Vaccinations not included in the calendar. Calendar of mandatory vaccinations

A large number of bacterial and viral diseases forces the active use of preventive measures, that is, actions aimed at preventing the occurrence of these diseases. One of the most common ways to prevent infectious diseases is vaccinations. They are an effective measure to prevent diseases (diseases) caused by bacterial and some viral infections (pathogens).

The Russian calendar is one of the best in the world

The Russian government cares about the health of its citizens, which is why the fundamental document regulating the procedure for vaccinating the population of our country - the national vaccination calendar - is annually reviewed and modernized.

The Russian vaccination calendar is considered one of the best in the world. So, by looking at it, any mother will be able to determine the date of vaccination of her child. It is known that in order to form stable immunity, it is necessary to carefully observe the timing of re-vaccination, and the vaccination calendar makes it easy to track the time of the next vaccination.

Features of the yearly calendar:

• when compiling it, the increased risks of the likelihood of outbreaks of certain diseases were taken into account;
• It pays special attention to the prevention of dangerous diseases.

Currently, any person can choose a medical institution where they will receive treatment, including vaccination. Among the large number of medical centers, it is difficult to make the right choice.

Prevention is the best way to prevent diseases

When you contact the Medius network of family medicine clinics for vaccination, you will be pleasantly surprised by the highest quality of service. Experienced specialists will provide advisory practical assistance. A friendly attitude towards each patient is the motto of the medical staff of the Medius clinics: only highly qualified doctors and nurses work here, to whom you can safely entrust the care of your health and the health of your child.

Health is a priceless gift that should be protected from childhood. The Medius family medicine clinic network provides a wide range of medical services, including routine vaccinations, and helps you maintain health for many years.

The current version of the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations was adopted by Order No. 125n of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 and includes the following vaccinations:

National calendar of preventive vaccinations

Additional immunization of the population against hepatitis B, rubella, polio with inactivated vaccine, as well as against influenza

The 2018 vaccination schedule for children (preventive vaccination calendar) in Russia provides for the protection of children and infants up to one year old from the most dangerous diseases. Some vaccinations for children are performed directly in the maternity hospital, others can be done at the district clinic in accordance with the vaccination schedule.

Vaccination calendar

Basic vaccinations up to one year

The general table of vaccinations by age from birth to 14 years assumes the organization of maximum protection of the child’s body from infancy and support of immunity in adolescence. At 12-14 years of age, routine revaccination of polio, measles, rubella, and mumps is carried out. Measles, rubella and mumps can be combined into one vaccine without compromising quality. Vaccination against polio is performed separately, with a live vaccine in drops or inactivated with an injection in the shoulder.

1. . The first vaccination is carried out in the maternity hospital. This is followed by revaccination at 1 month and at 6 months.
2. Tuberculosis. The vaccination is usually performed in the maternity hospital in the first week of the child's life. Subsequent revaccinations are carried out in preparation for school and in high school.
3. DTP or analogues. Combined vaccine to protect infants from whooping cough and diphtheria. Imported analogues of the vaccine add a Hib component to protect against inflammatory infections and meningitis. The first vaccination is performed at 3 months, then according to the vaccination schedule depending on the chosen vaccine.
4. Haemophilus influenzae infection or Hib component. May be part of a vaccine or performed separately.
5. Polio. Infants are vaccinated at 3 months. Repeated vaccination at 4 and 6 months.
6. At 12 months, children undergo a routine vaccination against.

The first year of a child's life requires maximum protection. Vaccinations minimize the risk of infant mortality by causing the baby's body to produce antibodies to bacterial and viral infections.

A child's own immunity up to one year is too weak to resist dangerous diseases; innate immunity weakens by about 3-6 months. The baby can receive a certain amount of antibodies from mother's milk, but this is not enough to resist truly dangerous diseases. It is at this time that it is necessary to strengthen the child’s immunity with timely vaccination. The standard vaccination schedule for children is designed taking into account all possible risks and it is advisable to follow it.

