Presentation on the topic: Prevention of infectious diseases. Where do diseases come from? Comments on the presentation “prevention of acute respiratory infections and influenza”

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Presentation on the topic: Prevention of infectious diseases

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Completed by: Morkozov V. M. Course 4, group 403 Department: “General Medicine” Specialty: “Paramedic” Checked by: teacher Betekhtina O. I. State autonomous educational institution of secondary vocational education of the Tyumen region “Ishim Medical College” PRESENTATION Ishim 2013. “Prevention infectious diseases"

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Live vaccines are used, all vaccinations are given on different days with an interval of at least 2 weeks. Revaccination against polio, tetanus and diphtheria at 14 years of age Repeated revaccination is recommended at 14 years of age. First revaccination against tuberculosis 7 years All drugs are given on separate days. The interval between vaccinations should not be less than 14 days. Measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria and tetanus - revaccination by age 6 years. A live, non-inactivated vaccine is used. Revaccination against polio 20 months Can be carried out on the same day after a medical examination of the baby. Revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio 1.5 years of a child’s life Vaccination is carried out after a full medical examination of the baby by specialized specialists, including a neurologist. All preparations are made on different days. Measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis type B 1 year of a child’s life It is not allowed to administer vaccines against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B vaccine on the same day. Vaccination against polio can be carried out on the same day with the administration of DTP, DPT-M . Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, hepatitis type B 6 months of a child’s life 2 vaccinations against these infections. Simultaneous vaccination with DPT-M and polio vaccine on the same vaccination day is allowed. Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio 4.5 month old child Children from risk groups are subject to vaccination. The entire vaccination course consists of 3 injections with an interval of 1.5 months. Haemophilus influenzae infection 3 months after birth Vaccination with an inactivated attenuated vaccine is carried out. Poliomyelitis 3 months after birth First vaccination for all children without exception in the absence of medical contraindications. Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus 3 months after birth Mandatory vaccination for the first 3 months of life. The second revaccination of hepatitis B type 2 months after birth is carried out if the vaccination against hepatitis B was given in the maternity ward. The first revaccination of hepatitis B type 1 month after birth Vaccination is carried out to all newborns without exception with a weakened strain of the vaccine. Tuberculosis 3-7 days after birth First of all, it is recommended to vaccinate children at risk, born from infected parents. Vaccination is mandatory for all newborns. Hepatitis type B The first day after birth Recommendations Vaccination Age of the child National calendar of preventive vaccinations by age

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Measles Measles is an acute infectious viral disease characterized by fever, intoxication, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract and mucous membranes of the eyes, and the gradual development of a maculopapular rash. Specific prevention 1. Children aged 12 months are vaccinated with live measles vaccine. Those who have not had measles are revaccinated before school at the age of 6-7 years. In outbreaks, for the purpose of emergency prevention of measles, all children over 12 months can be vaccinated only up to the 5th day from the moment of contact. 2. Immunoglobulin is used as emergency prophylaxis for children who have not had measles and have not been vaccinated; contact with a patient with measles - with contraindications to vaccination. Vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella, live, attenuated. Method of administration and dosage: SC (deep) into the shoulder area - 0.5 ml (single dose). Nonspecific prevention: Early isolation of the patient.

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Scarlet fever Scarlet fever (Italian scarlattina, from the Late Latin scarlatum - bright red color), an acute infectious disease, mainly of childhood, manifested by fever, sore throat and skin rash. PREVENTION OF SCARLATINA There is no vaccine against scarlet fever. A way to protect against the disease can be quarantine measures for a sick child and increasing the body's immune defense. In children's institutions, from the moment the patient is isolated, quarantine is established for 7 days. In case of contact with a patient throughout the entire period of illness, children are not allowed into the group for 17 days from the start of contact. Those who have recovered from the disease are allowed into the team 22 days after the onset of the disease, and discharged from the hospital 12 days after the end of the isolation period. General strengthening measures. Hardening the body. Balanced diet. Maintaining hygiene rules. Elimination of dust and air pollution. Timely detection and treatment of diseases of the gums and teeth, tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis. In addition to general restorative therapy and measures aimed at preventing infection, drugs of bacterial origin, in particular, complexes of antigen-lysates, the most common causative agents of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, oral cavity and pharynx (imudon, IRS-19, etc.) have proven to be an effective means of prevention. . The therapeutic effect of the drugs is due to an increase in the activity of factors of specific and nonspecific protection of the mucosal zone. Current disinfection (before recovery) and final disinfection (after recovery) is carried out by parents. To do this, parents are given a prescription for a 10% bleach solution and given specific instructions for preparing a 0.5% solution and processing care items, dishes, and linen.

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Rubella Rubella is an acute infectious viral disease characterized by minor catarrhal symptoms in the upper respiratory tract, enlargement of the occipital and other groups of lymph nodes and a small-spotted rash. Specific prevention Vaccination: The live attenuated vaccine against rubella Rudivax, Meruvax has been tested. It is also recommended to vaccinate with the trivaccine (measles, mumps, rubella) - Priorix. The first vaccine is given to children of the first year of life, children are re-vaccinated at the age of six years, in some cases it is recommended to administer the drug to puberty girls and adult women. The most effective vaccination regimen is recognized in which a drug containing inactivated rubella, measles and mumps viruses is first administered at 12–16 months of a child’s life, then at 6 years. Live attenuated rubella vaccine. Method of administration and dosage: SC (deep) into the shoulder area - 0.5 ml (single dose). Nonspecific prophylaxis A patient with rubella is isolated for a period of 7 days after the appearance of the rash. A child with congenital rubella syndrome is considered contagious for 1 year (if repeated tests for the virus are negative, this period is shortened accordingly). A pregnant woman should avoid any contact with someone with exanthema infection. Detection of infection in a pregnant woman at an early stage (before 14-16 weeks) is an absolute indication for termination of pregnancy. Persistent detection of rubella antibodies of the IgG class, with negative results for antibodies of the IgM class, always indicates a previous infection in the mother and under no circumstances can be interpreted as an indicator for termination of pregnancy. Disinfection is not carried out for rubella; wet cleaning of the room is sufficient. Quarantine is not imposed on children's institutions.

