Execution of the Romanov dynasty. The execution of the royal family by the Bolsheviks is a falsification

Nicholas II and his family

“They died as martyrs for humanity. Their true greatness stemmed not from their kingship, but from the amazing moral height to which they gradually rose. They became an ideal force. And in their very humiliation they were an amazing manifestation of that amazing clarity of soul, against which all violence and all rage are powerless and which triumphs in death itself” (Tsarevich Alexei’s tutor Pierre Gilliard).

NikolayII Alexandrovich Romanov

Nicholas II

Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov (Nicholas II) was born on May 6 (18), 1868 in Tsarskoe Selo. He was the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna. He received a strict, almost harsh upbringing under the guidance of his father. “I need normal, healthy Russian children,” this was the demand put forward by Emperor Alexander III to the educators of his children.

The future Emperor Nicholas II received a good education at home: he knew several languages, studied Russian and world history, had a deep understanding of military affairs, and was a widely erudite person.

Empress Alexandra Feodorovna

Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich and Princess Alice

Princess Alice Victoria Elena Louise Beatrice was born on May 25 (June 7), 1872 in Darmstadt, the capital of a small German duchy, which by that time had already been forcibly incorporated into the German Empire. Alice's father was Grand Duke Ludwig of Hesse-Darmstadt, and her mother was Princess Alice of England, the third daughter of Queen Victoria. As a child, Princess Alice (Alix, as her family called her) was a cheerful, lively child, for which she was nicknamed “Sunny” (Sunny). There were seven children in the family, all of them were brought up in patriarchal traditions. Their mother set strict rules for them: not a single minute of idleness! The children's clothing and food were very simple. The girls cleaned their rooms themselves and performed some household chores. But her mother died of diphtheria at the age of thirty-five. After the tragedy she experienced (she was only 6 years old), little Alix became withdrawn, alienated, and began to avoid strangers; She calmed down only in the family circle. After the death of her daughter, Queen Victoria transferred her love to her children, especially her youngest, Alix. Her upbringing and education took place under the supervision of her grandmother.

Marriage

The first meeting of the sixteen-year-old heir Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich and the very young Princess Alice took place in 1884, and in 1889, having reached adulthood, Nikolai turned to his parents with a request to bless him for marriage with Princess Alice, but his father refused, citing his youth as the reason for the refusal. I had to submit to my father's will. But usually gentle and even timid in communicating with his father, Nicholas showed persistence and determination - Alexander III gives his blessing for the marriage. But the joy of mutual love was overshadowed by a sharp deterioration in the health of Emperor Alexander III, who died on October 20, 1894 in Crimea. The next day, in the palace church of the Livadia Palace, Princess Alice accepted Orthodoxy and was anointed, receiving the name Alexandra Feodorovna.

Despite the mourning for their father, they decided not to postpone the wedding, but to hold it in the most modest atmosphere on November 14, 1894. This is how family life and the administration of the Russian Empire began simultaneously for Nicholas II; he was 26 years old.

He had a lively mind - he always quickly grasped the essence of the questions presented to him, an excellent memory, especially for faces, and a noble way of thinking. But Nikolai Alexandrovich, with his gentleness, tact in his manners, and modest manners, gave many the impression of a man who had not inherited the strong will of his father, who left him the following political testament: “ I bequeath to you to love everything that serves the good, honor and dignity of Russia. Protect autocracy, bearing in mind that you are responsible for the fate of your subjects before the Throne of the Most High. Let faith in God and the holiness of your royal duty be the basis of your life. Be strong and courageous, never show weakness. Listen to everyone, there is nothing shameful in this, but listen to yourself and your conscience.”

Beginning of reign

From the very beginning of his reign, Emperor Nicholas II treated the duties of the monarch as a sacred duty. He deeply believed that for the 100 million Russian people, tsarist power was and remains sacred.

Coronation of Nicholas II

1896 is the year of coronation celebrations in Moscow. The Sacrament of Confirmation was performed over the royal couple - as a sign that just as there is no higher and no more difficult on earth royal power, there is no burden heavier than royal service. But the coronation celebrations in Moscow were overshadowed by the disaster on the Khodynskoye Field: a stampede occurred in the crowd awaiting royal gifts, in which many people died. According to official figures, 1,389 people were killed and 1,300 were seriously injured, according to unofficial figures - 4,000. But the coronation events were not canceled in connection with this tragedy, but continued according to the program: in the evening of the same day, a ball was held at the French ambassador. The Emperor was present at all planned events, including the ball, which was perceived ambiguously in society. The Khodynka tragedy was seen by many as a gloomy omen for the reign of Nicholas II, and when the question of his canonization arose in 2000, it was cited as an argument against it.

Family

On November 3, 1895, the first daughter was born into the family of Emperor Nicholas II - Olga; was born after her Tatiana(May 29, 1897) Maria(June 14, 1899) and Anastasia(June 5, 1901). But the family was eagerly awaiting an heir.

Olga

Olga

Since childhood, she grew up very kind and sympathetic, deeply experienced the misfortunes of others and always tried to help. She was the only one of the four sisters who could openly object to her father and mother and was very reluctant to submit to her parents’ will if circumstances required it.

Olga loved to read more than the other sisters, and later she began to write poetry. French teacher and friend of the imperial family Pierre Gilliard noted that Olga learned the lesson material better and faster than her sisters. This came easily to her, which is why she was sometimes lazy. " Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna was a typical good Russian girl with a big soul. She impressed those around her with her affection, her charming, sweet way of treating everyone. She behaved evenly, calmly and amazingly simply and naturally with everyone. She did not like housekeeping, but she loved solitude and books. She was developed and very well read; She had a talent for the arts: she played the piano, sang, studied singing in Petrograd, and drew well. She was very modest and did not like luxury."(From the memoirs of M. Diterichs).

There was an unrealized plan for Olga's marriage with the Romanian prince (the future Carol II). Olga Nikolaevna categorically refused to leave her homeland, to live in a foreign country, she said that she was Russian and wanted to remain so.

Tatiana

As a child, her favorite activities were: serso (playing hoop), riding a pony and a bulky tandem bicycle together with Olga, leisurely picking flowers and berries. Among quiet home entertainments, she preferred drawing, picture books, intricate children's embroidery - knitting and a "doll's house."

Of the Grand Duchesses, she was the closest to Empress Alexandra Feodorovna; she always tried to surround her mother with care and peace, to listen and understand her. Many considered her the most beautiful of all the sisters. P. Gilliard recalled: “ Tatyana Nikolaevna was rather reserved by nature, had a will, but was less frank and spontaneous than her older sister. She was also less gifted, but made up for this deficiency with great consistency and evenness of character. She was very beautiful, although she did not have the charm of Olga Nikolaevna. If only the Empress made a difference between her Daughters, then Her favorite was Tatyana Nikolaevna. It was not that Her sisters loved Mother less than Her, but Tatyana Nikolaevna knew how to surround Her with constant care and never allowed herself to show that She was out of sorts. With her beauty and natural ability to behave in society, She overshadowed her sister, who was less concerned with Her person and somehow faded away. Nevertheless, these two sisters loved each other dearly, there was only a year and a half difference between them, which naturally brought them closer. They were called “big ones,” while Maria Nikolaevna and Anastasia Nikolaevna continued to be called “little ones.”

Maria

Contemporaries describe Maria as an active, cheerful girl, too large for her age, with light brown hair and large dark blue eyes, which the family affectionately called “Mashka’s saucers.”

Her French teacher Pierre Gilliard said that Maria was tall, with a good physique and rosy cheeks.

General M. Dieterichs recalled: “Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna was the most beautiful, typically Russian, good-natured, cheerful, even-tempered, friendly girl. She knew how and loved to talk with everyone, especially with ordinary people. During walks in the park, she would always start conversations with the guard soldiers, question them and remember very well who had the name of their wife, how many children they had, how much land, etc. She always had many common topics for conversations with them. For her simplicity, she received the nickname “Mashka” in her family; That’s what her sisters and Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich called her.”

Maria had a talent for drawing and was good at sketching using her left hand, but she had no interest in schoolwork. Many noticed that this young girl, with her height (170 cm) and strength, took after her grandfather, Emperor Alexander III. General M.K. Diterikhs recalled that when the sick Tsarevich Alexei needed to get somewhere, and he himself was unable to go, he called: “Mashka, carry me!”

They remember that little Maria was especially attached to her father. As soon as she started walking, she constantly tried to sneak out of the nursery shouting “I want to go to daddy!” The nanny almost had to lock her so that the little girl would not interrupt another reception or work with ministers.

Like the rest of the sisters, Maria loved animals, she had a Siamese kitten, then she was given a white mouse, which nestled comfortably in her sisters’ room.

According to the recollections of surviving close associates, the Red Army soldiers guarding Ipatiev’s house sometimes showed tactlessness and rudeness towards the prisoners. However, even here Maria managed to inspire respect for herself in the guards; Thus, there are stories about a case when the guards, in the presence of two sisters, allowed themselves to make a couple of dirty jokes, after which Tatyana “white as death” jumped out, while Maria scolded the soldiers in a stern voice, saying that in this way they could only arouse hostility towards themselves attitude. Here, in Ipatiev’s house, Maria celebrated her 19th birthday.