After a series of vaccinations, the child may develop a fever. Be sure to include paracetamol in your child's first aid kit to reduce fever. High temperature indicates the functioning of the body's defense systems, but does not in any way affect the efficiency of antibody production. The temperature must be brought down immediately. For infants under 6 months, paracetamol rectal suppositories can be used. Older children can take antipyretic syrup. Paracetamol has maximum effectiveness, but in some cases and with individual characteristics, it does not work. In this case, you need to use a children's antipyretic with another active substance.

Do not limit your child’s drinking after vaccination; take with you a convenient bottle of water or baby soothing tea.

Vaccinations before kindergarten

In kindergarten, a child is in contact with a significant number of other children. It has been proven that it is in children's environments that viruses and bacterial infections spread at maximum speed. To prevent the spread of dangerous diseases, it is necessary to complete vaccinations according to age and provide documentary evidence of vaccinations.

• Flu vaccination. Performed annually, it significantly reduces the likelihood of contracting the flu in the autumn-winter period.
• Vaccination against pneumococcal infection. Performed once, the vaccination must be completed at least a month before visiting a child care facility.
• Vaccination against viral meningitis. Performed from 18 months.
• Vaccination against hemophilus influenzae infection. From 18 months, with weakened immunity, vaccination is possible from 6 months.

The vaccination schedule for children is usually developed by an infectious disease specialist. In good children's vaccination centers, it is mandatory to examine children on the day of vaccination to identify contraindications. It is undesirable to perform vaccinations at elevated temperatures and exacerbation of chronic diseases, diathesis, herpes.

Vaccination in paid centers does not reduce some of the pain associated with the administration of adsorbed vaccines, but you can choose more complete kits that provide protection against more diseases in 1 injection. The choice of combination vaccines provides maximum protection with minimal injury. This applies to vaccines such as Pentaxim, DTP and the like. In public clinics, such a choice is often impossible due to the high cost of polyvalent vaccines.

Restoring the vaccination schedule

In case of violations of standard vaccination periods, you can create your own individual vaccination schedule on the recommendation of an infectious disease specialist. The characteristics of vaccines and standard vaccination or emergency vaccination schedules are taken into account.

For hepatitis B, the standard regimen is 0-1-6. This means that after the first vaccination, the second follows a month later, followed by a revaccination six months later.

Vaccinations for children with immune diseases and HIV are performed exclusively with inactivated vaccines or recombinant drugs with the replacement of pathogenic proteins.

Why do you need to have mandatory vaccinations based on age?

An unvaccinated child who is constantly among vaccinated children most likely will not get sick precisely because of herd immunity. The virus simply does not have enough carriers to spread and further epidemiological infection. But is it really ethical to use the immunity of other children to protect your own child? Yes, your child will not be pricked with a medical needle, he will not experience discomfort after vaccination, fever, weakness, and will not whine and cry, unlike other children after vaccination. But when in contact with unvaccinated children, for example, from countries without mandatory vaccination, it is the unvaccinated child who is at maximum risk and may get sick.

The immune system does not become stronger by developing “naturally” and infant mortality rates are clear confirmation of this fact. Modern medicine cannot counteract viruses with absolutely nothing except prevention and vaccinations, which build the body’s resistance to infection and disease. Only the symptoms and consequences of viral diseases are treated.

In general, only vaccination is effective against viruses. Keep up with your age-appropriate vaccinations to keep your family healthy. Vaccination of adults is also desirable, especially with an active lifestyle and contact with people.

Can vaccines be combined?

Some clinics practice simultaneous vaccination against polio and DPT. In fact, this practice is not advisable, especially when using live polio vaccine. The decision on a possible combination of vaccines can only be made by an infectious disease specialist.

