellow zone” when therapy adjustment is necessary.

It is convenient to plot these values on a self-monitoring graph. This will give you a good idea of how well your asthma is controlled. This will allow you to consult a doctor in time if your condition worsens, and with long-term good control it will allow you to gradually reduce the dosage of the medications you receive (also only as prescribed by a pulmonologist).

Pulse oximetry helps determine how much oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in arterial blood. Normally, hemoglobin captures up to 4 molecules of this gas, while the saturation of arterial blood with oxygen (saturation) is 100%. As the amount of oxygen in the blood decreases, saturation decreases.

To determine this indicator, small devices are used - pulse oximeters. They look like a kind of “clothespin” that is put on your finger. Portable devices of this type are available for sale; any patient suffering from chronic pulmonary diseases can purchase them to monitor their condition. Pulse oximeters are also widely used by doctors.

When is pulse oximetry performed in a hospital:

during oxygen therapy to monitor its effectiveness;
in intensive care units at;
after severe surgical interventions;
if suspected - periodic cessation of breathing during sleep.

When can you use a pulse oximeter yourself:

during an exacerbation of asthma or other pulmonary disease, to assess the severity of your condition;
if sleep apnea is suspected - if the patient snores, has obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension or decreased thyroid function - hypothyroidism.

The oxygen saturation rate of arterial blood is 95–98%. If this indicator, measured at home, decreases, you should consult a doctor.

Blood gas study

This study is carried out in a laboratory and examines the patient's arterial blood. It determines the content of oxygen, carbon dioxide, saturation, and the concentration of some other ions. The study is carried out in severe respiratory failure, oxygen therapy and other emergency conditions, mainly in hospitals, primarily in intensive care units.

Blood is taken from the radial, brachial or femoral artery, then the puncture site is pressed with a cotton ball for several minutes; when puncturing a large artery, a pressure bandage is applied to avoid bleeding. Monitor the patient’s condition after puncture; it is especially important to notice swelling and discoloration of the limb in time; The patient should inform the medical staff if he experiences numbness, tingling or other discomfort in a limb.

Normal blood gas values:

A decrease in PO 2, O 2 ST, SaO 2, that is, oxygen content, in combination with an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide can indicate the following conditions:

weakness of the respiratory muscles;
depression of the respiratory center in brain diseases and poisoning;
airway obstruction;
bronchial asthma;
pneumonia;

A decrease in these same indicators, but with normal carbon dioxide content, occurs in the following conditions:

interstitial fibrosis of the lungs.

A decrease in O2ST at normal oxygen pressure and saturation is characteristic of severe anemia and a decrease in circulating blood volume.

Thus, we see that both the conduct of this study and the interpretation of the results are quite complex. An analysis of the blood gas composition is necessary to make a decision on serious medical procedures, in particular, artificial ventilation. Therefore, doing it on an outpatient basis does not make sense.

To learn how to study the function of external respiration, watch the video:

FVD study is a simple and informative way to assess the activity of the respiratory system. If a person suspects a disorder, the doctor suggests that he undergo functional diagnostics.

What is FVD? In what cases is it done to an adult and a child?

FVD is a set of studies that determine the ventilation capacity of the lungs. This concept includes the total, residual volume of air in the lungs, the speed of air movement in different sections. The obtained values are compared with the statistical average, and based on this, conclusions are drawn about the patient’s health status.

The examination is carried out to obtain average statistical data on the health of the population in the region, to monitor the effectiveness of therapy, dynamic monitoring of the patient’s condition and the progression of pathology.

The patient can find out what it is when a number of complaints appear:

attacks of suffocation;
chronic cough;
frequent incidence of respiratory diseases;
if shortness of breath appears, but cardiovascular pathologies are excluded;
cyanosis of the nasolabial triangle;
when foul-smelling sputum with pus or other inclusions appears;
if there are laboratory signs of excess carbon dioxide in the blood;
the appearance of chest pain.

The procedure is prescribed without complaints for chronic smokers and athletes. The first category becomes prone to diseases of the respiratory system. The second resorts to spirometry to assess how much reserve the system has. Thanks to this, the maximum possible load is determined.

Before surgery, respiratory function and evaluation of the results helps to get an idea of the localization of the pathological process and the degree of respiratory failure.

