Ivan's reign 3 table. Beginning of the reign of Ivan III

Hello, dear readers!

We continue to study the course “History of Russia” to prepare for the Unified State Exam and today we will complete the topic “Education of the Moscow State.” The topic of today's short post is “The Muscovite State under Ivan III the Great”
Ivan the Third - the first ruler of the united state. His reign 1462-1505. Ivan III annexed the Yaroslavl, Perm, Tver, Novgorod principalities, and the hardest thing for him was the conquest of Novgorod, since the Novgorodians decided to become part of the Polish-Lithuanian state. But as a result of the battle on the Sheloni River and the campaign against Novgorod, the city surrendered and the veche bell was taken to Moscow.

Ivan III is also known for the fact that it was during his reign that overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. In 1480, the so-called “Standing on the Ugra River” of the troops of Khan Akhmat and Ivan III took place. The troops stood on both sides of the Ugra for several days, but in the end the Golden Horde troops could not stand it and left Rus'. Remember that exactly 1480 is considered the year of the liberation of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

Also Ivan took the title "Sovereign of All Rus'", began the construction of the modern red Moscow Kremlin, in 1497 the first Code of Law was compiled- a collection of laws of a single state, made the double-headed Byzantine eagle the emblem of the state, after marrying the niece of the Byzantine Emperor Sophia Paleologus and from the end of the 15th century, Russian lands began to be called Russia, she declared herself the successor of Byzantium. After this event, the expression appeared: "Moscow is the third Rome".

The policy of Ivan III was continued by his son Vasily III. The years of his reign were 1505-1533. He also annexed several cities to Moscow, namely Pskov, Smolensk and Ryazan. During his reign, Russia rose in the rankings in the international arena and began to play a prominent role in international affairs.

The formation of a single centralized state is not only the unification of all territories of the country, but also the centralization of management. It was that Now the head of the state was the Grand Duke, who negotiated, resolved issues of war and peace, minted coins, the advisory body under the prince was the Boyar Duma, which included representatives of the nobility, individual branches of the state. The administration was in charge of orders, the territory of Russia was divided into counties, to which the Grand Duke appointed his governors, and for managing the counties, the governors received the right to rent (feed) - to collect tribute. This system is called feeding.

Scheme of centralization of management in a single state:

Also worth special mention is the event 1497, namely compilation of the Code of Laws of Ivan the Great. It was the first Code of Law and laid the foundation for the enslavement of peasants, St. George's Day was introduced(November 26). The right of peasant transition from one feudal lord to another was limited to two weeks a year - the week before St. George's Day and the week after.

After the adoption of the first Code of Law, people were now appointed to all positions in the state depending on the nobility of the family. This order is called localism.

Thus, at the end of the 15th – beginning of the 16th centuries, Russia completed the unification of Russian lands into a single state.

I'm also announcing a competition for the 100th comment. Prize for the 100th commentator, not big or small - 1,000 rubles..

With this, I will probably end this post. I hope that after working through it you will not have any questions about the reign of Ivan and Vasily the Third. In the next post, a thematic test-competition on the topic “Formation of a unified Moscow state” will be solved, by analogy with the test-competition on Ancient Rus'. I hope you don't mind holding competitions on my blog. It seems there is nothing more to add... See you in the next posts))

© Ivan Nekrasov 2014

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Almost half a century of the reign of Ivan III, later nicknamed the Great, became the era of Moscow’s final victory in the struggle for the unification of the lands of northeastern Rus' and the elimination of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Ivan the Great abolished the statehood of Tver and Novgorod and conquered significant territories west of Moscow from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He refused to pay tribute to the Horde, and in 1480, after standing on the Ugra, tributary relations with the Horde were completely broken. By the time of the death of Ivan III, the process of collecting lands was almost completed: only two principalities remained formally independent from Moscow - Pskov and Ryazan, but they also actually depended on Ivan III, and during his reign, his son Vasily III was actually included in the Moscow principality.