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Chickenpox Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious infectious disease, accompanied by an increase in body temperature and the appearance of a characteristic blistering rash on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes. Prevention of chickenpox in children When an infection occurs in children's institutions (children's hospitals, children's homes, kindergartens, nurseries), due to its high contagiousness, an epidemic occurs in the form of outbreaks following one after another (after about 14 days). Thus, the regime of the institution is violated; the infection threatens complications for children who are weakened or have other concomitant diseases. The prevention program, aimed at preventing the spread of infection in children's groups, includes a number of measures aimed at: 1) preventing the spread of infection into children's institutions; 2) interruption of the paths of pathogen spread; 3)increasing children's resistance to infection. A child with chickenpox is isolated from children's institutions and allowed to visit them again 8 days after the last new element appears on the skin. Young children (toddlers and preschoolers) are separated for 21 days from the moment of contact. With a known contact time, children are allowed into children's groups during the first 10 days of the incubation period, and are separated from the 11th to 21st days.

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If cases of chickenpox occur, all preventive measures should be taken. So, the sick person is isolated from other children in a separate room or box. The virus is not stable in the external environment, so the room in which the patient was located does not require special treatment; it is enough to ventilate the room well and carry out wet cleaning. A child with chickenpox is isolated from children's institutions and allowed to visit them again 8 days after the last new element appears on the skin. Young children (toddlers and preschoolers) are separated for 21 days from the moment of contact. With a known contact time, children are allowed into children's groups during the first 10 days of the incubation period, and are separated from the 11th to 21st days. Specific prevention For active prevention of chickenpox, a live attenuated vaccine, VARILRIX, is used. Children from 9 months of age to 12 years of age inclusively are prescribed 1 dose of the vaccine (0.5 ml), children aged 13 years and older - 2 doses with an interval of at least 6 weeks between them. Additional doses of the vaccine may be required to vaccinate high-risk patients. The Varilrix vaccine is intended for subcutaneous administration. The recommended injection site is the shoulder area at the site of the deltoid muscle projection.

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Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis (polios - gray, myelos - spinal cord) (infantile spinal paralysis, spinal infantile paralysis, Hein-Medin disease.) is an acute viral disease characterized by damage to the nervous system (mainly the gray matter of the spinal cord), as well as inflammatory changes in the mucous membrane intestines and nasopharynx. Specific prevention of polio is immunization. Routine vaccinations are carried out in accordance with the National Preventive Vaccination Calendar. Vaccination is carried out with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). It consists of three vaccinations, begins at 3 months of life, then at 4.5 months. and at 6 months. That is, by the age of 12 months, the child must receive a completed course of vaccination against polio. Revaccinations against polio are carried out with a live vaccine - oral polio vaccine (OPV). The first revaccination is at 18 months, the second at 20 months of age, the third at 14 years. Thus, by the age of 14, a teenager must receive 6 applications against polio to preserve life and health. Organizational preventive measures include the earliest possible isolation of patients with polio and those suspected of it. Patients are required to be hospitalized in specialized departments or in boxes with a regime provided for patients with airborne and intestinal infections. After hospitalization, final disinfection is carried out in the apartment, nursery, kindergarten where the patient was located. Convalescents are allowed into the team 40 days after the onset of the disease.

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1. Vaccine "Pentaxim" against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio and hemophilus influenzae Vaccination schedule: according to the National Vaccination Calendar at 3, 4, 5, 6 months. life. Revaccination after 18 months. 2. Oral polio vaccine types 1, 2, 3 Vaccination schedule: three times (3 months – 4.5 months – 6 months). revaccination at 18-20 months and 14 years. 3. Inactivated polio vaccine “Imovax Polio” Vaccination schedule: three times (3 months – 4.5 months – 6 months). Revaccination after 1 year, subsequent boosters every five years until age 18 and then every 10 years.

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Five vaccines are currently registered in the Russian Federation and are used to prevent mumps. These are a monovaccine, a divaccine (mumps, measles) and three trivaccines directed against the causative agents of mumps, measles and rubella. Mumps (mumps) Mumps (mumps) is an acute infectious contagious disease caused by a virus of the paramyxovirus group, characterized by inflammation of the salivary glands (most often the parotid salivary glands). The disease is often epidemic in nature. Mostly children aged 5 to 15 years get sick. Vaccination against mumps In order to prevent mumps, active immunization is carried out today using a live mumps vaccine. Mumps vaccination is considered very effective from an immunological and epidemiological point of view. The vaccine is administered to children aged one year. One dose is given once under the skin. At six years of age, revaccination is necessary. The vaccine is administered subcutaneously in a volume of 0.5 ml under the shoulder blade or in the shoulder area (at the border between the lower and middle third of the shoulder from the outside), having previously treated the skin at the site of vaccine administration with 70% alcohol. Children who have been in contact with a sick person are vaccinated unscheduled . This vaccination is carried out urgently and is given only to those who have not previously had mumps and have not been vaccinated.

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Patients with mumps are isolated for 9 days from the onset of the disease. Final disinfection is not performed. Contact quarantine is announced on the 21st day. If the time of contact is precisely established, during the first 10 days the contacted children can attend childcare facilities, since during this period they do not get sick, and during the incubation period they are non-infectious. Children under 10 years of age who have not previously had mumps and have not been immunized are subject to isolation. After the 10th day from the moment of contact, systematic medical observation is carried out for early detection of the disease. Currently, active immunization has been introduced with a live attenuated mumps vaccine from the Leningrad-3 (L-3) strain, obtained under the leadership of A. A. Smorodintsev. The vaccine is characterized by very low reactogenicity and high immunological and epidemiological effectiveness. Vaccinations are given to children aged 15-18 months. One vaccination dose of the vaccine is administered once subcutaneously (0.5 ml) or intradermally with a needle-free injector (0.1 ml). Children who have been in contact with people with mumps, have not had it and have not been vaccinated before are subject to urgent vaccination.

