Preparation for the State Examination in Social Studies (Brief Theory). This page is a navigator to the most useful resources for preparing for the Unified State Exam in mathematics, Unified State Examination in mathematics and other subjects
Society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it.
Society in a broad sense is a set of forms of association of people, ways of their interaction.
Society is a dynamic system, because individual elements are interconnected and can change and develop. A system means it consists of elements, integrity.
Society, together with nature, forms the material world surrounding man.
Structure of society: social, economic, political, spiritual spheres, or subsystems of society.
3 types of society:
Traditional (agrarian) - low social mobility, a significant role of religion, the population is employed in agriculture, the owner of resources is the state, there is a community, a traditional economy.
Industrial - social mobility has increased, the role of science is great, the industrial revolution has occurred, the population is employed in industry, private property, a market economy, individuality and initiative have been encouraged.
Post-industrial (informational) – the role of information and information is great. technology, science.
Evolution – gradual changes, changes. A quick transition to something new is a revolution. The transformation of any aspect of social life without destroying the foundations of the existence of the social structure is reform.
Global problems of humanity - problems that arose in the 2/2 of the 20th century. and posing a threat to human existence. Terrorism, environmental problem, raw materials, demographics, war and peace, poverty of the “third world” countries. THEY CANNOT BE SOLVED by the efforts of SEVERAL countries, only all together, and they AFFECT ALL COUNTRIES without exception.
Man is a biosocial being. Differences from animals - creative activity, the ability to transform the environment, articulate speech, labor activity.
An individual is a set of external characteristics (eye color, hair, height, etc.).
Individuality is the uniqueness of the natural and social in a person.
Personality – socially significant qualities of a person (helps others); only in interaction with other people can one express oneself as a person.
Socialization is the assimilation of knowledge and social roles. Without it, a person will not become a part of society.
Need is a person's need for something. Biological - caring for offspring, food, clothing, water, self-preservation, physical development, health. Social – the need for communication, respect, creative fulfillment, education. Inclinations are a predisposition to activity, but they develop into abilities only in society, in the learning process. Those. makings - the basis of abilities. Abilities are individual characteristics of a person that allow her to successfully engage in certain activities. The formation of abilities depends on natural prerequisites - inclinations.
Activities:play, work, study, communication.
Structure of activity: motive, goal, means, actions, result.
Self-knowledge is the process of studying one’s “I”, gaining ideas about one’s abilities, one’s appearance. It can be carried out in communication, play, work, and requires special knowledge and effort. In the process of self-knowledge, a person compares himself with others and listens to people’s opinions.
Cognition is the desire to obtain objective information, true knowledge about a subject.
2 types: Sensory cognition: sensation (reflection in the human mind of individual aspects of an object), perception (reflection of the object in its integrity), performance (preserving the image of an object even without contact with it).
Rational: concept, judgment, inference.
Ordinary knowledge - obtained in practical activities. Scientific is the result of purposeful activity. Art – in the form of artistic images.
A distinctive feature of social cognition is the coincidence of the object and subject of cognition, because man studies man.
Culture is everything created by man; all types of industrial, social and spiritual activities. "Culture" from lat. "methods of cultivating the land." Culture is second nature.
3 forms of culture: folk (folklore), mass (for everyone, pop culture), elite (for connoisseurs - classical music).
Art - painting, architecture, sculpture, theater, literature, dance, music, etc. Characterized by subjectivity, sensory reflection of reality, and the use of artistic images.
Education is the process of familiarization with the values of humanity.
basic general (9 classes) required.
11 classes – secondary (complete) general.
College, technical school - secondary specialized. University - institute, academy, university - higher education.
School education: primary, basic, complete general.
Economy: two meanings – as an economy – production of goods and services; as a science - it studies how the economy and individual processes operate.
Economic goods are goods and services that satisfy needs.
The production of economic goods requires resources, or factors of production. Labor, land, capital, entrepreneurial ability. Income of FP owners: labor - wages, land - rent, capital - interest, enterprise. abilities - profit.
The main problem of economics is that needs are unlimited and available resources are limited.
Three main economic questions: what to produce? how to produce? for whom to produce?
Depending on how society answers these questions, a certain type of economic system is formed: traditional, command (planned, directive), market.
Traditional - mostly subsistence farming, everything according to tradition, there is practically no market, the supreme owner of the land is the state.
Command - USSR, the state determines production volumes, prices, distributes goods and services, and is the owner of all resources.
Market - based on private property, market mechanisms - the laws of supply and demand, the state intervenes in the economy only in case of crisis, regulation consists of determining the rules of the market - licensing, legal framework. It is more correct to call this system mixed, because A purely market economy cannot exist.
Law of Demand – other things being equal, the demand for a product changes by reverse depending on the price. Those. the price falls - demand increases.
Law of supply– the supply of a product (the desire to sell it, the number of sellers of this product) changes in straight depending on price (the more expensive the product, the more people want to sell it).
When demand and supply interact, it is establishedmarket equilibrium. If there is more product than the demand for it, there is an excess of product. If it is less than demand, there is a shortage.
State. budget - a plan for government expenditures and revenues. Compiled by the government and adopted by the Federal Assembly. The main source of income is taxes.
The economically active population, or labor force, includes the employed (including farmers, deputies, students, schoolchildren) and the unemployed. Housewives are not classified as unemployed, because... are not looking for work. They are unoccupied.
The main goal of the company is profit. It = revenue minus production costs.
