Mumps vaccination. Vaccinating a child against mumps: types and names of vaccines, side effects and contraindications to vaccination

Mumps (mumps) is a highly contagious viral disease. Every year the disease is registered in 3-4 thousand people. The mumps vaccine prevents thousands of cases of meningitis and testicular inflammation every year. The disease is a “controllable” infection and depends entirely on the effectiveness of vaccination. Since the use of the mumps vaccine, the number of identified cases of the disease has decreased tenfold.

The disease is common mainly among adolescents and young adults. The culprit of mumps is an RNA virus that attacks glandular organs and the central nervous system. The disease is dangerous for men due to the risk of damage to the reproductive system.

Rice. 1. Mumps in an adult and a child.

Vaccination against mumps

Mumps vaccination: when is it done?

Mumps vaccination is given to all previously unvaccinated and unsick children aged 15 months and up to 7 years. Children whose information about previous vaccinations is unreliable are subject to vaccination.

Mumps vaccines

Monovaccine for mumps

• To carry out specific prevention of mumps, a live mumps culture vaccine (LPV) is used. The vaccine is prepared from the L-3 strain of mumps virus, which is completely devoid of virulence. For its growth, a primary cell culture of Japanese quail embryos was used.
• The LPV is injected once subcutaneously into the subscapular or outer region of the shoulder in a volume of 0.5 ml.
• The live vaccine can be given at the same time as the measles and rubella vaccines, but in different areas of the body.
• Repeated administration of a live vaccine is carried out to persons who, for some reason, did not give an immune response to the first vaccination.
• If a child has not previously had mumps and has not been vaccinated, but has been in contact with a sick person, according to the instructions, he can be vaccinated, but no later than 3 days (72 hours) after contact with the patient.

Rice. 2. Live cultural monovaccine against mumps is used for the prevention of mumps.

Rice. 3. Mumps vaccine JPV is administered once subcutaneously into the subscapular or outer area of ​​the shoulder in a volume of 0.5 ml.

Combined measles, rubella and mumps vaccines

• The use of trivaccines M-M-R II and Priorix allows you to simultaneously vaccinate a child against measles, rubella and mumps.
• The use of divaccines allows you to simultaneously vaccinate a child against measles and mumps.
• Combination vaccines are administered intramuscularly into the upper arm or subcutaneously twice at 12 months and 6 years.

Use of combination vaccines reduces the number of injections

Rice. 4. The use of trivaccines M-M-R II and Priorix allows you to simultaneously vaccinate a child against measles, rubella and mumps.

Rice. 5. The photo shows a divaccine. It is used for simultaneous vaccination of children against mumps and measles.

Effectiveness of vaccination

After vaccination for the introduction of the vaccine drug, the child’s body produces protective antibodies, which are detected in 96% of children. However, their titer after vaccination is 5 times less than after mumps. Despite this, post-vaccination antibodies retain their effect on viruses for a long time.

Vaccination against mumps allows 95% of vaccinated people to develop immunity, which lasts for 15 years or more.

Adverse reactions to mumps vaccine

Adverse reactions to the mumps vaccine are extremely rare. Sometimes, on days 4–12 after the vaccine is administered, elevated body temperature and mild catarrhal symptoms are observed. Very rarely, on the 42nd day after administration of the vaccine, an increase in the parotid glands may be observed.

Complications of the mumps vaccine

Complications from the mumps vaccine are extremely rare. These include: allergic skin reaction, abdominal pain and vomiting, febrile seizures. Serous meningitis and short-term testicular swelling are extremely rare.

Contraindications to mumps vaccination

• Contraindications for vaccination are diseases associated with immunodeficiency.
• It is not recommended to vaccinate persons with severe allergies, as well as persons allergic to chicken and quail eggs, aminoglycosides and other products used in the production of vaccines.
• Vaccination of VPV is postponed in case of exacerbations of chronic diseases and the presence of an acute disease.

Rice. 6. In the photo, complications of mumps are orchitis, which often ends with testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis.

Anti-epidemic and preventive measures for mumps

The main objectives of anti-epidemic and preventive measures for the disease:

• Identification of the patient.
• Notification of Rospotrebnadzor authorities.
• Isolation of the patient.
• Determination of the boundaries of the epidemic focus.
• Separation of contact persons.
• in the hearth.
• Identification among contact persons who are not protected from an infectious disease for emergency immunization.

Identification of the patient

• Making a diagnosis of typical mumps is not difficult. In the typical course of the disease, an elevated body temperature is recorded (often up to 39 - 40 o C), at the same time pain appears in the glands, which intensifies when opening the mouth and chewing. In 90% of cases, pain precedes the development of swelling of the organ, which develops by the end of the first day of the disease. The swelling quickly spreads to the mastoid area, neck and cheek area. At the same time, the earlobe rises upward, which is why the face takes on a “pear-shaped” shape. The swelling increases over 3 to 5 days. The skin on the gland is shiny, but its color never changes. During this period, differential diagnosis should be made with acute respiratory infections and influenza. Serological research methods will help clarify the diagnosis.
• Differential diagnosis of mumps is carried out with bacterial, viral and allergic parotitis, Mikulicz's disease, stones of the salivary gland ducts and neoplasms. Parotitis in the stage of swelling of the salivary gland is similar to the swelling of the cervical tissue, which develops with the toxic form of diphtheria of the pharynx.
• Serological research methods will help clarify the diagnosis.

Rice. 7. The photo shows mumps in a child and an adult. Enlargement of the salivary glands is the main symptom in the typical course of the disease.

Notification of Rospotrebnadzor authorities

During the first 2 hours, the doctor who identified a patient with mumps or suspected the disease sends an emergency notification to the territorial department of Rospotrebnadzor.

Isolation of the patient

In severe and complicated cases of the disease, patients are hospitalized. In uncomplicated cases, the patient’s treatment is organized at home under the constant supervision of a local doctor.

Isolation of patients occurs for a period until clinical recovery, but not less than 9 days from the onset of the disease.

Separation of contact persons

In institutions where a mumps patient is identified, quarantine is established for 21 days.

