Political features and geographical position of the Galician-Volyn principality. Geographical position of the Galicia-Volyn principality

The Galicia-Volyn principality fell into decline due to a number of reasons. The main internal factor in the beginning of the decline of the principality was that with the death of Andrei and Lev Yuryevich, as well as Vladimir Lvovich in 1323, the ruling Rurikovich (Romanovich) dynasty in the principality was interrupted; this led to the fact that the power of the boyars in the state increased significantly, and Yuri II Boleslav, who sat on the Galician-Volyn throne in 1325, was already much more dependent on the boyar aristocracy than his predecessors, the Rurikovichs. Also, a major role in the fall of the Galician-Volyn state was played by the foreign policy situation that developed in the middle of the 14th century: at a time when the neighboring Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were on the rise, Volyn and Galicia still remained in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde. In 1349, the Polish king Casimir III captured Galicia, after which the Galician-Volyn principality lost its territorial unity. In 1392, Galicia and Volyn were divided between Poland and Lithuania, which put an end to the existence of the Galician-Volyn principality as a single political entity.

Evangelist Mark (Vladimir, XIII century, Volyn Gospel).

On the territory of the Galicia-Volyn principality, a distinctive culture was formed, which not only inherited the traditions of Kievan Rus, but also absorbed many innovations from neighboring countries. Most modern information about this culture has come to us in the form of written evidence and archaeological artifacts.

The main cultural centers of the principality were large cities and Orthodox monasteries, which at the same time played the role of the main educational centers of the country. Volyn played a leading role in the cultural life of the country. The city of Vladimir itself, the main city of the Volyn principality, was an ancient citadel of the Rurikovichs. The city became famous thanks to Prince Vasily, whom the chronicler recalled as “a great scribe and philosopher, the likes of whom have never existed in all the earth and who will not exist after him.” This prince developed the cities of Berestya and Kamenets, created his own library, and built many churches throughout Volyn, to which he gave icons and books. Another significant cultural center was Galich, famous for its Metropolitan Cathedral and the Church of St. Panteleimon. The Galician-Volyn Chronicle was also written in Galich and the Galician Gospel was created. The largest and most famous monasteries in the principality were Poloninsky, Bogorodichny and Spassky.

Little is known about the architecture of the principality. Written sources describe mainly churches, without mentioning the secular houses of princes or boyars. There is also little data from archaeological excavations, and they are not enough for an accurate reconstruction of the structures of that time. The remains of the temples of the principality and records in chronicles make it possible to assert that in these lands the traditions of the architecture of Kievan Rus remained strong, but new trends in Western European architectural styles were felt..

The fine arts of the principality were strongly influenced by Byzantine art. Galicia-Volyn icons were especially valued in Western Europe, many of them ended up in Polish churches after the conquest of the principality. The art of icon painting of the Galicia-Volyn lands had common features with the Moscow icon painting school of the 14th-15th centuries. Although Orthodox traditions did not encourage the development of sculpture in connection with the fight against idolatry, the pages of the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle mention sculptural masterpieces in Galich, Przemysl and other cities, which indicates the Catholic influence on the masters of the principality. Fashion in decorative art, especially in the processing of weapons and military devices, was dictated by Asian countries, in particular the Golden Horde.

The development of culture in the Galician-Volyn principality contributed to the consolidation of the historical traditions of Kievan Rus; for many centuries they were preserved in architecture, fine arts, literature, chronicles and historical works. But at the same time, the principality came under the influence of Western Europe, where the Galician-Volyn princes and nobility sought protection from aggression from the east.

At the end of the 12th century, a significant historical event occurred: the territories of the Galician and Volyn separate principalities were united into a single Galician-Volyn principality. As a result of this reunification, the largest ancient Russian state of the Rurik dynasty arose. A wise ruler, Prince Roman Mstislavovich, was able to unite two independent principalities.

First, taking advantage of the civil strife, he occupied Galich, and after the death of Vladimir Yaroslavich, he cleverly united these territories. Common cultural traditions, as well as common enemies (represented by the Poles, Golden Horde and Hungarians) also contributed to the reunification of these lands. The principality existed for more than 200 years, and its wise ruler was later called “the autocrat of all Rus'.”