Costs are fixed (do not depend on production volumes - rent of a company office, salary of management personnel, payment for landline phones) and variables (depends on how much the company produces - costs for raw materials, fuel costs, workers' salaries).
According to another criterion, the costs are divided into external (when resources are leased or purchased from another person) and in internal (for example, the company’s office belongs to the owner, and he does not pay for it. But he could rent it out and, perhaps, get more).
Law is a set of generally binding rules of behavior established by the state and ensured in the event of non-compliance with state coercion.
Law is a set of normative legal acts. The most important is the Basic Law of the country - the Constitution (adopted by popular vote - referendum - December 12, 1993). In second place are federal laws (they are adopted by the Federal Assembly). Everything that is below the law is by-laws: Presidential Decrees, Government Decrees, Orders and instructions of ministries.
Power in the Russian Federation is divided into three branches:
Legislative (represented by the Federal Assembly)
Executive (government, consists of ministers)
Judicial (magistrates, district and city courts, regional, federal). Federal courts: Supreme (the highest authority for criminal, administrative, family, civil offenses), Supreme Arbitration (economic disputes between legal entities), Constitutional (checks all legal acts for compliance with the Constitution, makes comments on the Basic Law).
A social group is an association of people based on some characteristic: profession, age, origin, common interests. Groups are formal (their activities are recorded in documents) and informal (yard company).
Social status is a person’s position in society. Determined by origin, level of income, power, education, and includes gender.
Status - 2 types: achieved (one must make mental efforts to achieve - engineer, driver, military man, student) and prescribed (biological characteristics - pensioner, 20 years old, woman, man).
Human behavior within the framework of social status is a social role. Accepting a role is personal. For example, social role - teacher. But one is strict, the other is democratic.
The division of society into social groups is social stratification, because group, layer is often called a stratum.
In India, society was divided into castes, in the Middle Ages and modern times - estates, in the USSR - into classes.
Marginalized people are people in an intermediate state (refugees, migrants). Lumpen - the social bottom - homeless people, tramps.
The transition of a person from one social group to another is social mobility.
Horizontal – moving without changing social status. For example, a teacher moved from one school to another.
Vertical – increase or decrease in social status. If you were promoted - upward vertical mobility - you were a cadet and became a group commander. Demotion – downward vertical mobility. For example, a military man was demoted.
Social norms are the rules of human behavior in society. Moral - reflect ideas about good and evil. Legal – established and supported by the state.
Deviant behavior (deviant) is a violation of social norms. It could also be positive (the engineer stayed to work after the end of the working day). Therefore, it does not always entail punishment.
Social control- Society monitors the implementation of social. normal A measure of the negative or positive impact on a person from society - social. sanction.
Sanctions can be formal or informal, negative or positive.
A person can control his own behavior by self-control.
Family functions – reproductive (reproduction), leisure, social status, emotional. The family differs from other social groups in the presence of consanguinity.
Types of families: extended (3 generations living together) and nuclear (parents + children); patriarchal (the man is the main one) and partnership.
Interethnic relations have two trends: integration (EU) and differentiation (the desire to isolate, separate, separatism).
9th grade. Topic 2. Social sphere
1 Social structure of society
2 Family as a small group. Relations between generations
3 Diversity of social roles in adolescence
4 Social values and norms
5 Deviant behavior. The danger of drug addiction and
alcoholism for the individual and society. Social significance
healthy lifestyle
6 Social conflict and ways to resolve it
7 Interethnic relations
The social structure of society is a set of connections and relationships that social groups and communities of people enter into with each other regarding the economic, social, political and spiritual conditions of their life. Social structure is the division of society into groups, social strata, united by a certain property, professional or other common social characteristic.
There are 3 layers: lowest, middle, highest. Status is a person’s position on the social ladder (in the social structure).
Any large community of people is divided into various groups And layers. The reasons for such stratification of society can be very different: the presence of property or its absence; difference in social prestige and attitude to power; uneven distribution of rights and privileges, responsibilities and duties in society; genetic traits and prescribed statuses (origin, family ties, personal qualities, abilities); different citizenship; specific occupation; religious or national affiliation, etc.
Social group is a collection of individuals interacting in a particular way based on each member's shared expectations of the others. Thus, the main distinguishing feature of a social group is the interaction between its members. People in a subway car will not be a social group until some external reason forces them to interact with each other.
Groups can be primary and secondary: Primary groups Secondary groups
The main elements of the social structure of society:
Classes (workers, employees, intelligentsia);
Residents of the city and village;
Representatives of mental and physical labor;
Estates (middle class, clergy, entrepreneurs, bohemia);
Socio-demographic groups (youth, women and men, older generation);
National communities (nations, nationalities, ethnic groups).
It is clear that at different times the social structure of society was not the same. In this regard, there are types of social structures:
Slave society (slaves and slave owners);
Feudal society (feudal lords, serfs, clergy, artisans, merchants);
Capitalist society (workers, peasants, employees, businessmen, industrialists, bankers, clergy);
Socialist society (working class, cooperative peasantry, intelligentsia, entrepreneurs, other professional groups).
It should be noted that with the development of society, its social structure becomes more complicated. Also, connections and relationships between people are becoming deeper and more complex.
Ethnic group- a group of people who have common cultural, linguistic or racial traits, who are united by a full or partial common origin and who themselves are aware of their involvement in a common group. Assimilated and perceived ethnic differences - language, culture, religion, and racial traits are inherited.
As a rule, numerous ethnic groups live in modern states. A characteristic feature of an ethnic group is that its members classify themselves as a separate group with their own culture, which they strive to preserve by all means. Thus, the ethnic community can be described as an association of people who have common cultural, linguistic, religious or racial traits, a common origin and are aware of their involvement in a single group.