Grand Duke Ivan III strengthened not only the foreign policy positions of his state, but also its legal and financial system. The creation of the Code of Laws and the implementation of monetary reform streamlined the social life of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

Years of reign (from 1462 to 1505);

He was the son of Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark;

The Novgorod land was annexed to the Moscow state during the reign of Ivan III;

In 1478, one of the oldest cities in Rus' was forcibly annexed to the Grand Duchy. This was the city of Novgorod the Great.

wars of the Moscow State with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - 1487-1494;

Vasily III - 1507-1508;

1512-1522 - wars of the Moscow state with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania;

Rus' finally stopped paying tribute to the Golden Horde during the reign of Prince Ivan III;

1480 - standing on the Ugra River;

The reign of Ivan III is characterized:

• a qualitatively new stage in the development of statehood (centralization):
• entry of Rus' into the number of European states.

Russia has not yet played a definite role in world life; it has not yet truly entered the life of European humanity. Great Russia still remained a secluded province in world and European life; its spiritual life was isolated and closed.

This period of Russian history can be characterized as pre-Petrine time.

About gradual formation of a centralized state in Russia testifies:

monetary reform of Elena Glinskaya

division of Russian lands into volosts

In the Moscow state of the XV-XVI centuries. an estate was a land holding granted on the condition of service in the fight against the feudal elite: the Russian clergy, who sought to play a key role in politics, the sovereign elevated a group of young Novgorod priests led by Fyodor Kuritsyn. As it turned out, many of the views of these grand ducal protégés were heretical (the heresy of the “Judaizers”)

Signs of a centralized state:

1. highest state body - Boyar Duma (legislative)

2. single law - Sudebnik

3. multi-stage system of service people

4. a unified management system is being formed

The first order is from the middle of the 15th century. The Treasury stands out (it managed the palace economy).

The attributes of royal power took shape, and the double-headed Byzantine eagle became the coat of arms.

Ivan Vasilievich. In 1456, when Ivan was 16 years old, Vasily II the Dark appointed him as his co-ruler, and at the age of 22 he became the Grand Duke of Moscow. In 1482, Prince Ivan Glinsky fled to Moscow.

In the twelfth year of his life, Ivan married Maria Borisovna, princess of Tver, and in the eighteenth year he already had a son, Ivan, nicknamed Young. By nature, Ivan III was secretive, cautious and did not rush towards his intended goal quickly, but waited for an opportunity, chose the time, moving towards it with measured steps.

Reign of Ivan 3

The beginning of Ivan III's reign was marked by the release of gold coins, on which the names of Grand Duke Ivan III and his son Ivan the Young, heir to the throne, were minted. The first wife of Ivan III died early, and the Grand Duke entered into a second marriage with the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI, Zoya (Sophia) Palaeologus.

Under Ivan III FOR THE FIRST TIME:

On February 4, 1498, Ivan III crowned his grandson as king. Fearing that he would not have time to find a foreign bride before his death, Ivan III chose Solomonia, the daughter of an insignificant Russian dignitary. The cherished goal of Ivan III’s activities was to gather lands around Moscow, to put an end to the remnants of specific disunity for the sake of creating a single state.

Main results of the reign of Ivan III

Ivan III had to make a campaign against Novgorod (1471), as a result of which the Novgorodians were defeated first on the Ilmen River, and then Shelon, but Casimir did not come to the rescue. Ivan acted inhumanely with his brothers, taking away their inheritance and depriving them of the right to any participation in state affairs. So, Andrei Bolshoi and his sons were arrested and imprisoned. Moscow and Lithuania often fought over Russian lands located under Lithuania and Poland.

During his reign, Ivan III Vasilyevich made several attempts to subjugate the Kazan kingdom. For internal order in the country, Ivan III in 1497 developed a Code of Civil Laws (Code). The chief judge was the Grand Duke, the highest institution was the Boyar Duma. Mandatory and local management systems appeared. Under Ivan III, the territory of Rus' expanded significantly, Moscow became the center of the Russian centralized state.

