The created Council of People's Commissars was a body. Secret resolution of the Council of People's Commissars: a concentration camp was created on Solovki

Council of People's Commissars (1917-1937) and its functional activities.

The history of Soviet public administration dates back to the Second Congress of Soviets. It gathered at a turning point, when Petrograd was in the hands of the rebel workers and peasants, and the Winter Palace, where the bourgeois Provisional Government met, had not yet been taken by the rebels. The creation of a new system of public administration began with the development and proclamation of certain political postulates. In this sense, the first “managerial” document of the new emerging government should be recognized as the appeal of the Second Congress of Soviets “To workers, soldiers, peasants!”, adopted at the first meeting of the congress on October 25, 1917. This document proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power, i.e. formation of the Soviet state. Here the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the new state were formulated:

the establishment of peace, the free transfer of land to the peasantry, the introduction of workers' control over production, the democratization of the army, etc. The next day, October 26, these programmatic theses were concretized and embodied in the first decrees of the Soviet government - “On Peace” and “On Land”. Another decree established the first Soviet government. The resolution of the congress stated: “To form, to govern the country until the convening of the Constituent Assembly, a temporary workers’ and peasants’ government, which will be called the Council of People’s Commissars. The management of individual branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, the composition of which must ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the congress.” The decree established the following people's commissariats: agriculture, labor, military and maritime affairs, trade and industry, public education, finance, foreign affairs, justice, food affairs, post and telegraph affairs, nationalities and railway affairs. Control over the activities of the people's commissars and the right to remove them belonged to the Congress of Soviets and its Central Executive Committee.

Soviet statehood was born under the strong influence of democratic sentiments that reigned in society. At the same II Congress of Soviets V.I. Lenin argued that the Bolsheviks were striving to build a state in which “the government would always be under the control of the public opinion of its country... In our opinion,” he said, “the state is strong in the consciousness of the masses. It is strong when the masses know everything, can judge everything and do everything consciously.” Such widespread democracy was supposed to be achieved by involving the masses in governing the state.

Is it natural for the emergence of a new government in Russia and the creation of a new management system? In the literature one can find a point of view about the illegality of the decisions of the Second Congress of Soviets due to its lack of representativeness. Indeed, representation at the congress was not national, but class-based: it was a congress of workers' and soldiers' deputies. The Peasant Congress of Soviets met separately, and the unification of the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies took place only in January 1918. Nevertheless, such global changes in the life of the country could not happen without reason. The Second Congress of Soviets was, undoubtedly, the organ of the insurgent people, the organ of the revolutionary masses, representing practically the entire country and all more or less significant national regions. The congress expressed the will of the most organized and socially active part of society, which wanted changes for a better life and actively sought them. Although the congress was All-Russian, it was not and could not be nationwide.

The Soviet system of government was born in a multi-party system. According to researchers, there were about 300 political parties in Russia, which can be divided into regional, national and all-Russian. There were about 60 of the latter. The composition of the Second Congress of Soviets in terms of party affiliation was, as is known, mainly Bolshevik. But other socialist and liberal parties were also represented there. The Bolsheviks' positions were further strengthened when representatives of the right Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Bundists left the congress. They demanded that the forum be suspended because, in their opinion, Lenin’s supporters had usurped power. More than 400 local Soviets from the largest industrial and political centers of the country were represented at the congress.

The congress formed the supreme and central authorities. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets was declared the supreme body. He could resolve any issues of state power and administration. The Congress created the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), which performed the functions of supreme power between Congresses of Soviets. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was created on the basis of proportional representation from all party factions of the congress. Of the 101 members of the first composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 62 were Bolsheviks, 29 were left Socialist Revolutionaries, 6 were Menshevik internationalists, 3 were Ukrainian socialists and 1 Socialist Revolutionary maximalist. Bolshevik L.B. was elected Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Kamenev. The central authority was the government formed by the decision of the Second Congress of Soviets - the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom, SNK). It was also headed by the Bolshevik V.I. Lenin. The Left Socialist Revolutionaries and Menshevik Internationalists received an offer to join the government, but they refused. A distinctive feature of the new authorities and management was the combination of legislative and executive functions. Not only the resolutions of the Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, but also the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars and even acts of individual people's commissariats had the force of law.

