Prevention and elimination of infectious animal diseases. Prevention of infectious animal diseases Basic methods of therapy

Option 6. Planning activities to combat non-communicable animal diseases

Introduction 3

1. Measures to prevent non-communicable diseases of young animals 5

2. Organization of implementation of the action plan 7

3. Planning activities to combat non-communicable animal diseases in research institutions 8

Conclusion 12

References 13

Introduction

The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that non-contagious diseases of young farm animals are still widespread on livestock farms and cause great economic damage to farms, which consists of mortality, forced slaughter, decreased weight gain, and the cost of treating patients. Among young animals, the most common are gastrointestinal diseases of newborns (dyspepsia), pulmonary diseases (bronchopneumonia) and diseases caused by vitamin and mineral deficiency.

The main factors for the mass spread of non-communicable diseases among young animals on farms are the birth of weakened offspring with reduced vitality and violation of zoohygienic standards for raising them during the colostrum and milk feeding periods.

The birth of underdeveloped young animals - hypotrophic animals with low live weight and increased susceptibility to diseases is caused by violations of the rules of insemination and mating, inadequate and monotonous feeding of pregnant animals, improper preparation of animals for childbirth, and non-compliance with sanitary rules for receiving newborn young animals. In weakened newborn hypotrophic animals, there is a violation of thermoregulation, a weakening of cardiac activity and gas exchange, a decrease in the secretory, enzymatic and motor functions of the gastrointestinal tract, a decrease in immunobiological reactivity and a weakening of resistance to adverse environmental conditions. In such animals, growth and development slow down, and they are primarily susceptible to disease.

Violations of the rules of feeding and keeping suckling queens in the postpartum period, standards for feeding colostrum and milk, non-compliance with the sanitary and zoohygienic regime for raising young animals weaken the resistance of the young animal’s body, which has not yet become stronger, to the adverse influences of the external environment, which leads to diseases.

The purpose of the work is to characterize the process of planned organization of measures to combat non-communicable animal diseases.

1. Measures to prevent non-communicable diseases of young animals

Non-communicable diseases of young animals in most farms are seasonal; mass diseases and mortality of newborns and young animals in the post-colostrum period are mainly observed in spring and autumn, which is due to unstable weather and a relatively weaker food supply in the spring. In areas with a dry and hot climate (Central Asia, southern regions of Ukraine, etc.), mass diseases of young animals are also observed in the hot summer months, which is due to the weakening of young animals due to overheating and burning of pastures. In certain zones and areas, diseases of young animals can be endemic in nature, which is caused by a deficiency of macro- or microelements (calcium, phosphorus, manganese, iodine, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium, etc.) in the soil, water and plants of these zones.

Prevention of morbidity in young animals on farms is carried out by constantly implementing a set of general preventive measures aimed at obtaining viable offspring and creating optimal zoohygienic growing conditions for newborn young animals. The main parts of the complex of general preventive measures are the following: compliance with the rules of animal mating and artificial insemination; feeding of breeding stock that is complete in terms of overall nutritional value, protein content, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, especially during deep pregnancy; providing exercise to pregnant animals; preparing animals for childbirth and carrying out births in maternity wards, pig pens and greenhouses; compliance with the necessary veterinary and sanitary rules during the birth and reception of newborn animals; complete feeding of suckling queens; prevention of the development of mastitis and low milk production in breeding stock; compliance with the rules and regulations for feeding colostrum and milk to newborn animals; creation of normal sanitary and zoohygienic conditions for feeding and housing for young animals during the colostrum and dairy periods; compliance with the rules for weaning young animals and raising them in the post-weaning period.

In addition to general preventive measures, in the system of combating non-contagious diseases of young animals, special veterinary measures aimed at strengthening the health of animals and treating patients are of great importance, especially in farms that are unfavorable for diseases of young animals. These measures include: feeding the breeding stock and young animals with grass flour, hydroponic greens, pine needle infusions, fish oil, vitamin preparations, yeast, yeast feed, acidophilus broth, gastric juice, the use of biostimulants, mixtures of salts from macro- and microelements, fortification of breeding stock by injection of vitamins A and D, irradiation of animals with infrared and ultraviolet rays, ionization of air in premises for young animals, etc.