If a patient is examined for disability, one of the stages is an examination of the respiratory system.

What disorders of the respiratory system and lungs does the examination show?

Impaired respiratory function occurs due to inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectious lesions of the lungs. These include:

COPD and asthma, confirmed and suspected;
bronchitis, pneumonia;
silicosis, asbestosis;
fibrosis;
bronchiectasis;
alveolitis

Features of the FVD method in a child

To test the functioning of the respiratory system, the respiratory function test system includes several types of samples. During the study, the patient must perform several actions. A child under 4-5 years old cannot fully fulfill all the requirements, so FVD is prescribed after this age. The child is explained what he must do, using a playful form of work. When deciphering the results, you may encounter unreliable data. This will falsely declare pulmonary or upper system dysfunction.

Conducting research in children differs from adults, since the anatomical structure of the respiratory system in the pediatric population has its own characteristics.

The initial establishment of contact with the child comes to the fore. Among the methods, you should choose options that are closest to physiological breathing and do not require significant effort from the child.

How to properly prepare for the procedure: algorithm of action

If you need to prepare to examine the external nature of breathing, you do not need to perform complex actions:

exclude alcoholic drinks, strong tea and coffee;
a few days before the procedure, limit the number of cigarettes;
eat a maximum of 2 hours before spirometry;
avoid active physical activity;
Wear loose clothing during the procedure.

If the patient has bronchial asthma, then compliance with the requirements of medical personnel may lead to an attack. Therefore, preparation can also be considered a warning about a possible deterioration in health. He should have a pocket emergency inhaler with him.

Is it possible to eat food before the test?

Although the digestive system is not directly connected to the respiratory organs, overeating before an FVD test can cause the stomach to compress the lungs. Digestion of food and its movement through the esophagus reflexively affects breathing, speeding it up. Taking these factors into account, there is no need to abstain from food for 6-8 hours, but you should not eat just before the examination. The optimal time is 2 hours before the procedure.

How to breathe correctly when doing FVD?

In order for the results of an examination of the function of the respiratory system to be reliable, it is necessary to bring it back to normal. The patient is placed on the couch, where he lies for 15 minutes. Methods for studying respiratory function include spirography, pneumotachography, body plethysmography, and peak flowmetry. The use of only one of the methods does not allow us to fully assess the condition of the respiratory system. FVD is a set of measures. But most often the first examination methods from the list are prescribed.

A person's breathing during the procedure depends on the type of examination. During spirometry, the lung capacity is measured by requiring a person to take a normal breath and exhale into the device, as during normal breathing.

Pneumotachography measures the velocity of air through the respiratory tract at rest and after exercise. To determine the vital capacity of the lungs, you need to take as deep a breath as possible. The difference between this indicator and lung volume is reserve capacity.

What sensations does the patient experience during the examination?

Due to the fact that during diagnosis the patient is required to use all the reserves of the respiratory tract, slight dizziness may occur. Otherwise, the examination does not cause discomfort.

Diagnosis of the respiratory system using spirography and spirometry

When performing spirometry, the patient sits with his hands on a special place (armrests). The result is recorded using a special device. A hose is attached to the body, with a disposable mouthpiece at the end. The patient puts it in his mouth, and the healthcare worker uses a clamp to close his nose.

The subject breathes for some time, getting used to the changed conditions. Then, at the command of the health worker, he takes a normal breath and releases the air. The second study involves measuring the volume of exhalation after a standard portion is finished. The next measurement is the inspiratory reserve volume; for this you need to draw air as full as possible.

Spirography – spirometry with recording of the result on tape. In addition to a graphical image, system activity is displayed in tangible form. To obtain a result with minimal error, it is taken several times.

Other methods for studying respiratory function

Other methods included in the complex are performed less frequently and are prescribed when spirometry cannot obtain a complete picture of the disease.

Pneumotachometry

This study allows you to determine the speed of air flow through different parts of the respiratory system. It is carried out while inhaling and exhaling. The patient is asked to inhale or exhale as much as possible into the device. Modern spirographs simultaneously record spirometry and pneumotachometry readings. It allows you to identify diseases accompanied by a deterioration in the passage of air through the respiratory system.