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Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (from the Latin tuberculum - tubercle) is a widespread infectious disease of humans and animals in the world, caused by various types of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Koch bacillus). Tuberculosis usually affects the lungs, less often affecting other organs and systems. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted by airborne droplets when a patient talks, coughs and sneezes. Most often, after infection with mycobacteria, the disease occurs in an asymptomatic, latent form (tubal infection), but approximately one in ten cases of latent infection eventually becomes active. The most effective method of specific prevention of tuberculosis in children is vaccination and revaccination with the BCG vaccine. For the first time, BCG vaccination is given to children aged 3 days in the maternity hospital. The first revaccination is carried out at the age of 7, subject to the immediate result of the Mantoux test; the second revaccination is carried out at the age of 14. To detect tuberculosis-infected children, the Mantoux test is performed annually. Prevention of tuberculosis in children Prevention of tuberculosis in children includes two main areas: prevention of tuberculosis in children who have not had contact with tuberculosis patients and prevention of tuberculosis in children who have been in contact with tuberculosis patients. In the first case, the main measure to prevent tuberculosis is vaccination. The BCG vaccine contains live weakened microbes (bovine type), which in their structure are very similar to the causative agents of tuberculosis. The vaccine is administered only intradermally (!) 5 cm below the top of the shoulder. Vaccination ensures the creation of protective immunity. In the second case (children who were in contact with a patient with tuberculosis), tuberculosis prevention begins with identifying possible signs of the disease, after which the child is prescribed a course of preventive treatment (taking Isoniazid 5 mg/kg for 6 months).

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Diphtheria in children Diphtheria in children is an acute infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and nasopharynx, as well as, in rare cases, the skin at the site of injury. This disease can be fatal. The main manifestation is the appearance of grayish fibrinous films on the surface of the tonsils and the mucous membranes of the oropharynx. The main route of transmission of the pathogen is airborne. In rare cases, the infection is transmitted through household contact. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 7 days (average 3 days). Individuals who are not immunized against the infection can become ill at any age. Prevention Prevention of diphtheria includes 4 main aspects: immunization of the population, isolation of infected patients, identification and treatment of contact persons, reporting the outbreak to the health department. Active immunization is key. To do this, an toxoid is used, i.e., a weakened diphtheria toxin, which is part of the adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP) or in combination with tetanus toxoid (TdP).

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Immunization of the population Currently, immunization of the population is the most effective way to prevent the occurrence of diphtheria. Immunization is carried out by administering the vaccine against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus (DTP) in 3 stages: the first vaccination at 3 months; second vaccination at 4.5 months; third vaccination at 6 months. Next, revaccination of the population is carried out: the first - at 18 months; the second - at 7 years old; the third - at 14 years old. Afterwards, all adults undergo revaccination against diphtheria every 10 years from the date of the last revaccination. Isolation of infected patients Patients who become ill with diphtheria should be isolated for 1-7 days. Isolation of the patient stops after final disinfection and a single negative result of a bacterial test of mucus from the throat. Identification and treatment of contact persons Considering that diphtheria has a very short incubation period and is highly contagious, identification and monitoring of persons in contact with the patient is carried out. For the purpose of prevention, they are prescribed a seven-day course of antibacterial therapy. These activities are necessary to track potential foci of infection, and also contribute to the compilation of more reliable information about the nature of the source of diphtheria.

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Influenza Influenza is an acute infectious disease characterized by symptoms of specific intoxication, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, and a tendency to epidemic and pandemic spread. Specific prevention 1. Live influenza vaccine for intranasal use is vaccinated according to epidemic indications in persons over 16 years of age. Vaccinations with monovaccine or divaccine are carried out three times with an interval of 2-3 weeks. 2. Live influenza vaccine for children is vaccinated according to epidemic indications in children 3-15 years old. Vaccinations with monovaccine or divaccine are carried out three times with an interval of 25-30 days. 3. Live influenza vaccine for oral administration is vaccinated according to epidemic indications in children and adults. Mono- or divaccine is administered three times with an interval of 10-15 days, for the purpose of emergency prevention - twice within 2 days. 4. Anti-influenza donor immunoglobulin is used to prevent influenza in epidemic foci. Nonspecific prevention Limiting sick people from visiting pharmacies and clinics, and healthy people, especially children, from visiting entertainment events: wearing masks, using oxolinic ointment, ventilation, ultraviolet radiation and disinfection of premises. In addition, it is recommended to lubricate the nasal passages with 0.25% oxolinic ointment. Seasonal nonspecific prophylaxis is also carried out with Eleutherococcus extract 30-40 drops once a day for 25-30 days, prodigiosan 0.25 ml in each nasal passage twice with an interval of 5 minutes (a course of three administrations with a break of 5-7 days) , other adaptogens, multivitamins, hardening is recommended. For specific prevention, live and inactivated (having an advantage) vaccines from strains of viruses A and B are used.