Anti-epidemic measures in the outbreak

Mumps viruses are very sensitive to environmental factors and disinfectants, which is why final disinfection at the source of infection after isolation of the patient is not carried out. Daily wet cleaning, frequent ventilation of the room, disinfection of the patient’s dishes, towels and handkerchiefs are sufficient measures to prevent the disease.

Vaccination against mumps for emergency (epidemic) indications

If a mumps patient is identified, all persons in contact who have not previously been vaccinated and have not been sick are subject to emergency vaccination. According to the instructions, they can be vaccinated with the ZHPV vaccine, but no later than 3 days (72 hours) after contact with a sick person.

Rice. 8. Daily wet cleaning is an important component of anti-epidemic measures in the source of infection.

The mumps vaccine protects the child from the disease, and in case of illness, it will protect him from developing severe complications.

Three common childhood infections - measles, rubella and mumps - are viral and therefore highly contagious. These viruses are not capable of infecting species other than humans. Infection usually occurs through airborne droplets, or through personal contact with an already sick or infected person. Both measles, rubella, and mumps affect young children, mainly under 10 years of age. A particularly large number of cases occur in 5-7 year old children.

- Measles. Measles, one of the most contagious of all human infections, used to be a very common childhood illness. In most cases it was impossible to recover from it without serious complications. In severe cases, however, measles can lead to pneumonia and in about 1 in 1,000 cases it can lead to encephalitis (inflammation in the brain) or death. The risk of these severe complications is highest for the very young and very old. In pregnant women, measles increases the rate of miscarriage, low birth weight, and congenital malformations of the fetus.

- Pig. In about 15% of cases, mumps (mumps) affects the lining of the brain and spinal cord, although it is usually not harmful in the long run. Testicular tumors occur in 20-30% of men who have reached puberty, although infertility is rare. Deafness in one ear occurs in one in 20,000 mumps patients.

- Rubella (German measles). Rubella infects children or adults and causes a mild form of illness that includes a rash, swollen lymph nodes, and sometimes fever. However, if a pregnant woman is infected during the first trimester of pregnancy, her baby has an 80% chance of developing serious birth defects, including heart abnormalities, cataracts, mental retardation and deafness.

Vaccination calendar measles-rubella-mumps

Vaccination calendar for measles-rubella-mumps according to the national vaccination calendar of Russia, vaccination is carried out according to the following schedule:

1. At 1 year.
2. At 6 years old. The two-time administration of the drug is due to the fact that not all children develop immunity after the first administration, so a second is necessary.
3. At 15 – 17 years old.
4. At 22 – 29 years old.
5. At 32 – 39 years old and every 10 years thereafter.

If the child has not been vaccinated until the age of 13, then the vaccine is given at this age, and all subsequent revaccinations are carried out according to the schedule of the national calendar, that is, at 22–29 years old, etc.

The measles, rubella and mumps vaccine is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. For children under three years of age, it is optimal to inject the drug into the outer surface of the thigh, and for older children - into the deltoid muscle of the shoulder, between its upper and middle third.

Note. Much controversy has arisen over anecdotal reports of neurological side effects associated with the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine. This is of great concern as such reports have led to a decline in immunization in some areas, particularly in wealthy areas of England, where vaccination rates have fallen from 92% in 1996 to 84% currently. Here, measles outbreaks have now increased sharply, and doctors fear that unless vaccination rates rise quickly, the number of cases will rise significantly. In these and other areas, some parents mistakenly believe that the dangers of immunization outweigh the dangers of childhood illness. It should be noted that measles still causes the death of about 745,000 unvaccinated children who live in underdeveloped countries - primarily in Africa.

Measles-rubella-mumps vaccination for adolescents and adults

most people born before 1957 have been exposed to these once common childhood diseases and do not currently require vaccination;
All unvaccinated people born after 1956 who no longer have measles and mumps should be given two doses of live measles-rubella-mumps vaccine given at least 1 month apart (adolescents) or one dose (adults).

Immunizing adolescents can achieve several positive results:

Protection against rubella for girls, who in the majority in the next 5 - 10 years will bear and give birth to children for whom the rubella virus is dangerous.
- Development of immunity against measles, which will meet the vaccine virus and receive stimulation.
- Protection against mumps for young men who are at the most dangerous age in terms of the negative consequences of mumps, and in particular the transfer of these infections can negatively affect reproductive health and subsequent offspring

Types of vaccines measles-rubella-mumps

Safe and effective live virus vaccines against measles, mumps and rubella have been developed over the past decades. They are usually combined with varicella (chickenpox) vaccines. The live viral vaccine or its combination analogue can be administered to children and adults, depending on risk factors.

Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps can be of several types. The type of vaccine depends on the types of weakened viruses that are part of the vaccine preparation. All modern vaccine preparations contain typed viruses, which allows for the development of a high percentage of immune activation and persistent formation of immunity. Thanks to this, you can use any type of vaccine without fear for its effectiveness and safety.

Vaccination of measles, mumps, rubella can be three-component, two-component or monocomponent. This means that all vaccines are interchangeable, that is, one vaccination can be given with one drug, and the second with a completely different one.

According to the requirements of the World Health Organization, vaccines of this type are divided into the following types:

Three-component vaccine. This vaccine is a ready-made product that contains all three types of weakened viruses (measles, rubella and mumps). These vaccines are most preferred because the vaccine is administered in one shot and one visit to the doctor.

Two-component drug. This is a combined measles-rubella vaccine, or measles-mumps vaccine. This vaccination must be combined with the missing monocomponent one - for example, the measles-mumps vaccination also requires rubella separately. In this case, the vaccine is administered in two injections into different parts of the body.

Monocomponent drug. This is a vaccine against one infection - for example, only against measles, against mumps, or only against rubella. Monocomponent vaccines have to be administered in three injections in different parts of the body, because You cannot mix different vaccines in one syringe.

Vaccines and manufacturers differ. The following types of measles-rubella-mumps vaccine are presented on the Russian pharmaceutical market:

Domestic vaccine rubella-mumps. This live attenuated vaccine is produced using Japanese quail eggs, and its effectiveness is no lower than that of imported analogues. The frequency of reactions and complications to the domestic vaccine is also no different from imported ones. The disadvantage of this vaccine is that in Russia they do not produce a three-component vaccine, which would include components against measles, rubella, and mumps. In our country, a dicomponent vaccine is produced - rubella-mumps. Therefore, you have to give two injections - one two-component, and the second one-component - against measles in another part of the body. In this regard, the domestic vaccine is somewhat inconvenient.