Thus, the Second Congress of Soviets proclaimed the creation of a new state and formed the bodies of power and administration. At the congress, the most general principles of the organization of Soviet statehood were formulated and the beginning of the creation of a new system of public administration was laid.

The Bolsheviks, having seized power, looked for ways to expand its social base. For these purposes, they negotiated with the leaders of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries on the conditions for their entry into the Council of People's Commissars. At the beginning of November 1917, at a plenary meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a compromise resolution “On the terms of the agreement of socialist parties” was adopted. It emphasized that an agreement is possible only if the Second Congress of Soviets is recognized as “the only source of power” and the “program of the Soviet government, as expressed in the decrees on land and peace,” is recognized.

Negotiations between the Bolsheviks and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries ended in December 1917 with the creation of a coalition government. Along with the Bolsheviks, the Council of People's Commissars included seven representatives of the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party. They headed the People's Commissariats of Agriculture (A.L. Kolegaev), Posts and Telegraphs (P.P. Proshyan), Local Government (V.E. Trutovsky), Property (V.A. Karelin) and Justice (I.Z. Steinberg) . In addition, V.A. Aglasov and A.I. Diamonds became people's commissars without a portfolio (with a casting vote). The first was a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, the second - the People's Commissariat of Finance. The Left Social Revolutionaries, occupying important positions in the cabinet, like the Bolsheviks, were responsible for the key areas of government activity in the conditions of the revolution. This made it possible to expand the social basis of management processes and thereby strengthen state power. The alliance with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries left a noticeable mark on the management practice of the first months of Soviet power. Representatives of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries were included not only in the central governing bodies, but also in the governments of national republics, the revolutionary committees of the bodies fighting counter-revolution, and the leadership of army units. With their direct participation, the “Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People” was developed and adopted by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which proclaimed Russia a Republic of Soviets. Together with the Bolsheviks, the Left Socialist Revolutionaries unanimously voted in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.

The bloc with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries allowed the Bolsheviks to solve the most important political and managerial task - to unite the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the Soviets of Peasants' Deputies. The unification took place at the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets in January 1918. At the congress, a new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was elected, which included 160 Bolsheviks and 125 left Socialist Revolutionaries.

However, the alliance with the Left Social Revolutionaries was short-lived. On March 18, 1918, not recognizing the ratification of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, the Left Socialist Revolutionaries left the government

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Sovnarkom of the RSFSR, SNK of the RSFSR) is the name of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from the October Revolution of 1917 to 1946. The SNK included people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (People's Commissariats, NK). Similar Councils of People's Commissars were created in other Soviet republics; During the formation of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was also created at the union level.

general information

The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917.

Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Bolshevik Central Committee instructed Kamenev and Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the government. During the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks invited the Left Socialist Revolutionaries to join the government, but they refused. The factions of the right Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.

The name "Council of People's Commissars" was proposed by Trotsky:

Power in St. Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.

What should I call it? - Lenin reasoned out loud. Just not ministers: this is a vile, worn-out name.

It could be commissioners, I suggested, but now there are too many commissioners. Perhaps high commissioners? No, “supreme” sounds bad. Is it possible to say “folk”?

People's Commissars? Well, that'll probably do. What about the government as a whole?

Council of People's Commissars?

The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin picked up, is excellent: it smells terrible of revolution.

The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The body of general administration of the affairs of the RSFSR - which in the Constitution of the RSFSR was called the "Council of People's Commissars" or the "Workers' and Peasants' Government" - was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees having the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions.

Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, and representatives of departments.

The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration, which prepared issues for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing commissions, and received delegations. The administrative staff in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (according to data from the Central State Archive of the Russian Federation of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, pp. 19 - 20.)

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.

[edit]Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:

management of general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of management (Articles 35, 37)

issuing legislative acts and taking measures “necessary for the correct and rapid flow of public life.” (v.38)

The People's Commissar has the right to individually make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel a resolution or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).