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In Russia, on average, 4-5 million or more doses of live influenza vaccine are used annually and on average 1-2 million doses of foreign vaccines. Flu. The domestic vaccine additionally contains the immunomodulator Polyoxidonium, which enhances the immune response. The antigenic composition of Grippol is changed every year in accordance with the epidemic situation and WHO recommendations. It has been established that the influenza vaccine, due to the immunomodulator it contains, not only provides protection against influenza, but also reduces the incidence of ARVI by 2.4 times. Vaxigrip. It is the safest among 12 European influenza vaccines, including Fluarix and Influvac, registered in Russia. It has not only 90-100% preventive effectiveness against the influenza virus, but also reduces the incidence of other acute respiratory infections by 70%. The Vaxigrip vaccine reduces the total duration of disability by 6 times. According to a study by the insurance company MAKS-M (Moscow, 1998), the economic return was up to 25 rubles for every ruble invested in flu vaccinations. Influvac. Research conducted in two districts of the Moscow region and devoted to mass immunization of children aged 3 to 17 years in the 2000-2001 season. The Influvac vaccine showed a reduction in influenza-like illnesses by 60.9% in children attending kindergarten and by 56.6% in schoolchildren.

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ARVI ARVI is a group of acute viral infectious diseases of the respiratory tract that differ in etiology, but have similar epidemiological, pathogenetic and clinical characteristics. Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) are the most common human pathology with the highest incidence rate in childhood. It should be noted that ARVI in children, especially young children, in addition to a higher frequency, is often characterized by a severe course and in some cases occurs with serious complications. A healthy lifestyle, hardening, nonspecific immunoprophylaxis and vitamin therapy are available methods for the prevention of ARVI, which significantly reduce the incidence of illness in children. Prevention of acute respiratory diseases includes the following measures: - limiting the child’s contacts during seasons of increased respiratory morbidity; -reducing the use of public transport for traveling with children; -increasing the child’s time in the air; - wearing masks for family members who have signs of acute respiratory infections; - thoroughly wash your hands after contact with a patient with an acute respiratory infection or care items.

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Specific prevention: to prevent colds, active preventive measures are taken. In the first place among them is mass vaccination. The composition of vaccines is updated annually in accordance with WHO data on which influenza viruses will circulate in a given epidemic season. The risk of getting the flu in a vaccinated person is minimal; in addition, vaccination significantly reduces the severity of ARVI and prevents the development of complications. In order to prevent diseases, as prescribed by a doctor, you need to take drugs to strengthen the immune system (Echinacea, Eleutherococcus), homeopathic drugs (Anaferon, Aflubin), antiviral drugs (Arbidol, Amiksin, Algirem, Gripferon, Viferon; rinse your nose with saline solutions (Aqualor, Aquamaris ); lubricate the nasal mucosa with oxolinic or viferon ointment at least 2 times a day (morning, evening). Nonspecific prevention of colds in children is of particular importance, which should be carried out both along with specific methods of protection, and independently. Nonspecific prevention includes yourself: - nutritious balanced nutrition; - systematic hardening; - ventilation of premises at home and in preschool, school institutions; - taking multivitamin preparations and other means of nonspecific immunoprophylaxis; - early detection and isolation of the patient for up to 7 days is of great importance. At home, this is done in a separate room. - household items, as well as floors, are wiped with disinfectants. - serving a child with influenza or acute respiratory viral infection is carried out in a gauze mask - vitamins C, A and group B should be widely used in age-specific dosages. The optimal ratio of these vitamins is contained in the preparations “Hexavit”, “Revit”, “Dekamevit” and “Undevit”. They are recommended to be taken in age-specific dosages 2-3 times a day after meals for a course of 20-30 days.

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Parainfluenza Parainfluenza is an acute viral disease characterized by a mild intoxication syndrome and primary damage to the mucous membrane of the nose and larynx. Prevention of parainfluenza in children There is no specific prevention of parainfluenza virus. Nonspecific prevention (see prevention of influenza). Nonspecific prevention includes isolating a sick child for 5–7 days from the moment the first symptoms of the disease appear. The room in which the child is located must be frequently ventilated, surrounding objects must be treated with disinfectant solutions, and wet cleaning must be carried out once a day. When in contact with a patient, use a gauze mask.

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Adenoviral infection Adenoviral infection is an acute infectious disease that is characterized by intoxication, fever and damage to the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract; the lymphatic system and conjunctiva of the eyes may also be involved in the process. Adenoviral infection is especially common in young children and accounts for one third of all respiratory viral infections in the morbidity structure. In a study of primary schoolchildren, 95% of them had antibodies to the adenovirus, i.e., the majority of children suffer adenovirus infection at a young age, and half of the children suffer the infection two or more times. Prevention of adenovirus infection in children. For the prevention of all airborne diseases, isolation of the sick person as early as possible is crucial. There is no specific prevention of adenovirus infection - vaccinations and vaccinations against adenovirus infection are not used. In winter, it is necessary to ensure that the child does not become hypothermic. In children's groups, a child with suspected infection should be isolated from the group. Toys and common items should be treated with weak chlorine solutions; dishes, linens and clothes should preferably be boiled. The room should be wet cleaned and well ventilated. Children who have been in contact with a person suspected of having an adenoviral infection should have their temperature measured daily and their general condition monitored. In case of epidemic outbreaks in a closed community, it is advisable to declare quarantine. This will prevent the infection from spreading.

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Rhinovirus infection Rhinovirus infection is an acute infectious disease caused by viruses that primarily affect the nasal mucosa, with mild intoxication. Prevention of rhinovirus infection Drugs used for treatment, but in prophylactic dosages. Arbidol from 2-6 years, ½ tablet 30 minutes before or after meals, up to 12 years - 1 tablet, after 12 years - 2 tablets. The course of treatment is 2 weeks. Interferon-α. Dilute the ampoule with warm water to the mark and pipette it, then drop it into the nose 2-3 times a day, trying to get it on the back wall of the pharynx, where the lymphoid tissue is concentrated, and not on the back of the nose. Cycloferon, Echinocea - the same immunal, but cheaper. Add a few drops to tea. Patients should also be isolated for 7-14 days. Double wet cleaning with disinfectants is carried out. Separate dishes are provided for the patient. A good prevention of viral and bacterial diseases is a full breakfast, because in this way antibodies are activated and the body is slightly sensitized to foreign agents. There is no specific prevention in the form of vaccination.