Imported measles-rubella-mumps vaccine. Three-component imported vaccines contain components against measles, rubella and mumps simultaneously. This composition of imported drugs is very convenient for administration, since only one injection is required in one place. The effectiveness of imported vaccines does not differ from domestic ones, and the frequency of adverse reactions and complications is absolutely the same as that of Russian-made vaccinations. Alas, imported vaccines are not always available in a regular clinic, so if you want to get vaccinated with them, you will often have to buy the drug at your own expense. The following imported vaccines are currently available:

MMR-II (Measles Mumps-Rubella), made in the USA. Our country has more experience using MMR-II compared to Priorix, so doctors more often recommend it. In the case of its use, antibodies to the measles virus were detected in 98% of those vaccinated, to the mumps virus in 96.1% and to the rubella virus in 99.3%. One year after vaccination, all seropositive individuals retained a protective titer of antibodies to measles and rubella and 88.4% to the mumps virus.

The vaccine can be administered simultaneously (on the same day) with DTP and DPT vaccines, live and inactivated polio vaccine, H. ifluenzae type B vaccine, live chickenpox vaccine, provided that it is administered with separate syringes in different parts of the body. Other live viral vaccines are administered at intervals of at least 1 month.

MMR-II should not be used in cases of hypersensitivity to neomycin and egg white, primary and secondary immunodeficiency, during acute diseases or during exacerbation of chronic diseases. Pregnancy is a contraindication to this vaccine.

- "Priorix" made in Belgium. Priorix is ​​the most popular vaccine today. The reasons for this are quite simple - high efficiency, excellent cleaning and a minimum of adverse reactions. Doctors have no complaints about this vaccine, so you can safely use this drug for vaccinations in children and adults.

Contraindications to the use of Priorix are:

Hypersensitivity to neomycin and chicken eggs;
- contact dermatitis caused by neomycin;
- any allergic reactions to chicken eggs of a non-anaphelactic nature are not a contraindication to vaccination.
- primary and secondary immunodeficiency (however, it can be used for asymptomatic HIV infection and AIDS);
- ARVI, acute intestinal diseases (vaccination should be postponed until the temperature normalizes);
- acute and chronic diseases during exacerbation (vaccination should be postponed until recovery)
- immunization with the Priorix vaccine during pregnancy is not allowed.

- "Ervevax" made in Belgium. Erevax is a single-component vaccine against rubella - a live attenuated vaccine from a culture of the Wistar RA 27/3M rubella virus strain grown on human diploid cells. Forms specific immunity to the rubella virus, which develops within 15 days after vaccination and lasts for at least 16 years. This drug has also proven itself in use in children over 1 year of age, in prepubertal girls (11-13 years old), and in women of reproductive age.

The Ervevax vaccine can be administered on the same day with DPT, DPT, live and inactivated polio, measles, and mumps vaccines, provided that the drugs are injected with different syringes into different parts of the body. Other live viral vaccines are administered at intervals of at least 1 month.

Contraindications to the use of Ervevax are:

Hypersensitivity (including to neomycin);
- pregnancy;
- vaccination of women of childbearing age is carried out in the absence of pregnancy and only if the woman agrees to be protected from conception for 3 months after vaccination;
- congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies (the possibility of immunizing children with HIV infection is decided by a council of pediatricians);
- administration of Ig preparations of endogenous immunostimulants (before vaccination);
- acute diseases and exacerbation of chronic diseases.

- "Rudivax" made in France. This drug is a live attenuated vaccine for the prevention of rubella - an attenuated vaccine virus (strain Wistar RA 27/3M) is cultivated on human diploid cells. Specific immunity develops within 15 days after vaccination and, according to available data, lasts for at least 20 years.

The contraindications for this vaccine are the same as for Ervevax.

Vaccination against rubella during pregnancy

It is especially important to get the rubella vaccine for all unvaccinated, non-pregnant women who have not previously had rubella. The rubella virus is especially dangerous for pregnant women, because it can affect all tissues of the fetus. Rubella suffered in the first half of pregnancy, especially in the first 3 months, can provoke a miscarriage or stillbirth. It is also possible that a baby will be born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), which is characterized by three developmental defects: - congenital heart disease, blindness (cataracts) and deafness. In addition, SHS is characterized by brain damage, including mental retardation, as well as damage to the liver, spleen, platelets and other congenital disorders.

A woman can get over rubella unnoticed: if she feels normal, a minor rash appears for 1-2 days, which is sometimes ignored. And the virus, circulating in the blood of a pregnant woman, passes through the placenta to the fetus. Therefore, if a pregnant woman is suspected of being infected with rubella, it is necessary to conduct a special study (the blood is tested twice for the content of anti-rubella antibodies, and if their number increases significantly, which indicates a history of rubella, the question of terminating the pregnancy arises in the early stages, since there is a high risk of giving birth to a child with deformities).

If a girl or young woman has not had rubella and is not vaccinated, then before planning a pregnancy she herself needs to think about the appropriate vaccination. Vaccination protects almost 100%; immunity after a single vaccination lasts for an average of 15-20 years, then immunization can be repeated.

It is recommended to wait at least 28 days after vaccination before you start trying to get pregnant. Except in special circumstances, live vaccines, especially MMR, should not be given to a woman who is already pregnant because there is a theoretical risk to the fetus of birth defects from these vaccines. Fortunately, this risk is low. In fact, studies have noted no increase in birth defects in the children of women who were accidentally vaccinated against rubella early in their pregnancies.

Contraindications to vaccination measles-rubella-mumps

Contraindications to immunization against measles, rubella, and mumps include the following:

Temporary contraindications:

Acute periods of illness, until the condition stabilizes;
- pregnancy, can be administered immediately after birth;
- administration of various blood products, for example gamma globulin, it is necessary to refrain from vaccination for 1 month;
- interaction with tuberculosis vaccine. The live measles vaccine may be interfered with by the TB test, so the two processes should be performed at least 4 to 6 weeks apart. There is no evidence that the vaccine has a negative effect on the development of tuberculosis.