What is revaccination

Revaccination is the repeated administration of a vaccine to maintain the level of antibodies to a disease in the blood and to strengthen the immune system. Typically, revaccination is easy and without any special reactions from the body. The only thing that may worry you is microtrauma at the site of vaccine administration. Together with the active substance of the vaccine, about 0.5 ml of an adsorbent substance is injected, which holds the vaccine inside the muscle. Unpleasant sensations from microtrauma are possible throughout the week.

The need to introduce an additional substance is due to the effect of most vaccines. It is necessary that the active components enter the blood gradually and evenly over a long period of time. This is necessary for the formation of correct and stable immunity. A slight bruise, hematoma, or swelling is possible at the site of vaccine administration. This is normal for any intramuscular injections.

How immunity is formed

The formation of natural immunity occurs as a result of a viral disease and the production of appropriate antibodies in the body that contribute to resistance to infection. Immunity is not always developed after a single illness. Developing lasting immunity may require repeated illness or a successive round of vaccinations. After an illness, the immune system can be greatly weakened and various complications arise, often more dangerous than the disease itself. Most often these are pneumonia, meningitis, otitis, for the treatment of which strong antibiotics must be used.

Infants are protected by maternal immunity, receiving antibodies through breast milk. It does not matter whether maternal immunity is developed through vaccinations or has a “natural” basis. But against the most dangerous diseases, which form the basis of child and infant mortality, early vaccination is necessary. Hib infection, whooping cough, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus should be excluded from the dangers to a child’s life in the first year of life. Vaccinations form complete immunity against most infections that are fatal to an infant without illness.

Creating the “natural” immunity advocated by environmentalists takes too long and can be life-threatening. Vaccination promotes the safest formation of full immunity.

The vaccination calendar is formed taking into account age requirements and the characteristics of the vaccines. It is advisable to adhere to the medically prescribed time intervals between vaccinations for the full formation of immunity.

Voluntariness of vaccinations

In Russia, it is possible to refuse vaccination; for this you need to sign the appropriate documents. No one will be interested in the reasons for refusal and force children to be vaccinated. There may be legal restrictions on refusals. There are a number of professions for which vaccinations are mandatory and refusal to vaccinate may be considered as unsuitability. Teachers, employees of children's institutions, doctors and livestock breeders, veterinarians must be vaccinated to avoid becoming a source of infection.

You also cannot refuse vaccinations during epidemics or when visiting areas declared a disaster zone due to an epidemic. The list of diseases in the event of epidemics of which vaccination or even urgent vaccination is carried out without a person’s consent is enshrined in law. First of all, these are natural or black smallpox and tuberculosis. In the 80s of the 20th century, smallpox vaccination was excluded from the list of mandatory vaccinations for children. The complete disappearance of the pathogen and the absence of foci of infection were assumed. However, in Siberia and China, since the refusal of vaccination, at least 3 focal outbreaks of the disease have occurred. It may make sense to get vaccinated against smallpox in a private clinic. Smallpox vaccines must be ordered separately. Vaccination against black pox is mandatory for livestock farmers.

Conclusion

All doctors recommend, if possible, following a standard vaccination schedule for children and maintaining immunity with timely vaccinations for adults. Recently, people have become more attentive to their health and visit vaccination centers with the whole family. Especially before joint trips or travels. Vaccinations and developed active immunity

Every country in the world has a National Preventive Vaccination Calendar. The calendar includes mandatory vaccinations for mass use among citizens in order to prevent diseases caused by certain bacteria and viruses. The Russian Federation has its own National calendar of preventive vaccinations (Appendix No. 1 to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 N 125n). Next, we will consider the list of vaccines included in the Russian calendar and what they protect against.

What is the National Vaccination Calendar?

The national calendar of preventive vaccinations is a system for the most optimal use of vaccines, which contributes to the formation of specific immunity in a short time against dangerous diseases.