The peculiarity of the geographical location of the principality was its favorable territorial location. The state is located on the fertile black soils of Southwestern Rus'. The principality was adjacent to Lithuania - on the northern side; with the Golden Horde - on the south side; with the Kyiv and Turovo-Pinsk principalities - on the eastern side; with the Kingdom of Poland - along the western borders. And the majestic Carpathians served as a natural border with Hungary.

The natural conditions in the state were excellent: luxurious and picturesque nature, a huge number of clean reservoirs. In the south, the principality was washed by the majestic Danube, and in the east by the deep rivers Styr and Pripyat.

There is no exact information about the population size. Unfortunately, no reliable lists have reached us. It is only known that the princely subjects regularly conducted a census of the population in the territories under their control. Regular population growth was ensured by the resettlement of inhabitants of the conquered lands to the territory of the principality.

Residents of the Ukrainian steppes also regularly moved to the territory of the state in search of protection from the constant raids on the steppe by the Mongol-Tatars. The main part of the population were Eastern Slavs. But there were also small settlements of Poles, Yatvingians, Lithuanians, Prussians and Tatars.

Important! In large cities there were also separate merchant and craft settlements of Germans and Jews.

Characteristics of the state

The favorable geographical location contributed to the rapid development of the state. The description of the Volyn principality would be incomplete without a description of its largest cities.

According to ancient chronicles, there were about 80 of them in the principality. The largest cities:

1. Lviv - this ancient beautiful city, even at the present stage, is the cultural capital of Ukraine. The city was named after the son of Danil Galitsky - Leo.
2. Vladimir-Volynsky is a large and beautiful city, whose favorable geographical location contributed to the formation of a large Jewish community there back in the 13th and 14th centuries. A tragic fate befell the city during World War II, when the Germans destroyed 25 thousand of the city's population.
3. Galich is also a luxurious ancient city, which became the first capital of the Galician state.

Political system

Governance in the Volyn principality deserves special attention. State policy is still of particular interest and subject of debate among historians. Official historical science is inclined to believe that real power was concentrated in the hands of noble boyars. It was precisely such nobles who made the most important decisions in the state. At general councils, they decided which of all the contenders should be placed on the princely throne, and from whom power should be taken away. And even if the prince made a decision on his own, the boyars still had to approve it, and they could also appeal it.

The government body, which included noble boyars, was called the council. The council was also composed of bishops and large landowners. The social system was feudal. Society was divided into five layers, between which there were striking differences.

The table will clearly show the social strata.

The main law in the state was the Russian Truth of Yaroslav the Wise.

Useful video: history of the Galician-Volyn principality

Economic features

The economy in the Galicia-Volyn lands was quite developed. It was based mainly on subsistence agriculture. The farmsteads had their own self-sufficient lands, owned their own arable land, meadows, forests and hayfields, as well as places for hunting and fishing.

The most popular cereal crops were wheat and oats; wheat and barley were not particularly popular. The most popular livestock farming was horse breeding, as well as sheep and pig breeding. The most popular craft was salt making. Many forests contributed to the development of woodworking and construction.

Pottery, jewelry, blacksmithing and weapons making were also developed. The trade business did not develop particularly; the unpopularity of trade was facilitated by the lack of access to the sea and river ports. Internal trade was carried out mainly in large cities.

Army

Military affairs played a key role in the existence of the state system. Constant wars and civil strife contributed to the development of the army.

The army was divided into two parts:

• squads,
• warriors.

The warriors made up the princely army; the squad was formed exclusively from the boyar classes. The duty of all noble boyars was unconditional participation in military campaigns. Moreover, each boyar had to go on a campaign with cavalry and subjects. Their number could reach 1000. Simple boyars had to go on a campaign with two accompanying people: a gunsmith and an archer.

A separate princely guard consisted of very young boyars. They were constantly near the prince.

Simple warriors were a kind of people's militia. Unlike the warriors, their participation in military campaigns was not so in demand.

Cultural traditions

A rather distinctive culture was formed on the territory of the principality, the origins of which were based both on ancient Russian cultural traditions and on those borrowed from neighboring states.

Large monasteries in cities were cultural centers. They were also the main centers of education. Cultural life was mainly concentrated in Volyn, Vladimir, and also in Galich. It was in these cities that libraries were concentrated, and writing was developed in them.