Most scientists identify three main types of ethnic communities that have existed in human history - tribes, nationalities and nations. Tribes are considered historically the first ethnic association. With the emergence of states, tribes began to turn into nationalities- larger communities with a unity of language, territory, economic and cultural ties. Under nations is understood as a stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common origin, a common culture, living together and close communication with each other. The most important thing in the emergence of nations is established relationships - economic, political, cultural and interpersonal. Historically, they appeared with the spread of trade relations.
Social group in terms of numbers it can be large and small, in terms of the nature of relationships - primary and secondary, in terms of the method of organization - formal and informal, in terms of the number of values - unilateral and multilateral.
Social norms- general rules for regulating relations between people in society. Among them are:
- customs(traditions, rituals) - historically established patterns and rules of behavior;
- legal norms- norms enshrined in laws issued by the state, which clearly describe the boundaries of behavior and punishment;
- moral standards- spiritual and moral values;
- political norms- norms regulating the relationship between the individual and the authorities, between social groups;
- religious norms- moral standards supported by the consciousness of believers and religious faith;
- aesthetic standards- ideas about the beautiful and the ugly;
- rules of etiquette- examples of correct behavior and communication;
A family is a small social group, a social institution, a unit of society, the initial stage of an individual’s socialization. The main legal feature of a family is registration with the civil registry office. The main sociological sign is the presence of a child.
Family functions: reproduction (reproduction), raising children, socialization of the younger generation, economic, status, emotional, recreational.
Types of families: patriarchal and partner, full and incomplete, nuclear and extended, small - medium and large.
The family is recognized by scientists as the main carrier of cultural patterns inherited from generation to generation, as well as a necessary condition for the socialization of the individual.
Family- a group consisting of two or more people related to each other by marriage, blood or adoption, leading a joint household, interacting in family roles and preserving the inherited culture, adding to it new common features developed jointly.
Family and society are small and large parts of the same system. The family regulates gender relations and prevents promiscuous sexual relations. Its main tasks are: giving birth to children; formation and education of the younger generation; emotional release; physical, economic and psychological protection of family members; establishing close economic relations.
There are two main forms of family organization - marital And related.
In a married family, the participants in the relationship are the husband, wife and their children. They live separately, have their own household, and are quite independent financially. Relations with other relatives may be more or less close, but in any case there is no strong dependence on them.
In a kinship family organization, spouses and their children live together with other relatives and run a common household. This tradition is typical for many eastern peoples.
Marriage- this is a socially recognized union of two adults of different sexes; they become relatives. Exists "open marriage"(civil)- a form of cohabitation, a union of two people without official registration. Main forms of marriage are: monogamy(monogamy) - a person can have one wife or one husband at the same time; polygamy(polygamy, group marriage, polygyny or polyandry) - husband or wife
have more than one spouse.
Russian legislation on marriage and family
In Russia for marriage necessary: mutual voluntary consent of those entering into marriage, reaching marriageable age - with 18 years(but there may be exceptions by decision of local authorities - from the age of 16), the absence of another registered marriage, the absence of close family relations (in a direct line) between those entering into marriage, the legal capacity of those entering into marriage, conclusion in the civil registry office (MARRIAGE REGISTRY). A marriage contract can be concluded (in writing and with notarization) on the rights and responsibilities of spouses to support the family, property conditions for divorce.
With the mutual consent of the spouses and the absence of minor children, the marriage can be dissolved at the registry office. This can also be done at the request of only one of the spouses, if the second spouse is declared incompetent, declared missing by the court, or convicted of committing a crime by a court sentence to imprisonment for a term of more than 3 years. In case of disputes (about children, division of property, etc.), the matter is resolved in court.
A marriage is declared invalid if the conditions of its conclusion are not met, if the marriage is fictitious, or if one of the spouses has HIV infection or sexually transmitted diseases.
Family law rules regulate:
Conditions for marriage
The procedure for concluding and content of a marriage contract
Rights and responsibilities of parents and children
Registration procedure for full name baby
Divorce in the registry office or in court
Restriction or deprivation of parental rights
Forms and procedure for placing children without parental care into families
Procedure for registering marriage
Rights and responsibilities of spouses
Property of spouses and property of children
Conditions for recognizing a marriage as invalid
The protection of family rights is carried out by the court according to the rules of civil proceedings and in some state cases provided for by the Family Code. authorities, or guardianship authorities.
Rights and responsibilities of spouses:
Each spouse is free to choose their occupation, profession, place of stay and residence
During marriage, spouses choose their surname according to their wishes
Issues of motherhood, paternity, upbringing and education of children, other issues of family life
spouses decide independently by mutual agreement
Property acquired by spouses during marriage is their joint property (income from their work, pensions, benefits, other cash payments, movable and immovable things acquired with common income, securities, deposits, shares in capital and other property, regardless of which of them it is in the name of or which of them contributed funds)
Before or during the marriage, a marriage contract may be concluded between the spouses, defining their property rights and obligations in the marriage and (or) in the event of its dissolution, the spouses’ liability for harm caused to their minor children is applied to the common property of the spouses.
In accordance with Art. 38 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, motherhood and childhood, the family are under the protection of the state. As part of the declared worldwide support for motherhood, childhood and family by the state, Russia operates a unified system of state benefits, compensation and benefits for citizens with children, issued in connection with their birth and upbringing, which provides state-guaranteed material support for motherhood, paternity and childhood. The state provides benefits for the birth of children; provides various types of assistance and provides benefits to pregnant women, women with children, large families, families with sick children; establishes the procedure for granting maternity leave, determines the responsibility of officials in case of violation of the rights of women and children, and establishes guarantees for the protection of their rights.