The vaccination calendar is coordinated and approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The calendar defines specific types of preventive vaccinations, the timing of their administration and the time required for the formation of post-vaccination immunity. The calendar also takes into account the time required for a break between revaccinations against a specific infection and between other vaccines.

Routine vaccination, carried out in accordance with the National Calendar, significantly reduces the incidence of life-threatening infections in children. If infection occurs and the child becomes ill, a previously administered vaccination will ensure a mild course of the disease and protect against severe complications.

For vaccination, only certified Russian and imported drugs are used, which are registered in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation.

As new vaccines are introduced, the National Calendar is revised to increase the list of infections against which it is necessary to prevent the population.

The very first vaccination is given to the baby within the first day after birth - against hepatitis B. The second - against tuberculosis, it is given on the 3rd - 4th day of life. The child receives the main list of important vaccinations included in the National Calendar during the first year of life. Over time, the effect of some vaccinations fades and therefore, at certain times indicated in the calendar, revaccination is carried out, that is, a new vaccination is given.

Vaccination for children in the first year of life

Vaccination for children of the second year of life

Vaccination for children aged two years and older

More information about childhood vaccinations

Calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications

In addition to the National Vaccination Calendar, a Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations for Epidemic Indications is attached. This calendar includes vaccinations that are vital in cases of unfavorable epidemiological situations, for example, when there is a threat of contracting certain infections.

Some vaccinations from this calendar are necessary for persons working, living or planning to travel to regions where infections are common and there is a high risk of infection.

This calendar also contains vaccines recommended for use in children. They protect children from rotavirus, meningococcal, pneumococcal infections, and chickenpox. Such infections quite often cause serious illnesses in children, causing severe complications.

Timely vaccination, according to the National Preventive Vaccination Calendar, will protect the health of adults and children from dangerous infectious diseases. This is especially important for young children. It is known that babies are born with an immature immune system that is unable to cope with aggressive infectious bacteria. The inoculum immunity obtained from vaccination will allow one to cope with the disease or will contribute to an easier course of the disease without subsequent complications.

According to the law, vaccination is carried out on a voluntary basis. But if they refuse to vaccinate their child, parents must understand the risk they are exposing their child to in case of infection with an infectious disease.

Modern vaccination is carried out with high-quality medical preparations that have been registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. Vaccination done in accordance with the rules and instructions by highly qualified specialists guarantees absolute safety.

Children from 1 to 18 years of age (inclusive) and adults up to 35 years of age (inclusive), who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated, have been vaccinated once, and have no information about vaccinations against measles; adults from 36 to 55 years (inclusive), belonging to risk groups (employees of medical and educational organizations, trade, transport, public utilities and social spheres; persons working on a rotational basis and employees of state control bodies at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation) who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated, have been vaccinated once, and have no information about measles vaccinations

Children from 6 months, students in grades 1-11;

students studying in professional educational organizations and educational organizations of higher education;

adults working in certain professions and positions (employees of medical and educational organizations, transport, public utilities);

pregnant women;

adults over 60 years of age;

persons subject to conscription for military service;

people with chronic diseases, including lung disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and obesity

*(1) The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after the 1st vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination), with the exception of children belonging to risk groups, vaccination against viral hepatitis B is carried out according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months from the start of vaccination, 3rd dose - 12 months from the start of vaccination).

*(2) Vaccination is carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis for gentle primary vaccination (BCG-M); in constituent entities of the Russian Federation with incidence rates exceeding 80 per 100 thousand population, as well as in the presence of tuberculosis patients around the newborn - the vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (BCG).

*(3) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (born from mothers of HBsAg carriers, patients with viral hepatitis B or those who had viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy, who do not have test results for markers of hepatitis B, who consume narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, from families in which there is a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis).

*(4) The first and second vaccinations are carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated).

*(5) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (with diseases of the nervous system, immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of contracting hemophilus influenzae infection; with abnormalities of intestinal development; with cancer and/or receiving immunosuppressive therapy for a long time; children born to mothers with HIV infection; children with HIV infection; premature and low birth weight children; children in orphanages).