Anastasia

Anastasia

Like other children of the emperor, Anastasia was educated at home. Education began at the age of eight, the program included French, English and German, history, geography, the Law of God, natural sciences, drawing, grammar, arithmetic, as well as dance and music. Anastasia was not known for her diligence in her studies; she hated grammar, wrote with horrific errors, and with childish spontaneity called arithmetic “sinishness.” English teacher Sydney Gibbs recalled that she once tried to bribe him with a bouquet of flowers to improve his grade, and after his refusal, she gave these flowers to the Russian language teacher, Pyotr Vasilyevich Petrov.

During the war, the empress gave many of the palace rooms for hospital premises. The older sisters Olga and Tatyana, together with their mother, became sisters of mercy; Maria and Anastasia, being too young for such hard work, became patronesses of the hospital. Both sisters gave their own money to buy medicine, read aloud to the wounded, knitted things for them, played cards and checkers, wrote letters home under their dictation and entertained them with telephone conversations in the evenings, sewed linen, prepared bandages and lint.

According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Anastasia was small and dense, with reddish-brown hair, and large blue eyes, inherited from her father.

Anastasia had a rather plump figure, like her sister Maria. She inherited wide hips, a slender waist and a good bust from her mother. Anastasia was short, strongly built, but at the same time seemed somewhat airy. She was simple-minded in face and physique, inferior to the stately Olga and fragile Tatyana. Anastasia was the only one who inherited her father's face shape - slightly elongated, with prominent cheekbones and a wide forehead. She actually looked a lot like her father. Large facial features - large eyes, a large nose, soft lips - made Anastasia look like young Maria Feodorovna - her grandmother.

The girl had a light and cheerful character, loved to play lapta, forfeits, and serso, and could tirelessly run around the palace for hours, playing hide and seek. She easily climbed trees and often, out of pure mischief, refused to go down to the ground. She was inexhaustible with inventions. With her light hand, it became fashionable to weave flowers and ribbons into her hair, which little Anastasia was very proud of. She was inseparable from her older sister Maria, adored her brother and could entertain him for hours when another illness put Alexei to bed. Anna Vyrubova recalled that “Anastasia seemed to be made of mercury, and not of flesh and blood.”

Alexei

On July 30 (August 12), 1904, the fifth child and the only, long-awaited son, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, appeared in Peterhof. The royal couple attended the glorification of Seraphim of Sarov on July 18, 1903 in Sarov, where the emperor and empress prayed for an heir. At birth he was named Alexey- in honor of St. Alexy of Moscow. On his mother's side, Alexey inherited hemophilia, the carriers of which were some of the daughters and granddaughters of Queen Victoria of England. The disease became evident in the Tsarevich already in the fall of 1904, when the two-month-old baby began to bleed heavily. In 1912, while on vacation in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, the Tsarevich unsuccessfully jumped into a boat and severely bruised his thigh: the resulting hematoma did not resolve for a long time, the child’s health condition was very serious, and bulletins were officially published about him. There was a real threat of death.

Alexey's appearance combined the best features of his father and mother. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Alexey was a handsome boy, with a clean, open face.

His character was flexible, he adored his parents and sisters, and those souls doted on the young Tsarevich, especially Grand Duchess Maria. Alexey was capable of studies, like his sisters, and made progress in learning languages. From the memoirs of N.A. Sokolov, author of the book “The Murder of the Royal Family: “The heir, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, was a 14-year-old boy, smart, observant, receptive, affectionate, and cheerful. He was lazy and didn’t particularly like books. He combined the features of his father and mother: he inherited his father’s simplicity, was alien to arrogance, but had his own will and obeyed only his father. His mother wanted to, but could not be strict with him. His teacher Bitner says about him: “He had a great will and would never submit to any woman.” He was very disciplined, reserved and very patient. Undoubtedly, the disease left its mark on him and developed these traits in him. He did not like court etiquette, loved to be with the soldiers and learned their language, using purely folk expressions he overheard in his diary. He was reminiscent of his mother in his stinginess: he did not like to spend his money and collected various discarded things: nails, lead paper, ropes, etc.”

The Tsarevich loved his army very much and was in awe of the Russian warrior, respect for whom was passed on to him from his father and from all his sovereign ancestors, who always taught to love the common soldier. The prince’s favorite food was “cabbage soup and porridge and black bread, which all my soldiers eat,” as he always said. Every day they brought him sampler and porridge from the soldiers’ kitchen of the Free Regiment; Alexei ate everything and licked the spoon, saying: “This is delicious, not like our lunch.”

During the First World War, Alexey, who was the chief of several regiments and ataman of all Cossack troops by virtue of his position as heir, visited the active army with his father and awarded distinguished fighters. He was awarded the silver St. George medal of the 4th degree.

Raising children in the royal family

The family's life was not luxurious for the purposes of education - the parents were afraid that wealth and bliss would spoil the character of their children. The imperial daughters lived two to a room - on one side of the corridor there was a “big couple” (eldest daughters Olga and Tatyana), on the other there was a “small couple” (younger daughters Maria and Anastasia).

Family of Nicholas II

In the younger sisters' room, the walls were painted gray, the ceiling was painted with butterflies, the furniture was in white and green, simple and artless. The girls slept on folding army beds, each marked with the owner's name, under thick blue monogrammed blankets. This tradition dates back to the time of Catherine the Great (she first introduced this order for her grandson Alexander). The beds could easily be moved to be closer to warmth in winter, or even in my brother's room, next to the Christmas tree, and closer to open windows in summer. Here, everyone had a small bedside table and sofas with small embroidered thoughts. The walls were decorated with icons and photographs; The girls loved to take photographs themselves - a huge number of photographs have still been preserved, mostly taken in the Livadia Palace - the family’s favorite vacation spot. Parents tried to keep their children constantly busy with something useful; girls were taught to do needlework.

As in simple poor families, the younger ones often had to wear out the things that the older ones had outgrown. They also received pocket money, with which they could buy small gifts for each other.

Children's education usually began when they reached 8 years of age. The first subjects were reading, penmanship, arithmetic, and the Law of God. Later, languages ​​were added to this - Russian, English, French, and even later - German. The imperial daughters were also taught dancing, playing the piano, good manners, natural sciences and grammar.

The imperial daughters were ordered to rise at 8 o'clock in the morning and take a cold bath. Breakfast at 9 o'clock, second breakfast at one or half past twelve on Sundays. At 5 pm - tea, at 8 - general dinner.

Everyone who knew the emperor’s family life noted the amazing simplicity, mutual love and agreement of all family members. Its center was Alexey Nikolaevich, all attachments, all hopes were focused on him. The children were full of respect and consideration towards their mother. When the empress was unwell, the daughters were arranged to take turns on duty with their mother, and the one who was on duty that day remained with her indefinitely. The children's relationship with the sovereign was touching - he was for them at the same time a king, a father and a comrade; Their feelings for their father passed from almost religious worship to complete trust and the most cordial friendship. A very important memory of the spiritual state of the royal family was left by the priest Afanasy Belyaev, who confessed to the children before their departure to Tobolsk: “The impression from the confession was this: God grant that all children be as morally high as the children of the former king. Such kindness, humility, obedience to the parental will, unconditional devotion to the will of God, purity of thoughts and complete ignorance of the dirt of earth - passionate and sinful - left me in amazement, and I was absolutely perplexed: is it necessary to remind me as a confessor of sins, maybe they unknown, and how to incite me to repent of the sins known to me.”

Rasputin

A circumstance that constantly darkened the life of the imperial family was the incurable illness of the heir. Frequent attacks of hemophilia, during which the child experienced severe suffering, made everyone suffer, especially the mother. But the nature of the illness was a state secret, and parents often had to hide their feelings while participating in the normal routine of palace life. The Empress understood well that medicine was powerless here. But, being a deeply religious person, she indulged in fervent prayer in anticipation of a miraculous healing. She was ready to believe anyone who was able to help her grief, to somehow alleviate her son’s suffering: the Tsarevich’s illness opened the doors to the palace to those people who were recommended to the royal family as healers and prayer books. Among them, the peasant Grigory Rasputin appears in the palace, who was destined to play his role in the life of the royal family and in the fate of the entire country - but he had no right to claim this role.

Rasputin seemed to be a kind, holy old man helping Alexei. Under the influence of their mother, all four girls had complete trust in him and shared all their simple secrets. Rasputin's friendship with the imperial children was obvious from their correspondence. People who sincerely loved the royal family tried to somehow limit Rasputin’s influence, but the empress strongly resisted this, since the “holy elder” somehow knew how to alleviate the difficult condition of Tsarevich Alexei.

World War I

Russia was at that time at the pinnacle of glory and power: industry was developing at an unprecedented pace, the army and navy were becoming more and more powerful, and agrarian reform was being successfully implemented. It seemed that all internal problems would be successfully resolved in the near future.