17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution this figure is indicated erroneously, since in the list presented in Article 43 there are 18 of them)..

on foreign affairs;

on military affairs;

on maritime affairs;

for internal affairs;

social security;

education;

Posts and telegraphs;

on nationalities affairs;

for financial matters;

communication routes;

agriculture;

trade and industry;

food;

State control;

Supreme Council of the National Economy;

healthcare.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, the members of which are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-Union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and order of activity of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925.

From this moment on, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to the Union departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:

domestic trade;

finance

internal affairs

enlightenment

health

agriculture

social security

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, representatives of the USSR People's Commissariats under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (according to information from the SU, 1924, N 70, art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration. (based on materials from the USSR Central State Archive of Ordinance, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.)

With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR on January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was accountable only to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, and in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.

Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has included 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):

Food Industry

light industry

forestry industry

agriculture

grain state farms

livestock farms

finance

domestic trade

health

enlightenment

local industry

utilities

social security

Also included in the Council of People's Commissars is the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

"I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (WHAT???)

Decree

On the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars

Educate to govern the country (which one???), until the convening of the Constituent Assembly, a provisional workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars. The management of individual branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, the composition of which must ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the Congress, in close unity with the mass organizations of workers, workers, sailors, soldiers, peasants and office workers. Government power belongs to the board of chairmen of these commissions, i.e. Council of People's Commissars.

Control over the activities of the People's Commissars and the right to remove them belongs to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central. Spanish to the committee.

At the moment, the Council of People's Commissars is composed of the following persons:

• Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin).

People's Commissars:

• for internal affairs - A. I. Rykov;


• agriculture - V. P. Milyutin;


• labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov;


• for military and naval affairs - a committee consisting of: V. A. Avseenko (Antonov), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko;


• for trade and industry affairs - V. P. Nogin;


• public education - A. V. Lunacharsky;


• finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov);


• for foreign affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky);


• Justice - G.I. Oppokov (Lomov);


• for food matters - I. A. Teodorovich;


• Posts and telegraphs - N. P. Avilov (Glebov);


• for national affairs - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin);

The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remains temporarily unfilled."

The most impressive thing is the word: “country”, of course, immediately after the title - the deputies of who knows what territory!

WIKI about SNK: "

Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Bolshevik Central Committee instructed Kamenev and Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the future government. During the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks invited the Left Socialist Revolutionaries to join the government, but they refused. The factions of the right Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.

The Council of People's Commissars was formed in accordance with the "" adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. The decree began with the words:

To govern the country, until the convening of the Constituent Assembly, to form a temporary workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars.

The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legislated by the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee received the right to form the Council of People's Commissars; The Council of People's Commissars was the body for the general management of the affairs of the RSFSR, with the right to issue decrees, while the All-Russian Central Executive Committee had the right to cancel or suspend any resolution or decision of the Council of People's Commissars.

Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, and representatives of departments.

The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration, which prepared issues for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing commissions, and received delegations. The staff of the administration in 1921 consisted of 135 people (according to the data of the Central State Administrative Department of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, pp. 19 - 20.).

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.

Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR

• management of general affairs of the RSFSR


• management of individual branches of management (Articles 35, 37)

The People's Commissar had the right to individually make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat headed by him, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-Union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation."

Plan
Introduction
1 General information
2 Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
3 The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia
4 Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
5 People's Commissars
6 Sources
Bibliography Introduction The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Sovnarkom of the RSFSR, SNK of the RSFSR) is the name of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from the October Revolution of 1917 to 1946. The Council consisted of people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (People's Commissariats, NK). After the formation of the USSR, a similar body was created at the union level. 1. General information The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. The name "Council of People's Commissars" was proposed by Trotsky: Power in St. Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government. - What should we call it? - Lenin reasoned out loud. Just not ministers: this is a vile, worn-out name. “It could be commissars,” I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Perhaps high commissioners? No, “supreme” sounds bad. Isn’t it possible “people’s”? - People’s Commissars? Well, that'll probably do. And the government as a whole? - Council of People's Commissars? - The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin picked up, is excellent: it smells terrible of revolution. According to the Constitution of 1918, it was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive power. administrative power, the right to issue decrees that have the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions. The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legislated by the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were resolved by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, and representatives of departments. The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration, which prepared issues for the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing commissions, and received delegations. The administrative staff in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (according to the data of the TsGAOR USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, pp. 19 - 20.) By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers. 2. Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:

