Signs of the indicative mood. Imperative, subjunctive, indicative mood
Each of the morphological moods has general and particular meanings. General value indicative mood (indicative) - presentation of an action as real, which happened, is happening or will happen: Gradually one thoughttook possession Maria Trofimovna - the thought of how big the world is, how diverse it is, how amazing a person is and how wonderful it is that sheexists right now anddoes everything in her power to decorate and enrich the earth, so that human existenceit was becoming easier, smarter, fairer and more beautiful(Paust.).
The general meaning of the indicative mood in the context takes on certain private values:
1) the meaning of the affirmative or negative real modality: Almost all cut and collected flowers in the housedidn't hold . Instead of them everywherewere lying pieces of bark that look like troughs(Paust.);
2) the meaning of subjective-evaluative modality, which is expressed when there are modal words, particles, some conjunctions and adverbs in the sentence: Surrounding forestas if in the fogchenille in the smoke of gunpowder(Lerm.) - a particle with the meaning of unreality, raising doubts about the reality of the action itself; - And what,How I really amI'll take it and get married on her?(N. Ch.) - the meaning of the assumption about the possibility of carrying out a real action; Certainly , you more than onceseen county young lady album(P.) - the meaning of confidence in the reality of the named action.
The peculiarity of the indicative mood is its obligatory connection with tenses, which is completely unusual for the imperative and subjunctive moods. Speaking about the means of expressing the meaning of an indicative, we note that it does not have specific suffixes or other indicators. The forms of the indicative mood coincide with the tense forms and form a paradigm consisting of 26 members: forms 1, 2, 3 persons singular. and many more numbers of present and future tenses, forms of past tense units. numbers (masculine, feminine and neuter) and plural. numbers of SV and NSV.
§ 3. Imperative mood (imperative): its general and particular meanings. The question of the composition of the forms of the imperative and the qualification of its affixes.
General value imperative mood - an incentive to action on the part of the speaker. It is realized in speech in various private values: this is the meaning of a request, advice, warning, prohibition, command, call, in the expression of which intonation plays a decisive role: Lenka danced to the side and shouted in an impudent voice: “Aha!” Got!Don't catch it, don't catch when you don't know how!(Paust .); Zhamm snorted like a sperm whale and shouted: -Take a bath , boys! Tomorrow we'll crawl into real hell(Paust.).
All these meanings are determined by the situation of speech, the intention and emotional attitude of the speaker, and the means of their expression is intonation. Outside of intonation, the imperative mood does not exist. Let us note some other means involved in expressing the semantics of the imperative. So, for example, the presence of personal pronouns softens the impulse and gives it the character of a request; the appeal emphasizes targeting; presence of particle -ka adds a familiar touch; use of the particle " Look" updates the warning: You say something to me, dear, goodbyewish (Isak.); Tell me , uncle, it’s not for nothing that Moscow, burned by fire, was given to the French?(Lerm.); Youlook now do not say mom,” Katya said to Sonya, going to bed with her(Ch.).
There are two problems associated with the imperative mood in modern linguistics: 1) the question of the composition of the forms of the imperative and 2) the qualification of its affixes.
With a broad approach, which is adopted in a number of university textbooks, the forms of the imperative mood include: 1) forms of the 2nd person singular. and many more numbers: read, read ; 2) forms of 1st person plural. numbers (forms of joint action): let's go, let's go; let's go, let's go sing ; 3) 3rd person forms (always analytical): let him read, let him read.
Some linguists believe that the form of the imperative mood is only the 2nd person form, because the speaker’s will is always addressed to the interlocutor. Shape type come on, let's talk, let him read are called syntactic analogues of forms of the imperative mood, only functionally adjacent to them.
In Gr.-80, the imperative mood includes forms of the 2nd person and forms of joint action, in which the meaning of the imperative is expressed through a postfix -those:let's go, let's fly or particles Let's in combination with the infinitive: let's sing . In the absence of a postfix or formative particle, the meaning of the incentive is expressed only intonationally, and the forms themselves are homonymous to the forms of the 1st person present-future tense of the indicative mood: let's run and read . Shape type let him read are considered as combinations of words.