Social group - bringing people together to meet the needs of individuals to carry out joint actions. People unite according to a variety of criteria: belonging to a nation (historical and cultural community of people united by language, common features of psychological makeup), profession, age group, citizenship, ideology, religion, and common interests. A group can be defined as an association of people based on a certain characteristic. The groups have certain norms(rules of conduct) and values, deviation from which is punishable by sanctions (from condemnation to boycott and exclusion from the group).
All groups of people can be divided into painsewn(nations, classes) and small(family, group of friends). The difference between them is not only quantitative (according to various estimates, a small group includes 7-20 people), but also qualitative (a feature of a small group is the possibility of direct contacts between all representatives of the group).
A small group is a small association of people whose members have a common goal and are in direct personal contact with each other. Quantitative composition: from 2 to 40 people.
Small group characterized by: the presence of a common goal, joint activity, personal (direct) interaction of group members, a certain emotional background, duration of existence, voluntary nature, the presence of mutual expectations.
There are small groups:
Conditional (group members do not have constant contact with each other);
Real (group members have constant contact with each other);
Natural (folding on their own).
Natural groups are divided into:
Formal - groups that are created and exist only within officially recognized organizations;
Informal - groups that arise and exist on the basis of the personal interests of their members and operate outside of official organizations.
The group exerts a certain pressure on the individual. Based on the method of reaction to such pressure, possible behavior patterns: conformism or opportunism (a person changes his behavior in order to outwardly meet the requirements of other people with internal disagreement), suggestibility (a person accepts a line of behavior), active consent (consciously defending the interests of the group), nonconformism (disagreement with the majority, defending one’s own interests).
Groups can be primary and secondary.
Primary groups- each member of such a group sees other members as individuals and individuals (family, friendly company). Here a personality is usually formed, everyone finds an intimate environment, sympathies and opportunities to realize personal interests.
Secondary groups- social contacts in them are impersonal, one-sided in nature (master - team, coach - team). Members find an effective mechanism to achieve their own goals, but often at the cost of losing intimacy and warmth in the relationship.
A social role is a certain pattern of behavior, a standard. SOCIAL ROLE- a normatively approved, relatively stable pattern of behavior. Examples of social roles: student, citizen, son, friend, consumer, passenger, neighbor, etc.
Social norms- standards of activity and rules of behavior, Social norms: traditions and customs, religious, moral, legal, political, economic.
Deviant behavior– deviates from social norms, sometimes illegally. Alcoholism, crime, drug addiction, inappropriate behavior.
Social values: the spiritual values of society, what is valuable specifically for a given society.
Nations and interethnic relations in the modern world.
Ethnic groups- these are historically established large groups of people who have a common culture, language, and awareness of the indissolubility of historical destiny.
A nation is the historically highest form of ethnosocial community of people, characterized by the unity of territory, economic life, historical path, language and culture.
Nation- a historically established community of people with statehood. Nations are formed during the development of commodity-money relations. They are preceded tribe And nationality.
Nation- a historically established community of people with statehood.
The main characteristics of a nation:
National cultural language
National culture (music, theater, cinema, etc.)
Unity of social and economic life
Traditions and customs
Community of territory
National culture- includes all the property of the people, their way of existence, adaptation to the natural-geographical and socio-historical environment in which they live. National culture includes: language, literature, music; uniforms; all types of food, design and interior decoration of the home, holidays, rituals, traditions, customs, forms of etiquette.
In the modern world, not a single nation can live in complete isolation and must enter into interethnic relations, establishes economic, political, ideological, cultural, legal, diplomatic and other connections.
They can be stable(permanent) and unstable(periodic), based on rivalry and on cooperation, equal rights And unequalright.
National question- this is a question of self-determination of the nation and overcoming ethnic inequality. The roots of the national question are in the uneven socio-economic and political development of different peoples. More developed and powerful states conquered weak and backward ones, establishing a system of national oppression in the conquered countries.
Causes of interethnic conflicts:
Dissatisfaction with a nation that does not have its own statehood
Arbitrarily established national-territorial boundaries
The danger of erosion of ethnicity as a result of the influx of foreign-speaking populations
Restrictions on the use of the national language
Infringement of rights and freedoms based on nationality
When resolving interethnic conflicts, it is necessary to observe the humanistic principles of national policy. relations:
Refusal of violence and coercion;
Seeking agreement based on the unanimity of all participants;
Recognition of human rights and freedoms as the most important value;
Willingness to peacefully resolve controversial issues.
Features of interpersonal relationships
Interpersonal relationships are relationships between two or more individuals.
Types of Interpersonal Interactions:
Between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades)
Between three individuals (father, mother, child)
Between four or more people (singer and his audience)
Between many, many people (between members of an unorganized crowd)
Formal interpersonal relationships:
Negotiations about employment;
Conversation between the principal and the student's parents
Relations between officials during official time
Making a business meeting by phone
Informal interpersonal relationships:
Friends party;
A picnic trip with friends;
Hiking trip;
Meet your neighbor
Conversation with a friend on the phone.
Interpersonal relationships can be characterized as interaction, mutual understanding and mutual perception of people.
Interpersonal relationships are possible both among large groups of people (nations, classes, estates) and among small groups of people (family, team, group).