Permanent contraindications for which vaccination cannot be done at all:

Allergic reaction to neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin;
- allergy to egg whites;
- severe allergic reactions, such as Quincke's edema;
- presence of neoplasms;
- severe reaction or complication to a previous dose of the vaccine;
- low platelet count;
- some HIV-infected;
- people with a damaged immune system (for example, after organ transplantation).

How to prepare for vaccination measles-rubella-mumps

In general, for healthy patients, prior preparation for immunization against measles, rubella and mumps is not required.

To prevent unwanted reactions of the body to the introduction of vaccines after using these drugs, general approaches can be used:

Children prone to allergic reactions are prescribed antiallergic drugs, which begin 2-4 days before vaccination.
- Children with damage to the nervous system and chronic diseases are prescribed therapy aimed at preventing exacerbation of the underlying disease from the day of vaccination for the entire time of possible vaccine reaction (up to 14 days).
- For frequently ill children, to prevent infection or exacerbation of chronic foci of infection (sinusitis, adenoiditis) in the post-vaccination period, the doctor prescribes restoratives 1-2 days before vaccination and 12-14 days after it.
- It is very important to prevent the child from contacting people with any infection within 2 weeks after immunization.
- You should not go on a trip with your child or start visiting a child care facility for the first time after vaccination for at least 5 days.

Side effects of the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine

After injection of the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine, reactions appear within 5 to 15 days. This type of vaccination reaction is called delayed. The delay in reactions is due to the fact that the drug contains live, but greatly weakened measles, rubella and mumps viruses. After entering the human body, these viruses develop and provoke an immune response, the peak of which occurs 5–15 days after the injection.

Common side effects include:

Local reaction to vaccination. Soreness, hardness at the injection site, mild infiltration and tissue rigidity can develop on the first day after the injection. They go away on their own within a few days.

Fever. About 5-15% of people who have been vaccinated with any live measles virus vaccine will develop a fever with a very high temperature - this is normal, usually 5-15 days after vaccination. This usually lasts 1 or 2 days, but can last up to 5 days. The temperature reaction can be strong - up to 39 - 40C. But most often the temperature rises slightly. Very young children may experience seizures, which are not pathological but simply a consequence of too high a body temperature for 8-14 days after vaccination, but these are rare and almost never have long-term consequences.

Raising the temperature does not help the functioning of the immune system in any way, so it should be brought down. Paracetamol, ibuprofen, nimesulide (including Nurofen, Nise, etc.) are best suited for this. Antipyretic drugs can be used in the form of suppositories, syrups or tablets. It is recommended that children use candles to bring down low temperatures. If they do not help, then give syrups.

Cough. In the first few days, you may experience a slight cough and sore throat. This does not require treatment and goes away within a few days.

Rash. The rash may appear over the entire surface of the body, or only on certain parts. Most often, the rash is localized on the face, behind the ears, on the neck, on the arms, on the buttocks, and on the back of the child. The rash spots are very small, painted in various shades of pink, sometimes even difficult to distinguish from the natural color of the skin. The rash will go away on its own; there is no need to smear it with any means. This reaction of the body is normal and does not pose any danger. A child or adult who develops a rash after vaccination is not a source of infection for others.

Enlarged lymph nodes. The live mumps vaccine may cause mild swelling of the lymph nodes near the ears.

Allergic reaction. People who have an anaphylactic allergy (a very severe reaction) to eggs or neomycin are at high risk of having a severe allergic reaction to the vaccine. People with allergies who do not experience anaphylactic shock are not at higher risk of serious allergic reactions to the vaccine. Mild allergic reactions, including rash and itching, may occur in some people. The rash occurs in about 5% of people who have been vaccinated with live measles vaccine. The live mumps vaccine may cause a rash and itching, but these symptoms are usually minor.

Mild infection. A mild form of asymptomatic measles can develop in previously immunized people who are exposed to the virus, although this is a mild infection and may not be significant.

Joint pain. Regarding pain in the joints after the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination, the following pattern has been identified: the older the age of the person being vaccinated, the more often this reaction occurs. Among people over 25 years of age, joint pain develops in 25% of people after vaccination. Up to 25% of women have joint pain 1-3 weeks after vaccination with live rubella virus. Such pain usually does not interfere with daily activities and lasts from 1 day to 3 weeks.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The vaccine may cause a rare bleeding disorder called ITP in about 1 in 22,300 doses. This can result in bruising, skin discoloration that can spread throughout the body, nosebleeds, or tiny red spots that are almost always mild and temporary (it should be noted that the risk of ITP is significantly higher with actual infections - rubella in particular).

All these manifestations reflect the process of formation of immunity against infections that is actively occurring in the body. None of these reactions are pathological and do not require treatment. After a few days, the unpleasant symptoms will simply disappear.

Complications of the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine

Complications from the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine are very rare, but they do occur occasionally. Complications should be distinguished from severe reactions, which are very intense symptoms of side effects, such as a profuse rash over the entire surface of the body, high body temperature, severe runny nose and cough.

Complications of the vaccine include the following manifestations:

Allergic reactions in the form of anaphylactic shock; A severe allergic reaction can occur to antibiotics of a number of aminoglycosides or egg whites. This is due to the fact that the vaccine contains the antibiotics Neomycin or Kanamycin, and also contains trace amounts of quail or chicken egg proteins. The protein is present in the vaccine because the measles, rubella and mumps viruses are grown in a nutrient medium using eggs. Russian vaccines contain quail protein, while imported ones contain chicken protein. A special complication is toxic shock, since this condition is caused by contamination of the vaccine preparation with microorganisms - staphylococci.
- urticaria;
- severe swelling at the injection site;
- exacerbation of existing allergies;
- encephalitis; develop in children with pathologies of the nervous system or with too weak immunity. This severe complication occurs in 1 person per 1,000,000 vaccinated people
- aseptic serous meningitis;
- pneumonia; pneumonia is not directly related to the vaccine, but is a reflection of existing chronic processes in the digestive or respiratory system, which provoke the development of pathologies against the background of distraction of immunity to the vaccine.
- temporary decrease in the number of platelets in the blood; A decrease in blood platelets is not dangerous; it is usually asymptomatic, but when studying coagulation during this period of time, the indicators may have deviations from the norm.
- stomach ache;
- inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis);
- glomerulonephritis;
- acute toxic shock syndrome.