But this was not destined to come true: the First World War was brewing. Using the murder of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne by a terrorist as a pretext, Austria attacked Serbia. Emperor Nicholas II considered it his Christian duty to stand up for the Orthodox Serbian brothers...

On July 19 (August 1), 1914, Germany declared war on Russia, which soon became pan-European. In August 1914, Russia launched a hasty offensive in East Prussia to help its ally France, which resulted in heavy defeat. By autumn it became clear that the end of the war was not in sight. But with the outbreak of war, internal divisions subsided in the country. Even the most difficult issues became solvable - it was possible to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages for the entire duration of the war. The Emperor regularly travels to Headquarters, visiting the army, dressing stations, military hospitals, and rear factories. The Empress, having completed nursing courses together with her eldest daughters Olga and Tatyana, spent several hours a day caring for the wounded in her Tsarskoe Selo infirmary.

On August 22, 1915, Nicholas II left for Mogilev to take command of all the armed forces of Russia and from that day on he was constantly at Headquarters, often with the heir. About once a month he came to Tsarskoe Selo for several days. All important decisions were made by him, but at the same time he instructed the empress to maintain relations with the ministers and keep him informed of what was happening in the capital. She was the person closest to him whom he could always rely on. Every day she sent detailed letters and reports to Headquarters, which was well known to the ministers.

The tsar spent January and February 1917 in Tsarskoye Selo. He felt that the political situation was becoming increasingly tense, but continued to hope that a sense of patriotism would still prevail and retained faith in the army, the situation of which had improved significantly. This raised hopes for the success of the great spring offensive, which would deal a decisive blow to Germany. But the forces hostile to him also understood this well.

Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexei

On February 22, Emperor Nicholas left for Headquarters - at that moment the opposition managed to sow panic in the capital due to the impending famine. The next day, unrest began in Petrograd caused by interruptions in the supply of bread; they soon developed into a strike under the political slogans “Down with war” and “Down with autocracy.” Attempts to disperse the demonstrators were unsuccessful. Meanwhile, debates were going on in the Duma with sharp criticism of the government - but first of all these were attacks against the emperor. On February 25, Headquarters received a message about unrest in the capital. Having learned about the state of affairs, Nicholas II sends troops to Petrograd to maintain order, and then he himself goes to Tsarskoe Selo. His decision was obviously caused by both the desire to be in the center of events to make quick decisions if necessary, and concern for his family. This departure from Headquarters turned out to be fatal.. 150 versts from Petrograd, the Tsar's train was stopped - the next station, Lyuban, was in the hands of the rebels. We had to go through the Dno station, but even here the path was closed. On the evening of March 1, the emperor arrived in Pskov, at the headquarters of the commander of the Northern Front, General N.V. Ruzsky.

There was complete anarchy in the capital. But Nicholas II and the army command believed that the Duma controlled the situation; in telephone conversations with the Chairman of the State Duma M.V. Rodzianko, the emperor agreed to all concessions if the Duma could restore order in the country. The answer was: it's too late. Was this really the case? After all, only Petrograd and the surrounding area were covered by the revolution, and the authority of the tsar among the people and in the army was still great. The Duma's response confronted him with a choice: abdication or an attempt to march on Petrograd with troops loyal to him - the latter meant civil war, while the external enemy was within Russian borders.

Everyone around the king also convinced him that renunciation was the only way out. The front commanders especially insisted on this, whose demands were supported by the Chief of the General Staff M.V. Alekseev. And after long and painful reflection, the emperor made a hard-won decision: to abdicate both for himself and for the heir, due to his incurable illness, in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. On March 8, the commissioners of the Provisional Government, having arrived in Mogilev, announced through General Alekseev the arrest of the emperor and the need to proceed to Tsarskoe Selo. For the last time, he addressed his troops, calling on them to be loyal to the Provisional Government, the very one that arrested him, to fulfill their duty to the Motherland until complete victory. The farewell order to the troops, which expressed the nobility of the emperor’s soul, his love for the army, and faith in it, was hidden from the people by the Provisional Government, which banned its publication.

According to the memoirs of contemporaries, following their mother, all the sisters wept bitterly on the day the First World War was declared. During the war, the empress gave many of the palace rooms for hospital premises. The older sisters Olga and Tatyana, together with their mother, became sisters of mercy; Maria and Anastasia became patronesses of the hospital and helped the wounded: they read to them, wrote letters to their relatives, gave their personal money to buy medicine, gave concerts to the wounded and tried their best to distract them from difficult thoughts. They spent days on end in the hospital, reluctantly taking time off from work for lessons.

About the abdication of NicholasII

In the life of Emperor Nicholas II there were two periods of unequal duration and spiritual significance - the time of his reign and the time of his imprisonment.

Nicholas II after abdication

From the moment of abdication, what attracts most attention is the internal spiritual state of the emperor. It seemed to him that he had made the only right decision, but, nevertheless, he experienced severe mental anguish. “If I am an obstacle to the happiness of Russia and all the social forces now at the head of it ask me to leave the throne and hand it over to my son and brother, then I am ready to do this, I am even ready to give not only my kingdom, but also my life for the Motherland. I think no one who knows me doubts this."- he said to General D.N. Dubensky.

On the very day of his abdication, March 2, the same general recorded the words of the Minister of the Imperial Court, Count V. B. Fredericks: “ The Emperor is deeply sad that he is considered an obstacle to the happiness of Russia, that they found it necessary to ask him to leave the throne. He was worried about the thought of his family, which remained alone in Tsarskoe Selo, the children were sick. The Emperor is suffering terribly, but he is the kind of person who will never show his grief in public.” Nikolai is also reserved in his personal diary. Only at the very end of the entry for this day does his inner feeling break through: “My renunciation is needed. The point is that in the name of saving Russia and keeping the army at the front calm, you need to decide to take this step. I agreed. A draft Manifesto was sent from Headquarters. In the evening, Guchkov and Shulgin arrived from Petrograd, with whom I spoke and gave them the signed and revised Manifesto. At one o'clock in the morning I left Pskov with a heavy feeling of what I had experienced. There is treason and cowardice and deceit all around!”

The Provisional Government announced the arrest of Emperor Nicholas II and his wife and their detention in Tsarskoe Selo. Their arrest did not have the slightest legal basis or reason.

House arrest

According to the memoirs of Yulia Alexandrovna von Den, a close friend of Alexandra Fedorovna, in February 1917, at the very height of the revolution, the children fell ill with measles one after another. Anastasia was the last to fall ill, when the Tsarskoe Selo palace was already surrounded by rebel troops. The Tsar was at the commander-in-chief's headquarters in Mogilev at that time; only the Empress and her children remained in the palace.

At 9 o'clock on March 2, 1917, they learned of the Tsar's abdication. On March 8, Count Pave Benckendorff announced that the Provisional Government had decided to subject the imperial family to house arrest in Tsarskoe Selo. It was suggested that they make a list of people who wanted to stay with them. And on March 9, the children were informed about their father’s abdication.

A few days later Nikolai returned. Life began under house arrest.

Despite everything, the children's education continued. The entire process was led by Gilliard, a French teacher; Nikolai himself taught the children geography and history; Baroness Buxhoeveden taught English and music lessons; Mademoiselle Schneider taught arithmetic; Countess Gendrikova - drawing; Dr. Evgeniy Sergeevich Botkin - Russian language; Alexandra Fedorovna - God's Law. The eldest, Olga, despite the fact that her education was completed, was often present in lessons and read a lot, improving on what she had already learned.

At this time, there was still hope for the family of Nicholas II to go abroad; but George V decided not to risk it and chose to sacrifice the royal family. The Provisional Government appointed a commission to investigate the activities of the emperor, but, despite all efforts to discover at least something discrediting the king, nothing was found. When his innocence was proven and it became obvious that there was no crime behind him, the Provisional Government, instead of releasing the sovereign and his wife, decided to remove the prisoners from Tsarskoe Selo: to send the family of the former tsar to Tobolsk. On the last day before leaving, they managed to say goodbye to the servants and visit their favorite places in the park, ponds, and islands for the last time. On August 1, 1917, a train flying the flag of the Japanese Red Cross mission departed from a siding in the strictest secrecy.

In Tobolsk

Nikolai Romanov with his daughters Olga, Anastasia and Tatyana in Tobolsk in the winter of 1917

On August 26, 1917, the imperial family arrived in Tobolsk on the steamship Rus. The house was not yet completely ready for them, so they spent the first eight days on the ship. Then, under escort, the imperial family was taken to the two-story governor's mansion, where they were henceforth to live. The girls were given a corner bedroom on the second floor, where they were accommodated in the same army beds brought from home.

But life went on at a measured pace and strictly subordinated to family discipline: from 9.00 to 11.00 - lessons. Then an hour break for a walk with my father. Lessons again from 12.00 to 13.00. Dinner. From 14.00 to 16.00 walks and simple entertainment such as home performances or riding down a slide built with one’s own hands. Anastasia enthusiastically prepared firewood and sewed. Next on the schedule was the evening service and going to bed.