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Respiratory syncytial infection Respiratory syncytial infection is an infection characterized by an inflammatory process of the lower respiratory tract, inflammation of the bronchi, lung tissue, or a combined lesion. The infection affects in the vast majority of cases children under 1 year of age. The infection is widespread in the autumn-winter period among young children. PREVENTION Nonspecific prevention involves early detection and isolation of patients (until complete clinical recovery). During outbreaks of PC infection in children's groups and hospitals, special attention is paid to sanitary and hygienic measures: wearing four-layer gauze masks by medical workers, regular changes of overalls by service personnel, systematic hand washing using disinfectant solutions. Wet cleaning is carried out with soap-alkaline solutions, rooms are ventilated and the air is treated with bactericidal lamps. They stop admitting and transferring children from one group or ward to another. In the outbreak, contact young children, especially weakened ones, are recommended to undergo passive immunization with normal human immunoglobulin. For the purpose of emergency prevention of PC infection in the outbreak, drugs are prescribed that increase the child’s defenses - leukocyte human interferon, endogenous interferon inducers, chigain, immunal, rimantadine, oxolinic ointment. Immunoprophylaxis. Since 1996, RespiGam, a polyclonal immunoglobulin with high neutralizing activity against RSV, has been used. Palivizumab (Synagis) is recommended in the United States for children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia requiring constant treatment (oxygen, bronchodilators), premature infants (less than 32 weeks) during the season of increased incidence - 15 mg/kg IM once a month for 5 months. The drug Motavizumab is currently being studied.

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The presentation on the topic “Prevention of colds” can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: Pedagogy. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 9 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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Prevention of colds

Memo for parents! Kindergarten No. 86 primary school for children with visual impairments MDOU! 1st grade GPD teacher Suslaeva Ya.G.

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What are infectious diseases? Infectious diseases are a group of diseases caused by the penetration of pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms into the body. In order for a pathogenic microbe to cause an infectious disease, it must have virulence (toxicity; lat. virus - poison), that is, the ability to overcome the body's resistance and exhibit a toxic effect

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You need to know this!

One of the features of infectious diseases is the presence of an incubation period, that is, the period from the time of infection to the appearance of the first signs. The duration of this period depends on the method of infection and the type of pathogen and can last from several hours to several years (the latter is rare). The place where microorganisms enter the body is called the entry gate of infection.

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What can be done to reduce the risk of colds in a child and avoid their consequences?

In fact, it is very simple, you just need to draw up a small plan of preventive measures for your child, or even better, get involved in their implementation with the whole family, and then taking care of your child’s health will also benefit you and save you from seasonal diseases.

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The first point of the parents' plan for the prevention of infectious diseases.

The first point of our plan, which can be developed together with the child, which will undoubtedly attract his interest and force him to carry it out not with reluctance, but with joy. Swimming is a universal hardening for everyone. Even if a child does not have the opportunity to engage in other sports, often be in the fresh air, or have enough rest, then, believe me, swimming will be enough. It not only perfectly strengthens and improves immunity, it is practically irreplaceable for a growing body, as it develops muscles and promotes growth.

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The second point of the parents' plan for the prevention of infectious diseases.

The second point of our plan is to combine tasty and healthy. If you make a rule of drinking tea with lemon every day and eating it with sugar along with the zest, teach your child to garlic, which does not have to be eaten in its pure form, but you can simply finely chop fresh garlic and sprinkle it on a plate with soup, and, in addition, , place crushed garlic in a saucer near the child’s bed or on the table where he does his homework. And also, buy rosehip syrup rich in vitamins (especially vitamin C) at the pharmacy. Add it to tea or give it to your child as a stand-alone drink, diluting it in warm water.

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The third point of the parents' plan for the prevention of infectious diseases.

The third point is to teach the child to take care of his health. Viral infections are usually easiest to catch in crowded places. You should not limit your child’s communication with peers, but you can and should still tell him how to protect himself from viral infections. Explain to your child that it is better not to kiss when meeting friends, to wash your hands before putting anything in your mouth, to try not to be very close to people who are coughing or sneezing, not to visit public places unnecessarily and, if possible, to use public transport as little as possible, in the garden or school, do not use other people’s handkerchiefs and utensils.

Slide 8

The fourth point of the parents' plan for the prevention of infectious diseases.

Fourth. To avoid colds, you first need to exclude their possible causes. Dress your child according to the season, no warmer or lighter than necessary. The main requirement: that there is no hypothermia, and that the feet are dry and warm, and therefore good shoes are the key to your child’s health. And of course, you also need to keep your head warm; be sure to include a hood in your child’s winter clothes.

Slide 9

That's all the wisdom! Difficult? No! The best protection against a cold is its prevention.

Immunoprophylaxis is a system of measures carried out to prevent, limit the spread and eliminate infectious diseases through preventive vaccinations.

Vaccination and revaccination Vaccination can be: single (measles, mumps, tuberculosis) multiple (poliomyelitis, DPT). The multiplicity tells you how many times you need to receive the vaccine to develop immunity. Revaccination is an event aimed at maintaining immunity. Usually carried out several years after vaccination.

FEDERAL LAW On immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases (as amended on December 29, 2004) This Federal Law establishes the legal basis for state policy in the field of immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, carried out in order to protect the health and ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Russian Federation.

The national calendar of preventive vaccinations is a normative legal act that establishes the timing and procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations to citizens.