A large study looked at a possible link between the MMP vaccine, which was introduced in 1988, and a variant of autism that includes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and behavioral development disorder. Such findings have been carefully examined and refuted in a number of well-conducted studies. Despite considerable publicity, there is no direct evidence linking vaccinations to the development of autism. Popular media reported the incorrect possibility of a link between autism and the MMR vaccine, causing a split in the scientific community. But almost all experts deny any connection between them. In fact, reports of autism-related symptoms only increased after widespread publicity about the alleged side effects.

The potential benefits of getting the vaccine far outweigh the potential side effects. Measles, mumps and rubella are very serious diseases, and anyone who gets them can have complications as a result, become disabled during their lifetime, or even die. The incidence of such complications associated with actual illnesses is much greater than the potential for serious and even mild side effects associated with the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine.

Mumps, or mumps: this is the name given to damage to the salivary glands.

With mumps, very serious side diseases can occur, such as meningitis - an acute infection that affects the membranes of the spinal cord and brain, causing their inflammation, and is very long and difficult to treat. There are times when recovery never occurs. Another side disease with mumps is pancreatitis - inflammation of the pancreas, it is manifested by acute pain that seems to encircle, radiating to the left side.

The disease begins like a common cold, sometimes similar to a sore throat. The throat hurts, often only on one side, but then the pain spreads to the other side. The characteristic swelling in the throat area does not appear immediately. Mumps is popularly called mumps precisely because of the characteristic swelling in the throat and salivary glands. But the swelling may appear first under the tongue, and then go down to the throat area.

Mumps does not show itself as anything for a very long time. The incubation period is on average three weeks, but sometimes lasts up to two months, it all depends on the body’s immune system: the stronger it is, the longer the incubation period. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets, so in order not to become infected, it is better to avoid contact with people with mumps.

First, lethargy and apathy appear, you don’t want to do anything, increased fatigue and fatigue appear. Then a sore throat begins, which can be accompanied by an increase in body temperature up to 37-38 degrees, medications for the common cold do not help, the elevated body temperature lasts about 4-5 days, less often a week, after which it returns to normal, but a characteristic swelling appears in the area parotid glands.

Signs of mumps:

1. Lethargy.
2. Apathy.
3. Increased body temperature for 4-7 days.
4. Swelling in the throat and parotid glands.
5. Swelling under the tongue (sometimes manifests itself with weakened immunity).

Mumps most often occurs in the autumn-spring period and winter, then foci of mass disease may arise. In this case, vaccination against the disease must be carried out. The mumps virus is more easily transmitted at low temperatures, when people are susceptible to colds and the immune system is weakened. It is transmitted by sneezing or coughing, and infection with the virus can also occur when talking.

Epidemic mumps has three forms of disease severity:

1. Light form. There is no increase in body temperature. Or it can be observed up to 37 degrees. There is no intoxication of the body, no complications arise, the body copes with the disease easily.
2. Moderate form. The body temperature rises from 38 to 40 degrees, the fever lasts a long time, sometimes up to a week, with pronounced symptoms - chills, headache. With this form, bilateral mumps develops. Complications may arise after an illness. The patient may develop arthralgia - pain in the joints, but no inflammation of the joint occurs; myalgia appears - acute pain in the muscles, both in a calm and tense state.
3. Severe form. It is characterized by a long-term - up to two weeks - increase in body temperature, approximately 40 degrees or higher, and severe intoxication of the body. The patient's body stops accepting and assimilating food, which can lead to anorexia, sleep is disturbed, blood pressure drops sharply, and swelling in the throat area is very strong.

Recently, one can increasingly hear that vaccinations can cause irreparable harm to the health of children and adults. So is it necessary to vaccinate against diseases in general and against mumps in particular, and when is the best time to vaccinate?

Arguments for:

1. No medicine. There is still no cure for mumps, all that remains is to get vaccinated.
2. Vaccination against mumps is necessary especially for boys, because Mumps can cause inflammation of a man's testicles, leading to infertility.

Arguments against:

1. Contraindications. There are a number of diseases and conditions of the body when vaccination is not recommended. If immunodeficiency is observed, then the vaccine cannot be given. Vaccination against mumps and malignant tumors and blood diseases is prohibited.
2. If intolerance to chicken and quail proteins is observed, then vaccination is contraindicated.
3. Test result positive for tuberculosis.
4. Vaccination is carried out in infancy up to 1.5 years. Repeated vaccination is carried out at the age of 6-7 years.
5. Myths about mumps

Myth number one: only children get mumps. Indeed, mumps is more common in children under 12-15 years of age. But adults also get it. At a young age, mumps occurs without serious complications and rarely affects other organs (brain, pancreas), at an older age, mumps is accompanied by elevated body temperature and complications, and if the disease is detected in a person over 30-40 years old, then the consequences are pancreatitis and meningitis are guaranteed.

When mumps is severe, signs of pancreatitis can be expected to appear after about a week. Signs of pancreatitis in mumps: acute sharp pain in the navel area, which is accompanied by diarrhea or, conversely, constipation, increased body temperature, and vomiting. Pancreatitis with mumps is treated only in a hospital setting.

Preventing mumps makes life easier.

Vaccination is a complex process that frightens many parents. And including children. Diseases are constantly mutating, threatening public health. For additional protection, vaccinations were invented. Or rather, vaccination. It is noted that people who have been vaccinated against certain diseases cope better with the real disease when infected. But not always. And immunity is formed only for a certain time. For example, for 5 years. Therefore, most parents think:

Before making a final decision, they are interested in the consequences of vaccination with a particular drug, as well as how easily the child can tolerate medical intervention. What to expect if your baby has been vaccinated? Mumps is a serious disease. But vaccination will help avoid it. The question is: is there anything to be afraid of after the procedure? And in what situations should you panic and consult a doctor?

What kind of disease?