Historical portrait of Ivan III

The domestic policy of Vasily 3, as well as the foreign one, was a natural continuation of the actions of Ivan 3, taken by him to defend the interests of the Orthodox Church and the centralization of the state.

4th quarter of the 20th century

The foreign policy of Vasily 3 had a clearly defined goal - to protect the lands of the principality from raids periodically carried out by detachments of the Crimean and Kazan khanates. The prince was also friendly towards more distant states. During his life, Vasily 3, whose brief biography is reflected in this article, was married twice. His first wife was a girl from the most noble boyar family, Solomonia Saburova.

Ivan III can rightfully be called one of the most visionary rulers in the history of the Rurik dynasty. Despite his reputation as a brilliant ruler, almost a tsar, who completely changed the face of a disunited country, Ivan III had many ill-wishers.

Reforms of Ivan III

During his 40 years in power, Ivan III carried out many reforms, and this article is devoted to understanding the results of his reign. Having come to power, Ivan III realized that the hegemony of the Horde put great pressure on the state, not allowing Rus' to develop normally according to its own scenario.

Foreign policy of Vasily III

The foresight of Ivan III helped the tsar understand that successes in foreign policy directly depend on the final internal state actions. All former irreconcilable enemies, including the Pskov, Ryazan and Tver principalities, gathered under the auspices of the Moscow Principality. Being part of one state and possessing huge troops, all these principalities were invincible.

However, Ivan III did not plan to stop his reform actions after the victory over the Mongol yoke. Already in 1497, the ruler prepared a new legislative act - the Code of Laws. The period of Ivan III's reign also became a time of cultural upsurge. It was during this period that the construction of many cultural buildings began (including the famous Assumption Cathedral), and literacy was distributed.

By the middle of the 15th century, the Mongol yoke had already weakened enough due to internal strife, and sooner or later the overthrow of the aggressors still had to happen. In addition, the king behaved quite aggressively regarding internal politics, with a firm hand in the beginning preventing all uprisings and disunity between the principalities.

The deposition of Abdyl-Letif and the return of Mohammed-Amen to Kazan. Church council on the issue of married priests, fees for ordination and church land ownership. Their executions took place in Moscow and Novgorod.

Ivan III Vasilyevich was born on January 22, 1440, the son of Vasily II. From an early age, he helped his blind father as much as he could in government affairs and went on hikes with him. In March 1462, Vasily II became seriously ill and died. Shortly before his death, he made a will. The will stated that the eldest son Ivan received the grand-ducal throne, and most of the state, its main cities.

Domestic policy

In domestic politics, he, like his father, continues to collect Russian lands under Moscow's leadership. He annexed the Rostov, and Tver, Ryazan, Belozersk and Dmitrov principalities to Moscow. The union of Russian lands with Moscow was very successful and productive. This course of affairs did not suit Ivan III, who sought to unite all Russian lands under Moscow's leadership.

But on the Sheloni River, the Novgorod army, by chance, collided with detachments of one of the Moscow governors, where they were completely defeated by their enemy. Novgorod was under siege. During negotiations with Ivan III, Novgorod retained its independence, paid indemnity, and no longer had the right to flirt with Lithuania. In the spring of 1477, complainants from Novgorod arrived in Moscow.

From the biography. Vivid events.

Master" - assumed the equality of "Mr. Grand Duke" and "Mr. of Great Novgorod." Muscovites immediately seized on this pretext and sent an ultimatum to Novgorod, according to which Novgorod was to join Moscow. This was in 1478. After the capture of Novgorod, the tsar continued collecting Russian lands. This was the essence of his domestic policy.

During the reign of Ivan 3, the church was the largest owner

Under Ivan III, a system of service for land arose in Russia. This progressive innovation became the basis for the formation of a layer of nobility, a new support for the grand duke, and subsequently the royal power. In 1497, the all-Russian Code of Law of Ivan III was published. The Code of Law established the legal norms for the life of Russian society. The ruler's foreign policy was also not without major successes. Ivan III died on October 27, 1505. His name is forever included in the History of Russia.