Orthodox churches and monasteries were famous for their exquisite architecture. Dnieper architectural traditions were honored in the Volyn lands. In the Galician land they used mainly Romanesque architectural styles and trends, borrowed mainly from Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland.

Important! It was Galician architecture that was particularly diverse. Exquisite white stone was used to decorate the buildings. The walls were lined with ceramic relief tiles, on which flora, geographical patterns were depicted, and military themes were also widely used.

The 12th century was marked by a special flowering of the region's architecture. It was at this time that the majestic Assumption Cathedral was built in the city of Galich. This powerful cathedral was only slightly smaller in size than St. Sophia of Kyiv. It was built during the reign of Yaroslav Osmomysl and symbolized the power of the principality. During excavations of the foundation of the cathedral, a sarcophagus with the remains of the prince himself was discovered.

Among other architectural monuments, we note the most significant:

• The grandiose Church of St. Panteleimon has survived to this day. It is located in the village of Krylos in the Ivano-Frankivsk region.
• The city of Holm became a fairly large architectural center already in the 13th century. Unfortunately, not a single architectural structure in the Hill has survived to this day.
• The majestic Assumption Cathedral in the city of Vladimir has survived to this day. The cathedral was built by order of Mstislav Izyaslavich back in 1160.
• A completely new type of structures, which were of a defensive nature, appeared in Volyn in the 13th century. These were huge dungeon towers, which were built of brick or stone.

Useful video: Galicia-Volyn Principality

Conclusion

The Galician-Volyn principality was a powerful and economically developed state with majestic architecture and well-established cultural traditions. Power in this principality was concentrated in the hands of the prince and noble boyars.

During the period of specific fragmentation, independent Galician and Volyn principalities were formed in the southwest. Volyn with the main city of Vladimir Volynsky was located on the right bank of the Western Bug, and along the Pripyat River it reached the Southern Bug. The territory got its name from the local tribe, the Volynians, who, along with the Buzhans and Dulebs, inhabited these lands. Since ancient times, Volyn was subordinate to the Kyiv princes, but in the 12th century an independent princely branch was formed here: Izyaslav Mstislavich, the grandson of the famous Vladimir Monomakh, settled in Volyn and it was from here that he tried to conquer the capital Kiev. His son Mstislav Izyaslavich, whose descendants founded their homeland here, did the same. The most powerful Volyn prince was Roman Mstislavich, who annexed the Principality of Galicia to his possessions.

The main feature of its geographical location was that its territory was heterogeneous in natural and climatic conditions. The mountainous part of the Galician land adjoined the Carpathians, the flat part - to the Western Bug (the famous “Cherven cities” were located here, which got their name from the city of Cherven). By resolution of the Lyubech Congress of 1097, they went to the great-grandsons of Yaroslav the Wise Vasilko and Volodar. This is how the independent Principality of Galicia was formed. The son of the latter, Vladimir, made the city of Galich the capital in the 40s of the 12th century, expanded the borders of his homeland and began to attract people from other regions, which contributed to the development of the new principality. The unification of the Galician principality under strong princely authority was continued by his son Yaroslav Osmomysl (1152–1187). Under him, the region continued to be populated not only by newcomers from Rus', but also from Western European countries. After his death, unrest began in the principality, which ended with the seizure of the Galician principality by Roman Mstislavich in 1199. Thus, a new state entity was formed in southwestern Rus'.

The features of the Galicia-Volyn principality were the following: strong princely power, which, however, was limited by the boyar aristocracy, the natural nature of the economy, and a high level of cultural development. The history of this land largely depended on the intervention of neighboring states - Hungary, Poland, in addition, local rulers had to fight the Cumans, Tatars, Lithuania, and the Teutonic Order. This foreign policy factor weakened the already fragile administration and management, and the incessant boyar unrest weakened the young principality. However, the Volyn prince Daniil Romanovich, the son of the famous Roman Mstislavich, managed to unite the Galician and Volyn principalities again under his rule. In the struggle to unite the southwestern lands, he had to face not only strong internal opposition in the form of the Galician boyars, but also with external opponents - Hungary and Poland, as well as other appanage Russian princes who laid claim to his patrimonial possessions. Daniil Romanovich, together with other princes, took part in the battle on the Kalka River in 1223, was wounded, but escaped and managed to hide in his lands. A few years later he managed to take possession of Galich, and in 1240 the prince captured Kyiv. The ruler waged a stubborn struggle against the large landowner boyars, relying on the urban population and the serving nobility. He founded new cities such as Kholm, Lviv, Ugrovesk. The prince negotiated with the West about an alliance against the Horde and, counting on outside help, accepted the royal title from the Pope in 1253.