In September they were allowed to go to the nearest church for the morning service: the soldiers formed a living corridor right up to the church doors. The attitude of local residents towards the royal family was favorable. The Emperor followed with alarm the events taking place in Russia. He understood that the country was rapidly heading towards destruction. Kornilov suggested that Kerensky send troops to Petrograd to put an end to the Bolshevik agitation, which was becoming more and more threatening day by day, but the Provisional Government rejected this last attempt to save the Motherland. The king understood perfectly well that this was the only way to avoid an inevitable catastrophe. He repents of his renunciation. “After all, he made this decision only in the hope that those who wanted to remove him would still be able to continue the war with honor and would not ruin the cause of saving Russia. He was afraid then that his refusal to sign the renunciation would lead to civil war in the sight of the enemy. The Tsar did not want even a drop of Russian blood to be shed because of him... It was painful for the Emperor to now see the futility of his sacrifice and realize that, having in mind then only the good of his homeland, he had harmed it with his renunciation,”- recalls P. Gilliard, the children’s teacher.

Ekaterinburg

Nicholas II

In March it became known that a separate peace with Germany had been concluded in Brest . “This is such a shame for Russia and it is “tantamount to suicide”“, - this was the emperor’s assessment of this event. When there was a rumor that the Germans were demanding that the Bolsheviks hand over the royal family to them, the Empress said: “I prefer to die in Russia than to be saved by the Germans”. The first Bolshevik detachment arrived in Tobolsk on Tuesday, April 22. Commissioner Yakovlev inspects the house and gets acquainted with the prisoners. A few days later, he reports that he must take the emperor away, assuring that nothing bad will happen to him. Assuming that they wanted to send him to Moscow to sign a separate peace with Germany, the emperor, who under no circumstances abandoned his high spiritual nobility, firmly said: “ I’d rather let my hand be cut off than sign this shameful agreement.”

The heir was ill at that time, and it was impossible to carry him. Despite fear for her sick son, the empress decides to follow her husband; Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna also went with them. Only on May 7, family members remaining in Tobolsk received news from Yekaterinburg: the Emperor, Empress and Maria Nikolaevna were imprisoned in Ipatiev’s house. When the prince's health improved, the rest of the family from Tobolsk were also taken to Yekaterinburg and imprisoned in the same house, but most of the people close to the family were not allowed to see them.

There is little evidence about the Yekaterinburg period of imprisonment of the royal family. Almost no letters. Basically, this period is known only from brief entries in the emperor’s diary and the testimony of witnesses in the case of the murder of the royal family.

Living conditions in the “special purpose house” were much more difficult than in Tobolsk. The guard consisted of 12 soldiers who lived here and ate with them at the same table. Commissar Avdeev, an inveterate drunkard, humiliated the royal family every day. I had to put up with hardships, endure bullying and obey. The royal couple and daughters slept on the floor, without beds. During lunch, a family of seven was given only five spoons; The guards sitting at the same table were smoking, blowing smoke into the faces of the prisoners...

A walk in the garden was allowed once a day, first for 15-20 minutes, and then no more than five. Only Doctor Evgeny Botkin remained next to the royal family, who surrounded the prisoners with care and acted as a mediator between them and the commissars, protecting them from the rudeness of the guards. A few faithful servants remained: Anna Demidova, I.S. Kharitonov, A.E. Trupp and the boy Lenya Sednev.

All prisoners understood the possibility of a speedy end. Once Tsarevich Alexei said: “If they kill, if only they don’t torture...” Almost in complete isolation, they showed nobility and fortitude. In one of the letters Olga Nikolaevna says: “ The father asks to tell all those who remained devoted to him, and those on whom they may have influence, that they do not avenge him, since he has forgiven everyone and prays for everyone, and that they do not avenge themselves, and that they remember that the evil that is now in the world will be even stronger, but that it is not evil that will defeat evil, but only love.”

Even the rude guards gradually softened - they were surprised by the simplicity of all members of the royal family, their dignity, even Commissar Avdeev softened. Therefore, he was replaced by Yurovsky, and the guards were replaced by Austro-German prisoners and people chosen from among the executioners of the “Chreka.” The life of the inhabitants of the Ipatiev House turned into complete martyrdom. But preparations for the execution were made in secret from the prisoners.

Murder

On the night of July 16-17, around the beginning of three, Yurovsky woke up the royal family and spoke about the need to move to a safe place. When everyone got dressed and got ready, Yurovsky led them to a semi-basement room with one barred window. Everyone was outwardly calm. The Emperor carried Alexei Nikolaevich in his arms, the others had pillows and other small things in their hands. In the room where they were brought, the Empress and Alexei Nikolaevich sat on chairs. The Emperor stood in the center next to the Tsarevich. The rest of the family members and servants were in different parts of the room, and at this time the killers were waiting for a signal. Yurovsky approached the emperor and said: “Nikolai Alexandrovich, according to the resolution of the Ural Regional Council, you and your family will be shot.” These words were unexpected for the king, he turned towards the family, stretched out his hands to them and said: “What? What?" The Empress and Olga Nikolaevna wanted to cross themselves, but at that moment Yurovsky shot the Tsar with a revolver almost point-blank several times, and he immediately fell. Almost simultaneously, everyone else started shooting - everyone knew their victim in advance.

Those already lying on the floor were finished off with shots and bayonet blows. When it was all over, Alexey Nikolaevich suddenly groaned weakly - he was shot several more times. Eleven bodies lay on the floor in streams of blood. After making sure that their victims were dead, the killers began to remove their jewelry. Then the dead were taken out into the yard, where a truck was already standing ready - the noise of its engine was supposed to drown out the shots in the basement. Even before sunrise, the bodies were taken to the forest in the vicinity of the village of Koptyaki. For three days the killers tried to hide their crime...

Together with the imperial family, their servants who followed them into exile were also shot: Doctor E. S. Botkin, the Empress’s room girl A. S. Demidov, the court cook I. M. Kharitonov and footman A. E. Trupp. In addition, Adjutant General I.L. Tatishchev, Marshal Prince V.A. Dolgorukov, “uncle” of the heir K.G. Nagorny, children’s footman I.D. Sednev, maid of honor were killed in various places and in different months of 1918 Empress A.V. Gendrikova and goflexress E.A. Schneider.

Church on the Blood in Yekaterinburg - built on the site of the house of engineer Ipatiev, where Nicholas II and his family were shot on July 17, 1918

Who needed the death of the royal family?

Who and why needed to shoot the tsar who had abdicated power and his relatives and servants? (Versions)

First version (New War)

A number of historians say that neither Lenin nor Sverdlov bear responsibility for the murder of the Romanovs. Allegedly, the Ural Council of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies in the winter, spring and summer of 1918 often made independent decisions that fundamentally contradicted the instructions of the center. They say that the Urals, in whose Council there were many left Socialist Revolutionaries, were determined to continue the war with Germany.

We may recall in direct connection with this that on July 6, 1918, the German ambassador Count Wilhelm von Mirbach was killed in Moscow. This murder is a provocation of the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party, which since October 1917 was part of the government coalition with the Bolsheviks and set itself the goal of violating the shameful Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty with the Germans. And the execution of the Romanovs, whose safety Kaiser Wilhelm demanded, finally buried the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Having learned that the Romanovs were shot, Lenin and Sverdlov officially approved what happened, and none of the organizers or participants in the massacre were punished. A formal request about a possible execution, which was sent by the Urals to the Kremlin (such a telegram dated July 16, 1918 actually exists), supposedly did not even have time to reach Lenin before the planned action took place. Be that as it may, no response telegram arrived, they did not wait for it, and the massacre was carried out without the direct sanction of the government. Based on the results of a long investigation, the senior investigator for particularly important cases, Vladimir Solovyov, confirmed this version in his interview in 2009-2010. Moreover, Soloviev argued that Lenin was generally against the execution of the Romanovs.

So, one option: the execution of the royal family was carried out in the interests of the left Socialist Revolutionaries for the sake of continuing the war with the Germans.

Second version (Tsar, as a victim to secret forces?)

According to the second version, the murder of the Romanovs was ritual, sanctioned by certain “secret societies.” This is confirmed by Kabbalistic signs found on the wall in the room in which the execution took place. Although to this day no one has been able to identify the ink inscriptions on the windowsill as something that has a clearly interpretable meaning, some experts are inclined to believe that the following message is encrypted in them: “Here, on the orders of secret forces, the king was sacrificed for the destruction of the state . All nations are informed of this.”

In addition, on the southern wall of the room where the execution took place, a couplet written in German and distorted from a poem by Heinrich Heine about the murdered Babylonian king Belshazzar was found. However, who exactly and when could have made these inscriptions remains unknown today, and the “decipherment” of the supposedly Kabbalistic symbols is refuted by many historians. It is impossible to draw an unambiguous conclusion about them, although great efforts were made to this end, in particular because the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) was particularly interested in the version of the ritual nature of the murder. However, the investigative authorities gave a negative response to the request of the Moscow Patriarchate: “Wasn’t the murder of the Romanovs ritual?” Although serious work was probably not carried out to establish the truth. In Tsarist Russia there were many “secret societies”: from occultists to freemasons.