Test with bronchodilators

Spirometry does not allow detection of hidden respiratory failure. Therefore, in case of an incomplete picture of the disease, FVD with a test is prescribed. It involves the use of bronchodilators after measurements have been taken without the drug. The interval between measurements depends on which medicinal substance is used. If it is salbutamol, then after 15 minutes, ipratropium - 30. Thanks to testing with bronchodilators
it is possible to determine the pathology at a very early stage.

Lung provocative test

This option for checking the respiratory system is carried out if there are signs of asthma, but the bronchodilator test is negative. The provocation consists of administering methacholine to the patient by inhalation. The concentration of the drug constantly increases, which causes difficulty in the conduction of the respiratory tract. Symptoms of bronchial asthma appear.

Bodyplethysmography

Body plethysmography is similar to previous methods, but it more fully reflects the picture of the processes occurring in the respiratory system. The essence of the study is that a person is placed in a sealed chamber. The actions that the patient must perform are the same, but in addition to the volumes, the pressure in the chamber is recorded.

Ventolin test

This drug belongs to the selective β2-adrenergic receptor agonists, the active substance is salbutamol. When administered after 15 minutes, it provokes dilation of the bronchi. In the diagnosis of asthma, it is essential: the patient is subjected to spirometry, measuring air circulation parameters before and after the drug. If the second sample shows an improvement in ventilation by 15%, the sample is considered positive, from 10% - doubtful, below - negative.

Stress tests

They consist of measuring the performance of the respiratory system at rest and after physical activity. This test allows you to determine the disease of effort, in which coughing begins after exercise. This is often observed in athletes.

Diffusion test

The main function of respiration is gas exchange; a person inhales oxygen needed by cells and tissues and removes carbon dioxide. In some cases, the bronchi and lungs are healthy, but gas exchange, that is, the process of exchanging gases, is disrupted. The test shows this: the patient closes his nose with a clip, inhales a mixture of gases through a mask for 3 seconds, exhales for 4 seconds. The equipment immediately measures the composition of exhaled air and interprets the data obtained.

Decoding the results of physical function tests: table - norms of indicators for men, women and children

Having received the device’s conclusion, you need to analyze the data obtained and draw a conclusion about the presence or absence of pathology. They should only be deciphered by an experienced pulmonologist.
The normal range of indicators is much different, since each person has their own level of physical fitness and daily activity.

Lung volume depends on age: up to 25-28 years, the value of vital capacity increases, by 50 it decreases.

To decipher the data, normal values are compared with those obtained from the patient. For ease of calculation, the values of inhalation and exhalation volumes are expressed as % of the vital capacity of the lungs.

A healthy person should have an FVC volume (forced vital capacity), CVF, Tiffno index (CVF/FVC) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) of at least 80% of the values indicated as the statistical average. If actual volumes decrease to 70%, then this is recorded as a pathology.

When interpreting the results of a stress test, the difference in performance, expressed as a percentage, is used. This allows you to clearly see the difference between the volume and speed of air conduction. The result can be positive, when the patient's condition has improved after administration of the bronchodilator, or negative. In this case, air conduction has not changed; the medicine may negatively affect the condition of the respiratory tract.

To determine the type of air conduction disorder in the respiratory tract, the doctor focuses on the ratio of FEV, VC and MVL. When it is determined whether the ventilation capacity of the lungs is reduced, attention is paid to FEV and MVL.

What equipment and devices are used in medicine to carry out analysis?

To conduct different types of FVD studies, different devices are used:

Portable spirometer with thermal printer SMP 21/01;
Spirograph KM-AR-01 “Diamant” – pneumotachometer;
“Schiller AG” analyzer, it is convenient to use for samples with bronchodilators;
The Microlab spiro analyzer has a touch screen; functions are switched by touching the function icon;
Portable spirograph "SpiroPro".

This is only a small part of the devices that record external respiration functions. Medical equipment manufacturing companies offer institutions portable and stationary devices. They differ in capabilities, each group has its own advantages and disadvantages. For hospitals and clinics, it is more important to purchase a portable device that can be moved to another office or building.

Will FVD indicate asthma in a child and how?

The patient's main indicators are measured, then their relationship to the norm is determined. A patient with obstructive diseases has a decrease in values below 80% of normal, and the ratio of FEV to FVC (Hensler index) is below 70%.