In the 13th century, the main features of the political and socio-economic development of the Galicia-Volyn principality were determined. The prince had full power, but he had to constantly fight the opposition of the aristocracy, relying on cities and the army. The majority of the population were smerds - simple community members - peasants who cultivated the land and paid the boyars and the prince rent in kind. The economy of the Galicia-Volyn principality was also of a natural nature. This territory was located on black soil, which was conducive to the development of agriculture. Farmers grew mainly crops such as oats and wheat; The main branches of livestock farming were horse breeding, pig breeding and sheep breeding. However, due to the distance from the sea, the level of trade development was low. The Galician-Volyn principality had land borders: in the east with the Kyiv and Polotsk principalities, in the south and west - with Byzantium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland; in the north - with the Teutonic Order and Lithuania. A distinctive culture took shape in the principality, a feature of which was the borrowing of traditions not only from Ancient Rus', but also from neighboring countries. The chronicle and the Galician Gospel were created in Galich; the Metropolitan Cathedral was located here,

Galicia-Volyn Principality

Geographical location: South-west of Russian lands. Also, the location of the Galicia-Volyn principality can be attributed to the rivers Bug, Dnieper, Pripyat, Pruch. It did not have access to the seas. (The largest cities of the Galicia-Volyn principality were Vladimir-Volynsky, Przemysl, Terebovl, Galich, Berestye, Kholm).

Climate: soft, fertile soil (steppe space)

Economic development: engaged in agriculture (bread export), rock salt mining, hunting, beekeeping, blacksmithing, pottery, and cattle breeding. Numerous trade routes passed through the Galich and Volyn lands. The waterway from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea passed along the Vistula - Western Bug - Dniester rivers, overland trade routes led to the countries of South-Eastern Europe. There was a land trade route with the countries of the East along the Danube.

The neighbors of the Galicia-Volyn principality were the Kingdom of Poland, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Polovtsy, the Golden Horde, and the Principality of Lithuania (for their protection, the Galician-Volyn principality signed an agreement with Catholic Rome, the Holy Roman Empire and the Teutonic Order).

Form of government: monarchy (language - Old Russian, religion - Orthodoxy)

Rulers: Yaroslav Osmysl (1151-1187), Roman Mstislavich (1199-1205; united the Galician and Volyn lands. In 1203 he occupied Kiev. Under the rule of Roman Mstislavich, Southern and Southwestern Russia united. The period of his reign was marked by the strengthening of Galician positions -Volyn principality within Russian lands and in the international arena. In 1205, Roman Mstislavich died in Poland, which led to the weakening of princely power in the Galician-Volyn principality and its collapse), Daniil Romanovich (1205 -1264; In 1228, Daniil successfully withstood in Kamenets, the siege of the coalition troops of Vladimir Rurikovich of Kiev, Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov and the Polovtsians Kotyan under the pretext of intercession for the princes captured by Daniil in Czartoryskepino. In 1245, Daniil visited the Golden Horde and recognized the dependence of his lands on the Mongol khans as a way to avoid territorial claims on Galicia. Already in During this trip, the ambassador of Pope Innocent IV, Plano Carpini, spoke with Daniel about the unification of churches. In 1248, Daniel intervened in the Lithuanian civil strife on the side of his second wife's brother Tovtivil against Mindaugas. In 1254, Daniel made peace with Mindaugas. In 1254, Daniil took the title in Dorogochina "King of Rus'". In 1264, Daniel died and never liberated the Galicia-Volyn principality from the Horde yoke)