The key to success in the fight against non-communicable diseases of young animals is the correct selection, placement and high qualifications of livestock personnel associated with raising young animals (milkmaids, calves, cattlemen, shepherds, pig farmers, etc.).

Livestock specialists and veterinary specialists, in the process of daily work on the farm, during routine examinations and medical examinations of breeding stock and young animals, identify and eliminate observed violations of the rules for obtaining and raising young animals. Only through the joint efforts of farm managers, livestock breeders, livestock specialists and veterinary specialists, aimed at providing livestock with a solid feed supply, premises that meet zoohygienic requirements and good personnel, can the prevention and elimination of diseases of young animals be achieved, which will significantly increase the profitability of livestock farming.

An industrial livestock breeding complex is a large specialized enterprise of an industrial nature, which uses modern and advanced technology, mechanization, automation and scientific organization of labor, which allows the production of high-quality livestock products with minimal costs of funds and labor.

Complexes and specialized farms are characterized by:

1) high labor productivity and low production costs;

2) high mechanization and automation of production;

3) the presence of its own feed supply and a high level of technology for preparing and preserving feed;

4) closed production cycle;

5) continuous livestock farming system;

6) the presence of all conditions for improving the system for creating healthy and highly productive herds, improving preventive and therapeutic measures.

All complexes are subject to a strict security and quarantine regime. The territory of the complexes is fenced with a continuous fence. The free area is landscaped. There are two entrances: for workers and employees - through the veterinary and sanitary checkpoint using special passes; for transport - through a gate with a disinfection barrier. Disinfection of vehicles is carried out using a DUK machine or a checkpoint is equipped with an open disinfection barrier filled with a 2% solution of caustic soda. The passage of external transport is determined by a strict route. Permission to visit the complex is obtained only from the chief veterinarian of the region (state veterinarian of the region).

The complexes have veterinary and veterinary-sanitary facilities:

1). sanitary inspection room with showers and paraformalin chambers;

2) a veterinary block with an outpatient clinic, a pharmacy, and basements for storing biological products;

3) laboratory for studying the nutritional value (quality) of feed and conducting biochemical studies at;

4) an isolation ward for sick animals; quarantine and sorting department with a veterinary and sanitary detachment.

To organize preventive and therapeutic measures (group and individual), each veterinary specialist needs to have a good knowledge of the technology of industrial livestock farming and the peculiarities of labor organization in each section of the complex.

In livestock complexes, issues of microclimate, feeding, specific group immunization and medical examination of animals arise with particular urgency. In conditions where animals are kept indoors all year round, the slightest malfunction in the heating and ventilation system can lead to the most undesirable consequences - from massive respiratory diseases to mass death as a result of overheating in the summer or hypothermia in the winter. The imbalance of mixed feed and its low sanitary quality lead to significant losses in animal productivity at all stages of reproduction and fattening. In complexes, when normal feeding and maintenance hygiene are violated, osteodystrophy, parakeratosis, arthrosis, arthritis, collagenosis, hydremia, scleroderma, and connective tissue occur.

Preventive measures in dairy complexes.

The industrial technology of dairy farming has also determined the specifics of veterinary services.

Most veterinary activities are combined with the production process:

the complexes operate as a closed enterprise; All employees entering and exiting the complex are processed in a sanitary checkpoint;

daily clinical examination is combined with feeding time;

vaccinations are given when animals are weighed;

cleaning and disinfection of premises is carried out when moving groups of animals from one section to another;

microclimate parameters are monitored around the clock.

Preventive measures during clinical examination are the most labor-intensive and responsible. When carrying out a medical examination, it is imperative to examine the feed for nutritional value and fungal contamination. A qualitative study of roughage is carried out 2 months after stacking, and silage, haylage and beets - as the trenches and piles are opened. Subsequently, additional studies are performed selectively.

Based on data from the analysis of diets in terms of composition and quality, feeding is balanced for proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals. During the stall period, mineral supplements are given with silage, in the summer - with compound feed at milking platforms or with green mass in feeders.

One of the leading places in the diagnostic stage of medical examination of cows is the syndrome of herds (individual groups). Based on its indicators, the well-being or ill-being of the herd is judged.