*(6) The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with the vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children belonging to risk groups (with diseases of the nervous system, immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of contracting hemophilus influenzae infection; with intestinal abnormalities; with cancer and/or receiving long-term immunosuppressive therapy; children born to mothers with HIV - infection; children with HIV infection; premature and low birth weight children; children in orphanages) - vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated).

*(6.1) Vaccination and revaccination for children belonging to risk groups can be carried out with immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, containing combinations of vaccines intended for use in appropriate age periods.

*(7) The second revaccination is carried out with toxoids with a reduced content of antigens.

*(8) Revaccination is carried out with a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis (BCG).

*(9) Vaccination is carried out for children and adults who have not previously been vaccinated against viral hepatitis B, according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after start of vaccination).

*(10) The interval between the first and second vaccinations must be at least 3 months.

The procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations for citizens within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations

With changes and additions from:

1. Preventive vaccinations within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations are carried out to citizens in medical organizations if such organizations have a license providing for the performance of work (services) on vaccination (carrying out preventive vaccinations).

2. Vaccination is carried out by medical workers who have been trained in the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, the organization of vaccination, vaccination techniques, as well as in the provision of emergency or emergency medical care.

3. Vaccination and revaccination within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations are carried out with immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the instructions for their use.

In cases provided for by the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, vaccination and revaccination with immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases containing combinations of vaccines are allowed.

4. Before carrying out a preventive vaccination, the person subject to vaccination or his legal representative is explained the need for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, as well as the consequences of refusal to carry out a preventive vaccination, and informed voluntary consent to medical intervention is drawn up in accordance with the requirements of Article 20 of the Federal Law of November 21, 2011 N 323-FZ "On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation".

5. All persons who should receive preventive vaccinations are first examined by a doctor (paramedic).

6. If the timing of vaccination changes, it is carried out according to the schemes provided for in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and in accordance with the instructions for the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases. It is allowed to administer vaccines (except for vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis), used within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, on the same day with different syringes in different parts of the body.

7. Vaccination of children for whom immunoprophylaxis against pneumococcal infection was not started in the first 6 months of life is carried out twice with an interval between vaccinations of at least 2 months.

8. Vaccination of children born to mothers with HIV infection is carried out within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations in accordance with the instructions for the use of immunobiological drugs for the immunoprevention of infectious diseases. When vaccinating such children, the following are taken into account: the child’s HIV status, the type of vaccine, indicators of immune status, the child’s age, and concomitant diseases.

9. Revaccination of children against tuberculosis born from mothers with HIV infection and who received three-stage chemoprophylaxis for mother-to-child transmission of HIV (during pregnancy, childbirth and the neonatal period) is carried out in the maternity hospital with vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis (for gentle primary vaccination). In children with HIV infection, as well as when HIV nucleic acids are detected in children by molecular methods, revaccination against tuberculosis is not carried out.

10. Vaccination with live vaccines within the framework of the national schedule of preventive vaccinations (with the exception of vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis) is carried out for children with HIV infection with immune categories 1 and 2 (no immunodeficiency or moderate immunodeficiency).

11. If the diagnosis of HIV infection is excluded, children born to mothers with HIV infection are vaccinated with live vaccines without a preliminary immunological examination.

12. Toxoids, killed and recombinant vaccines are administered to all children born to mothers with HIV infection as part of the national schedule of preventive vaccinations. For children with HIV infection, the specified immunobiological drugs for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases are administered in the absence of pronounced and severe immunodeficiency.

13. When vaccinating the population, vaccines containing antigens relevant to the Russian Federation are used to ensure maximum effectiveness of immunization.

14. When vaccinating against hepatitis B in children of the first year of life, against influenza in children from 6 months of age, studying in educational institutions, and pregnant women, vaccines that do not contain preservatives are used.

* Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2012, No. 26, Art. 3442; N 26, Art. 3446; 2013, N 27, art. 3459; N 27, art. 3477; N 30, art. 4038; N 39, Art. 4883; N 48, art. 6165; N 52, art. 6951.

** Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated March 23, 2012 N 252n "On approval of the Procedure for assigning to a paramedic, midwife the head of a medical organization when organizing the provision of primary health care and emergency medical care of certain functions of the attending physician for the direct provision of medical care assistance to the patient during the period of observation and treatment, including the prescription and use of medications, including narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 28, 2012, registration number N 23971).

About the measles epidemic in Europe. According to WHO, the disease has already affected 28 European countries: the majority of cases were infected as a result of local transmission. Vaccination is considered the only effective remedy against measles. We talked about vaccinations with pediatric infectious disease specialist Irina Fridman and tell us how they protect against diseases, what reaction to a vaccine is considered pathological and how many vaccinations can be done in one day.

Irina Fridman

Candidate of Medical Sciences, Doctor of the Department of Specific Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Children's Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, FMBA

What vaccinations are given free of charge?

In Russia, there is a national vaccination calendar - this is an accepted vaccination scheme for protection against the most common infections, which can be extremely difficult in young children. It cannot be said that this is a rigid document - according to the law, parents have a choice: they can vaccinate their child, or they can refuse vaccinations, taking responsibility for it.

Vaccinations that are included in the national calendar: BCG (vaccine against tuberculosis), vaccine against hepatitis B, pneumococcus, polio, measles, mumps and rubella, DPT (vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis), as well as an annual flu shot. Vaccination against hemophilus influenzae is included in the national calendar for risk groups, but this does not mean that any healthy child does not need it, it’s just that the state is ready to pay for it only for children with health problems.

What vaccinations not included in the calendar should you get?

Additional vaccinations that can be provided upon request (and for an additional fee) are, for example, vaccines against chickenpox, rotavirus infection, tick-borne encephalitis, hepatitis A, and meningococcal infection.

Do vaccines protect 100%?

Any vaccination does not provide absolute protection against infection. A vaccinated child can experience the infection in a milder form, without complications. No one guarantees that he will never get sick; it all depends on the efficiency of the immune system: for some, antibodies are retained for a very long time, while for others they are quickly lost. However, most vaccines promote the formation of memory immune cells, which lead to an adequate response from the body. When they encounter the microbe again, they begin to work quickly and respond well to contact.

Why get vaccinated if theoretically the child will survive the disease normally?

Unfortunately, no one is immune from a severe course of the disease with complications. Please weigh: do you need a serious course with complications or the theoretical possibility of a mild course? It turns out that this is a personal choice of each parent: “Only I can decide what I want to do for the child and what not.” This is wrong, and in some states a different tactic has now been adopted: the child is recommended to come for vaccination at a certain time - the nurse measures his temperature and vaccinates him (the doctor does not even touch on this issue).

We have a slightly different approach: in order to be allowed for vaccination, sometimes it is necessary to review a certain number of tests (since some parents conduct a laboratory examination without a doctor’s recommendations), examine the child, take the temperature, and only then allow him to undergo vaccination.

How often do you manage to convince your parents?

I share my knowledge about vaccinations, world experience, scientific data, the advantages of vaccination, and leave the right to make a decision with them. Forcing them and saying: “You are doing it wrong” does not have any effect. In principle, most parents still come for vaccination, even those whose children have serious health problems.

Before the appointment, parents should study information about the disease for which they plan to vaccinate their child and find out what the consequences of this disease may be: look through pictures on the Internet, listen, for example, to how a patient who has not been vaccinated against whooping cough coughs. Weigh everything: are such consequences necessary or should we plan to prevent these infections.

Do I need to donate blood and urine before vaccination?