Asthma is characterized by reversible obstruction of the upper airways. This means that the FEV/VC ratio increases after salbutamol administration. To diagnose asthma, in addition to the respiratory function indicators indicating pathology, the patient must have clinical signs of the disorder.

Research during pregnancy and breastfeeding

When diagnosing diseases, the question always arises whether pregnant and lactating women can be examined. Disturbances in the functioning of external respiration and the system as a whole can be detected during gestation for the first time. Deterioration of the conductivity of the pathways leads to the fact that the fetus does not receive the required amount of oxygen.

The norms prescribed in the tables do not apply to pregnant women. This is due to the fact that to provide the required volume of air to the fetus, the rate of minute ventilation gradually increases, by 70% by the end of the gestational period. Lung volume and expiratory speed are reduced due to compression of the diaphragm by the fetus.

When examining the function of external respiration, it is important to improve the patient’s condition, so if a bronchodilator is required, it is carried out. Tests make it possible to establish the effectiveness of therapy, prevent the development of complications, and begin timely treatment. The method is performed in the same way as in non-pregnant patients.

If the patient has not previously taken medications for the treatment of asthma, then during lactation it is not advisable to use a test with a bronchodilator. If this is necessary, the child is transferred to artificial nutrition for the period of drug removal.

What are the normal parameters of respiratory function in COPD and bronchial asthma?

The 2 disorders differ in that the first refers to irreversible types of airway obstruction, the second to reversible types. When a breathing test is performed, the specialist is faced with the following results for COPD: Vital vital capacity decreases slightly (up to 70%), but the FEV/1 indicator is up to 47%, that is, the disturbances are sharply expressed.

With bronchial asthma, the indicators may be the same, since both diseases are classified as an obstructive type of disorder. But after a test with salbutamol or another bronchodilator, the indicators increase, that is, the obstruction is recognized as reversible. In COPD this is not observed; then FEV is measured in the first second of exhalation, which gives an idea of the severity of the patient’s condition.

Contraindications for the study

There is a list of conditions in which spirometry is not performed:

early postoperative period;
violation of cardiac muscle nutrition;
thinning of the artery with dissection;
age over 75 years;
convulsive syndrome;
hearing impairment;
mental disorder.

The examination creates a load on the vessels and pectoral muscles, can increase pressure in different parts and cause deterioration in well-being.

Are there possible side effects when performing FVD?

Undesirable effects from the examination are due to the fact that it requires you to quickly exhale into the mouthpiece several times. Due to the excess influx of oxygen, a tingling sensation appears in the head, dizziness, which quickly passes.

If we study the function with a bronchodilator, then its administration provokes several nonspecific reactions: slight tremor of the limbs, a burning sensation or tingling in the head or body. This is due to the complex effect of the drug, which dilates blood vessels throughout the body.

The deterioration of the environmental situation leads to an increase in the proportion of bronchopulmonary diseases of an acute and chronic nature. At the beginning of development, they are secretive in nature and therefore invisible. Medicine has improved the method of studying FVD, thanks to which all data is obtained automatically. Preparation does not take much time, and the patient receives results almost immediately. Every person is interested in taking this study. This can be a guarantee that he is healthy.

It includes methods such as:

In a narrower sense, the study of physical function is understood as the first two methods, carried out simultaneously using an electronic device - a spirograph.

A little about our breathing

Respiration is a vital process as a result of which the body receives oxygen from the air, necessary for life, and releases carbon dioxide, which is formed during metabolism. Breathing has the following stages: external (with the participation of the lungs), the transfer of gases by red blood cells and tissue, that is, the exchange of gases between red blood cells and tissues.

Gas transfer is studied using pulse oximetry and blood gas analysis. We will also talk a little about these methods in our topic.

Tidal volumes and capacities

While performing the rapid exhalation maneuver, another very important parameter is determined - forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). It decreases with obstructive disorders, that is, with obstructions to the exit of air in the bronchial tree, in particular with chronic bronchitis and severe bronchial asthma. FEV1 is compared with the proper value or its ratio to vital capacity (Tiffenau index) is used.

A decrease in the Tiffno index of less than 70% indicates severe bronchial obstruction.

It is used to determine lung volumes and velocities. Additionally, functional tests are often prescribed to record changes in these indicators after the action of any factor.