Mumps is a disease that is popularly called mumps. As practice shows, it develops mainly in children. It is viral in nature. Easily transmitted by airborne droplets. It affects the salivary glands, as well as the endocrine and nervous systems.

The disease does not manifest itself in any way for approximately 3 weeks. The most common include pain when opening the mouth, swelling of the salivary glands, and temperature. With these signs, mumps is suspected.

As a rule, adults rarely suffer from this disease. Most often, minors from 3 to 15 years old are susceptible to mumps. Therefore, a vaccination against this disease was introduced in Russia. It is usually given along with some other vaccines. What do you need to know about this process?

One injection - several diseases

For example, the fact that there is no separate vaccine against mumps. In Russia there is a vaccine called CCP. It is done several times throughout the child's life. The vaccination calendar indicates the first vaccination per year, repeated vaccination at 6 years. Then at 15. And after that, from the 22nd birthday, the appropriate vaccination must be done once every 10 years.

This vaccine is designed to protect your child from measles, mumps and rubella. That is why it is called PDA. Only parents do not know how exactly the vaccine is tolerated. That's what's scary. Perhaps the consequences will seem more serious to some than the diseases from which the injection will protect the child. So what should you prepare for?

About the vaccination method

The vaccine is given intramuscularly. Thanks to the drug, mumps, rubella, and measles will no longer threaten the baby. For children under 3 years of age, the corresponding injection is given in the thigh. And after the specified age - in the shoulder. Only 1 injection is provided. No further details of the procedure are mentioned.

Usually children are not prepared much in advance. Therefore, more and more often, parents are interested in how easily the vaccine is tolerated. After all, several components will be introduced into the baby’s body. We are talking about the components of measles, rubella and mumps. In fact, you will have to fight several diseases. But in some cases, you can choose the drug with which the child is vaccinated. There are vaccines:

• imported - KPK;
• domestic - measles and mumps;
• Indian - from measles or rubella.

But there is no vaccine separately from mumps. Therefore, it is necessary, as already mentioned, to study the possible consequences. What should you pay attention to? How are vaccinations against mumps, rubella and measles tolerated? Are there any reasons for concern? Which reactions are considered normal and which are pathological?

Normal - no reaction

The point is that each organism is individual. That is, everyone can have their own reaction to one or another medical intervention. And this factor must be taken into account. Nevertheless, doctors assure that the vaccination protects against mumps: mumps after the administration of the drug does not threaten the baby.

This vaccine does not cause any negative reactions from the body. Normally, the child will not face any consequences from the injection. Unless the baby has a tantrum at 12 months. But it is not caused by the action of the vaccine, but by a direct injection. This procedure frightens children. And you can’t call her pleasant. Therefore, you should not be alarmed if your baby starts crying after the measles and mumps vaccination. This reaction is quite normal.

But this is an ideal scenario. Usually there is no reaction to these vaccines, but some phenomena cannot be ruled out. What is it about? What manifestations of reaction from the body are considered normal? When should you not panic?

Temperature

The most common reaction to any medical intervention involving injections is fever. And vaccination often leads to this. Mumps is a disease that is eliminated by the proposed vaccine. It can also cause a fever in the baby.

Often this phenomenon occurs within the first 14 days after vaccination. As a rule, the child’s temperature will remain at 39.5 degrees. There's no need to panic. Doctors say this is a normal reaction. Call a specialist to your home if you are very worried about the condition of the baby.

How to deal with such a manifestation after vaccination (measles, rubella, mumps)? First of all, it is worth preparing antipyretic drugs. And they bring down the temperature. It will be elevated, usually for about 5 days. In rare cases, the temperature may rise throughout the entire two weeks. This phenomenon can also cause chills. This situation is not a reason for panic, but under no circumstances should it be left without attention and observation.

Rashes

What's next? mumps) is tolerated by children and adults, usually without any complications. But it is possible that a small red rash will appear on the body. It usually spreads over the arms, legs, face, and torso of a person. Expressed by red spots.

This effect lasts for about a week, maximum 10 days. Does not require any treatment. It goes away on its own. It does not cause any discomfort to a person except for the aesthetic component. After vaccination for mumps, rubella and measles, rashes are considered quite normal. The spots do not itch, do not hurt, do not itch. It's just a rash that doesn't pose any danger.

The lymph nodes

What's next? What other signs and reactions from the body should you pay attention to if your baby has been vaccinated? Of course, at a certain age, vaccination helps to overcome measles and mumps (one year). How is it tolerated? Doctors say that side effects such as fever and rash on the body are possible.

In some cases, the child's lymph nodes may become enlarged. This is not dangerous. As in previous situations, this phenomenon does not require treatment. After some time it goes away on its own. There is no danger for the child. Therefore, there is no need to panic. And see a doctor too. He will just confirm that swollen lymph nodes are normal if the baby has been vaccinated against a disease such as mumps. This is a very common occurrence after vaccination.

Pain

What other reaction could there be? they do, as already mentioned, in the shoulder. For very young children - in the hip. It is possible that the injection site will hurt for some time. This is another sign that you should not be afraid of. There is little pleasant in it, but within a few hours after the injection the pain will subside. You do not need to take any medications for relief. And even more so, you should not give painkillers to small children.

Pain is not the only thing that can torment a baby after vaccination. Thanks to the vaccine, he will be able to avoid measles and mumps. But what should you expect in the form of side effects? For example, slight redness near the injection site. Or swelling in the area where the vaccine was administered. This phenomenon is also not considered a cause for concern. If we are talking about older children who are given an injection in the shoulder, pain in the arm is possible. In some cases, muscles begin to ache. In this situation, you should not strain your hand too much. No further prophylaxis is required.

In boys

What other reactions can the vaccine cause? Mumps is a dangerous disease, but the disease can be prevented through an injection. What about the consequences of vaccination? Among the far from common phenomena, but which do occur, is testicular soreness in boys. This phenomenon should not cause panic among parents. Due to this manifestation, children become restless.

Like all the previously listed reactions, testicular soreness in boys does not cause any harm. Does not affect reproductive function in any way. Therefore, there is no need to worry about this. It's enough to just go through a period of pain. If the pain is extremely severe (and only older children will report it), consult a specialist. He will prescribe a drug that will somewhat alleviate the suffering. In the case of small children, nothing needs to be done. You just need to wait until this phenomenon passes. And, of course, calm the child in every possible way.