BCG Hepatitis B* DTP\HIB IPV/OPV CCP *** Influenza* 1 First 24 hours + + 3 -7 days 1 month + 3 months. + IPV 4, 5 months. + IPV 6 months. + + OPV From 6 months. 12 months + 18 months + OPV 20 months. OPV 6 years + 7 years + ADS-M 14 years ADS-M * * OPVVaccination calendar of Russia Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 51 N dated January 31, 2011 * Children from contact according to the scheme 0 -1 -2 -12, vaccinations are carried out for everyone earlier not vaccinated until 55 years old ** further every 10 years ** * adults up to 35 years old are vaccinated against measles, against rubella up to 25 years old * 1 annually for risk groups, schoolchildren and people over 55 years old

Vaccination and human rights This issue is resolved in the Federal Law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases,” which gives citizens the right to refuse vaccinations (including their children), and they must give a written receipt. But society also has the right to protect itself from the consequences of the actions of such persons, so the Law provides, for example, for preventing unvaccinated citizens from certain types of work, as well as preventing an unvaccinated child from entering a kindergarten, educational or sanatorium institution if a special epidemiological situation arises. Before refusing to vaccinate their child, parents must realize that by doing so they are violating the child’s right to health, and in some cases, to life. Every year, about three million children's lives are saved by immunization, but another three million children die worldwide from infections that could have been prevented by vaccination.

Article 5. Rights and responsibilities of citizens when carrying out immunoprophylaxis 2. The absence of preventive vaccinations entails: a ban on citizens traveling to countries where, in accordance with international health regulations or international treaties of the Russian Federation, specific preventive vaccinations are required; temporary refusal to admit citizens to educational and health institutions in the event of widespread infectious diseases or the threat of epidemics; refusal to hire citizens for work or removal of citizens from work, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of contracting infectious diseases.

When entering school, the child experiences significant stress. Stress from pedagogical influences (poor sleep, the child’s appetite, his tearfulness for no reason); Time-limited stress (one of the most severe, accumulates over 2 weeks without rest); Inconsistency of teaching methods with the age characteristics of students (reading with a stopwatch, the requirement for a reading speed of 120 words per minute, with the possible perception of information at a speed of no more than 80 -90 words per minute); lack of systematic, comprehensive work to promote the value of health and a healthy lifestyle; insufficient qualifications of teachers in matters of age-related physiology, psychology, and health protection of schoolchildren. Due to stress, immunity decreases and susceptibility to infections increases

School and health During schooling, 70% of functional disorders formed in primary school develop into chronic organic disorders: the incidence of the visual organs increases 4-5 times, the incidence of the digestive and musculoskeletal system increases 3 times, the neuropsychiatric disorders increase by 2 times more than 2 times the incidence of cardiovascular diseases Only 10% of high school students are considered healthy, 50% have chronic diseases and 40% are at risk

Activities to strengthen the child’s health before school: daily routine and its strict adherence to rational nutrition, hygienic skills (washing hands with soap), hardening, taking vitamins, reducing the use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections (preventing the development of antibiotic resistance), immunization (scheduled in accordance with the calendar and additional)

About preventive vaccinations Why are parents afraid of vaccinations? Vaccination has long been a globally recognized method of preventing infectious diseases, but some parents have misconceptions associated with vaccination. The most common motives for refusing vaccinations are the belief that there is no risk of contracting the infection against which the vaccination is being carried out - a very common misconception is that with your nothing will happen to the child, which is not true; the belief that there are other ways to protect against infections - hope for homeopathy, traditional or alternative medicine, the effectiveness of which has not been proven; the opinion that it is better to get sick - not all diseases; no one can predict; which of the children will have complications from the disease fear of complications after vaccination - after most vaccinations there are no complications, especially from high-quality modern ones distrust of official, “traditional” medicine religious views - vaccinations do not contradict the official position of confessions (www. opvr. ru)

What does a child REALLY need to be vaccinated against before going to school? chickenpox: – Once, if you have not had chickenpox before or have not been vaccinated; pneumococcal infection: – Once for frequently ill children, children with chronic diseases (respiratory system, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, spleen, immunodeficiencies, diabetes, asthma and etc.) hemophilic influenzae (Hib) infection: – Once for all children under 5 years of age (if not vaccinated in the first year of life), especially for frequently ill children, children with chronic diseases of the nasopharynx, asthma and flu: – annually, to avoid complications, common in children (pneumonia, otitis media, hospitalization)

Chicken pox Mild disease? chicken pox is an acute infectious disease - caused by a virus - often transmitted in childhood quite easily - very easily transmitted from person to person - upon contact the probability of infection is higher than 90% Risk: - the older the sick, the more severe the course - in patients with weakened immune systems the disease flows more severely and repeated relapses are possible - patients with bronchial asthma have a severe course - few people know that after even mild chickenpox in childhood, 1 quarter of patients develop another disease with age - herpes zoster (other names - herpes zoster or herpes zoster ) – you can die from complicated chickenpox

Complications of chickenpox The most common complication (more than 50% of cases) is the addition of a bacterial infection of the skin, which leads to the formation of ulcers, leaves scars, increases the severity of the disease in second place (in 20%) neurological disorders: (chickenpox encephalitis, chickenpox meningitis, facial damage nerve, postherpetic neuralgia) herpes zoster as reactivation of the varicella zoster virus ophthalmological complications (eye damage) damage to internal organs

Treatment of chickenpox Antiviral drugs (aciclovir is used) - not effective for severe forms and complications Symptomatic treatment (pain relief, fever reduction) Local disinfectants (brilliant) are not recommended, their use does not reduce the risk of bacterial skin complications Introduction of immunoglobulin - not used in Russia More effective prevent disease

Vaccination against chickenpox is recommended for all age groups, starting from 12 months in case of contact with a patient - during the first 3 days the vaccine is administered once; immunity is created for several decades; the vaccine does not cause disease; the immunity that is created after vaccination is absolutely the same as after chickenpox, but without possible negative consequences (herpes zoster and possible complications)

Pneumococcal infection is a bacterial infection that causes pneumonia and meningitis. 60% of children and 30% of adults are carriers. It is transmitted by airborne droplets. Risk factors: - childhood - visiting pre-school institutions, summer camps - chronic diseases - weakened immunity If a child suffers from colds 5 - 6 times a year - he is at risk!!!