Indications and contraindications

The study of respiratory function is carried out for any diseases of the bronchi and lungs, accompanied by impaired bronchial obstruction and/or a decrease in the respiratory surface:

The study is contraindicated in the following cases:

children under 4–5 years of age who cannot correctly follow the nurse’s commands;
acute infectious diseases and fever;
severe angina pectoris, acute period of myocardial infarction;
high blood pressure, recent stroke;
congestive heart failure, accompanied by shortness of breath at rest and with slight exertion;
mental disorders that do not allow you to correctly follow instructions.

How the research is carried out

The procedure is carried out in a functional diagnostics room, in a sitting position, preferably in the morning on an empty stomach or no earlier than 1.5 hours after a meal. As prescribed by the doctor, bronchodilators that the patient is constantly taking can be discontinued: short-acting beta2 agonists - 6 hours, long-acting beta2 agonists - 12 hours, long-acting theophyllines - a day before the examination.

Pulmonary function test

Many patients are prescribed functional tests. The most common of them:

test with salbutamol;
exercise test.

Less often a test with methacholine is prescribed.

If, after inhalation of salbutamol, the FEV1 indicator decreases, this is a paradoxical reaction associated with bronchospasm in response to inhalation.

Finally, if the test is positive against the background of an initial normal FEV1 value, this indicates bronchial hyperreactivity or hidden bronchial obstruction.

How are the results interpreted?

We have already discussed the interpretation of tests with bronchodilators, exercise and methacholine above.

If both indicators are less than 80% of the norm, and their ratio is more than 70%, this is a sign of restrictive disorders - lesions of the lung tissue itself that prevent full inspiration.

If the values of FVC and FEV1 are less than 80% of normal, and their ratio is less than 70%, these are combined disorders.

Peak flowmetry

How is peak flowmetry performed?

Each patient with asthma should perform peak flow measurements twice a day and record the results in a diary, as well as determine the average values for the week. In addition, he must know his best result. A decrease in average indicators indicates a deterioration in control over the course of the disease and the onset of an exacerbation. In this case, it is necessary to consult a doctor or increase the intensity of therapy if the pulmonologist explained in advance how to do this.

Daily peak flow chart

How to interpret the data

Pulse oximetry

When is pulse oximetry performed in a hospital:

during oxygen therapy to monitor its effectiveness;
in intensive care units for respiratory failure;
after severe surgical interventions;
if you suspect obstructive sleep apnea syndrome - periodic stopping of breathing during sleep.

When can you use a pulse oximeter yourself:

during an exacerbation of asthma or other pulmonary disease, to assess the severity of your condition;
if sleep apnea is suspected - if the patient snores, has obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension or decreased thyroid function - hypothyroidism.

The oxygen saturation rate of arterial blood is 95–98%. If this indicator, measured at home, decreases, you should consult a doctor.

Blood gas study

Normal blood gas values:

A decrease in PO 2, O 2 ST, SaO 2, that is, oxygen content, in combination with an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide can indicate the following conditions:

weakness of the respiratory muscles;
depression of the respiratory center in brain diseases and poisoning;
airway obstruction;
bronchial asthma;
emphysema;
pneumonia;
pulmonary hemorrhage.

A decrease in these same indicators, but with normal carbon dioxide content, occurs in the following conditions:

A decrease in O2ST at normal oxygen pressure and saturation is characteristic of severe anemia and a decrease in circulating blood volume.

To learn how to study the function of external respiration, watch the video:

Preparation for the study of respiratory function

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Spirometry is a study of the function of external respiration.

Indications for implementation: Spirometric examination is indicated for children and adults suffering from various disorders of the respiratory system (frequent bronchitis, primarily obstructive, emphysema of the lung tissue, chronic nonspecific lung diseases, pneumonia, tracheitis and laryngotracheitis, allergic, infectious-allergic and vasomotor rhinitis, damage to the diaphragm). It is fundamentally important to conduct this study in groups of patients with a predisposition (threat) of developing bronchial asthma for earlier detection of this disease, and, accordingly, earlier and more adequate prescription of the necessary treatment regimen. It is possible to conduct this study in healthy people - athletes in order to determine exercise tolerance and study the ventilation abilities of the respiratory system.

The study is carried out at the direction of a doctor not only from our center, but also from a district medical institution, hospital, frequent practitioner, and other consultative and diagnostic institutions.