Third version (American trace)

Another interesting idea is that this massacre was carried out on the direct orders of the United States. Not the American government, of course, but the American billionaire Jacob Schiff, with whom, according to some information, Yakov Yurovsky, a member of the board of the Ural Regional Cheka, who headed the security of the royal family in Yekaterinburg, was connected. Yurovsky lived in America for a long time and returned to Russia just before the revolution.

Jacob, or Jacob Schiff, was one of the richest men of the time, the head of the giant banking house Kuhn, Loeb and Company, and hated the tsarist government and Nikolai Romanov personally. The American was not allowed to expand his business in Russia and was very sensitive about depriving part of the Jewish population of civil rights.

Schiff enjoyed his authority and influence in the American banking and financial sector, tried to block Russia’s access to foreign loans in America, took part in financing the Japanese government during the Russo-Japanese War, and also generously financed supporters of the Bolshevik revolution (we are talking about an amount of 20-24 billion dollars in modern terms). It was thanks to Jacob Schiff's subsidies that the Bolsheviks were able to carry out the revolution and achieve victory. He who pays calls the tune. Therefore, Jacob Schiff had the opportunity to “order” the murder of the royal family from the Bolsheviks. In addition, the chief executioner Yurovsky, by a strange coincidence, considered America his second homeland.

But the Bolsheviks who came to power after the execution of the Romanovs unexpectedly refused to cooperate with Schiff. Maybe because he arranged the execution of the royal family over their heads?

Fourth version (New Herostratus)

It cannot be ruled out that the execution, carried out on the direct orders of Yakov Yurovsky, was primarily necessary for him personally. The morbidly ambitious Yurovsky, with all his desire, could not have found a better way to “inherit” in history than to personally shoot at the heart of the last Russian Tsar. And it is no coincidence that he subsequently emphasized many times his special role in the execution: “I fired the first shot and killed Nikolai on the spot... I shot at him, he fell down, shooting immediately began... I killed Nikolai on the spot with the Colt, the rest of the cartridges were the same loaded Colt clips, as well as a loaded Mauser, were used to finish off Nikolai’s daughters... Alexey remained sitting as if petrified, and I shot him...” The executioner Yurovsky so clearly and openly enjoyed remembering the execution that it becomes clear: for him the regicide became the most ambitious achievement in life .

Shot along with the Romanovs: Top: life physician E. Botkin, life cook I. Kharitonov: Bottom: room girl A. Demidov, valet Colonel A. Trupp

Fifth version (Point of no return)

Assessing the historical significance of the execution of the Romanovs, he wrote: “The execution of the Romanovs was needed not just to frighten, horrify, and deprive the enemy of hope, but also to shake up one’s own ranks, to show that complete victory or complete destruction lay ahead. This goal has been achieved... Senseless, monstrous cruelty has been committed, and the point of no return has been passed.”

Sixth version

American journalists A. Summers and T. Mangold in the 1970s studied a previously unknown part of the archives of the 1918-1919 investigation, found in the 1930s in America, and published the result of their investigation in 1976. According to them, N. Sokolov’s conclusions about the death of the entire Romanov family were made under pressure, which for some reasons was beneficial to declare all family members dead. They consider the investigations and conclusions of other White Army investigators to be more objective. According to their opinion, it is more likely that only the heir and the heir were shot in Yekaterinburg, and Alexandra Fedorovna and her daughters were transported to Perm. Nothing is known about the further fate of Alexandra Fedorovna and her daughters. A. Summers and T. Mangold are inclined to believe that in reality it was Grand Duchess Anastasia.

In Yekaterinburg on the night of July 17, 1918, the Bolsheviks shot Nicholas II, his entire family (wife, son, four daughters) and servants.

But the murder of the royal family was not an execution in the usual sense: a volley was fired and the condemned fell dead. Only Nicholas II and his wife died quickly - the rest, due to the chaos in the execution room, waited a few more minutes for death. The 13-year-old son of Alexei, the daughters and servants of the emperor were killed with shots to the head and stabbed with bayonets. HistoryTime will tell you how all this horror happened.

Reconstruction

The Ipatiev House, where the terrible events took place, was recreated in the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore in a 3D computer model. The virtual reconstruction allows you to walk through the premises of the “last palace” of the emperor, look into the rooms where he, Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, servants lived, go out into the courtyard, go to the rooms on the first floor (where the guards lived) and to the so-called execution room, in which the king and family suffered martyrdom.

The situation in the house was recreated to the smallest detail (down to the paintings on the walls, the sentry’s machine gun in the corridor and bullet holes in the “execution room”) on the basis of documents (including reports of the inspection of the house made by representatives of the “white” investigation), old photographs, and also interior details that have survived to this day thanks to museum workers: the Ipatiev House had a Historical and Revolutionary Museum for a long time, and before its demolition in 1977, its employees were able to remove and preserve some items.

For example, the pillars from the stairs to the second floor or the fireplace near which the emperor smoked (it was forbidden to leave the house) have been preserved. Now all these things are on display in the Romanov Hall of the Local History Museum. " The most valuable exhibit of our exposition is the bars that stood in the window of the “execution room”, says the creator of the 3D reconstruction, head of the history department of the Romanov dynasty of the museum, Nikolai Neuymin. - She is a mute witness to those terrible events.”

In July 1918, “red” Yekaterinburg was preparing for evacuation: the White Guards were approaching the city. Realizing that taking the Tsar and his family away from Yekaterinburg is dangerous for the young revolutionary republic (on the road it would be impossible to provide the imperial family with the same good security as in Ipatiev’s house, and Nicholas II could easily be recaptured by the monarchists), the leaders of the Bolshevik Party decide to destroy the Tsar along with children and servants.

On the fateful night, having waited for the final order from Moscow (the car brought him at half past two in the morning), the commandant of the “special purpose house” Yakov Yurovsky ordered Doctor Botkin to wake up Nikolai and his family.

Until the last minute, they did not know that they would be killed: they were informed that they were being transferred to another place for safety reasons, since the city had become restless - there was an evacuation due to the advance of white troops.

The room they were taken to was empty: there was no furniture - only two chairs were brought. The famous note from the commandant of the “House of Special Purpose” Yurovsky, who commanded the execution, reads:

Nikolai put Alexei on one, and Alexandra Fedorovna sat on the other. The commandant ordered the rest to stand in a line. ...Told the Romanovs that due to the fact that their relatives in Europe continued to attack Soviet Russia, the Urals Executive Committee decided to shoot them. Nikolai turned his back to the team, facing his family, then, as if coming to his senses, he turned around with the question: “What?” What?".

According to Neuimin, the short “Note of Yurovsky” (written in 1920 by the historian Pokrovsky under the dictation of a revolutionary) is an important, but not the best document. The execution and subsequent events are described much more fully in Yurovsky’s “Memoirs” (1922) and, especially, in the transcript of his speech at a secret meeting of old Bolsheviks in Yekaterinburg (1934). There are also recollections of other participants in the execution: in 1963-1964, the KGB, on behalf of the CPSU Central Committee, interrogated all of them alive. " Their words echo Yurovsky’s stories from different years: they all say approximately the same thing“, notes a museum employee.

Execution

According to Commandant Yurovsky, everything did not go at all as he had planned. " His idea was that in this room there is a wall plastered with wooden blocks, and there will be no rebound, says Neuimin. - But a little higher there are concrete vaults. The revolutionaries shot aimlessly, the bullets began to hit the concrete and bounce off. Yurovsky says that in the midst of it he was forced to give the command to cease fire: one bullet flew over his ear, and the other hit a comrade in the finger».

Yurovsky recalled in 1922:

For a long time I was unable to stop this shooting, which had become careless. But when I finally managed to stop, I saw that many were still alive. For example, Doctor Botkin lay leaning on the elbow of his right hand, as if in a resting position, and finished off him with a revolver shot. Alexey, Tatyana, Anastasia and Olga were also alive. Demidova’s maid was also alive.

The fact that despite the prolonged shooting, members of the royal family remained alive is simply explained.

It was decided in advance who would shoot whom, but the majority of revolutionaries began to shoot at the “tyrant” - Nicholas. " In the wake of revolutionary hysteria, they believed that he was the crowned executioner, says Neuimin. - Liberal-democratic propaganda, starting from the 1905 revolution, wrote this about Nicholas! They issued postcards - Alexandra Fedorovna with Rasputin, Nicholas II with huge branchy horns, in Ipatiev’s house all the walls were covered with inscriptions on this topic».