management of the general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of management (Articles 35, 37), publication of legislative acts and adoption of measures “necessary for the correct and rapid flow of state life.” (v.38)

on foreign affairs; on military affairs; on maritime affairs; for internal affairs; Justice; labor; social security; education; Posts and telegraphs; on nationalities affairs; for financial matters; communication routes; agriculture; trade and industry; food; State control; Supreme Council of the National Economy; healthcare.

domestic trade; labor finance RKI internal affairs justice education health care agriculture social security Supreme Economic Council

food industry light industry forestry industry agriculture grain state farms livestock state farms finance domestic trade justice health education local industry public utilities social security

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - A. I. Rykov People's Commissar for Agriculture - V. P. Milyutin People's Commissar for Labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - committee, consisting of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov) (in the text of the Decree on the formation of the Council of People's Commissars - Avseenko), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko People's Commissar for Trade and Industry - V. P. Nogin People's Commissar of Public Education - A. V. Lunacharsky People's Commissar Finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov) People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky) People's Commissar for Justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov) People's Commissar for Food Affairs - I. A. Teodorovich People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - N P. Avilov (Glebov) People's Commissar for Nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin) The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remained temporarily unfilled.

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (October 27 (November 9) 1917 - January 21, 1924) Rykov, Alexey Ivanovich (February 2, 1924 - May 18, 1929) Syrtsov, Sergei Ivanovich (May 18, 1929 - November 3, 1930) Sulimov, Daniil Egorovich (November 3 1930 - July 22, 1937) Bulganin, Nikolai Alexandrovich (July 22, 1937 - September 17, 1938) Vakhrushev, Vasily Vasilyevich (July 29, 1939 - June 2, 1940) Khokhlov, Ivan Sergeevich (June 2, 1940 - June 23, 1943) Kosygin, Alexey Nikolaevich ( June 23, 1943 - March 23, 1946)

Rykov A. I. (from the end of May 1921-?) Tsyurupa A. D. (12/5/1921-?) Kamenev L. B. (Jan. 1922-?)

Trotsky L. D. (26.10.1917 - 8.04.1918) Chicherin G. V. (30.05.1918 - 21.07.1930)

Antonov-Ovseenko V. A. (10.26.1917-?) Krylenko N.V. (10.26.1917-?) Dybenko P. E. (10.26.1917-18.3.1918) Trotsky L. D. (8.4.1918 - 26.1.1925)

Rykov A. I. (10.26. - 11.4.1917) Petrovsky G. I. (11.17.1917-3.25.1919) Dzerzhinsky F. E. (30.3.1919-6.7.1923)

Lomov-Oppokov G. I. (10.26 - 12.12.1917) Steinberg I. Z. (12.12.1917 - 18.3.1918) Stuchka P. I. (18.3. - 22.8.1918) Kursky D. I. (22.8.1918 - 1928)

Shlyapnikov A.G. (10/26/1917 - 10/8/1918) Schmidt V.V. (10/8/1918-11/4/1919 and 4/26/1920-11/29/1920)

Kollontai A. M. (October 30, 1917-March 1918) Vinokurov A. N. (March 1918-11/4/1919; 4/26/1919-4/16/1921) Milyutin N. A. (acting People's Commissar, June-6.7. 1921)

Lunacharsky A. V. (26.10.1917-12.9.1929)

Glebov (Avilov) N. P. (10/26/1917-12/9/1917) Proshyan P. P. (12/9/1917 - 03/18/1918) Podbelsky V. N. (4/11/1918 - 2/25/1920) Lyubovich A. M. (24.3-26.5.1921) Dovgalevsky V. S. (26.5.1921-6.7.1923)