Relationships happen business(official) and personal(friendship, camaraderie, friendship, love). Conflicts sometimes arise in interpersonal relationships.
Conflict- a clash of opposing goals, interests, a serious disagreement, a dispute. To resolve the conflict, it is necessary to determine motive, his caller. The outcome of the conflict depends on the choice of further strategy and methods of action. Its positive resolution is consensus.
Consensus, compromise- consent, mutual agreement on any issue.
Causes of interpersonal conflicts:
Inability to contain anger, irritation, jealousy, rage, resentment, etc.
Negative feelings: envy, self-interest, etc.
Age
Due to different views on fundamental issues
Due to different value orientations in modern life
Due to bad manners, tactlessness, mutual disrespect
- according to the “contagion effect” (from one to another)
The social consequences of scientific and technological revolution include
Growing requirements for specialist training
Increasing the share of workers in the service sector
Increasing the duration of schooling
- growth in education of the population
Types of societies:
1) pre-industrial (traditional) - competition between man and nature
It is characterized by the predominant importance of agriculture, fishing, cattle breeding, mining and wood processing industries. These areas of economic activity employ about 2/3 of the working population. Manual labor dominates. The use of primitive technologies based on everyday experience passed down from generation to generation.
2) industrial - competition between man and transformed nature
It is characterized by the development of the production of consumer goods, which is carried out through the widespread use of various types of equipment. Economic activity is dominated by centralism, gigantism, uniformity in work and life, mass culture, low level of spiritual values, oppression of people, and destruction of nature. The time of brilliant craftsmen who could, without fundamental special knowledge, invent a loom, a steam engine, a telephone, an airplane, etc. Monotonous assembly line work.
3) post-industrial - competition between people
It is characterized not only by the widespread use of the achievements of science and technology in all areas of human activity, but also by the targeted improvement of technology itself based on the development of fundamental sciences. Without the application of the achievements of fundamental sciences, it would be impossible to create either an atomic reactor, a laser, or a computer. Humans are being replaced by automated systems. One person, using modern technology equipped with a computer, can produce the final product, not in a standard (mass) version, but in an individual version in accordance with the consumer’s order.
4) New information technologies, according to modern scientists, can lead to fundamental changes in our entire way of life, and their widespread use will mark the creation of a new type of society - an information society.
Preparation for the Unified State Examination in mathematics and the Unified State Examination in other subjects:
Tell me, would you like to spend the next 5 years in such a way that you remember them forever, so that they are the happiest in your life?
Would you like to be proud of yourself for the rest of your life?
And perhaps the most immodest question. Would you like to earn a lot more than the rest and be happier?
Ru. I have two higher educations, several years of work in top international companies (PwC and E&Y), my own consulting company...
But I started with this: I couldn't get into university.
For various reasons, but the most important reason is that I DIDN’T BELIEVE THAT I NEEDED IT. And I wasn’t prepared.
And then, after I failed, the fun began.
It was a shame...
Because I had to answer the questions many, many times: “How?!” You didn't get in?! Why?! You're smart!” You can’t argue... You can’t say: “No, I’m a fool...”
Then I had to go to GPTU. Nowadays it is called the beautiful word “College”. And then this abbreviation was deciphered differently: “Lord, Help the Stupid Man Get Settled.”
In general... it became completely unbearable. Because some of my friends did and somehow immediately became unattainable.
They went to college, hung out in dorms, had fun, and I went to the factory and nailed slats to wooden panels on a conveyor belt and this was called training.
I took the panel, put slats on it, 12 shots with an air pistol and... the next panel. And so for 8 hours... And so all life...
And then there was the army - not the most pleasant place on earth. To be honest it was real hell and just wasted 2 years of life, so heavy that I could not even imagine.
A year of “study” at the State Technical University (essentially stupid, mechanical work at a factory) and two years of even more stupid and meaningless service in the army were very convincing.
The value of education was clearly explained to me in a simple, intelligible form. I realized one thing:..
I don't want to live like that!
I don’t want to go to a factory, do mechanical work, and earn little.
And so, after the army, I gathered my strength and with great difficulty entered... but not into college, but into the preparatory department, where they trained me for another year to enter a university.
It is unrealistic to enroll directly into a university after a three-year break from studying.
And only after the preparatory department, I was able to somehow “crawl” into the institute on a budget. Far from the best, but still...
There were two institutes, 6 years of the most wonderful fun!
After the second institute I found a job and I began to receive more immediately, than my parents. AND the work was very interesting(much more interesting than nailing slats).
I went on business trips all over the country: I visited Nakhodka, Sakhalin, Lake Baikal, the Arctic Circle, took professional exams in the USA, and went to training courses in Germany and Hungary. I communicated with different very interesting people, in different languages. I made friends all over the world.
But... do you want to be honest?
It was incredibly difficult to get out of the hole I had driven myself into. I had to simultaneously earn my living, study, sleep very little, and catch up all the time...
Few can stand this.
Why am I telling all this? Not to brag. There's nothing to brag about here.
I can not understand…
Why did I so mediocrely waste four of the best years of my life?!
And I encourage you to ask yourself a couple of questions right now...
Perhaps... it's worth being smarter than me? Perhaps you should try a little harder and enroll in your dream university this year? Perhaps it would be easier to enroll straight after school? Think about it. If the answer is yes, read on...
About urgent preparation for the Unified State Exam in mathematics
But first, one thought that, I know, gnaws at many, many schoolchildren like you. Here she is:
I have no talent for mathematics. I won't be able to pass the Unified State Exam.