When organizing free-stall housing for animals, clinically healthy cows are selected into formed groups taking into account age, temperament, suitability for machine milking (by the shape of the udder, the development of its anterior and posterior lobes), milk production rate and other characteristics.

During the period of herd formation, enhanced control should be established over the behavior of animals, their general condition, feed consumption and level of productivity (based on control milkings). Shy and overly aggressive cows, as well as those with a sharp decrease in milk yield, should be removed from the herd and placed on a leash. Animals with signs of deterioration in general condition and decreased body condition are also placed on a leash and examined clinically; if necessary, a biochemical blood test and individual treatment are carried out.

When kept free-stall, animals of the reference groups or all of them are examined during routine research (for tuberculosis, brucellosis, etc.); It is necessary to take into account that pulse and respiration indicators are not always objective due to the anxiety of the animals.

The clinical and physiological status of herds is determined by reference groups on a monthly basis. Reference groups should be composed of 10-20 cows of low, medium and high productivity.

In dairy cows, an increase in heart rate above 80 and respiration above 30 per minute and rumination of less than two contractions per 2 minutes indicate the occurrence of a subclinical, acidotic state or other forms of metabolic disorder. At the same time, attention should be paid to demineralization of the last caudal vertebrae and ribs, which is an important indicator of mineral deficiency.

Depending on the availability of laboratories, blood, milk and urine of reference cows must be examined monthly or every 2 months to establish the biochemical, lactological and urological status. This allows timely organization of preventive measures to normalize metabolism. In the preventive stage of clinical examination, assessment of the biological usefulness of feed, taking into account the technology of their preparation, is also important. Based on studies of metabolism in the body of animals and the biological usefulness of feed, it is possible to objectively draw a conclusion about the introduction of certain new feeds.

In order to prevent metabolic disorders, veterinary specialists must also take into account the following indicators: the minimum payment for feed, the optimal level of protein nutrition and the sugar-protein ratio (not lower than 0.8:1).

Clinical examination of calves and heifers is carried out taking into account generally accepted technology. In a complex for raising heifers and first-calf heifers, it is necessary to have one reference group in different age groups: from 6 to 10 months; 10-16 months - second; 17-22 months - the third group, each with 10-15 animals. During clinical examination of young animals, special attention should be paid to disturbances in phosphorus-calcium metabolism, hypovitaminosis and subclinical ketosis and acidosis. In complexes where calves are diagnosed with stress (transport), before shipping, they are given 100 g of glucose orally, dissolved in 1.5 liters of saline at a temperature of 38-40 ° C, and 500 thousand units of tetracycline or oxytetracycline are injected intramuscularly.

Veterinary specialists must be present every day while feeding animals and pay attention to appetite, the energy of chewing movements, and the speed of eating food. If indicated, a thorough clinical examination should be performed.

Scheduled clinical examinations of the entire livestock are timed to coincide with scheduled diagnostic and preventive measures. Animals with pronounced signs of deviations from the physiological norm are marked with paint in order to then be found in the herd for a thorough clinical examination.

Simple medical procedures are carried out in boxes. Seriously ill cows are sent to the veterinary unit. Veterinary specialists are required to participate in control milkings and testing milk for subclinical mastitis.

Preventive measures in beef production complexes.

Cattle fattening complexes are often located near sugar and alcohol factories. At such enterprises, pulp, stillage and spent grain occupy a large proportion in the rations of fattened livestock. Fattening usually lasts 6-9 months. Fattening bulls often have metabolic disorders. For a long time, the disorder occurs subclinically, but then the animals stop getting up, eat food poorly, their growth rate decreases and they have to be culled. Therefore, clinical examination of bulls in fattening complexes must be carried out. Diagnostic measures include:

monthly clinical and physiological studies of reference groups (10-15) bulls; it is necessary to selectively palpate the last caudal vertebrae monthly;

herd syndrome - control growth over a week or month; Be sure to check the number of defunct bulls weekly;

biochemical studies for total calcium, phosphorus, reserve alkalinity, ketone bodies, carotene;

daily monitoring of feed quality; weekly examination of feed for nutritional value and fungal contamination.

If mineral metabolism is disturbed, group preventive therapy is used by administering diammonium phosphate concentrates, vitamin A and D concentrates, enzyme preparations, and microelements. In case of vitamin deficiency, grass flour, haylage, dietary silage, and vitamins are introduced into the diet.