Pneumococcus: route of transmission Carriers of pneumococcus: 60%60% of preschool children and 30%30% of school age children and adults Nasopharynx Trachea. Airborne route Patient with pneumococcal infection Asymptomatic carrier External environment Nasal cavity

Diseases caused by pneumococcus otitis (more than 700,000 cases per year) pneumonia - pneumonia (more than 30,000 per year) bacteremia and meningitis Pneumococcal meningitis: - mortality in children - up to 30% - mortality in the elderly and weakened - up to 55% - consequences : hearing loss, vision loss, paralysis – child development delays – disability

Children attending kindergartens Risk of pneumonia and otitis media in the first 2-3 months. visits increases by 2.3 times and depends on the number of children in the group and the duration of the children’s stay in the institution. The risk is also high for adults 18-64 years old who are in contact with children visiting preschool institutions. 59% of children in kindergartens are carriers of penicillin-resistant strains of pneumococcus

Problems of pneumococcal infection Prevalence Severity of many strains of pneumococcus: - this means that after an illness, immunity is formed only to the pathogen that caused the disease at the moment, and not to others Resistance of some to antibiotics But prevention is possible! 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine

Indications for vaccination against pneumococcus frequently ill children children with bronchial asthma and other chronic diseases children with weakened immune systems children from children's groups Vaccination is carried out: – once, from 2 years of age (for some children with serious diseases, again after 3-5 years) – the vaccine cannot cause the disease - the vaccine protects against 23 types of pneumococcus, which are most common throughout the world, including Russia - it is necessary to vaccinate not only children, but also adults who come into contact with the child (especially the elderly)

Influenza Usually, the frequency of deaths with influenza is low, but in general, in the world, thousands of patients die from this disease, especially children and the elderly, which is explained by the massiveness of the disease. Influenza very often leads to various complications, especially chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, which often result in the death of the patient. After 1918, there was no such high mortality rate as during the Spanish Flu, mainly due to preventive measures. However, even in the United States, an average of 20 thousand, and sometimes up to 40 thousand, people die from influenza every year. Every year, 20-30% of children, 5-10% of adults get sick, the incidence of schoolchildren and preschoolers is 30-40% (3-4 times higher than adults). 250-500 thousand people in the world die from complications.

The main clinical manifestations of influenza Increased temperature Intoxication Acute cardiovascular failure Acute respiratory failure Pneumonia Decreased immunity Hypertoxic forms of influenza in children, leading to death Damage to the central nervous system - meningitis, encephalitis Hemorrhagic syndrome - hemorrhages in various organs, including the brain Reye's syndrome - toxic liver damage Gasser syndrome - HUS Kish syndrome - acute coronary insufficiency

Influenza is not always a mild illness, even in healthy children Influenza-related death (estimates range from 0, 2 -0, 8 per 100,000 cases) Acute otitis media is the most common complication: 40% of children with influenza under 3 years of age ; in 20% of children aged 3-6 years Often the addition of bronchiolitis and rhinosinusitis Associated with the subsequent development of pneumococcal pneumonia Extrapulmonary complications: myositis, myocarditis, encephalitis, febrile convulsions, Reye's syndrome

Features of the influenza virus The immunity developed to a certain serotype of the virus is quite stable and, it would seem, should reliably protect the body. However, the outer proteins of the influenza change quickly, and along with them the antigenic activity of the virus changes. Therefore, immunity acquired during one influenza epidemic turns out to be useless during the other, type A virus has the greatest antigenic variability, type B virus has less, and type C virus does not change at all. Vaccination is the best way to prevent and reduce the severity of the disease. Seasonal vaccination is currently considered as a necessary method of preventing influenza (included in the National Vaccination Calendar from 6 months of age).

Vaccination against influenza the vaccine is effective and safe there is a special dosage of 0.25 ml for children from 6 months to 3 years preventive effectiveness 70 - 90%, the incidence of acute respiratory infections is reduced by 30 - 50% mass vaccination against influenza reduces the risk of pandemics children must be vaccinated annually up to 9 years old, vaccinated against influenza for the first time in life; to form adequate protective immunity, 2 vaccinations must be administered at least a month apart

GARDASIL is a vaccine (in injectable form) that helps protect against the following diseases caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types b, 11, 16 and 18: Cervical cancer (cancer of the lower uterus) Pathological and precancerous changes of the cervix (t i.e. such changes in the cells of the cervix, in which there is a risk of their transformation into tumors), detected using the Papanicolaou test Genital warts (condylomas) Vaginal cancer and cancer of the vulva (external genitalia). Papillomavirus infection

List of medical contraindications for preventive vaccinations Vaccine Contraindications All vaccines Severe reaction or complication to the previous dose** All live vaccines Primary immunodeficiency. Immunosuppression. Malignant diseases. Pregnancy. BCG vaccine Child weight less than 2000 g, colloidal scar after the previous dose of OPV There are no absolute contraindications DTP Progressive disease of the nervous system. History of afebrile convulsions (administer ADS instead of DPT) ADS, ADS-M No absolute contraindications Vaccines measles, mumps, rubella Severe reactions to aminoglycosides. Anaphylactic reactions to chicken egg white (foreign trivaccines)

Conditions that are not a contraindication to vaccination Condition Anamnestic indications for: Prematurity Intestinal dysbiosis Enlarged thymic shadow Perinatal encephalopathy Stable neurological conditions Breastfeeding Congenital malformations Allergies, asthma, eczema Homeopathic treatment Local steroid treatment Maintenance therapy for chronic diseases Prematurity Perinatal encephalopathy Neonatal jaundice Sepsis of the newborn Allergies in relatives Epilepsy in relatives Complications of vaccination in relatives Sudden death of a child in the family

Comparative data on the frequency of complications when contracting certain target infections and when receiving vaccination against them Vaccines Types of complications Complications With the disease (per 100 thousand cases) With vaccination (per 100 thousand cases) BCG Disseminated tuberculosis 0, 1 Osteitis (osteomyelitis) 0, 1 -30 Purulent lymphadenitis 100 -4300 DTP Persistent cerebral disorders (whooping cough) 600 -2000 0.2 -0.6 Encephalitis (encephalopathy) 900 -4000 0.1 -3.0 Seizures 100 -8000 0.3 -90.0 Shock 0.5 -30.0 Lethal outcome 100 -4000 0.

Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution

child development center - kindergarten No. 38 “Zhuravushka”

Prevention of diseases and injuries in

preschool children

Completed by: physical education and swimming instructor

Zhikharev Andrey Nikolaevich

Novoshakhtinsk

Prevention of colds

Colds are numerous acute respiratory infectious diseases (ARVI) and various exacerbations of chronic diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Viruses are the main cause of colds, acute respiratory viral infections, and can be complicated by a severe infection - influenza. Colds are not caused by hypothermia, but by germs and viruses. It’s just that a hypothermic body has reduced immunity, which can contribute to the rapid development of ARVI in children.

• healthy lifestyle
• hardening
• personal hygiene
• folk remedies
• prophylactic agents
• vaccination

• Balanced balanced nutrition, organization of a complete and varied diet for children - the correct ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, enrichment of the diet with vitamins, mineral salts and microelements. Particular attention should be paid to the fight against overfeeding children with carbohydrate foods - this increases the risk of acute respiratory viral infections and occurs in a more severe form.

• Physical activity (morning exercises, outdoor games in the area), in any weather (rain, snow, wind, fog), frequent walks will only bring benefits.

Hardening

To increase the body's resistance to viral diseases, it is necessary to prevent colds in children. And first of all, the child must be hardened: rubbing him with a damp cool towel, dousing him with water, swimming in the pool.

Swimming is one of the effective means of hardening a child, contributing to the formation of strong hygienic skills. Bathing and swimming increase resistance to temperature fluctuations and increase immunity to colds.

This will increase the tone and development of the child’s muscles, improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system and perfectly strengthen the immune system.

Personal hygiene

Prevention of infectious diseases in children includes personal hygiene - it is necessary to teach the child to wash his hands frequently, rinse his nose with salt water 2-3 times, rinse his mouth, avoid contact with sick people - this will lead to a reduction in the number of colds.

Folk remedies

Folk remedies - fruit drinks from black currants, cranberries, viburnum, rosehip infusion, tea with lemon, honey, herbs (raspberries, eucalyptus, sage), garlic, onions, sauerkraut - will help in the fight against viruses and microbes. Inhalations - finely chop garlic or onion and place it in a plastic container from Kinder Surprise, having previously made holes), and hang it around the child’s neck like a pendant. Finely chopped garlic and onions are placed around the room in several saucers - the phytoncides secreted by garlic and onions promote the production of interferon in the child’s nasopharynx and this protects cells from viruses.

Preventive agents

Multivitamins are an excellent preventive measure. Taking one gram of Ascorbic acid 1-2 times a day will greatly improve immunity in children. To prevent colds in children and treat them, you should use homeopathic remedies recommended by modern medicine, such as Kagocel, Anaferon, Aflubin, Arbidol, Viferon, etc. They are based on interferon and have an antiviral effect.

Vaccination

The most effective way to prevent viral diseases in children is vaccination. Vaccination can only be given to a healthy child, at least two weeks after recovery.

Injury prevention

Unfortunately, childhood injuries remain one of the most common problems in our society. Injuries cause children physical and moral suffering, require treatment (often in a hospital), force them to abandon their usual routine and reduce physical activity. The consequences of injuries often cause serious health problems and disabilities.

However, experience shows that most childhood injuries can be avoided by following simple safety rules. First of all, parents should not forget that children require special attention: they are very mobile, active, inquisitive, often underestimate the degree of danger and overestimate their own capabilities.

General activities:

Control (but not supervision!) over the child’s activities, encouraging independence under the unobtrusive supervision of adults.

Conversations with your child about the possibility of injuries and ways to prevent them. At the same time, information should be presented not in the form of prohibitions and demands (“You can’t!”, “Don’t touch!”), but in the form of an accessible explanation (“if you touch a hot iron, there will be a burn - the skin will turn red, a bubble may appear - it’s very painful and is very disturbing; therefore, you need to be especially careful with hot objects"). It is also important to watch your words and not give negative attitudes to children; "You'll fall!" "You'll hit yourself!" To prevent this from happening, it is much better to say: “Watch your step,” “Be careful!”

At home:

• Glass interior doors, as well as doors with glass inserts, must be arranged or protected in such a way that a child cannot break the glass in the event of a direct blow, or when opening or closing it forcefully.
• Preschoolers need to be gradually introduced to the rules for handling electrical appliances. The child must see that parents always follow safety precautions, turn appliances on and off only with dry hands, and be careful when handling electrical outlets.
• Cabinets, shelves and other furniture must be firmly secured (a common cause of injury is a cabinet tipping over when opening the door). Figurines, vases, glassware should be installed so that the child cannot accidentally drop them while playing.

• It is necessary for the child to learn how to behave properly at the table, use cutlery, and know that leaving the table while eating is not only uncivilized, but also dangerous (food can “go down the wrong throat”). Pranks and games are not allowed during meals!
• All medications, household chemicals, table vinegar, shampoos, decorative cosmetics, etc. All these funds should not be available to the child.

• During a walk, you should not leave your child without adult supervision.
• The child must learn the rules of behavior on the swing (hold on with both hands, sit in the center of the seat, do not try to get off or, especially, jump until it stops), on the slide (do not slide down the slide upside down, watch the movements of other children).