No. There are no documents regulating testing before each vaccination. Testing is only necessary for certain groups of patients who have blood problems. The main thing before vaccination is physical health for at least two weeks, the absence of sick people in the environment and the desire to get vaccinated. If the patient had some kind of severe infection: bronchitis, pneumonia, or was treated with antibiotics for a long time, then the interval should be a month. And after a banal acute respiratory viral infection of a non-protracted nature (even with a temperature of 39), two weeks are enough.

Should antihistamines be prescribed during vaccination?

There is no need to prescribe antihistamines before vaccination. In some cases, they are prescribed for allergy sufferers, but this experience is still only available to us. Doctors in most European countries, even when vaccinating allergy sufferers, do not prescribe routine antihistamines.

What reaction after vaccination is considered normal?

Normal vaccine reactions, which may occur in approximately 10% of children, include: high fever, local manifestations (redness, swelling, swelling). For example, after vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps, from the fourth to the 15th day, a measles- and rubella-like rash may appear, enlargement of the salivary glands, mild catarrhal manifestations - cough, sore throat, slight runny nose. All this is short-term, most often not accompanied by intoxication, the child feels quite well, the temperature decreases after antipyretics.

Which one is pathological?

Swelling of more than eight centimeters at the vaccination site is considered a pathological allergic local reaction to the vaccine: in a six-month-old child it occupies almost the entire thigh. There are general allergic reactions in the form of a rash, but this occurs extremely rarely and also requires certain actions on the part of doctors: parents do not always remember that the child went to a birthday party on the day of vaccination and there for the first time tried, for example, a chocolate-covered straw covered with sesame seeds.

Are complications always caused by the administered vaccine?

Any conditions that occur after vaccination require investigation: the doctor must determine whether it is related to the administered vaccine or not. And in most cases it is not related. Our experience shows that children who come to us with a diagnosis of a pathological reaction to vaccination, in 90% of cases have some kind of disease: ARVI, acute intestinal infections, newly diagnosed kidney problems.

If there is no reaction after the vaccine is administered, this does not mean that antibodies are not produced: it all depends on the characteristics of the person’s immune system. Some even react to mild vaccines with an increase in temperature, while others tolerate any vaccination asymptomatically.

What are the most dangerous consequences of administering a vaccine?

The most severe reaction to a vaccine worldwide is anaphylactic shock, an acute allergic reaction to vaccine components. Such an acute allergic reaction occurs in the first 30 minutes after the vaccine is administered, maximum within two hours. Therefore, for at least the first 30 minutes, any vaccinated person must be in the facility and sit next to the office where the vaccination was carried out. Each vaccination room has a first aid kit, including for anaphylactic shock.

Anaphylactic shock due to vaccines is an extremely rare situation, one case per 100 thousand doses used. It happens not only from vaccines, anything can be a provocateur: candy, medicine, strawberries, sausages, eggs - you can eat baked goods that contain eggs and “give” anaphylactic shock. We are not immune from this.

Are autism and cerebral palsy related to vaccines?

Autism, cerebral palsy, and organic lesions of the central nervous system are not associated with vaccination. We have a huge number of patients with organic damage to the central nervous system and cerebral palsy, and they are not vaccinated.

Are mercury and aluminum in vaccines dangerous?

It has been proven that microadditives contained in vaccines do not have any effect on the body of the vaccinated person. What a child receives from additional substances during mass vaccination is a small fraction of what we receive in life. If we talk about aluminum hydroxide, it is found in the air in large cities with factories and factories: parents do not think that every day, when they take their small child for a walk, they inhale this air. Or, for example, in the sea fish that we eat with pleasure, there is a huge amount of mercury - in particular, in tuna, which is very common in European countries.

How many vaccinations can you give in one day?

As much as you like. They are made at a distance of two to three centimeters from each other, in the thigh or shoulder. The antigenic load increases slightly, but it is not so high. The domestically produced DPT vaccine contains three thousand antigens. In modern multicomponent vaccines (for example, Pentaxim) - about 25–27. This is several times less than in DTP, which a child of three months perceives completely adequately.