Consequences - allergies

And now a little about what consequences the vaccination can bring. You can avoid mumps, rubella and measles thanks to the vaccine. But remember that this injection is a serious test for the body. The fact is that ideally, as already mentioned, there are no side effects or negative consequences. But such situations do not exclude the possibility that vaccination will not have the best effect on the body.

After all, any vaccine is an unpredictable intervention. The most dangerous consequence is an allergic reaction. Usually manifests as a rash (urticaria) or anaphylactic shock. The second option, according to statistics, is extremely rare after a drug has been introduced that protects against a disease called mumps. After vaccination, simple allergies appear more often.

In such a situation, parents should report their experiences to their pediatrician before re-vaccination. It is likely that the child has an individual intolerance to the protein or any component of the vaccine. Then you will have to refrain from injecting again. This is how the measles-mumps vaccine works. The reaction to it can be varied. What other consequences occur to varying degrees? It is also important for every parent to know about them. After all, as already mentioned, any vaccination carries risks.

Brain and nervous system

Often children are given Measles, rubella, mumps - the diseases against which it is directed. Sometimes vaccination can affect the nervous system and brain. Fortunately, such consequences are extremely rare. Therefore, you should not be too afraid of them. But this scenario should be taken into account.

After vaccination, autism to varying degrees, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases of the nervous system may appear. These are the consequences that developed in some children after vaccination. Nevertheless, doctors say the vaccine is completely safe, citing a simple coincidence. The population does not trust such data too much. There are too many coincidences. Therefore, diseases of the brain and nervous system can be considered as extremely rare consequences of this vaccination.

Cold

But this is not all the consequences and side effects. Most often, the vaccine is well tolerated. Mumps can only be prevented by vaccinating babies. If the child gets sick anyway, the illness will be mild.

Often, after administration of the drug, the baby may develop a common ARVI. What is it about? The fact is that the previously mentioned vaccines quite often cause a reaction in the body that looks like a cold. The child develops a runny nose, a cough, or a fever (this has already been discussed). Redness of the throat is also possible.

It is recommended to consult a doctor with these symptoms. It is likely that the vaccine (mumps, rubella, measles) weakened the immune system, which served as an impetus for real infection with a cold. It cannot be ignored. Otherwise, the child may become seriously ill. Only a doctor can choose the exact treatment. Parents must report what was done to the child. This is important information that affects the prescribed treatment.

Injection - infection

After vaccination (measles-mumps), you may encounter another, not the best, phenomenon. It, like damage to the brain and central nervous system, scares parents the most. What is it about? The fact is that after vaccination, it is possible that the child will become infected with one or another disease. That is, if a baby is vaccinated against measles, rubella and mumps, it is likely that he will become infected with one of these diseases. Or several at once.

In other words, infection through vaccination is possible. But, as statistics show, such complications are extremely rare. Less common than all other consequences and side effects. Children with reduced immunity are usually infected. Or those who started vaccination soon after the illness. Moreover, any cold, even a common cold, is enough.

In any case, parents should know: the age at which the baby needs vaccination is one year. In this case, you will not see measles, rubella, or mumps later. But before the procedure, it is recommended to study the signs of certain diseases. And at the first manifestations, consult a doctor for advice. If you start treatment on time, you can cure a child at any age without any problems. By the way, if a person has been ill, it is extremely difficult to get reinfected. The body develops immunity. As a result, repeated vaccinations will not be required.

Memo for parents

Now we can summarize everything that has been said regarding MMR vaccination. This procedure is included in the national vaccination calendar. The first injection is given at 12 months. Repeated - at 6 years old. Next - at 14-15. After this, vaccination is required once every 10 years, starting at age 22. Usually, such vaccinations are well tolerated; they will help prevent mumps, rubella, and measles. But the following reactions cannot be ruled out:

• allergy;
• temperature increase;
• ARVI symptoms;
• rash;
• pain at the injection site;
• testicular pain in boys;
• enlarged lymph nodes.

In some cases, infection may occur with one or another disease against which the child is vaccinated. Or the vaccine will contribute to problems with the central nervous system/brain. That is why it is important to monitor your baby’s health very carefully. Before vaccination you need to pay attention to:

1. Blood and urine tests. General indicators are required. They come with them to a therapist for a consultation.
2. General condition of the child. Any illness is a reason to delay vaccination.
3. If your child has recently been ill, it is better not to vaccinate.

Some parents create an individual vaccination schedule. Additionally, you can donate blood to check for antibodies to measles, mumps and rubella. If they exist (sometimes this happens, this is a feature of the body), then no vaccinations against these diseases will be required.

Mumps is transmitted by one of the varieties of paramyxoviruses that enter the body by airborne droplets. The infection does not live long in the air. However, due to the close contact of children in kindergartens and primary schools, infection occurs almost instantly. The virus spreads through saliva during talking, coughing and sneezing, through shared dishes, toothbrushes, etc.

Paramyxovirus mumps penetrates through the mucous membrane into the salivary glands, actively multiplies in them and spreads through the bloodstream to other organs and systems. The favorite places for the “dislocation” of the virus are the pancreas, salivary glands, ovaries in girls and testicles in boys, and nerve cells. When the disease affects them, it leads to severe consequences:

• meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain);
• otitis (inflammation of the middle ear);
• orchitis (inflammation and atrophy of the testicles in boys);
• oophoritis (inflammation of the ovaries and adhesions in the fallopian tubes in girls);
• pancreatitis (severe damage to the pancreas), etc.

These complications can lead to diabetes, delayed sexual development, infertility, deafness, paralysis and even death. The mortality rate for mumps is low, but the possibility still exists. Out of 100 thousand people infected with mumps, 1 person dies.

Complications develop unpredictably. No one is safe from them. Meningitis, otitis and other problems can arise against the background of a severe course of the disease or due to the characteristics of the body itself. While some complications can be cured, others - for example, testicular and ovarian atrophy, diabetes - are irreversible. Before deciding whether a mumps vaccine is needed, parents should think about it.