In case of protein deficiency, urea is given, but it is necessary to calculate the sugar-protein ratio; if it is less than 0.8:1, then molasses or root vegetables must be added.

Preventive measures in pork production complexes. The peculiarities of these complexes are the large concentration of animals in the production premises. This necessitates the creation of the most advanced veterinary service.

In pig-breeding complexes, strict adherence to the technological regime in all areas of production, flow and clarity of rhythm in all production processes is of particular importance.

Many complexes include feed mills. Each batch of feed arriving from a feed mill must be subjected to organoleptic analysis and laboratory testing for toxicity and general nutritional value, contamination, and the presence of mold and fungi.

Clinical examination of fattening piglets is usually carried out selectively. The indication for it is low average daily gains.

The herd syndrome is important during medical examination: 1) the number of piglets received; 2) the percentage of stillborn piglets from the total number received per year; 3) average weight of piglets at weaning; 4) diseases of piglets (bronchopneumonia); 5) percentage of idleness of sows; 6) percentage of sows’ fertility; 7) percentage of sow culling.

For clinical examination, it is necessary to know the biochemical status of animals. Based on many years of research on sows, we have established the following standards: total protein - 7.2-8.7 g%, total calcium - 11-13 mg%; inorganic phosphorus (according to Ivanovsky) -4.5-6 mg %, ketone bodies - 0.25-2 mg%, blood sugar (according to Samoji) - 55-70 mg %, ketone bodies in urine - 0.5-5 mg%. It is advisable to systematically examine the livers of forcedly killed and dead piglets for retinol content and conduct a biochemical study of the blood of reference groups (10-15 animals typical for a herd) in each room.

In case of metabolic disorders, group preventive therapy is carried out: hay and fish meal, premixes, additives containing vitamins, minerals (macro- and micro-) substances, gamma and polyglobulins, hydrolysins, yeast, lysozyme, etc. are introduced into the diet. irradiate sows with ultraviolet rays.

Respiratory diseases are achieved through regularly scheduled disinfection of premises, which helps eliminate microbial, fungal and viral fauna. It is very important to strictly maintain a constant microclimate.

Preventive measures in the reproductive workshop .

The reproductive workshop is a separate mechanized farm for receiving farrowings. Sows are fed in a dining room located in the central part of the premises. Feed with humidity 75 % served automatically. They feed three times. Before each feeding, sows are allowed out for a walk in paved courtyards. Piglets are weaned at 35 days of age, which allows for year-round farrowing, i.e., maximum use of sows and production space. A breeding core is created on the reproductive farm.

Depending on the specific conditions, in some complexes in the farrowing department, piglets' fangs are chopped off, and from 3 days of age, ferroglucin is injected into their neck muscles at intervals of 10 days. At 10 days of age, the tails are cut off with an electric soldering iron to prevent cannibalism and castrated by open castration. In many complexes, piglets are given a K-G premix for preventive purposes. The composition of the premix for a group of 200 animals includes: neomycin - 1.5 ml, roasted kaolin (white clay), ground barley - 100 g, pepsin - 8, bismuth - 7, multivitamin dragees - 10-12 g, distilled water -

1000 ml. The mixture is given once a day for preventive purposes and 3 times for therapeutic purposes. After 26 days of age, stunted piglets are placed with other sows at weaning, which makes it possible to save 80-90% of these animals.

To prevent gastrointestinal diseases and stress phenomena in piglets after weaning, prestarter 200 g per animal is added to the feed for 10-12 days or the following is added per 100 kg: sulfadimezin - 200 g, chlortetracycline - 60, furazolidone - 40, copper sulfate - 40, tilan - 10 g.

Many years of research have established that subsidiaries (workshop, farm) for raising sows should be located separately from the main complex with other zoo-hygienic feeding conditions characteristic of the rapid growth of a young organism.

Preventive measures in sheep breeding complexes. In order to preserve newborn lambs, infrared lamps of the ZS-3 type are installed in the sheepfold at a distance of 2.5 m from the longitudinal walls, at a height of 1.1 m from the floor. There can be 7-10 lambs under each lamp at a time. Warming lambs during the first 15-20 days of life significantly reduces colds in animals. The air temperature in a sheepfold for adult sheep should be within 2-6 °C.