The basic form of the imperative mood is the 2nd person form. It is formed from the basis of the present - future tense using the affix -And, materially expressed or zero: bring it, sit down , which in some cases qualifies as a suffix, in others - as an ending. For the education of many numbers serve as an affix -those, which is also considered ambiguously: as an ending, postfix or suffix.
A number of verbs have features in the formation of 2nd person imperative forms:
Verbs with suffix -va- at the base of the infinitive and without it at the base of the present tense, this suffix is retained in the imperative mood: issue - issue - issue ;
Verbs with roots in -And- and all their prefix derivatives ( beat - knock out, beat down etc.) form the imperative mood with a base on -to her:hit - knock out, beat , which does not coincide with either the base of the infinitive or the base of the present tense: cf.: beat - bj-ut - beat ;
Verbs form the imperative mood in a special way: eat (eat), go (go), lie down (lie down).
The variability of forms of the imperative mood from some verbs is noted: pour out - rash And get out, climb - climb And climb, clean - clean And clean it and etc.
Each member of a species pair has its own form of the imperative mood: carry out - carry out, carry out - carry out, decide - decide, decide - decide etc.
Some verbs do not form imperative forms, such as hear, see, want, can, rot, hurt ( feel pain ), resist; impersonal lexemes unwell, getting dark, feeling sick etc. The reasons for their insufficiency are most often semantic: these verbs denote actions that are carried out without the will of the subject.
Forms of joint action are plural forms. numbers; the impulse they designate always refers to two or more persons, including the speaker himself. The meaning of the imperative mood is expressed by them using:
1) postfix -those, attached to the forms of the 1st person plural. numbers of the indicative mood of verbs SV and unidirectional verbs of motion NSV: let's go, decide, let's go ;
2) using a particle Let's ) + form of 1st person plural. indicative numbers (SV) or + infinitive (NSV): let's decide, let's decide .
The impulse related to the 3rd person is expressed only in an analytical way: with the help of a particle let (let) which joins the forms of the 3rd person unit. and many more numbers of present and future tenses. In this case, the interlocutor is not the executor of the speaker’s will, but only the person conveying it: They have enough of their own princes,let to be king of anyonewill be elected (P.). Forms of the 3rd person imperative usually include formations with a particle Yes:Yes it will be “You know,” said the doctor triumphantly, “that miracles can happen in the twentieth century.”(Paust.).
Thus, the means of expressing the meaning of the imperative mood are varied: this is the suffix -And(or zero suffix), inflection -those, postfix -those(in irregular forms of joint action), particles come on, let them .
The imperative paradigm consists of 12 forms:
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2nd person |
Forms of joint action |
3rd person |
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Let him read |
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Let them read |
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read it |
Let's read |
Let him read it |
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read |
Let's read |
Russian verbs can be used in three moods: indicative, conditional and imperative. Let's look at each inclination in more detail. IndicativeThe indicative mood of the verb serves to convey the presence or absence of an action within any time (past, present or future). The main difference between verbs in the imperative mood is that they can change tenses. Read more about verb tense in the article. So, if a verb is in the present, past or future tense and conveys a real action, then it is used in the indicative mood. Example: The cup is (was, will be) on the table. Conditional moodUsed to express an action that can only be performed under certain conditions. A distinctive feature is the addition of the particle “would” (“b”), which can be placed anywhere in the sentence. Used only in the past tense. Example: The cup would have been on the table if he had not taken it. Imperative moodServes to convey the will of the speaker (request, advice, order). Most often it is in the second person. The number in this case can be either singular or plural. Example: Put (place) the cup on the table. If the imperative verb is used in the third person, then it will necessarily have the future tense, and the words “let” (sometimes “yes”) are added to it. Example: Let him put the cup on the table. If such a verb is used in the first person, then it must have a plural form. Sometimes the word “come on” is added. Example: [Come on] Let's put the cup on the table. If all these signs are present, we can say that the verb is used in the imperative mood. A variety of verbs lived in the Vocabulary Kingdom, in the Verb State. And this country was ruled by three sovereign-kings at once, three siblings under the name Verbal Moods. The older brother was called the Imperative Mood, the middle one was the Indicative Mood, and the younger brother was called the Conditional Mood of the Verb. All three king moods were a grammatical category of verbs. The elder brother, Glagola, was strict, he constantly ordered something to everyone, demanded something, forced someone. “Go there, do that, go to work, go to bed!” - that's all we heard from him. And when he was angry, he would briefly exclaim: “Sleep! Be silent! Step by step!” No, of course, he was an extremely fair ruler. And he treated those who did not need orders quite nicely, expressing his request calmly and civilly. For example: “Please, plant more rose bushes in my garden!” or “Please make fried chicken for lunch