Is it possible to combine live and killed vaccines?

Yes, live and “killed” vaccines can be given on the same day, only observation in the post-vaccination period will be longer in this case: a reaction to inactivated vaccines can occur in the first three days, to live ones - from the fourth to the 15th day. Therefore, you will need to monitor the temperature a little longer.

The only thing is that you cannot combine the BCG vaccination with anything; it is always done separately.

What is the difference between live and killed polio vaccine? What's better?

WHO has a program to switch to the full use of inactivated polio vaccines. They want to cancel the live vaccine in order to stop the circulation of the vaccine strain poliovirus, since the live vaccine contains a weakened poliovirus. People vaccinated with this vaccine shed poliovirus in their feces for two months and can be a source of infection.

The implementation of this program, at least in Russia, is still quite difficult: we do not have enough doses to vaccinate the entire population. Now we have a scheme of combined use: two inactivated vaccines, the third and subsequent ones are live. The first two injections completely protect against paralytic forms of polio and are provided free of charge according to the national calendar. If parents want, they can continue to vaccinate their child with an inactivated vaccine, rather than a live one. The effectiveness of such a scheme is high.

What is the difference between the domestic DTP and the foreign Pentaxim vaccine?

The domestic vaccine contains a whole-cell pertussis component and is considered a vaccine, after which fever occurs with greater frequency. “Pentaxim” contains an acellular pertussis component, it is milder, and in addition, it protects against five infections at once. Infanrix Hexa protects against six infections. Due to the fact that foreign vaccines have a different composition for the pertussis component, they are somewhat less effective. If DPT has five to seven years of effective protection against whooping cough, then, for example, Infanrix Hexa has four to six years.

Can we assume that after the first dose of DTP (Pentaxim), the child is already protected?

No you can not! The fact is that different infections require different numbers of vaccinations. If we are talking about the prevention of whooping cough, then four vaccinations are needed for long-term protection. After the first one, antibodies will be developed in a couple of weeks, but they may not last long, so additional administration is required. As for diphtheria and tetanus, two vaccinations with a revaccination after a year are enough - this provides good protection. Four vaccinations are required for long-term protection against polio. So it cannot be said that after one administration protection will not be developed, but it will be short-lived.

There are no restrictions on the sequence of vaccine administration (if the patient has no contraindications): you can start with the vaccine that is most relevant today.

Why vaccinate against chickenpox if children are not seriously ill with it?

Yes, until now 90% of children with chickenpox tolerate it quite smoothly. But chickenpox is dangerous due to the bacterial complications that can arise: severe itching leads to scratching, infection, and this situation may require antibiotic therapy.

One of the serious complications of chickenpox is chickenpox encephalitis. It most often occurs in children nine to ten years old, those who did not get sick in early childhood. When children finish kindergarten and go to school, parents are well aware that with age the possibility of a more severe course of chickenpox increases, and they decide to vaccinate their children.

Unfortunately, until the chickenpox vaccine is introduced into the national calendar and mass vaccination of children is carried out, we will see seasonal outbreaks of this disease.

What will happen if people stop vaccinating their children?

In Russia, the vaccination rate of the population is more than 95-98%, but as soon as this percentage decreases, we can see outbreaks of any diseases. A recent example is the measles epidemic in Europe and Ukraine. Now we have limited cases of the disease, they do not spread much, but nevertheless, adults and children suffer from measles. Most of the patients were not vaccinated, and some of them lost protection.

In the 90s, the last outbreak of diphtheria occurred: there was perestroika, many refused vaccination. At our institute, many departments were repurposed to combat diphtheria. Unfortunately, children died. Those doctors who worked then said: the patient was admitted in the evening, they inject serum, and in the morning you come - and he is not there. After that, there were no such large outbreaks, thank God.