Monitoring the progress of metabolic processes in the body of animals is carried out through regular biochemical blood tests for total protein (norm 6.5-7.5 g%), reserve alkalinity (40-60 COg), calcium (10-12 mg%), phosphorus ( 6.5-8 mg%), ketone bodies (2-4 mg%), sugar (40-60 mg%). Hay, haylage and other feed are examined for their content of digestible protein, calcium, phosphorus and carotene.

During clinical examination, the general condition of sheep and lambs is determined (appetite, placement of limbs, pattern of movement, etc.); in each room, breathing rates, heartbeats and rumination are selectively counted in 10-15 ewes; reveal the elasticity of the ribs and transverse lumbar vertebrae (establishing the degree of bone mineralization). Carry out an analysis of the herd syndromes:

a) amount of wool shearing (kg) in spring and autumn;

b) fluctuations in the weight of ewes in summer and winter;

c) weight of lambs at birth and after beating;

d) incidence rate;

e) annual analysis of the occurrence of stillbirths and infertility

ewes.

When protein deficiency is established, group therapy is carried out. The diet includes grass flour, clover hay, subject to a sugar-protein ratio of at least 0.8:1, premixes containing methionine, tryptophan and series. For anemia, ferrodex is given.

Hypovitaminosis is eliminated by intramuscular administration of trivitamin in a dose of 2 ml per injection to the ewe or by giving clover or alfalfa hay of the 1st class.

Mineral deficiency is prevented by adding monoditricalcium phosphate to the concentrates.

When appropriate, individual therapy is used, especially in the case of dyspepsia and bronchopneumonia.

In conditions of transhumance pastures, treatment and prophylactic points are organized to concentrate sick and weakened animals that, for health reasons, cannot move with the flocks. They must have premises for keeping animals, a hospital, an arena, a pharmacy, a slaughter area, a waste disposal plant, a warehouse, vehicles and premises for the station staff.

Inpatiently ill animals are subjected to group and individual treatment; hopelessly ill animals are slaughtered for meat.

Measures to prevent non-communicable animal diseases are currently very relevant. Veterinary statistics indicate that non-communicable diseases in a number of zones account for more than 95% of all diseases of livestock and poultry. They are registered in more than 40% of cattle (herd turnover), 45% of pigs, 27% of sheep. The incidence and mortality of young young animals is especially high.

The economic damage caused by non-contagious diseases in some farms is tens or even hundreds of times greater than losses from contagious diseases, which confirms the economic feasibility of drawing up a plan for the prevention and elimination of non-contagious animal diseases. In contrast to the plan for preventive anti-epizootic measures, the plan for the prevention of non-communicable diseases is developed on farms and only in some cases on a district scale.

When developing a plan for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases, it is necessary to study:

state of livestock production (feed supply, conditions of keeping and care);

morbidity and mortality of animals from non-communicable diseases by analyzing primary veterinary registration documents and reporting forms;

causes of animal morbidity through analysis of feeding, examination of laboratory tests of blood serum, feed, soil, water;

hygiene of feeding and maintenance of newborn calves;

complete feeding and maintenance of deep-pregnant cows;

When developing a plan, it is necessary to remember that it is impossible to prevent and eliminate mass diseases of non-communicable etiology only with the help of even the most effective means. This requires a complex of economic, zootechnical, sanitary and veterinary measures aimed primarily at eliminating the causes of these diseases.

A plan for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases usually consists of two parts: textual and practical. The text part outlines organizational, economic and zootechnical activities. In the practical part of the plan, veterinary measures are proposed.

The text part of the plan must reflect:

the need and supply of animal feed;

strict adherence to housing and feeding technology;

providing permanent staff for livestock breeders;

timely repair of premises;

construction of maternity wards;

construction of dispensaries;

construction of veterinary and sanitary facilities;

organization of summer camp keeping of animals, especially breeding stock;

protecting animals from stress;

compliance with the work schedule.

The plan should be based on comprehensive clinical and gynecological examinations of breeding stock and producers.