Here's what I'll tell you about this. This is complete nonsense!
There are no people incapable of mathematics. There are people who are not capable of teaching it.
This may sound harsh, but it is true. Too many “teachers” are not capable of teaching.
The teacher’s task is not to demonstrate his knowledge (by definition he must have it), but to go down to the student’s level and rise with him at his pace along the steps of knowledge, explaining complex concepts on his fingers.
Maybe you just no luck with the teacher...
Look at the reviews for our textbook “For Dummies” on the website. Pay attention to how many schoolchildren understood complex sections of mathematics for the first time thanks to a textbook and wrote to us about it!
Why is that?
Because we've created a textbook that explains complex math concepts in simple, human language. Because with its help you can deal with any topic in mathematics on your own.
For these schoolchildren (and their parents and even grandparents!) our textbook has become an excellent electronic teacher!
Another question that also really worries you:
How difficult is the Unified State Examination in mathematics?!
Take a look yourself. Here is a schedule of those who passed the Unified State Exam in various subjects with 100 points for 2018.
The graph shows that such lucky ones are only 0.03% of the number of those who passed and that Mathematics, like English, are the most difficult exams.
This means you need to seriously prepare for them. But don’t worry, if you’re reading these lines, you’ll know how to pass that ill-fated Unified State Exam in mathematics!
Why can our preparation program for the Unified State Exam in mathematics and our textbook “For Dummies” help you prepare in the remaining time?
It's all about the interaction of the five parts of the site 100gia.ru and the site
Look what these parts are:
The school does not prepare you for the Unified State Exam for admission to a top university on a budget!
It’s not clear what needs to be repeated, what tasks to pay attention to when preparing!
Where I live there are no good teachers and I can’t find a tutor!
Which of these problems applies to you?
Preparation program for the Unified State Exam in mathematics
Our preparation program for the Unified State Exam in mathematics is your electronic tutor. Its algorithms were developed by the best tutors in Moscow. You don't have to look for other materials, you don't have to think about anything - just go from module to module and solve problems. Just like in the game. If you can’t, look through the answers and solutions.
At school I had a weak math teacher. I did not get anything.
I got sick and fell behind. I couldn't catch up anymore.
Mathematics is a very difficult subject, accessible only to child prodigies!
I have no talent for mathematics!
Did we already mention that this is nonsense?
Textbook “For Dummies” for preparing for the Unified State Exam in mathematics
You are 100% capable of mathematics. Read the reviews for our textbook. A lot of people have figured out complex topics on their own. We have written this textbook in such a way that it is clear so that anyone can understand any topic. In simple human language about complex things.
I understood the solution correctly, but did not notice the trap and solved the problem incorrectly!
The tasks were so unfamiliar! We weren't given these at school!
The theory is clear, but practice is lacking!
I solved difficult problems correctly. I know a lot and tried very hard, but I made a mistake on some nonsense!
Sounds familiar, doesn't it? Be sure that during the exam all the tasks will seem unfamiliar to you.
Trainers by type and topic
Therefore, there is no point in solving typical problems all the time. You need to look for and solve original problems in order to learn to think and not be afraid if the problem seems incomprehensible at first.
Our problems (especially complex ones) were invented by our mathematicians Elena Evgenievna Bashtova and Alexey Sergeevich Shevchuk. The tasks are original, that is, unfamiliar. Just what you need. By solving them, you will learn to think and prepare for the Unified State Exam in mathematics in the best possible way!
Would you know how often we hear this phrase?! Why is this happening?! Because you haven’t adapted to stress, solving timed problems, you’re not used to controlling time.
Trial Unified State Exam in Mathematics
This part will allow you get used to stress, learn to control time and find out your real level.
You can take the test exam in mathematics unlimited. Each time the program selects a new version of problems from a database of 6000 problems.
The result of the trial Unified State Exam, answers to each problem and solutions you you will receive it immediately!
- I won't be able to force myself to study. I need someone who will help and motivate me!
- I'm not sure I have enough time. There is... nothing left until the exam!
- I need help. I don't like studying alone.
It's simple!
Parent's office
In the parent's office you can see all the statistics of your progress. It is impossible to deceive him. Only correctly solved problems are displayed.
You and your parents will be able to accurately estimate how much time you need to study per day in order to complete the entire Program before the exam.
Our authors: who are they?
What exactly will you get by purchasing our preparation program for the Unified State Exam in mathematics and access to the textbook “For Dummies”
Preparation program for the Unified State Exam in mathematics
- 25 modules on geometry;
- 25 modules on algebra;
- An entrance test that determines the student’s level and a training program adapted to his level;
- Just go like in a game, from module to module;
- Parent's office (to help the student).
A great option for those who want to study on their own.
Why great? Because the most budget (but very high quality!).
Because it was prepared by the best tutors in Moscow as an electronic replacement for a tutor.
If you complete the Program to the end, increase your results by an average of 40%(according to a student survey).
Problem solving simulators by topic and type:
- 6000 tasks in the database on each topic and each type;
- All problems with solutions and answers.
An excellent option for those who don’t need a program, but want to get their hands on tasks on a specific topic or type.
to don't make stupid mistakes in simple problems
to learn how to write the answer correctly
to achieve stability results
to step on all the mistakes and learn solve problems with traps(of which there will be many in the exam)
so that they are not afraid to solve unknown problems (our problems are unique, you can’t download them on the Internet)
The best way to prepare with a trainer?
You read the topic in our textbook “For Dummies”, solve all the problems on the topic, and then solve all the problems on the same topic in the simulator.