A year later, in 1522, the Starodub and Novgorod-Seversk principalities were annexed. In 1471, Ivan III gathered an all-Russian army and marched on Novgorod. In 1490, Ivan III's son from his first marriage, Ivan the Young, unexpectedly died. Diplomatic relations between the Moscow state and the Crimean Khanate during the reign of Ivan III remained friendly. Ivan III led a very productive, wise policy.

Years of life: 1440-1505. Reign: 1462-1505

Ivan III is the eldest son of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II the Dark and Grand Duchess Maria Yaroslavna, daughter of the Serpukhov prince.

In the twelfth year of his life, Ivan married Maria Borisovna, princess of Tver, and in the eighteenth year he already had a son, Ivan, nicknamed Young. In 1456, when Ivan was 16 years old, Vasily II the Dark appointed him as his co-ruler, and at the age of 22 he became the Grand Duke of Moscow.

As a youth, Ivan took part in campaigns against the Tatars (1448, 1454, 1459), saw a lot, and by the time he ascended the throne in 1462, Ivan III already had an established character and was ready to make important government decisions. He had a cold, reasonable mind, a tough disposition, an iron will, and was distinguished by a special lust for power. By nature, Ivan III was secretive, cautious and did not rush towards his intended goal quickly, but waited for an opportunity, chose the time, moving towards it with measured steps.

Outwardly, Ivan was handsome, thin, tall and slightly stooped, for which he received the nickname “Humpbacked”.

The beginning of Ivan III's reign was marked by the release of gold coins, on which the names of Grand Duke Ivan III and his son Ivan the Young, heir to the throne, were minted.

The first wife of Ivan III died early, and the Grand Duke entered into a second marriage with the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI, Zoya (Sophia) Palaeologus. Their wedding took place in Moscow on November 12, 1472. She immediately became involved in political activities, actively helping her husband. Under Sophia, he became more severe and cruel, demanding and power-hungry, demanding complete obedience and punishing disobedience, for which Ivan III was the first of the tsars to be called the Terrible.

In 1490, Ivan III's son from his first marriage, Ivan the Young, unexpectedly died. He left behind a son, Dmitry. The Grand Duke was faced with the question of who should inherit the throne: his son Vasily from Sophia or his grandson Dmitry.

Soon a conspiracy against Dmitry was discovered, the organizers of which were executed, and Vasily was taken into custody. On February 4, 1498, Ivan III crowned his grandson as king. This was the first coronation in Rus'.

In January 1499, a conspiracy against Sophia and Vasily was discovered. Ivan III lost interest in his grandson and made peace with his wife and son. In 1502, the Tsar put Dmitry into disgrace, and Vasily was declared Grand Duke of All Rus'.

The Great Sovereign decided to marry Vasily to a Danish princess, but the Danish king avoided the proposal. Fearing that he would not have time to find a foreign bride before his death, Ivan III chose Solomonia, the daughter of an insignificant Russian dignitary. The marriage took place on September 4, 1505, and on October 27 of the same year, Ivan III the Great died.

Domestic policy of Ivan III

The cherished goal of Ivan III’s activities was to gather lands around Moscow, to put an end to the remnants of specific disunity for the sake of creating a single state. The wife of Ivan III, Sophia Paleologue, strongly supported her husband’s desire to expand the Moscow state and strengthen autocratic power.

For a century and a half, Moscow extorted tribute from Novgorod, took away lands and almost brought the Novgorodians to their knees, for which they hated Moscow. Realizing that Ivan III Vasilyevich finally wanted to subjugate the Novgorodians, they freed themselves from the oath to the Grand Duke and formed a society for the salvation of Novgorod, headed by Marfa Boretskaya, the widow of the mayor.

Novgorod entered into an agreement with Casimir, the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, according to which Novgorod comes under his supreme authority, but at the same time retains some independence and the right to the Orthodox faith, and Casimir undertakes to protect Novgorod from the encroachments of the Moscow prince.