The plan of measures for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases should include the following measures:

clinical examination of cattle, small cattle, pigs, horses, indicating the total number of animals according to the plan for the year, including by quarter (plan, implementation for the year);

dispensary examination of cattle, pigs, etc.;

checking the sanitary condition of livestock premises before and after wintering livestock;

control over the microclimate of livestock premises, taking into account age groups;

study of the level of metabolism in animals: cows, pigs, etc.;

checking the condition of the udder of cows and testing for subclinical mastitis;

determination of pregnancy of cows and heifers;

checking the condition of cows’ hooves and their timely treatment;

ultraviolet irradiation: calves, piglets, chickens;

use of vitamin concentrates: for calves, piglets, chickens;

research (certification) of feed: hay, haylage, silage, concentrates;

assessment of the nutritional value of diets based on laboratory testing of feed;

use of mineral and vitamin supplements (premixes): for cattle, pigs, sheep;

use of natural and artificial gastric juice for piglets and calves;

use of tissue preparations (ABA, PABA) for calves, piglets, lambs, chickens.

In the developed, discussed, approved plan, those responsible for the implementation of each planned activity are identified.

In the system of veterinary measures, the leading place is occupied by general preventive measures aimed at preventing animal diseases. These measures include organizational and economic measures (providing animals with sufficient quantities of nutritious feed and premises), zoohygienic and veterinary-sanitary norms and rules, constant veterinary monitoring of the condition of animals, control over the quality of feed and water. Veterinarians, paramedics, and livestock specialists periodically send feed samples to the appropriate veterinary or agrochemical laboratories to determine the content of nutrients, including vitamins and mineral salts, as well as pesticides and toxic substances. When assessing the quality of silage and haylage, the pH and ratio of organic acids are also determined.

Recommendations from veterinary and agrochemical laboratories are the basis for prohibiting feeding low-quality feed to animals. The same is done when assessing the quality of water for drinking animals.

Enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens - animal owners are obliged to provide animals with feed and water that meet veterinary and sanitary requirements and standards. Feed and feed additives, including non-traditional ones, are allowed for production and use only if there is a certificate issued by a specially authorized

organ. Thus, livestock breeders, farmers, peasants, cooperators, tenants and enterprise managers must strictly comply with zoohygienic and veterinary-sanitary rules on livestock farms.

Veterinary specialists of farms, institutions and organizations of the State Veterinary Service are called upon to implement these rules, promote them, and constantly check their implementation. In case of any violations, measures are immediately taken to eliminate them.

An indispensable condition for the prevention of diseases in livestock and poultry is a systematic study of the veterinary and sanitary condition of the area, settlements, livestock farms, complexes, poultry farms, as well as enterprises for the procurement and processing of products of animal origin.

Studying the veterinary and sanitary state of livestock farming is a constant task of veterinarians and paramedics working on farms and veterinary institutions. It is necessary to know the sanitary state of the environment, have data on the presence of certain animal diseases, and identify factors that may adversely affect the veterinary well-being of herds.

Information about the veterinary and sanitary condition of livestock farms and the surrounding area comes in various ways. This is the collection of the necessary oral and documentary data, obtaining information from veterinary specialists from neighboring farms, enterprises, settlements, districts, reports from the chief state veterinary inspector of the region, specialists from a higher veterinary authority, personal acquaintance with the situation on site, inspection of livestock and other facilities, etc. . P.

The veterinarian and paramedic must be aware of the results of laboratory tests of blood and pathological material carried out in veterinary laboratories.

Veterinary inspections of farms can be of a planned nature; unscheduled, forced inspections are not excluded. They are carried out by veterinary specialists as part of control or on instructions from executive authorities of districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Commission examinations are also possible.

When inspecting livestock farms, pay attention to the state of the animal population by age and production groups, check its compliance with accounting and zootechnical records (according to Form No. 24); assess the technical and sanitary condition of livestock premises; pay attention to the serviceability of the ventilation and sewerage systems, as well as to the compliance of the placement of livestock with established standards. When assessing feed, their quality, nutritional value of diets, feeding and keeping of animals are taken into account.

Depending on the purpose of the survey, they study in detail the level of disease in animals in the past and at the time of the survey, analyze the reports of veterinary specialists serving farms, and check the correctness of treatment and preventive measures.