today!” And it also happened when he was in the most wonderful mood and affectionately suggested to someone: “Let's go to the movies! Let's play! Long live scented and mint soap. Be healthy!” The verbs used by the sovereign, the Imperative Mood, could change according to gender and number, but had no tenses. For example, “prepare” is the 2nd person plural, and “prepare” is the 2nd person singular. “Let's cook” - 1st person plural. Verbs in the imperative mood of the singular 2nd person have their own form, unique only to this mood: they add the postfix “and” to the verb base or use a method of formation without a suffix: “to speak - speak”, “to laugh - laugh”. The ending “those” is added to the plural: “speak”, “laugh”. But, if the Imperative Mood did not address his interlocutor, but meant third parties who did not directly participate in the dialogue, the verbs in speech had the form of the 3rd person, either singular or plural in the indicative mood, but with the addition of the words “let”, “let them” or “yes”: “let them go”, “let them come”, “let there be light”. Of course, we have already noticed that in anger the elder brother threw out sharp short orders, expressing them: “sit!”, “be silent!” When he was in a good mood and invited his subjects or friends, for example, to have a little fun, he used to invite the plural of the 1st person of the indicative mood of the perfect form in combination with the words “come on” or “let’s”: “let’s go”, “come on” Let's have lunch." The middle brother, Indicative Mood of the Verb, was also an honest, fair man, in general, a realist. He spoke in a common and understandable language, using in his speech verbs of all known persons and numbers, as well as in all existing tenses. Verbs in the indicative mood denote a real action occurring at the present time, in the past or planned in the future. And even if the sovereign named Indicative Mood was joking or simply lying, fantasizing, then this was in no way reflected in his speech. He used the same verbs with which he spoke about true things. It was only possible to guess that at the moment the king was telling a fairy tale, and not narrating his latest fiction or an amazing, fantastic story that he had just composed. While talking, he used verbs in all possible persons, numbers, genders and tenses. For example, in the present tense this part of speech could be conjugated: “I think” - 1st person, “you count” - 2nd person, “he counts” - 3rd person. And in numbers it also changed. If in the proposed version the verbs were singular, then “we count,” “you count,” and “they count” are defined as plural verbs. And the third brother was a very soft and indecisive ruler. Yes, he, in fact, did not give any orders, did not issue decrees. Most often, the Conditional Mood of the Verb gave cautious advice to his brothers: “It would be better, my dear brother, Imperative Mood of the Verb in the Russian Language, if you ordered less, and were gentler with your subjects...” or “If I were you, I would walk around more.” fresh air". Sometimes the Subjunctive Mood (and it had such a name) was attacked by daydreaming. He went into the field and imagined all sorts of amazing things. “If I had wings, I would fly above the earth like a bird!” By the way, the verbs that he used in his speeches could change according to gender and number. The tense y is not determined, but the verb in the subjunctive mood has a form with the particle “b” or “would”. The brothers were very friendly with each other. Therefore, sometimes they used in their speech those forms of verbs that were characteristic of a different mood. That is, for example, the imperative mood was often found in the meaning of the indicative mood: “Here she takes it and turns her head in his direction.” And sometimes the form of the imperative mood can even have the meaning of a subjunctive: “If you hadn’t come on time, you might not have caught me.” And in some cases, a verb in the indicative mood suddenly turned into an order, that is, it was used with the meaning of an imperative mood: “Well, why are you up? Let's go, let's go!" The form of the conditional mood also sometimes has an imperative meaning: “You should talk to Natalya, she has accumulated so many gaps!” And so they ruled their wonderful kingdom happily ever after. And they still rule to this day. In the Russian language there are subjunctive, imperative and indicative moods. The beauty for us, as native speakers of the Russian language, is that by the name we intuitively understand the essence of these grammatical categories, even if we cannot explain it from a linguistic perspective. used when there is a certain condition for performing an action. we use when we command or order someone to do something, and the indicative mood when we tell something, express thoughts. But this is a philistine approach. Let's look at the category of mood from the perspective of linguistics. So, any, and not just the indicative, mood expresses the relationship of action to reality from the position of the one who speaks. Therefore, we can consider mood an intentional category, that is, depending on the speaker’s goal. To determine mood, the position of the subject is always determined first, since it determines whether the action is desired, possible, or intended. The reality and possibility of action in 3 tenses - present, past and future - expresses the indicative mood. Example: I never thought that Beijing is such a beautiful city. Looking through old photographs, he involuntarily remembered the past. It seems that nothing can be returned. Wearily leaning on a stick, the old man hobbled along the snow-covered alley. Next week I will go and talk to him, and by then you have all the documents ready. Signs of the indicative mood are endings that indicate the person and the indicative mood can be perfective or imperfective and have the form of gender and number.