Twice Ivan III Vasilyevich sent ambassadors to Novgorod with good wishes to come to his senses and enter the lands of Moscow, the Metropolitan of Moscow tried to convince the Novgorodians to “correct”, but all in vain. Ivan III had to make a campaign against Novgorod (1471), as a result of which the Novgorodians were defeated first on the Ilmen River, and then Shelon, but Casimir did not come to the rescue.

In 1477, Ivan III Vasilyevich demanded that Novgorod fully recognize him as its master, which caused a new rebellion, which was suppressed. On January 13, 1478, Veliky Novgorod completely submitted to the authority of the Moscow sovereign. In order to finally pacify Novgorod, Ivan III in 1479 replaced the Novgorod Archbishop Theophilos, resettled the unreliable Novgorodians to Moscow lands, and settled Muscovites and other residents on their lands.

With the help of diplomacy and force, Ivan III Vasilyevich subjugated other appanage principalities: Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474), Tver (1485), Vyatka lands (1489). Ivan married his sister Anna to the Ryazan prince, thereby securing the right to interfere in the affairs of Ryazan, and later acquired the city by inheritance from his nephews.

Ivan acted inhumanely with his brothers, taking away their inheritance and depriving them of the right to any participation in state affairs. So, Andrei Bolshoi and his sons were arrested and imprisoned.

Foreign policy of Ivan III.

During the reign of Ivan III in 1502, the Golden Horde ceased to exist.

Moscow and Lithuania often fought over Russian lands located under Lithuania and Poland. As the power of the Great Sovereign of Moscow strengthened, more and more Russian princes and their lands moved from Lithuania to Moscow.

After Casimir's death, Lithuania and Poland were again divided between his sons, Alexander and Albrecht, respectively. The Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander married the daughter of Ivan III Elena. Relations between son-in-law and father-in-law deteriorated, and in 1500 Ivan III declared war on Lithuania, which was successful for Rus': parts of the Smolensk, Novgorod-Seversky and Chernigov principalities were conquered. In 1503, a truce agreement was signed for 6 years. Ivan III Vasilyevich rejected the proposal for eternal peace until Smolensk and Kyiv were returned.

As a result of the war of 1501-1503. the great sovereign of Moscow forced the Livonian Order to pay tribute (for the city of Yuryev).

During his reign, Ivan III Vasilyevich made several attempts to subjugate the Kazan kingdom. In 1470, Moscow and Kazan made peace, and in 1487, Ivan III took Kazan and enthroned Khan Makhmet-Amen, who had been a faithful novice of the Moscow prince for 17 years.

Reforms of Ivan III

Under Ivan III, the title of “Grand Duke of All Rus'” began to be formalized, and in some documents he calls himself Tsar.

For internal order in the country, Ivan III in 1497 developed a Code of Civil Laws (Code). The chief judge was the Grand Duke, the highest institution was the Boyar Duma. Mandatory and local management systems appeared.

The adoption of the Code of Laws of Ivan III became a prerequisite for the establishment of serfdom in Rus'. The law limited the output of peasants and gave them the right to transfer from one owner to another once a year (St. George's Day).

Results of the reign of Ivan III

Under Ivan III, the territory of Rus' expanded significantly, Moscow became the center of the Russian centralized state.

The era of Ivan III was marked by the final liberation of Rus' from the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

During the reign of Ivan III, the Assumption and Annunciation Cathedrals, the Faceted Chamber, and the Church of the Deposition of the Robe were built.

Sample historical essay (taking into account the main four criteria).

Describe this historical period: 1462-1505.

Historical essay

In the history of the Fatherland 1462-1505. - the time of the reign of Ivan III Vasilyevich (Ivan the Great), Grand Duke of Moscow, son of Moscow Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark.

1 criterion: indicate at least two events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history.

During the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich, a significant part of the Russian lands around Moscow was united and transformed into the center of a single Russian state. The final liberation of the country from the power of the Horde khans was achieved; The Code of Laws, a set of state laws, was adopted, the current brick Moscow Kremlin was erected, and a number of reforms were carried out that laid the foundations for the local land tenure system.

2 criterion: name two historical figures whose activities are connected with the specified events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the role of these personalities in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period in Russian history.