Trial Unified State Exam - unlimited.
- At any time you can sit down and write a trial Unified State Exam, temporarily. And immediately get the result and analysis of tasks.
- Our trial Unified State Exam is as close as possible to the real one.
You will know exactly what you are capable of.
And most importantly, you can feel exam stress(the test is for a while) and get used to it.
Parent's office.
You can help the student by complicating or, conversely, simplifying his program.
Can be assessed whether you have time to prepare for the exam or not, because all the student’s statistics are visible.
Textbook (written in human language)
You can understand any complex topic in mathematics simply by reading a chapter from a textbook.
Don't believe me?
Look at student reviews on any page of the textbook.
Where I live there is no good math teacher. I found your training course and studied on my own for about 5 months. Plus I read your textbook and solved problems from it. Passed with 78 points. This is a lot for me! This is just a miracle! I recommend you to everyone!
Galya Ferzhikova
I was looking for inexpensive math courses for my son so that I could understand and help him. I’m lucky that I came across your course by chance. Sometimes we studied together, sometimes separately, and now he is in his first year! I wish you and your project good luck!
Alexander Viktorovich Lovtsov
I took the Unified State Exam 2 years ago, when your course was free (thanks for that!). I was never good at math, but your textbook helped a lot! I realized that I could master any topic. It was difficult at first with the preparation program, because I lied on your entrance test and received an advanced program. She's really complicated. Then I took the entrance test again and everything went fine. The ability to understand the material myself was very useful at the institute. I'm still reading the textbook :)
Galina K.- Student
Who is our textbook and training program for?
It is for the very smart, for the independent.
For those who don't have much money to hire tutors.
For those for whom it is important to achieve everything themselves and then, at the institute, when there is no father, no mother, no tutors nearby, not to get confused and get out of any situation.
Of course, we like the idea of studying with a tutor. But what about those who don’t have a lot of money to hire them?
What should those do? who lives in a small village where there are no good tutors?
We think everyone should have a chance!
What don’t we like about other Unified State Exam preparation programs in mathematics and textbooks?
We don't like the HOW most math textbooks are written.
It feels like they were written by people who knew and could do everything right from birth, and no one taught them addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, or patiently explained tricky problems step by step. On fingers. In clear language.
No. They immediately knew how to “differentiate and integrate,” and immediately understood mathematical language as their native language.
Of course this was not the case. If they know math well, it means someone was messing with them, it means they had a good teacher.
What is a good teacher?
This is not the one who knows everything and constantly demonstrates it, but the one who descends to the level of the student and, together with him, climbs the steps of knowledge, step by step, helping him so that he does not stumble.
In order for you to learn something new, you need to first have it explained to you, then helped to consolidate it in practice, and only then you will be able to use this new skill very quickly yourself.
It doesn't work any other way.
So we tried to do this in our textbook.
What does our textbook and training program NOT do?
This is not just a theory. This is a focus on problem solving. Because at the Unified State Exam in mathematics you will be asked not for theory, but for problem solving. If you need an ordinary theory textbook, this is not for us.
They won't study for you. If you're not in the mood to prepare, don't buy anything from us. We can't help you.
Who is our textbook and training program NOT suitable for?
They are not suitable for you if you:
- unable to convince himself of the need to study;
- unable to regularly sit down, open a computer and study.
Or if you don't have someone to push you and motivate you.
These could be your parents (In this case, open a parent's account for them so that they can see all your statistics and, if you are behind, help you)
These could be your friends. You can agree with a friend and open a parent’s office for each other, compete with each other.
Thanks for the test exam!
I was very worried that my daughter would not be able to cope with her anxiety and that she would not have enough time for the real exam. And here is your training program! We actually studied with a tutor, but on your website we only took the trial Unified State Exam. Many many times.
The tasks were always different, but my daughter coped with them and this gave her confidence. Passed the Unified State Exam with 91!
Andrey Gusev
I've been using your sites since I was in 8th grade. Mainly textbook and training on topics. The school doesn't explain clearly, your textbook is better!
If something is not clear, I first look at the textbook and usually that’s enough. But, if not, I solve problems in the simulator on the same topic until I feel that I understand everything.
I passed the OGE without any problems. Now I will prepare for the Unified State Exam.
Irina Samoilova
Questions and answers:
What is on the site?
On the website there is our famous textbook “For Dummies”, written in human language, allowing you to understand the topic yourself. The explanation is carried out “on the fingers”, it is very clear. If you look at the reviews under each topic, you can see how many students figured out complex topics on their own.
What is on the website 100gia.ru?
The website 100gia.ru contains:
- A preparation program for the Unified State Exam in mathematics and the Unified State Exam in mathematics, as well as preparation programs for grades 8 and 10 (for those who would like to prepare for exams in advance);
- Simulators for solving problems by topic and type. For those who do not need a full-fledged training program, but who need to get their hands on solving problems of a specific type or on a specific topic. The database contains more than 6,000 problems with solutions and answers.
- Trial Unified State Exam in mathematics and trial Unified State Exam in mathematics. For those who need to understand their real level, identify weaknesses, feel the stress associated with lack of time and get used to it.
For what period is access to the textbook (website) given?
We provide lifetime access to the textbook located on the website. It is limited only by the lifetime of the site.
For what period of time do you provide access to the 100gia.ru website?
We provide lifetime access to all services located on the website 100gia.ru. It is limited only by the lifetime of the site.
Are you preparing only for the Unified State Examination in mathematics?
Yes, we only prepare for the Unified State Exam and the Unified State Exam in mathematics.