Conclusion: The Galician-Volyn land was located in an area with fertile soils, a mild climate, steppe space, there were many rivers and forests. It was a center of highly developed agriculture and cattle breeding. The commercial economy (hunting, fishing, beekeeping) also actively developed in this land. Crafts developed successfully, which led to the growth of cities. Especially blacksmithing, jewelry, and weaving. The largest cities on earth were Vladimir Volynsky, Galich, Przemysl and others. Numerous trade routes passed through the principality. The waterway from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea passed along the Vistula, Dniester, and Western Buk rivers. Overland trade routes led to the countries of southeastern and central Europe. Along the Danube there was a path with the countries of the East. In the principality, large princely and boyar landholdings developed early on. Having abundant sources of support, the local nobility prospered and maintained large squads. It was difficult for the princes who came from Kyiv to rule in this region, where each boyar could field an entire army against the prince. The position of the Rurikovichs was further complicated by the fact that it bordered on the strong Western states of Hungary and Poland, whose rulers actively interfered in the affairs of the principalities (Galician and Volyn) and sought to seize and consolidate their power. The Galician principality reached its greatest prosperity under Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl (very educated, he knew 8 languages). Yaroslav Osmomysl achieved enormous authority, both inland and internationally. To solve his problems, he skillfully used allies among the Russian principalities. He pursued his foreign policy taking into account all Russian principalities. He put great pressure on the foreign policy of Byzantium and successfully repelled the raids of nomads. Under him, new cities were built in the principality. The author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” speaks of him as one of the most powerful princes in Rus', who supports the Ugric mountains with his iron regiments. Yaroslav began a stubborn struggle for autocracy, but could not break the boyars. After his death, the Galician land became the scene of a long struggle between the princes and the local boyars. The weakness of the Galician princes is explained by the fact that their land ownership was less than that of the boyars, and they could not increase the number of service people, on whom they would rely on their supporters in the fight against the boyars. A powerful princely fiefdom developed in the Volyn principality. The princes were able to subjugate the boyars and strengthen their power. In 1198, the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich united the two principalities, he subjugated Kyiv and ruled southern and southwestern Russia. Under him, the Galician-Volyn principality grew stronger and began to play a significant role in international politics. Relying on a layer of serving feudal lords and townspeople, he stubbornly fought against the boyars, he exterminated some, the rest fled to Hungary and Poland. He distributed the lands of his opponents to serving feudal lords. Strong power contributed to the development of the principality. He takes the title of Grand Duke and becomes recognized in Rus'. With the death of Roman, princely power weakened. The boyars seized power, and his young children fled to Hungary. The Galician-Volyn principality collapsed. The Galician boyars began a long and grueling struggle, which lasted about 30 years. The Hungarian and Polish feudal lords invited by the boyars ravaged the land, seized Galician lands and part of Volyn. This launched a national liberation struggle against the invaders. This struggle served as the basis for uniting the forces of East-West Rus'. Prince Daniil Romanovich was able, relying on the townspeople and service people, to establish himself in Volyn and strengthen his power. In 1238, he again united the Galician and Volyn lands into a single principality. In 1240, he captured Kiev and again united southern and southwestern Rus'. In Kyiv he imprisoned the governor Dmitry. The economic and cultural rise of the Galicia-Volyn principality during the reign of Prince Daniel was interrupted by the invasion of Batu.

To really understand history well, you need to mentally imagine the era of interest, the spirit of its times and the main characters. Today we will take a short trip to medieval Rus' through the picturesque lands of Galicia and Volyn.

What is it like, Rus' of the 12th-13th centuries?

First of all, it is divided into small states, each of which lives according to its own laws and has its own ruler (prince). This phenomenon was called Rus. In each principality, people speak a certain dialect of the Russian language, which depends on the geographical location of the territory.

The structure of Rus' is also interesting. Historians distinguish two classes - the ruling elite, consisting of the nobility (influential boyars), and the class of dependent peasants. For some reason there were always much more of the latter.

Representatives of another class lived in large cities - artisans. These people had a remarkable ability to create authentic things. Thanks to them, wood carving appeared, known not only in Russia, but also abroad. In a few words we talked about medieval Rus', then there will be exclusively the history of the Galicia-Volyn principality.

Lands included in the principality

The young state, the development of which began under Roman Mstislavovich, consisted of different lands. What were these territories? The state included Galician, Volyn, Lutsk, Polesie, Kholmsky, Zvenigorod and Terebovlyan lands. As well as part of the territories of modern Moldova, Transcarpathia, Podolia and Podlasie.