Stalin I.V. (26.10.1917-6.7.1923)

Skvortsov-Stepanov I. I. (10.26.1917 - 1.20.1918) Brilliantov M. A. (19.1.-03.18.1918) Gukovsky I. E. (April-16.8.1918) Krestinsky N. N. (16.8.1918 -October 1922) Sokolnikov G. Ya. (11/23/1922-1/16/1923)

Elizarov M. T. (8.11.1917-7.1.1918) Rogov A. G. (24.2.-9.5.1918) Kobozev P. A. (9.5.-June 1918) Nevsky V. I. (25.7.1918-15.3 .1919) Krasin L. B. (30.3.1919-20.3.1920) Trotsky L. D. (20.3-10.12.1920) Emshanov A. I. (20.12.1920-14.4.1921) Dzerzhinsky F. E. (14.4 .1921-6.7.1923)

Milyutin V.P. (26.10 - 4.11.1917) Kolegaev A.L. (24.11.1917 - 18.3.1918) Sereda S.P. (3.4.1918 - 10.02.1921) Osinsky N. (Deputy People's Commissar, 24.3. 1921-18.1.1922) Yakovenko V. G. (18.1.1922-7.7.1923)

Nogin V. P. (26.10. - 4.11.1917) Shlyapnikov A. G. (19.11.1917-Jan. 1918) Smirnov V. M. (25.1.1918-18.3.1918) Bronsky M. G. (18.3.- 11/12/1918) Krasin L. B. (11/12/1918-7/6/1923)

Teodorovich I. A. (26.10-18.12.1917) Shlikhter A. G. (18.12.1917 - 25.2.1918) Tsyurupa A. D. (25.2.1918-12.12.1921) Bryukhanov N. P. (12.12.1921- 6.7.1923)

Lander K. I. (9.5.1918 - 25.3.1919) Stalin I. V. (30.3.1919-7.2.1920)

Semashko N. A. (11.7.1918 - 25.1.1930)

Stalin I.V. (24.2.1920-25.4.1922) Tsyurupa A.D. (25.4.1922-6.7.1923)

Karelin V. A. (12/9/1917 - 03/18/1918) Malinovsky P. P. (3/18/1918 - 7/11/1918)

Trutovsky V. E. (12/19/1917 - 3/18/1918)

Osinsky N. (2.12.1917-22.3.1918) Milyutin V.P. (vrid) (23.3-28.5.1921) Rykov A.I. (3.4.1918-28.5.1921) Bogdanov P.A. (28.5.1921 -9.5.1923) Rykov A.I. (9.5.1923-2.2.1924)

Figures of the USSR and the revolutionary movement of Russia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989. - P. 826-827.

Evgeny Guslyarov. Lenin in life. A systematized collection of memoirs of contemporaries, documents of the era, versions of historians, OLMA-PRESS, 2004, ISBN: 5948501914 “The highest bodies of state power and central government bodies of the RSFSR (1917-1967). Directory (based on materials from state archives)" (prepared by the Central State Administration of the RSFSR), ch. Section I “Government of the RSFSR” “Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR” (adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918)

However, this list strongly diverges from official data on the composition of the first Council of People's Commissars. Firstly, writes Russian historian Yuri Emelyanov in his work “Trotsky. Myths and Personality,” it includes people’s commissars from various compositions of the Council of People’s Commissars, which have changed many times. Secondly, according to Emelyanov, Dikiy mentions a number of people’s commissariats that never existed at all! For example, on cults, on elections, on refugees, on hygiene... But the actually existing People's Commissariats of Railways, Posts and Telegraphs are not included in the Wild's list at all!
Further: Dikiy claims that the first Council of People's Commissars included 20 people, although it is known that there were only 15 of them.
A number of positions are listed inaccurately. Thus, Chairman of the Petrosovet G.E. Zinoviev never actually held the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. Proshyan, whom Dikiy for some reason calls “Protian,” was the People’s Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs, not of Agriculture.
Several of the mentioned “members of the Council of People’s Commissars” were never members of the government. I.A. Spitsberg was an investigator of the VIII liquidation department of the People's Commissariat of Justice. It is generally unclear who is meant by Lilina-Knigissen: either the actress M.P. Lilina, or Z.I. Lilina (Bernstein), who worked as head of the public education department of the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet. Cadet A.A. Kaufman participated as an expert in the development of land reform, but also had nothing to do with the Council of People's Commissars. The name of the People's Commissar of Justice was not Steinberg at all, but Steinberg...