Principle of the method: The study is carried out using a special device - a spirograph, which measures parameters of both the patient’s quiet breathing and a number of indicators obtained during forced breathing maneuvers performed at the doctor’s command. Data processing is carried out on a computer, which makes it possible to analyze the volume-velocity parameters of the patient’s exhalation, establish the volume of the lungs, the volume of inhalation and exhalation, as well as conduct a multifactor analysis of the obtained parameters and, with sufficiently high reliability, establish the nature and probable cause of breathing problems. If necessary, this test can be performed after inhalation of a bronchodilator drug. A test with a bronchodilator drug helps to identify hidden bronchospasm even more reliably. It should be noted that identifying hidden bronchospasm in the early stages allows the doctor, in collaboration with the patient, to stop the development of many problems with the respiratory tract (including bronchial asthma).

Equipment: Measurement of external respiration function in our institute is carried out by a doctor using a hardware complex (spirograph) from the German company Yeager (YAEGER). Each patient is provided with an individual antibacterial filter Microgard (Germany), which makes this study completely safe from the point of view of sanitation and epidemiology. For the convenience of our little patients, the examination is animated for a higher degree of compliance of the child. The results of all studies are stored in the database for an unlimited period of time and, if necessary (loss of the study protocol, need to provide a duplicate to another medical institution) can be provided upon request.

A test with a bronchodilator is carried out by a doctor using a compressor nebulizer from Paris (PARY) - Germany

Preparing for the study:

No special preparation is required for the study of respiratory function. The study of respiratory function begins on an empty stomach or no earlier than 1-1.5 hours after eating. Nervous, physical stress, and physical procedures are prohibited before the study. FVD examination is carried out in a sitting position. The patient performs several breathing maneuvers, after which computer processing is carried out and the results of the study are displayed. It is advisable to carry out the procedure on an empty stomach, after emptying the intestines and bladder.

The study is carried out on the direction of a doctor with the obligatory indication of the intended diagnosis; if a similar study has been carried out previously, it is advisable to take previous data.

The patient or the patient's parents should know the patient's exact weight and height.

The study is carried out on an empty stomach or no earlier than 2 hours after a light breakfast

Before the examination, you need to rest in a sitting position for 15 minutes (i.e., come to the examination a little early)

Clothing should be loose, not restricting the movement of the chest during forced breathing

Do not use inhaled bronchodilators (salbutamol, ventolin, atrovent, berodual, berotec and other drugs of this group) for 8 hours

Do not drink coffee, tea or other caffeine-containing drinks or medications for 8 hours

Do not take theophylline, aminophylline and similar drugs within 24 hours

Assessment of external respiratory function (RPF) in medicine

Assessment of external respiratory function (RPF) in medicine is a very important tool for drawing conclusions about the state of the respiratory system. FVD can be assessed using different methods, the most common and more accurate of which is spirometry. Currently, spirometry is carried out using modern computer technology, which increases the reliability of the data obtained several times.

Spirometry is a method for assessing external respiratory function (ERF) by determining the volumes of inhaled and exhaled air and the speed of movement of air masses during breathing. It is a very informative research method.

To assess the function of external respiration, the following indications exist:

diagnosis of diseases of the respiratory system (bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, alveolitis, etc.);
assessment of the impact of any disease on the function of the lungs and airways;
screening (mass examination) of people who have risk factors for the development of pulmonary pathology (smoking, interaction with harmful substances due to profession, hereditary predisposition);
preoperative assessment of the risk of breathing problems during surgery;
analysis of the effectiveness of treatment of pulmonary pathology;
assessment of pulmonary function when determining disability.

Spirometry is a safe procedure. It has no absolute contraindications, but forced (deep) exhalation, which is used to assess respiratory function, should be performed with caution:

patients with developed pneumothorax (presence of air in the pleural cavity) and within 2 weeks after its resolution;
in the first 2 weeks after the development of myocardial infarction or surgical interventions;
with severe hemoptysis (blood discharge when coughing);
for severe bronchial asthma.

Spirometry is contraindicated in children under 5 years of age. If it is necessary to assess respiratory function in a child under 5 years of age, a method called bronchophonography (BFG) is used.

To study the respiratory function, the patient needs to breathe for some time into the tube of a device called a spirograph. This tube (mouthpiece) is disposable and is changed after each patient. If the mouthpiece is reusable, then after each patient it is disinfected in order to prevent the transmission of infection from one person to another.