Like various puzzles, these plots of land succinctly formed the Galician-Volyn principality (the geographical location and neighboring countries of the young state will be described in the next chapter).

Location of the principality

The Galicia-Volyn principality is located on the territory. The geographical position of the new association was obviously advantageous. It combined three aspects:

• location in the center of Europe;
• comfortable climate;
• fertile lands that invariably produce good harvests.

The favorable location also meant a variety of neighbors, but not all of them were friendly to the young state.

In the east, the young tandem had a long border with Kiev and the Turovo-Pinsk principality. Relations between the fraternal peoples were friendly. But the countries in the west and north were not particularly fond of the young state. Poland and Lithuania always wanted to control Galicia and Volhynia, which they eventually achieved in the 14th century.

In the south, the state was adjacent to the Golden Horde. Relations with our southern neighbor have always been difficult. This is due to serious cultural differences and the presence of disputed territories.

Brief historical background

The principality arose in 1199, due to the confluence of two circumstances. The first was quite logical - the location of two culturally close territories nearby (Galicia and Volyn) and unfriendly neighboring countries (the Polish Kingdom and the Golden Horde). The second is the emergence of a strong political figure - Prince Roman Mstislavovich. The wise ruler was well aware that the larger the state, the easier it was for him to resist a common enemy, and that culturally similar peoples would get along in one state. His plan paid off, and at the end of the 12th century a new formation appeared.

Who weakened the young state? People from the Golden Horde were able to shake the Galician-Volyn principality. The development of the state ended at the end of the 14th century.

Wise rulers

Over the 200 years of the state's existence, different people have been in power. Wise princes are a real find for Galicia and Volyn. So, who managed to bring peace and quiet to this long-suffering territory? Who were these people?

• Yaroslav Vladimirovich Osmomysl, the predecessor of Roman Mstislavovich, was the first to come to the territories in question. Was able to successfully establish himself at the mouth of the Danube.
• Roman Mstislavovich - unifier of Galicia and Volyn.
• Danila Romanovich Galitsky - his own son, once again brought together the lands of the Galicia-Volyn principality.

Subsequent rulers of the principality turned out to be less strong-willed. In 1392, the Galician-Volyn principality ceased to exist. The princes were unable to resist external opponents. As a result, Volyn became Lithuanian, Galicia went to Poland, and Chervona Rus - to the Hungarians.

Specific people created the Galicia-Volyn principality. The princes, whose achievements are described in this chapter, contributed to the prosperity and victories of the young state in the southwest of Rus'.

Relations with neighbors and foreign policy

Influential countries surrounded the Galicia-Volyn principality. The geographical position of the young state implied conflicts with its neighbors. The nature of foreign policy strongly depended on the historical period and the specific ruler: there were striking campaigns of conquest, and there was also a period of forced cooperation with Rome. The latter was carried out for the purpose of protection from the Poles.

The conquests of Roman Mstislavovich and Danila Galitsky made the young state one of the strongest in Eastern Europe. The unifying prince pursued a wise foreign policy towards Lithuania, the Kingdom of Poland and Hungary. He managed to spread influence over Kievan Rus in 1202-1203. As a result, the people of Kiev had no choice but to accept the new ruler.

No less interesting is the political triumph of Danila Galitsky. When he was a child, chaos reigned in the territory of Volyn and Galicia. But, having matured, the young heir followed in his father’s footsteps. Under Danil Romanovich, the Galician-Volyn principality reappeared. The prince significantly expanded the territory of his state: he annexed his eastern neighbor and part of Poland (including the city of Lublin).

Unique culture

History impartially shows that every influential state creates its own authentic culture. It is by this that people recognize him.

The cultural features of the Galicia-Volyn principality are very diverse. We will look at the architecture of medieval cities.

Stone cathedrals and castles characterize the Galicia-Volyn region. The land was rich in similar buildings). In the 12-13th centuries, a unique architectural school was formed in the lands of Galicia and Volyn. She absorbed both the traditions of Western European masters and the techniques of the Kyiv school. Local craftsmen created such architectural masterpieces as the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir-Volynsky and the Church of St. Panteleimon in Galich.

An interesting state in the south of Rus' - the Principality of Galicia-Volyn (we already know its geographical location) has gone down in history forever. Its unique history and picturesque nature invariably attract those who love to explore the world.