Yurovsky wanted everything to be unexpected for the royal family, so those whom the family knew entered the room (most likely): Commandant Yurovsky himself, his assistant Nikulin, and security chief Pavel Medvedev. The rest of the executioners stood in the doorway in three rows

In addition, Yurovsky did not take into account the size of the room (approximately 4.5 by 5.5 meters): members of the royal family settled in it, but there was no longer enough space for the executioners, and they stood behind each other. There is an assumption that only three stood inside the room - those whom the royal family knew (commandant Yurovsky, his assistant Grigory Nikulin and security chief Pavel Medvedev), two more stood in the doorway, the rest behind them. Alexey Kabanov, for example, recalls that he stood in the third row and shot, sticking his hand with a pistol between the shoulders of his comrades.

He says that when he finally entered the room, he saw that Medvedev (Kudrin), Ermakov and Yurovsky were standing “above the girls” and were shooting at them from above. Ballistic examination confirmed that Olga, Tatiana and Maria (except Anastasia) had bullet wounds to the head. Yurovsky writes:

Comrade Ermakov wanted to finish the matter with a bayonet. But, however, this did not work. The reason became clear later (the daughters were wearing diamond armor like bras). I was forced to shoot everyone in turn.

When the shooting stopped, it was discovered that Alexey was alive on the floor - it turns out that no one had shot at him (Nikulin was supposed to shoot, but he later said that he couldn’t, because he liked Alyoshka - a couple of days before the execution, he cut out a wooden pipe). The Tsarevich was unconscious, but breathing - and Yurovsky also shot him point-blank in the head.

Agony

When it seemed that everything was over, a female figure (the maid Anna Demidova) stood up in the corner with a pillow in her hands. With a cry " God bless! God saved me!"(all the bullets got stuck in the pillow) she tried to run away. But the cartridges ran out. Later, Yurovsky said that Ermakov, supposedly a good fellow, was not taken aback - he ran out into the corridor where Strekotin was standing at the machine gun, grabbed his rifle and began to poke the maid with a bayonet. She wheezed for a long time and did not die.

The Bolsheviks began to carry the bodies of the dead into the corridor. At this time, one of the girls - Anastasia - sat down and screamed wildly, realizing what had happened (it turns out that she fainted during the execution). " Then Ermakov pierced her - she died the last most painful death"- says Nikolai Neuimin.

Kabanov says that he had “the hardest thing” - killing dogs (before the execution, Tatyana had a French bulldog in her arms, and Anastasia had a dog Jimmy).

Medvedev (Kudrin) writes that the “triumphant Kabanov” came out with a rifle in his hand, on the bayonet of which two dogs were dangling, and with the words “for dogs - a dog’s death,” he threw them into a truck, where the corpses of members of the royal family were already lying.

During interrogation, Kabanov said that he barely pierced the animals with a bayonet, but, as it turned out, he lied: in the well of mine No. 7 (where the Bolsheviks dumped the bodies of those killed that same night), the “white” investigation found the corpse of this dog with a broken skull: apparently, one he pierced the animal and finished off the other with the butt.

All this terrible agony lasted, according to various researchers, up to half an hour, and even some seasoned revolutionaries’ nerves could not stand it. Neuimin says:

There, in Ipatiev’s house, there was a guard, Dobrynin, who abandoned his post and ran away. There was the head of the external security, Pavel Spiridonovich Medvedev, who was put in command of the entire security of the house (he is not a security officer, but a Bolshevik who fought, and they trusted him). Medvedev-Kudrin writes that Pavel fell during the execution and then began to crawl out of the room on all fours. When his comrades asked what was wrong with him (whether he was wounded), he cursed dirtyly and began to feel sick.

The Sverdlovsk museum displays pistols used by the Bolsheviks: three revolvers (analogues) and Pyotr Ermakov’s Mauser. The last exhibit is an authentic weapon used to kill the royal family (there is an act from 1927, when Ermakov handed over his weapons). Another proof that this is the same weapon is a photograph of a group of party leaders at the site where the remains of the royal family were hidden in Porosenkov Log (taken in 2014).

On it are the leaders of the Ural Regional Executive Committee and the Regional Party Committee (most were shot in 1937-38). Ermakov’s Mauser lies right on the sleepers - above the heads of the murdered and buried members of the royal family, whose burial place the “white” investigation was never able to find and which only half a century later the Ural geologist Alexander Avdonin was able to discover.

What happened to those who shot the royal family?

Until now, historians cannot say for sure who exactly gave the order to execute the royal family. According to one version, this decision was made by Sverdlov and Lenin. According to another, they wanted to start by at least bringing Nicholas II to Moscow to judge in an official setting. Another version says that the party leaders did not want to kill the Romanovs at all - the Ural Bolsheviks made the decision to execute them independently, without consulting their superiors.

During the Civil War, confusion reigned, and local branches of the party had broad independence, explains Alexander Ladygin, a teacher of Russian history at IGNI UrFU. - Local Bolsheviks advocated world revolution and were very critical of Lenin. In addition, during this period there was an active offensive of the White Czech corps on Yekaterinburg, and the Ural Bolsheviks believed that it was unacceptable to leave such an important propaganda figure as the former tsar to the enemy.

It is also not entirely known exactly how many people took part in the execution. Some “contemporaries” claimed that 12 people with revolvers were selected. Others that there were much fewer of them.

The identities of only five participants in the murder are known for certain. These are the commandant of the Special Purpose House Yakov Yurovsky, his assistant Grigory Nikulin, military commissar Pyotr Ermakov, head of the house security Pavel Medvedev and member of the Cheka Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin.

Yurovsky fired the first shot. This served as a signal for the rest of the security officers, says Nikolai Neuimin, head of the department of history of the Romanov dynasty at the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore. - Everyone shot at Nicholas II and Alexandra Fedorovna. Then Yurovsky gave the command to cease fire, since one of the Bolsheviks almost had his finger torn off from the indiscriminate shooting. All the Grand Duchesses were still alive at that time. They began to finish them off. Alexei was one of the last to be killed, as he was unconscious. When the Bolsheviks began to carry out the bodies, Anastasia suddenly came to life and had to be bayoneted to death.

Many participants in the murder of the royal family retained written memories of that night, which, by the way, do not coincide in all details. So, for example, Pyotr Ermakov stated that it was he who led the execution. Although other sources claim that he was only an ordinary performer. Probably, in this way the participants in the murder wanted to curry favor with the new leadership of the country. Although this did not help everyone.

The grave of Peter Ermakov is located almost in the very center of Yekaterinburg - at the Ivanovo cemetery. A tombstone with a large five-pointed star stands literally three steps from the grave of the Ural storyteller Pavel Petrovich Bazhov. After the end of the Civil War, Ermakov worked as a law enforcement officer, first in Omsk, then in Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk. And in 1927, he achieved a promotion to the head of one of the Ural prisons. Many times Ermakov met with groups of workers to talk about how the royal family was killed. He was encouraged more than once. In 1930, the party bureau awarded him a Browning, and a year later Ermakov was given the title of honorary drummer and rewarded with a certificate for completing the five-year plan in three years. However, not everyone treated him favorably. According to rumors, when Marshal Zhukov headed the Ural Military District, Pyotr Ermakov met with him at one of the ceremonial meetings. As a sign of greeting, he extended his hand to Georgy Konstantinovich, but he refused to shake it, declaring: “I don’t shake hands with executioners!”

When Marshal Zhukov headed the Ural Military District, he refused to shake hands with Pyotr Ermakov, saying: “I don’t shake hands with the executioners!” Photo: archive of the Sverdlovsk region

Ermakov lived quietly to the age of 68. And in the 1960s, one of the streets of Sverdlovsk was renamed in his honor. True, after the collapse of the USSR the name was changed again.

Pyotr Ermakov was only a performer. Perhaps this is one of the reasons that he escaped repression. Ermakov never held major leadership positions. His highest appointment is as an inspector of places of detention. No one had any questions for him,” says Alexander Ladygin. “But over the past two years, the monument to Pyotr Ermakov has been vandalized three times. A year ago, during the Royal Days, we cleaned it. But today he is in the paint again.

After the execution of the royal family, Yakov Yurovsky managed to work in the Moscow City Council, in the Cheka of the Vyatka province and as chairman of the provincial Cheka in Yekaterinburg. However, in 1920 he began to have stomach problems and moved to Moscow for treatment. During the capital stage of his life, Yurovsky changed more than one place of work. At first he was the manager of the organizational training department, then he worked in the gold department at the People's Commissariat of Finance, from where he later moved to the position of deputy director of the Bogatyr plant, which produced galoshes. Until the 1930s, Yurovsky changed several more leadership positions and even managed to work as director of the State Polytechnic Museum. And in 1933 he retired and died five years later in the Kremlin hospital from a perforated stomach ulcer.

Yurovsky’s ashes were buried in the church of the Donskoy Monastery of Seraphim of Sarov in Moscow, notes Nikolai Neuymin. - In the early 20s, the first crematorium in the USSR opened there, where they even published a magazine promoting the cremation of Soviet citizens as an alternative to pre-revolutionary burials. And there on one of the shelves there were urns with the ashes of Yurovsky and his wife.