Spirometric testing can be carried out during quiet and forced (deep) breathing. The forced breathing test is carried out as follows: after a deep breath, the person is asked to exhale as much as possible into the tube of the device.

To obtain reliable data, the study is carried out at least 3 times. After receiving spirometry readings, a healthcare professional should check whether the results are reliable. If in three attempts the parameters of the respiratory function differ significantly, this indicates the unreliability of the data. In this case, additional recording of the spirogram is required.

All examinations are performed with a nose clip to prevent nasal breathing. If there is no clamp, the physician should ask the patient to pinch their nose with their fingers.

To obtain reliable survey results, you must follow some simple rules.

Do not smoke for 1 hour before the test.
Do not drink alcohol at least 4 hours before spirometry.
Avoid heavy physical activity 30 minutes before the test.
Do not eat 3 hours before the test.
The patient's clothing should be loose and not interfere with deep breathing.
If the patient wears removable dentures, they should not be removed before the examination. Prostheses should be removed only on the recommendation of a doctor if they interfere with spirometry.

To assess physical activity, there are the following main indicators.

Vital capacity of the lungs (VC). This parameter shows the amount of air that a person can maximally inhale or exhale.
Forced vital capacity (FVC). This is the maximum volume of air that a person is able to exhale after a maximum inhalation. FVC can decrease in many pathologies, but increases only in one - acromegaly (excess growth hormone). With this disease, all other lung volumes remain normal. The reasons for a decrease in FVC may be:
- lung pathology (removal of part of the lung, atelectasis (collapsed lung), fibrosis, heart failure, etc.);
- pathology of the pleura (pleurisy, pleural tumors, etc.);
- reduction in chest size;
- pathology of the respiratory muscles.

Forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) is the portion of FVC that is recorded during the first second of forced expiration. FEV1 decreases in restrictive and obstructive diseases of the bronchopulmonary system. Restrictive disorders are conditions that are accompanied by a decrease in the volume of lung tissue. Obstructive disorders are conditions that reduce the patency of the airways. To distinguish between these types of violations, it is necessary to know the values of the Tiffno index.
Tiffno index (FEV1/FVC). With obstructive disorders, this indicator is always reduced, with restrictive disorders it is either normal or even increased.

If a patient has an increase or normal values of FVC, but a decrease in FEV1 and the Tiffno index, then they speak of obstructive disorders. If FVC and FEV1 are reduced, and the Tiffno index is normal or increased, then this indicates restrictive disorders. And if all indicators are reduced (FVC, FEV1, Tiffno index), then conclusions are made about mixed type FV violations.

Options for conclusions based on spirometry results are presented in the table.

It should be noted that parameters indicating pulmonary restriction may deceive the physician. Often, restrictive disorders are recorded where they do not actually exist (false-positive result). To accurately diagnose pulmonary restriction, a method called body plethysmography is used.

The degree of obstructive disorders is determined by the values of FEV1 and Tiffno index. The algorithm for establishing the degree of bronchial obstruction is presented in the table.

If an obstructive type of respiratory function disorder is detected in a patient, it is necessary to additionally conduct a test with a bronchodilator to determine the reversibility of obstruction (impaired patency) of the bronchi.

A bronchodilator test involves inhaling a bronchodilator (a substance that dilates the bronchi) after spirometry has been performed. Then, after a certain time (the exact time depends on the bronchodilator used), spirometry is performed again and the results of the first and second studies are compared. Obstruction is reversible if the increase in FEV1 in the second study is 12% or more. If this indicator is lower, then a conclusion is made about irreversible obstruction. Reversible bronchial obstruction is most often observed in bronchial asthma, irreversible - in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

These tests are used to assess the presence of bronchial hyperreactivity, which occurs in bronchial asthma. To do this, the patient is inhaled with substances that can cause bronchospasm (histamine, methacholine). These tests are now rarely used due to their potential danger to the patient.

It should be noted that only a competent medical specialist should interpret spirometry results.