The information collected during the study of the veterinary and sanitary condition of livestock farms is taken into account by farm specialists in their work. Based on the results of each inspection, state veterinary inspectors draw up a report in which they note all the actual indicators characterizing the veterinary situation on livestock farms and complexes, give conclusions and recommendations for improving the living conditions of animals on farms. If there is a disease or death of animals, their causes are indicated, measures of prevention and treatment are proposed, deadlines are determined and responsible persons are appointed. Cases of violation of veterinary and sanitary rules must be considered and the necessary measures taken to eliminate them.

Clinical examination of animals has diagnostic and preventive significance. It is carried out by veterinarians and paramedics of farms and the state veterinary network.

There are individual, group, general, scheduled, and unscheduled examinations. An individual examination involves studying the general condition of each animal, a group examination - a group of animals, a general examination - the condition of the entire herd. Depending on the purpose, direction and purpose of the farm and local conditions, inspection of animals can be carried out twice a year, quarterly, once or twice a month. In the presence of

acute disease animals are examined daily or several times during the day.

On ordinary farms, a planned general inspection of animals is organized in the spring - before moving livestock to pasture and in the fall - before placing it in stalls. Cattle sent to seasonal pastures are inspected before grazing.

At industrial complexes, inspections are carried out twice a month or more. Unscheduled clinical examination of animals is carried out in the event of widespread non-communicable diseases, as well as before sale and slaughter.

Each time a veterinary specialist visits a livestock farm or complex, he conducts a general inspection of the herd, paying attention to deviations in the general condition of the animals during the period of feed distribution, intake of feed and water, as well as during their movement. Animals with deviations from the norm are separated into a separate group and subjected to thermometry, careful individual examination and research. To better organize the inspection of animals, a veterinarian or paramedic notifies farm managers in advance about the day of the inspection and agrees with them on the procedure for conducting it. Sometimes inspection of animals on farms is combined with grading or mass preventive treatment.

Based on the results of the work, a list of examined animals and an act on the allocation of patients for treatment or isolation are compiled. The first document records general data about the animals, indicating the species, individual number (nickname), age; in the second, the identified pathology, preliminary diagnosis, prescribed treatment, feeding regimen and living conditions are noted.

An organized inspection of animals belonging to the population is carried out with the participation of a representative of the local government.

Clinical examination of farm animals is a system of planned diagnostic, treatment and preventive measures aimed at timely detection of subclinical and clinical signs of disease, disease prevention and treatment of sick animals, especially highly productive animals. Veterinarians, paramedics, service

growing breeding farms and breeding plants include medical examination of livestock in the annual plan of veterinary activities. Managers, chief veterinarians, veterinary paramedics, and, if necessary, specialists from the regional animal disease control station participate in the medical examination.

Clinical examination is conventionally divided into three stages: diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive.

DiagnosisTical stage provides for a general examination of each animal: the condition of the mucous membranes, lymph nodes, skin, hair, bones, including the condition of the last caudal vertebrae, ribs, hooves, udder, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestion, movement, etc.; a more thorough examination of systems and organs that have deviations from the norm; laboratory tests of blood, urine, milk, etc. In breeding farms, at breeding stations, it is recommended to take blood for biochemical studies from 30...40%, urine and milk - from 10...15% of cows. In other farms with highly productive livestock, blood, urine and milk tests are carried out on 5-15% of cows

and heifers. Blood and urine samples are sent to a veterinary laboratory for testing. The results of the first stage are compared with data obtained from previous studies. According to objective data from clinical and laboratory studies, animals are conditionally divided into three groups: I - clinically healthy, without deviations from the norm; II - clinically healthy, but having deviations from the norm in blood, urine and milk parameters; III - obviously sick animals.

On treatment stage After clinical examination, all sick animals are carefully examined again to clarify the diagnosis and prescribe appropriate individual or group treatment.

ProfilakTical stage Clinical examination involves eliminating the causes that cause or condition the disease of animals.

The results of the medical examination of animals are entered into the medical examination card, which serves as the basis for drawing up an act and making specific proposals for consideration by the management of the farm.