The indicative mood in English is close to that in Russian. It performs the same functions and also shows that an action can be carried out at different times. The imperative mood shows the expression of will to a second person, the addressee of the message. The inclination can act as an order, a request. All forms of the imperative mood are used in the 2nd person exclusively in the active voice. There are verbs from which it is not formed. These are “to be able”, “to see”, “to want”. The fact is that these verbs denote an action that cannot be controlled by a person. Some linguists consider the indicative mood as a type of imperative, or rather, its forms and combinations with the particle “let”. For example: Leave the children alone, let them play. Let it be as it will be, there is no need to change anything. And also poetic forms with the particle “yes”:
Long live the peaceful sky, happiness and sun! The examples described are called synthetic forms of the imperative. The subjunctive mood expresses a theoretically possible action. This is action If only mushrooms could grow in your mouth! Indicative mood Mood, denoting that the action is thought of by the speaker as affirmed or denied, as quite real, actually happening, having happened or about to happen. The indicative mood differs from other moods in that it has tense forms. The indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: a) to express an order that does not allow for either objection or refusal. You go to the doctor, write out a prescription from him and by three o’clock you will definitely return home with the medicine; b) to encourage joint action (forms with the affix -te add a hint of polite invitation). Come quickly with me(Krylov). Let's go, my friend!(Chekhov). The same meaning is expressed in combination with the incentive particles give (give) and let's (let's). Let's fly away(Pushkin). Let's go(Chekhov). Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 . See what the “indicative mood” is in other dictionaries:indicative mood- The mood of the verb, denoting the actual action being performed in the present, future or past tense. Verbs in the indicative mood represent an action that: 1) took place in the past; 2) takes place in the present; 3) will take place in... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal See indicative... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms - (lat. modus indicativus) expresses the presence or absence of an unconditioned (objective) action, within one time or another, as if in contemplation of an action; various relations of the subject to this action are not determined by him and... ... Wikipedia Mood- Mood is a grammatical category that expresses the attitude of the action named by the verb to reality from the point of view of the speaker. Mood is a grammatical way of expressing modality (V.V. Vinogradov). The grammatical meaning of the forms... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary Morphological category of conjugated (personal) forms of the verb. Represents an event as real in one of three verb tenses. The verb in the indicative mood changes according to persons and numbers, in the past tense according to gender. Expressed by a set of personal... ... Literary encyclopedia See indicative mood (in the article mood) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms Indicative- INDICATIVE. A verb form or a set of verb forms showing that the action or state denoted by the stem of the verb is thought by the speaker as actually happening, having happened, or about to happen. I.N... Dictionary of literary terms INTENTION, inclinations, cf. 1. Action under Ch. tilt tilt and tilt tilt. 2. The form of the verb expressing how the action is presented as real, desired, required, etc. (gram.). Indicative. Imperative... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary TILT, I, Wed. In grammar: a system of forms (paradigm) of a verb expressing the relationship of an action to reality. Indicative, imperative, subjunctive n. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary MOOD, a grammatical category of a verb (see VERB), the forms of which express differences in the relation of the content of the statement to reality or in the relation of the speaker to the content of the statement (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary Books
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