How many options are available for the trial Unified State Exam in mathematics and the trial Unified State Exam in mathematics?
You can take the trial Unified State Exam and the trial Unified State Exam an unlimited number of times. The program generates a new list of tasks each time.
When are the results of the trial Unified State Exam in mathematics and the trial Unified State Exam in mathematics available if I take them on your website?
Results are available instantly. You can also look at the correct answers and solutions to problems and understand where you made a mistake and what topics you need to improve. These topics can then be trained on simulators by topic or type.
For what level of student preparation is your training program located on the website 100gia.ru suitable?
Our training program is suitable for any level of student. Before starting training, the student takes an entrance test and the system determines his level. Based on this level, the system develops a training program suitable for a particular student. Next, the student studies according to his program, according to the principle “from simple to complex,” step by step, module by module, going through the entire program.
Where did you get the tasks from?
We wrote all 6,000 problems in the database ourselves. Simple problems are similar to simple problems from other sources because it's hard to come up with something original. But complex tasks are unique. Our mathematicians worked on them. They cannot be Googled on the Internet. Therefore, solving these problems will teach you how to think and prepare you for the stress of the exam. It's no secret that during the exam all the tasks seem unfamiliar. So, there will be no such problem for you.
My child is cheating. How can you help with this?
To be honest, it is difficult to help in this situation. To get a high score on the Unified State Exam, you need to learn to think and not cheat. This takes time and work on your child's part. All that can be advised is to try to explain to the child the importance of the exam. It is most important. If you succeed, you can try to get as far along the training program as possible in the remaining time. You can open a parent’s account, see all his successes and help him, praise, encourage him...
What's the best way to learn using our sites?
Option 1. You read the topic in our textbook “For Dummies”, solve all the problems on the topic, and then solve all the problems on the same topic in the simulator of the Unified State Exam Preparation Program in Mathematics.
Option 2. Follow the Preparation Program for the Unified State Exam in Mathematics and, if the topic is not clear, read the materials in the textbook “For Dummies” on this topic.
And now the story that I promised is that you should not give up under any circumstances.
1991 My friend is 24 years old. He is a 3rd year student. He just had a child, the country has lowered prices, and if he starts working in his profession after graduating from college, the money he will earn will not be enough for food... My wife and child live in a hostel in another city. That is, he and his family also have nowhere to live.
I don't know who told him, but he's in this situation for some reason I started learning English. In those days it was not as easy as it is now, there were no good textbooks, courses, and the teachers themselves could not always speak English well. But he took whatever textbooks he could get his hands on and studied them from cover to cover.
When he announced to everyone that he would be entering the International University They laughed at him openly. The university was supervised by Russian President Yeltsin and Moscow Mayor Popov. The university provided a hotel room for two for out-of-towners. Nobody believed that you could get there “from the street.”
Next, what my friend did... He understood that he has no objective chance of getting in because of English. He also knew that the exam would include an essay in English on a free topic. And he thought that the topic might be: “Why do you want to study at the International University?”
Again, what were the chances that he would get it right? Very small...
My friend hired a tutor, wrote an essay on this topic with him and memorized it down to the comma. He would like to write a few more essays on other topics, but he no longer had money for a tutor.
And then he took and for some reason corrected one sentence in this essay - made it more complex grammatically, the same as in one grammar textbook...
Exam
English was the last exam. And - a miracle! Indeed, there was such a topic in the essay and my friend carefully rewrote everything to the comma received 23 points out of 25 possible!
Did it help him?
Despite all efforts, he was 12th on the list of 10 budget places. It seemed like I could give up. He did everything he could. But this guy wasn't like that.
He went to challenge the paper in English, because that was the only thing that could be challenged (mathematics and Russian could not be challenged). Although even if he was given 25 points out of 25, he would still not be enough to get into the top ten lucky ones. But he went...
He asked why he was given 23 points and not 25? The teacher replied that the essay was excellent, but it had one stylistic error and pointed to the SAME sentence that my friend had corrected!
Imagine what a shame! I ruined everything with my own hands! End?
Yeah... right now!
A friend finds that same grammar textbook right there in the department, opens it to a page with an example of that very complex grammatical structure and shows the teacher: “This is not a mistake, but a stylistic device.”
The teacher looks and is inspired: “Oh, so that’s what you meant! This is interesting... Okay. I’ll give you 25 points... and I’ll add 2 more points for my deep knowledge of the English language!”
Bingo! 27 points out of 25 possible! Just unbelieveble!
The guy got in?!
Not so. He became 11th on the list of 10 budget places...
And then he had a dilemma. It was possible to transfer to another faculty, where he would have enough points, but this faculty, as he thought then, was not so interesting and he decided not to twitch, hoping that someone in front of him would drop out of the race...
If you don’t give up and do everything to make you lucky, you will be lucky until the end!
And so it happened. Two friends before him transferred to that same easier faculty. They wanted to study together, but one of them failed...
And he became 10th...
The International University changed everything in his life. He built an excellent career and everything is fine with him now.
Conclusion?
NEVER GIVE UP, MY FRIEND!
NEVER GIVE UP MY FRIEND!
You have... 3 months left.
Or already 2 or even 1...day! - doesn't matter!
Do not give up!
Take our textbook and study as much as you can before the exam. Learn to solve problems in our simulator. Or take the Training Program and complete it as much as you can.
Try your best. Do not give up!
One day left?
Learn ONE topic and learn to solve problems on it.
Perhaps this topic will give you those 27 points out of 25 that will decide EVERYTHING.