After the Civil War, the assistant commandant of the Ipatiev house, Grigory Nikulin, worked for two years as the head of the criminal investigation department in Moscow, and then got a job at the Moscow water supply station, also in a leadership position. He lived to be 71 years old.

It is interesting that Grigory Nikulin was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. His grave is located next to the grave of Boris Yeltsin, they say in the regional museum of local lore. - And 30 meters from him, next to the grave of a friend of the poet Mayakovsky, lies another regicide - Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin.

Grigory Nikulin worked for two years as the head of the criminal investigation department in Moscow. The latter, by the way, lived for another 46 years after the execution of the royal family. In 1938, he took a leadership position in the NKVD of the USSR and rose to the rank of colonel. He was buried with military honors on January 15, 1964. In his will, Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin asked his son to give Khrushchev the Browning gun from which the royal family was killed, and to give Fidel Castro the Colt that the regicide used in 1919.

After the execution of the royal family, Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin lived for another 46 years. Perhaps the only one of the five famous murderers who was unlucky during his lifetime is the head of security at Ipatiev’s house, Pavel Medvedev. Soon after the bloody massacre, he was captured by the whites. Having learned about his role in the execution of the Romanovs, employees of the White Guard criminal investigation department put him in Yekaterinburg prison, where he died of typhus on March 12, 1919.

According to official history, on the night of July 16-17, 1918, Nikolai Romanov, along with his wife and children, was shot. After opening the burial and identifying the remains in 1998, they were reburied in the tomb of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. However, then the Russian Orthodox Church did not confirm their authenticity.

“I cannot exclude that the church will recognize the royal remains as authentic if convincing evidence of their authenticity is discovered and if the examination is open and honest,” Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk, head of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate, said in July of this year.

As is known, the Russian Orthodox Church did not participate in the burial of the remains of the royal family in 1998, explaining this by the fact that the church is not sure whether the original remains of the royal family are buried. The Russian Orthodox Church refers to a book by Kolchak investigator Nikolai Sokolov, who concluded that all the bodies were burned.

Some of the remains collected by Sokolov at the burning site are kept in Brussels, in the Church of St. Job the Long-Suffering, and they have not been examined. At one time, a version of Yurovsky’s note, who supervised the execution and burial, was found - it became the main document before the transfer of the remains (along with the book of investigator Sokolov). And now, in the coming year of the 100th anniversary of the execution of the Romanov family, the Russian Orthodox Church has been tasked with giving a final answer to all the dark execution sites near Yekaterinburg. To obtain a final answer, research has been carried out for several years under the auspices of the Russian Orthodox Church. Again, historians, geneticists, graphologists, pathologists and other specialists are rechecking the facts, powerful scientific forces and the forces of the prosecutor's office are again involved, and all these actions again take place under a thick veil of secrecy.

Genetic identification research is carried out by four independent groups of scientists. Two of them are foreign, working directly with the Russian Orthodox Church. At the beginning of July 2017, the secretary of the church commission for studying the results of the study of the remains found near Yekaterinburg, Bishop Tikhon (Shevkunov) of Yegoryevsk, said: a large number of new circumstances and new documents have been discovered. For example, Sverdlov’s order to execute Nicholas II was found. In addition, based on the results of recent research, criminologists have confirmed that the remains of the Tsar and Tsarina belong to them, since a mark was suddenly found on the skull of Nicholas II, which is interpreted as a mark from a saber blow he received while visiting Japan. As for the queen, dentists identified her using the world's first porcelain veneers on platinum pins.

Although, if you open the conclusion of the commission, written before the burial in 1998, it says: the bones of the sovereign’s skull are so destroyed that the characteristic callus cannot be found. The same conclusion noted severe damage to the teeth of Nikolai’s presumed remains due to periodontal disease, since this person had never been to the dentist. This confirms that it was not the tsar who was shot, since the records of the Tobolsk dentist whom Nikolai contacted remained. In addition, no explanation has yet been found for the fact that the height of the skeleton of “Princess Anastasia” is 13 centimeters greater than her lifetime height. Well, as you know, miracles happen in the church... Shevkunov did not say a word about genetic testing, and this despite the fact that genetic studies in 2003 conducted by Russian and American specialists showed that the genome of the body of the supposed empress and her sister Elizabeth Feodorovna did not match , which means no relationship

In addition, in the museum of the city of Otsu (Japan) there are things left after the policeman wounded Nicholas II. They contain biological material that can be examined. Using them, Japanese geneticists from Tatsuo Nagai’s group proved that the DNA of the remains of “Nicholas II” from near Yekaterinburg (and his family) does not 100% match the DNA of biomaterials from Japan. During the Russian DNA examination, second cousins ​​were compared, and in the conclusion it was written that “there are matches.” The Japanese compared relatives of cousins. There are also the results of a genetic examination of the President of the International Association of Forensic Physicians, Mr. Bonte from Dusseldorf, in which he proved: the found remains and doubles of the Nicholas II Filatov family are relatives. Perhaps, from their remains in 1946, the “remains of the royal family” were created? The problem has not been studied.

Earlier, in 1998, the Russian Orthodox Church, on the basis of these conclusions and facts, did not recognize the existing remains as authentic, but what will happen now? In December, all conclusions of the Investigative Committee and the ROC commission will be considered by the Council of Bishops. It is he who will decide on the church’s attitude towards the Yekaterinburg remains. Let's see why everything is so nervous and what is the history of this crime?

This kind of money is worth fighting for

Today, some of the Russian elites have suddenly awakened an interest in one very piquant history of relations between Russia and the United States, connected with the Romanov royal family. The story in a nutshell is this: More than 100 years ago, in 1913, the United States created the Federal Reserve System (FRS), a central bank and international currency printing press that still operates today. The Fed was created for the newly created League of Nations (now the UN) and would be a single global financial center with its own currency. Russia contributed 48,600 tons of gold to the “authorized capital” of the system. But the Rothschilds demanded that Woodrow Wilson, who was then re-elected as US President, transfer the center to their private ownership along with the gold. The organization became known as the Federal Reserve System, where Russia owned 88.8%, and 11.2% belonged to 43 international beneficiaries. Receipts stating that 88.8% of gold assets for a period of 99 years are under the control of the Rothschilds were transferred in six copies to the family of Nicholas II.

The annual income on these deposits was fixed at 4%, which was supposed to be transferred to Russia annually, but was deposited in the X-1786 account of the World Bank and in 300 thousand accounts in 72 international banks. All these documents confirming the right to the gold pledged to the Federal Reserve from Russia in the amount of 48,600 tons, as well as income from leasing it, were deposited by the mother of Tsar Nicholas II, Maria Fedorovna Romanova, for safekeeping in one of the Swiss banks. But only heirs have conditions for access there, and this access is controlled by the Rothschild clan. Gold certificates were issued for the gold provided by Russia, which made it possible to claim the metal in parts - the royal family hid them in different places. Later, in 1944, the Bretton Woods Conference confirmed Russia's right to 88% of the Fed's assets.

At one time, two well-known Russian oligarchs, Roman Abramovich and Boris Berezovsky, proposed to tackle this “golden” issue. But Yeltsin “didn’t understand” them, and now, apparently, that very “golden” time has come... And now this gold is remembered more and more often - though not at the state level.

Some suggest that the surviving Tsarevich Alexei later grew into Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin

People kill for this gold, fight for it, and make fortunes from it.

Today's researchers believe that all wars and revolutions in Russia and in the world occurred because the Rothschild clan and the United States did not intend to return gold to the Federal Reserve System of Russia. After all, the execution of the royal family made it possible for the Rothschild clan not to give up the gold and not pay for its 99-year lease. “Currently, out of three Russian copies of the agreement on gold invested in the Fed, two are in our country, the third is presumably in one of the Swiss banks,” says researcher Sergei Zhilenkov. – In a cache in the Nizhny Novgorod region, there are documents from the royal archive, among which there are 12 “gold” certificates. If they are presented, the global financial hegemony of the USA and the Rothschilds will simply collapse, and our country will receive huge money and all the opportunities for development, since it will no longer be strangled from overseas,” the historian is sure.

Many wanted to close the questions about the royal assets with the reburial. Professor Vladlen Sirotkin also has a calculation for the so-called war gold exported to the West and East during the First World War and the Civil War: Japan - 80 billion dollars, Great Britain - 50 billion, France - 25 billion, USA - 23 billion, Sweden - 5 billion, Czech Republic – $1 billion. Total – 184 billion. Surprisingly, officials in the US and UK, for example, do not dispute these figures, but are surprised at the lack of requests from Russia. By the way, the Bolsheviks remembered Russian assets in the West in the early 20s. Back in 1923, People's Commissar of Foreign Trade Leonid Krasin ordered a British investigative law firm to evaluate Russian real estate and cash deposits abroad. By 1993, this company reported that it had already accumulated a data bank worth 400 billion dollars! And this is legal Russian money.

Why did the Romanovs die? Britain did not accept them!