SNK and People's Commissariats

Briefly:

The state structure of the RSFSR was federal in nature, the highest authority was the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Slaves, Soldiers, Soldiers and Cossacks and Cossack Deputies.

The Congress was elected by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), responsible to it, which formed the government of the RSFSR - the Congress of People's Commissars (SNK)

Local bodies were regional, provincial, district and volost congresses of councils, which formed their own executive committees.

Created “to govern the country until the convening of the Constituent Assembly.” 13 people's commissariats were formed - internal affairs, labor, military and naval affairs, trade and industry, public education, finance, foreign affairs, justice, food, post and telegraphs, nationalities, and communications. The chairmen of all people's commissariats were included in the Council of People's Commissars

The Council of People's Commissars had the right to replace individual members of the government or its entire composition. In emergency cases, the Council of People's Commissars could issue decrees without prior discussion. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars if they had national significance.

Council of People's Commissars

According to the Decree of the Second Congress of Soviets, “to govern the country,” a temporary 6 workers’ and peasants’ government was formed with the name – Council of People’s Commissars (abbreviated as SNK). “The management of individual branches of state life” was entrusted to commissions headed by chairmen. The chairmen united into a board of chairmen - the Council of People's Commissars. Control over the activities of the Council of People's Commissars and the right to remove commissars belonged to both the congress and its All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The work of the Council of People's Commissars was structured in the form of meetings, which were convened almost every day, and from December 1917 - in the form of meetings of deputy people's commissars, who by January 1918 were appointed to the permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars (Small Council of People's Commissars). Since February 1918, convening joint meetings of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars began to be practiced.

Initially, only the Bolsheviks entered the Council of People's Commissars. This situation was due to the following circumstances. The formation of a one-party system in Soviet Russia did not take shape immediately after the October Revolution, but much later, and was explained primarily by the fact that cooperation between the Bolshevik Party and the Menshevik and Right Socialist Revolutionary parties, who demonstratively left the Second Congress of Soviets and then went over to the opposition, became impossible. The Bolsheviks offered to join the government to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, who were then forming an independent party, but they refused to send their representatives to the Council of People's Commissars and took a wait-and-see approach, although they became members of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Despite this, the Bolsheviks, even after the Second Congress of Soviets, continued to look for ways to cooperate with the left Social Revolutionaries: as a result of negotiations between them in December 1917, an agreement was reached on the inclusion of seven representatives of left socialist revolutionaries into the Council of People's Commissars, which made up a third of its composition. This government bloc was necessary to strengthen Soviet power, to win over the broad peasant masses, among whom the Left Socialist Revolutionaries enjoyed serious influence. And although in March 1918 the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries left the Council of People's Commissars in protest of the signing of the Brest Peace, they remained in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, other government bodies, including the military department, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission under the Council of People's Commissars for the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage (from August 1918 - with counter-revolution, profiteering and crimes in office).

SNK- from July 6, 1923 to March 15, 1946, the highest executive and administrative (in the first period of its existence also legislative) body of the USSR, its government (in each union and autonomous republic there was also a Council of People's Commissars, for example, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR).

People's Commissar (People's Commissar) - a person who is part of the government and heads a certain people's commissariat (People's Commissariat) - the central body of state administration of a separate sphere of state activity.

The first Council of People's Commissars was established 5 years before the formation of the USSR, on October 27, 1917, by the Decree “On the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars,” adopted at the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Before the creation of the USSR in 1922 and the formation of the Union Council of People's Commissars, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR actually coordinated the interaction between the Soviet republics that arose on the territory of the former Russian Empire.