Bronchophonography (BFG) is used for children under 5 years of age. It does not consist of recording tidal volumes, but of recording breathing sounds. BFG is based on the analysis of respiratory sounds in different sound ranges: low-frequency (200 – 1200 Hz), mid-frequency (1200 – 5000 Hz), high-frequency (5000 – Hz). For each range, the acoustic component of work of breathing (ACWP) is calculated. It represents a final characteristic proportional to the physical work of the lungs spent on the act of breathing. ACRD is expressed in microjoules (µJ). The most indicative is the high-frequency range, since significant changes in ACRD, indicating the presence of bronchial obstruction, are detected precisely in it. This method is carried out only with quiet breathing. Carrying out FG during deep breathing makes the examination results unreliable. It should be noted that BPG is a new diagnostic method, so its use in the clinic is limited.

Thus, spirometry is an important method for diagnosing diseases of the respiratory system, monitoring their treatment and determining the prognosis for the life and health of the patient.

In some cases, after implementing this method, additional procedures must be carried out. Therefore, the doctor may prescribe, for example, bronchodilator testing.

Other methods are not as widely used. The reason for this is that their use is still poorly understood in practice.

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External respiration function - respiratory function

This study belongs to the section: Diagnostics

1. External respiration function (ERF)

Let's take a closer look at the function of external respiration. Why is each test needed? How is a lung examination performed, how to prepare for it and where to get a lung examination?

2. Types of pulmonary tests

Spirometry

Spirometry is the most common lung examination. Spirometry shows whether the patient has bronchial obstruction (bronchospasm) and evaluates how air circulates in the lungs.

During spirometry, your doctor may check, for example:

what is the maximum amount of air you can exhale after a deep breath; how quickly you can exhale; what is the maximum amount of air you can inhale and exhale within a minute; how much air remains in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation.

Diffusion test

Bodyplethysmography

Lung test with bronchodilator

Lung stress tests

Lung provocative test

3. Preparation for examination of pulmonary function (PRF)

questions and answers - Diagnostics

Our doctors answer pressing questions regarding their specialization:

I'll start from the end. I had surgery to remove my gallbladder. Before this, I had painful attacks, I was hospitalized in intensive care, the doctors believed that it was my heart. No one had any idea that it might be a gallstone. An ultrasound of the abdominal organs was performed.

Indeed, gallstones may be invisible to ultrasound. This depends on several factors: the composition of the stones and their size, the location of the gallbladder, the examination mode, the experience of the doctor conducting the examination, increased gas formation in the intestines, a significant layer of subcutaneous tissue.

Doctor, tell me how often you can do an ultrasound.

To date, there is no evidence base on the harm of ultrasound examination on parenchymal organs and soft tissues. The ultrasound diagnostic method is safe on modern export devices. Therefore, ultrasound can be done as needed.

Is it possible to perform a challenge test without performing a bronchodilator test?

The main purpose of a provocative test is to diagnose bronchial asthma. The test is more sensitive for diagnosing asthma compared to the bronchodilator test (bronchodilator test). However, in patients with severe bronchial hyperreactivity, breathing deterioration occurs when...

Hello doctor, tell me, is an abdominal examination performed on an empty stomach?

Hello. Yes, an examination of the abdominal cavity is carried out on an “empty” stomach and it is advisable, two or three hours before the examination, to take a drug that reduces gas formation in the intestines.

I'm in the hospital, I'm having an ultrasound of my pelvic organs. I saw that the doctor was looking at many patients with the same sensor. I’m worried: is it safe in terms of contagious skin diseases, and not just skin ones?

This is a completely safe test and there is no need to worry. During the work shift, the doctor treats the surface of the ultrasound device sensor with a disinfectant solution. If the doctor sees signs of a skin infectious disease in a patient, or even the patient is simply untidy, the doctor also observes a special one.

Hello, I have a small cystic formation in my right breast. Please tell me how often I should undergo an ultrasound examination.

Do I need to prepare in any way for a pulmonary function test?

Preparation for a functional study of pulmonary function depends on the purpose of this examination, but there are general, universal requirements: the study is carried out, as a rule, in the first half of the day; Before the study, it is recommended to refrain from taking medications that may affect.

Q. How to properly prepare for an ultrasound of the abdomen?

The day before, you need to exclude gas-forming foods from your diet - black bread, raw vegetables, fatty foods, rich meat foods. Otherwise, the intestinal loops will be filled with gas and will make it difficult to visualize the organs being examined, and the study will have to be repeated.