There is a long-term study, unfortunately, by the now deceased professor Vladlen Sirotkin (MGIMO) “Foreign Gold of Russia” (Moscow, 2000), where the gold and other holdings of the Romanov family, accumulated in the accounts of Western banks, are also estimated at no less than 400 billion dollars, and together with investments - more than 2 trillion dollars! In the absence of heirs from the Romanov side, the closest relatives are members of the English royal family... It is whose interests may be the background to many events of the 19th–21st centuries...

By the way, it is not clear (or, on the contrary, it is clear) for what reasons the royal house of England denied asylum to the Romanov family three times. The first time in 1916, in the apartment of Maxim Gorky, an escape was planned - the rescue of the Romanovs by kidnapping and internment of the royal couple during their visit to an English warship, which was then sent to Great Britain. The second was Kerensky's request, which was also rejected. Then the Bolsheviks’ request was not accepted. And this despite the fact that the mothers of George V and Nicholas II were sisters. In surviving correspondence, Nicholas II and George V call each other “Cousin Nicky” and “Cousin Georgie” - they were cousins ​​with an age difference of less than three years, and in their youth these guys spent a lot of time together and were very similar in appearance. As for the queen, her mother, Princess Alice, was the eldest and beloved daughter of Queen Victoria of England. At that time, England held 440 tons of gold from Russia’s gold reserves and 5.5 tons of Nicholas II’s personal gold as collateral for military loans. Now think about it: if the royal family died, then who would the gold go to? To the closest relatives! Is this the reason why cousin Georgie refused to accept cousin Nicky's family? To obtain gold, its owners had to die. Officially. And now all this needs to be connected with the burial of the royal family, which will officially testify that the owners of untold wealth are dead.

Versions of life after death

All versions of the death of the royal family that exist today can be divided into three. First version: the royal family was shot near Yekaterinburg, and its remains, with the exception of Alexei and Maria, were reburied in St. Petersburg. The remains of these children were found in 2007, all examinations were carried out on them, and they will apparently be buried on the 100th anniversary of the tragedy. If this version is confirmed, for accuracy it is necessary to once again identify all the remains and repeat all examinations, especially genetic and pathological anatomical ones. Second version: the royal family was not shot, but was scattered throughout Russia and all family members died a natural death, having lived their lives in Russia or abroad; in Yekaterinburg, a family of doubles was shot (members of the same family or people from different families, but similar on members of the emperor's family). Nicholas II had doubles after Bloody Sunday 1905. When leaving the palace, three carriages left. It is unknown which of them Nicholas II sat in. The Bolsheviks, having captured the archives of the 3rd department in 1917, had data of doubles. There is an assumption that one of the families of doubles - the Filatovs, who are distantly related to the Romanovs - followed them to Tobolsk. Third version: the intelligence services added false remains to the burials of members of the royal family as they died naturally or before opening the grave. To do this, it is necessary to very carefully monitor, among other things, the age of the biomaterial.

Let us present one of the versions of the historian of the royal family Sergei Zhelenkov, which seems to us the most logical, although very unusual.

Before investigator Sokolov, the only investigator who published a book about the execution of the royal family, there were investigators Malinovsky, Nametkin (his archive was burned along with his house), Sergeev (removed from the case and killed), Lieutenant General Diterichs, Kirsta. All these investigators concluded that the royal family was not killed. Neither the Reds nor the Whites wanted to disclose this information - they understood that American bankers were primarily interested in obtaining objective information. The Bolsheviks were interested in the tsar's money, and Kolchak declared himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia, which could not happen with a living sovereign.

Investigator Sokolov was conducting two cases - one on the fact of murder and the other on the fact of disappearance. At the same time, military intelligence, represented by Kirst, conducted an investigation. When the Whites left Russia, Sokolov, fearing for the collected materials, sent them to Harbin - some of his materials were lost along the way. Sokolov’s materials contained evidence of the financing of the Russian revolution by the American bankers Schiff, Kuhn and Loeb, and Ford, who was in conflict with these bankers, became interested in these materials. He even called Sokolov from France, where he settled, to the USA. When returning from the USA to France, Nikolai Sokolov was killed.

Sokolov’s book was published after his death, and many people “worked” on it, removing many scandalous facts from it, so it cannot be considered completely truthful. The surviving members of the royal family were observed by people from the KGB, where a special department was created for this purpose, dissolved during perestroika. The archives of this department have been preserved. The royal family was saved by Stalin - the royal family was evacuated from Yekaterinburg through Perm to Moscow and came into the possession of Trotsky, then the People's Commissar of Defense. To further save the royal family, Stalin carried out an entire operation, stealing it from Trotsky’s people and taking them to Sukhumi, to a specially built house next to the former house of the royal family. From there, all family members were distributed to different places, Maria and Anastasia were taken to the Glinsk Hermitage (Sumy region), then Maria was transported to the Nizhny Novgorod region, where she died of illness on May 24, 1954. Anastasia subsequently married Stalin’s personal security guard and lived very secludedly on a small farm; she died on June 27, 1980 in the Volgograd region.

The eldest daughters, Olga and Tatyana, were sent to the Seraphim-Diveevo convent - the empress was settled not far from the girls. But they did not live here for long. Olga, having traveled through Afghanistan, Europe and Finland, settled in Vyritsa, Leningrad Region, where she died on January 19, 1976. Tatyana lived partly in Georgia, partly in the Krasnodar Territory, was buried in the Krasnodar Territory, and died on September 21, 1992. Alexey and his mother lived at their dacha, then Alexey was transported to Leningrad, where they “did” a biography on him, and the whole world recognized him as party and Soviet leader Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin (Stalin sometimes called him Tsarevich in front of everyone). Nicholas II lived and died in Nizhny Novgorod (December 22, 1958), and the queen died in the village of Starobelskaya, Lugansk region on April 2, 1948 and was subsequently reburied in Nizhny Novgorod, where she and the emperor have a common grave. Three daughters of Nicholas II, besides Olga, had children. N.A. Romanov communicated with I.V. Stalin, and the wealth of the Russian Empire was used to strengthen the power of the USSR...

Yakov Tudorovsky

Yakov Tudorovsky

The Romanovs were not executed

According to official history, on the night of July 16-17, 1918, Nikolai Romanov, along with his wife and children, was shot. After opening the burial and identifying the remains in 1998, they were reburied in the tomb of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. However, then the Russian Orthodox Church did not confirm their authenticity. “I cannot exclude that the church will recognize the royal remains as authentic if convincing evidence of their authenticity is discovered and if the examination is open and honest,” Metropolitan Hilarion of Volokolamsk, head of the Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate, said in July of this year. As is known, the Russian Orthodox Church did not participate in the burial of the remains of the royal family in 1998, explaining this by the fact that the church is not sure whether the original remains of the royal family are buried. The Russian Orthodox Church refers to a book by Kolchak investigator Nikolai Sokolov, who concluded that all the bodies were burned. Some of the remains collected by Sokolov at the burning site are kept in Brussels, in the Church of St. Job the Long-Suffering, and they have not been examined. At one time, a version of Yurovsky’s note, who supervised the execution and burial, was found - it became the main document before the transfer of the remains (along with the book of investigator Sokolov). And now, in the coming year of the 100th anniversary of the execution of the Romanov family, the Russian Orthodox Church has been tasked with giving a final answer to all the dark execution sites near Yekaterinburg. To obtain a final answer, research has been carried out for several years under the auspices of the Russian Orthodox Church. Again, historians, geneticists, graphologists, pathologists and other specialists are rechecking the facts, powerful scientific forces and the forces of the prosecutor's office are again involved, and all these actions again take place under a thick veil of secrecy. Genetic identification research is carried out by four independent groups of scientists. Two of them are foreign, working directly with the Russian Orthodox Church. At the beginning of July 2017, the secretary of the church commission for studying the results of the study of the remains found near Yekaterinburg, Bishop Tikhon (Shevkunov) of Yegoryevsk, said: a large number of new circumstances and new documents have been discovered. For example, Sverdlov’s order to execute Nicholas II was found. In addition, based on the results of recent research, criminologists have confirmed that the remains of the Tsar and Tsarina belong to them, since a mark was suddenly found on the skull of Nicholas II, which is interpreted as a mark from a saber blow he received while visiting Japan. As for the queen, dentists identified her using the world's first porcelain veneers on platinum pins. Although, if you open the conclusion of the commission, written before the burial in 1998, it says: the bones of the sovereign’s skull are so destroyed that the characteristic callus cannot be found. The same conclusion noted severe damage to the teeth of Nikolai’s presumed remains due to periodontal disease, since this person had never been to the dentist. This confirms that it was not the tsar who was shot, since the records of the Tobolsk dentist whom Nikolai contacted remained. In addition, no explanation has yet been found for the fact that the height of the skeleton of “Princess Anastasia” is 13 centimeters greater than her lifetime height. Well, as you know, miracles happen in the church... Shevkunov did not say a word about genetic testing, and this despite the fact that genetic studies in 2003 conducted by Russian and American specialists showed that the genome of the body of the supposed empress and her sister Elizabeth Feodorovna did not match , which means no relationship.