2. Continuing the policy of his father, Ivan III by force or diplomatic agreements subjugated the principalities: Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474), Tver (1485), Vyatka land (1489), etc. In 1467 - 1469 he successfully conducted military operations against Kazan, having achieved her vassalage. In 1471 he made a campaign against Novgorod and, thanks to a simultaneous attack on the city in several directions carried out by professional warriors, won the last feudal war in Rus', incorporating the Novgorod lands into the Russian state, and in 1478 the Novgorod feudal republic ceased to exist formally.

In 1480, the Horde Khan Akhmat moved a huge army to Rus', wanting to again subjugate the country, which had not paid tribute since 1476. Akhmat made a roundabout maneuver and attempted to cross the river. Ugru. The “stand on the Ugra” was not peaceful. Arrows and cannonballs flew across the narrow river. On November 9 - 11, 1480, Akhmat's retreat and flight began. This victory of Ivan III meant the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus'.

Victory over external enemies allowed Ivan III to liquidate most of his fiefs. After the wars with Lithuanian led. Principality (1487 - 1494; 1500 - 1503) many Western Russians went to Rus'. cities and lands.

During the reign of Ivan III, relationships with the church became of great importance. The main events characterizing church affairs during his reign can be called, firstly, the emergence of two church-political movements, which had different attitudes to the practice of church life that existed at that time, and, secondly, the emergence, development and defeat of such the so-called “heresy of the Judaizers” Church leader Joseph Volotsky spoke as an ardent denouncer of heresy; This denunciation takes its most complete form in The Enlightener. Volotsky's followers received the name "Josephites." They defended the church's right to wealth (in particular, to land). The discussion about church property ended with the final defeat of heresy.

3 criterion: indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) within a given period of history.

3. As a result of the unification of a significant part of the Russian lands around Moscow, it turned into the center of a single Russian state. The new status of Moscow, the capital of the state, required a change in its appearance. The churches and cathedrals built under Ivan Kalita fell into disrepair and therefore a new Assumption Cathedral was erected and a new Archangel Cathedral was founded, the construction of a new Kremlin, the Faceted Chamber, the Annunciation Cathedral, etc. began. Under Ivan III, the “Grand Duke of All Russia”, in Many foreigners appeared in Moscow: Italian and German builders, ambassadors of many states with whom diplomatic relations were established, Greek relatives of the niece of the Byzantine emperor Sophia Paleologus, whom Ivan III married, and others. Court life became more complex and more ceremonious.

The strengthening of central power required the creation of new governing bodies - orders. The first legislative code of the Russian centralized state, Sudebnik 1497, also appeared.

4 criterion: using knowledge of historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, give one historical assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia. During the presentation, it is necessary to use historical terms and concepts related to a given period.

4. The main result of this period was the unification of most of the Russian lands around Moscow. Russia included: the Novgorod land, which for a long time was a rival of the Moscow principality, the Tver principality, as well as the Yaroslavl, Rostov, and partially Ryazan principalities. Only the Pskov and Ryazan principalities remained independent, however, they were not completely independent. After successful wars with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov, Bryansk and a number of other cities (which before the war made up about a third of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) became part of the Moscow state; dying, Ivan III transferred to his successor several times larger lands than he himself accepted. In addition, it was under Grand Duke Ivan III that the Russian state became completely independent: as a result of the “standing on the Ugra”, the power of the Horde Khan over Russia, which had lasted since 1243, completely ceased.

The years of Ivan III's reign were also marked by successes in domestic politics. In the course of the reforms carried out, a set of laws of the country was adopted - the Code of Laws of 1497. At the same time, the foundations of the command system of management were laid, and the local system also appeared. The centralization of the country and the elimination of fragmentation were continued; The government waged a fairly tough fight against the separatism of the appanage princes. The era of the reign of Ivan III became a time of cultural upsurge. The construction of new buildings (in particular, the Moscow Assumption Cathedral), the flourishing of chronicle writing, the emergence of new ideas - all this testifies to significant successes in the field of culture.