Veterinary, sanitary and zoohygienic rules for keeping, feeding and exploitation of animals are established by the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, taking into account the achievements of veterinary science and best practices. They are included in the Veterinary legislation and are subject to mandatory implementation on all farms. Responsibility for compliance with these rules rests with the managers of livestock farms and farms of various forms of ownership. Farm veterinary assistants actively participate in the implementation of these rules in the practice of each farm and monitor their implementation. The implementation of certain provisions of zoohygienic and veterinary-sanitary rules at the first stage is carried out with the active participation of zoo engineers, veterinarians and paramedics. At subsequent stages, effective control over their implementation is organized by veterinary specialists of farms, livestock complexes, and institutions of the state veterinary network. Farm veterinary specialists constantly monitor the organization of herd reproduction. At the same time, they monitor compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules when inseminating animals.

Veterinary specialists of farms and stations for artificial insemination of animals are responsible for timely examinations of producers for brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, leptospirosis, trichomoniasis, vibriosis, etc. The quality of animal sperm is controlled by veterinarians of state breeding enterprises. Farm veterinarians are required to monitor the health of the breeding stock, prevent the insemination of sick animals, check them for pregnancy, establish the causes of prolonged infertility and barrenness, treat cows, and cull them in case of irreversible processes.

5.2. PLANNING AND ORGANIZING EVENTS FOR THE PREVENTION OF NON-CONTAGIOUS ANIMAL DISEASES

Taking into account the specifics of livestock farming in our country, it is customary to draw up a plan for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases only at agricultural enterprises. When starting this work, the veterinarian

or a paramedic analyzes data from primary veterinary records on the incidence of non-communicable diseases in animals; veterinary reports in form No. 2-vet; materials from laboratory studies of feed, water and soil; results of biochemical blood tests; data on microclimate parameters in livestock buildings.

An action plan for the prevention of non-communicable animal diseases is drawn up in the prescribed form. It includes a clinical examination and medical examination of animals, checking the sanitary condition of livestock farms, monitoring the indoor microclimate, studying feed, the level of metabolism in animals, checking the condition of the udder, hooves and hooves, ultraviolet, infrared irradiation of animals, the use of vitamins, mineral supplements, gastric juice, tissue preparations, etc.

Organization of measures for the prevention of non-contagious animal diseases includes registering cases of non-contagious diseases, identifying the causes of mass disease and mortality of animals, isolating and treating sick animals, preventing injuries, changing the diet; eliminating deficiencies in keeping animals (microclimate, exercise, etc.); improvement of the area around livestock farms, complexes, camps; mass outreach work. The listed set of measures for certain non-communicable diseases is carried out in accordance with existing guidelines and recommendations, taking into account scientific achievements in this area.

Timely registration of cases of non-communicable animal diseases is of particular importance and makes it possible to increase the efficiency of treatment and preventive work. Establishing the first cases of the disease is especially important in diseases of young farm animals, as well as those associated with metabolic disorders, and poisoning. For the timely detection of preclinical forms of metabolic disorders, mass laboratory and clinical studies of various production groups of animals are carried out. Veterinarians and paramedics must systematically monitor the level of metabolic processes and productivity of animals, for example, a decrease in milk yield in cows, live weight of young animals

cattle, pigs and sheep - signs of the onset of a pathological process. It is important to promptly exclude infectious and invasive diseases through special studies. All cases of non-communicable diseases are recorded in the register of sick animals.

Veterinarians and paramedics, having established a diagnosis, begin to identify the causes of mass disease and mortality of animals in order to eliminate the impact of negative factors on the rest of the livestock. Analysis of the causes of mass disease in animals comes down to a detailed study of feeding and housing conditions, the completeness of diets, the quality of feed and water, and the state of metabolism in animals. As with routine medical examination, attention is paid to the condition of those organs and systems whose disorder causes the clinical manifestation of the disease. In addition, they examine the feed that made up the diet before and during the period of the animal’s illness.

For many non-contagious diseases, sick animals must be kept in a hospital or in a separate box at the farm. The basis for identifying sick animals are clinical signs and the results of biochemical studies of blood, urine, and milk samples. Sick animals can be grouped by age, sex, diagnosis, which allows the use of group therapy and prevention. Animals are placed in sanitary pens, isolation wards (boxes), medical and sanitary stations, they are provided with the best living conditions, and are transferred to dietary feeding. Animals are assigned separate attendants who are instructed in care and maintenance. Recovered animals are transferred to herds, flocks, and farms after their physiological state has been fully restored.