Doctors' opinion on the need for vaccination

Most often people get mumps at an early age, around 3-9 years. Sometimes cases of the disease occur in adolescents. These are the most dangerous incidents, since it is precisely during puberty that complications often arise in the form of testicular atrophy in boys and adhesions in girls.

And very rarely, the disease can overtake a person in adulthood. In this case, the most severe form develops with many complications. The only somewhat encouraging thing is that after suffering from the disease, a person develops a stable, lifelong immunity to mumps.

The second time they get sick is extremely rare. Mainly only in cases of very strong immunosuppression, for example, with HIV or chemotherapy in cancer patients. If a person has a normally functioning immune system, it produces antibodies to the mumps virus. Antibodies remain in the blood throughout life.

Thanks to this mechanism, a vaccine against mumps was created, which uses a live but extremely weakened paramyxovirus. The amount of virus is small. Due to the decrease in activity, it cannot reproduce and take over large “territories”. However, the very presence of mumps virus activates the immune system and causes it to produce protective antibodies.

Lately there has been a lot of controversy about the need/harm of compulsory vaccination, which was introduced back in the USSR. Because of this, many doctors have mixed opinions about whether a mumps vaccine is needed or not. Some experts believe that it is extremely important to vaccinate boys because they are more likely to develop irreversible consequences.

Naturally, no one can force her to do it. Parents have every right to refuse vaccination. But they need to remember the danger they are exposing their children to.

There are no specific medications (antibiotics, etc.) for the treatment of mumps. How successfully the body copes with the infection depends on itself.

When is the mumps vaccine given?

Vaccination against this disease is never given to newborns and babies up to the first year of life. During this period, they are protected by antibodies received from the mother. Then the mumps vaccination is given 2 times, also in early childhood.

According to the vaccination schedule approved by the Ministry of Health, the first time the mumps vaccine is administered to a child at 12 months. The second - at the age of 6. The standard administration dose is 0.5 ml. The injection is made into the shoulder - subcutaneously or intramuscularly - or into the subscapular area.

Important! If, at the age of one, a child catches a cold, catches the flu, another infection, or an existing chronic disease worsens, the vaccination must be rescheduled. In this case, the baby is vaccinated at 1.5 years.

At 6 years of age, mumps immunization can be combined with the schedule of other vaccinations or carried out a month after them. Parents need to focus on the general level of health of the child. In general, childhood is considered the most favorable age for vaccination. At this time, the human body develops the most reliable immunity.

What to do if there is already a sick person in the house

Serious illnesses almost always take families by surprise. If there are two children in the house and one of them is already infected, the other should be urgently vaccinated. This can be done in the first two days after contact with an infected person. The same applies to adults who did not have mumps in childhood. Only babies under one year old are not vaccinated.

In a situation where someone at home is already sick, the vaccine will help prevent the development of complications in other family members. In this case, mumps may also occur after vaccination, but the course of the disease will not be as severe as if vaccination had not been carried out at all. In general, the mumps vaccine is highly effective.

Two anti-mumps vaccinations are usually enough to create lasting immunity for the rest of your life. However, during adolescence, boys should be tested for the presence of antibodies. If they are not there, vaccination should be repeated.

Types of vaccines

The following types of vaccines are allowed in the Russian Federation:

1. "Priorix" (made in Belgium or Great Britain). This is the name of the combined vaccine against mumps, measles and rubella. Doctors believe that complex drugs are much better than single vaccines. They allow you to avoid having to take several injections, and the vaccination schedules for the listed diseases are the same. The injection is administered intramuscularly into the thigh or shoulder. Vaccination is carried out for young patients according to a standard schedule, and, if necessary, also at 14-15 years of age. Everyone over 22 years of age will have to get vaccinated every decade.
2. MMR II (American or Dutch production). This is a complex vaccine against mumps and, as in the first case, measles and rubella. Immunization is carried out at 1, 6 and 15 years of age. In adults (over 22) - every decade.
3. Divaccine - double - against mumps and measles (made in Russia). Immunization is carried out according to a standard schedule at 1 and 6 years.
4. Live monovaccine of mumps ZhVP (Russia). This is a strong drug containing only mumps virus cultures. It is injected once under the shoulder blade or into the shoulder. In some cases, the injection is repeated if the person has not developed immunity.

All described vaccines contain a live virus. It is specially weakened to prevent the disease from developing. The differences between the drugs lie in the auxiliary elements: “Neomycin”, “Kanamycin”, traces of chicken/quail egg or cattle proteins. This must be taken into account if the baby is allergic to cow's milk, eggs or the listed antibiotics.

Contraindications

A patient of any age should not be given an injection if he has:

• malignant tumor;
• acute infectious disease or exacerbation of a chronic one;
• allergy to animal protein (eggs, milk, beef);
• any blood disease;
• immunodeficiency states (with tuberculosis, AIDS, etc.);
• intolerance to aminoglycoside antibiotics (“Kanamycin”, etc.);
• allergy to the first vaccine;
• pregnancy.

Side effects of the mumps vaccine

If a person does not have allergies or the conditions described above, then the mumps vaccination is well tolerated. In rare cases, side effects such as headaches, insomnia and increased body temperature are possible. This usually occurs 1-2 weeks after vaccination.

In people with less strong immunity, the salivary glands near the ears may swell 24-72 hours after the injection. Sometimes the throat turns red, a runny nose or cough occurs. These side effects resemble the picture of mumps in a very mild form. There is no need to treat the described complications. They will go away on their own. Only if a child has a high temperature for a long time and febrile convulsions appear against it, is it indicated to take antipyretic drugs (Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, etc.).

In very rare cases, aseptic serous meningitis develops. This reaction to the mumps vaccine occurs in patients with extremely weak immune systems. The disease may appear a month after vaccination and last about a week. Usually during this period the patient recovers. An allergic reaction is also possible (if the parents did not know that the child had an allergy and gave him an injection).

How to reduce the risk of complications

The risk of complications can be minimized by taking antihistamines 3-4 days before and 2-3 days after the injection. You should also exclude from the menu foods that can provoke an allergic reaction (chocolate, citrus fruits, etc.). Parents always ask whether it is possible to get mumps if the vaccination was done on time. If a person’s immune system is fine, then it’s not allowed. Mumps vaccines are highly effective.