Style features of formal business style of speech. Formal business style
Vocabulary of business communication
1.2 Features of official business style
Officially, business style is a functional variety of the Russian literary language used in the sphere of public relations. Officially, business speech is typical for state, official documentation, the state with an individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.
Officially, business style refers to the written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in the texts of laws, orders, regulations, contracts, acts, certificates, powers of attorney. The oral form of the official business style of speech is represented by speech: reports at conferences, reports at meetings, judicial speech, office telephone conversation.
The general stylistic features of formal business speech are:
Precision of presentation;
Detail of presentation;
Stereotyping, standard presentation.
A strict official tone is also associated with the prescriptive or ascertaining nature of official documents, and standardization, uniformity of design - with the uniformity and frequent repetition of official business situations (in addition, the presence of standard forms of documents facilitates paperwork and prevents the occurrence of possible errors). Specificity involves the indication in official documents of specific actions, persons, dates, the absence of vague or insufficiently clear formulations.
The official business style itself, like the scientific one, is alien to emotional and expressive coloring. Indeed, in the linguistic means of the official business style there are no additional, additional assessments of the speaker (writer) that would be layered on linguistic units beyond their lexical, nominative or grammatical meaning. On the contrary, the linguistic units selected here are designed to convey the relevant concepts and facts as accurately and unambiguously as possible.
Official business style texts represent a huge variety of genres: charter, law, order, instruction, contract, instruction, complaint, recipe, various kinds of statements, as well as many business genres (autobiography, questionnaire). The expression of legal will in business documents determines the properties, main features of business speech and the social and organizational use of language. Genres of official business style perform informational, prescriptive, and ascertaining functions in various fields of activity.
The content of a conversation can be forgotten, misremembered, misunderstood, and even deliberately distorted. But if the text has been preserved in written form (and recorded according to all the rules), then anyone who reads it can be confident in the accuracy of the information contained in it. There are a number of circumstances when storing written information is not only desirable, but also necessary.
There are three substyles of official business style, depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts:
1 Diplomatic substyle - serves the area of international relations, politics, as it is associated with the implementation of the international policy of the state. Diplomatic activity has always had a pronounced ritual character. Types of documents: agreements, notes, conventions.
2 Legislative substyle - serves mainly the area of legal documents, and is distinguished by greater stylistic and linguistic homogeneity than documents of other substyles. Legal terminology: appeal, plaintiff, immunity. There are many antonyms here, since legislative speech reflects opposing interests, contrasts and compares concepts: rights and obligations, work and rest, voluntarily and compulsorily, withhold and accrue. The language of laws had a great influence on the formation of the entire official business style; it has originally been the basis of business speech. Types of documents: decrees, civil and criminal acts.
3 Managerial substyle - serves the area of administrative and departmental organizations, industrial relations. The managerial substyle has its own administrative and managerial terminology (names of institutions, positions, types of official documents). Only in the texts of the managerial substyle are used verb forms in the 1st person, sometimes personal pronouns. This is due to specification, with a precise indication of the author of the text. In the texts of the managerial sub-style, along with neutral and bookish vocabulary, words and fixed phrases with the coloring of an official business style are used. Types of documents: charters, contracts, instructions, orders, receipts.
The genres of official business style, as well as other styles, according to M.M. Bakhtin certain “relatively stable thematic, compositional and stylistic types” of works." In an official business style (comparatively, for example...
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Vocabulary of business communication
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Official business style. Stylistic features. Language features.
Among book styles, the official business style is the most clearly defined. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in government agencies, in court, during business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the sphere of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style is subject to serious changes under the influence of socio-historical changes in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language due to its stability, traditionality, isolation and standardization.
The authors of the textbook “Culture of Russian Speech” note: “Business style is a set of linguistic means, the function of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations, i.e. relations that arise between state bodies, between or within organizations, between organizations and individuals in the process of their production, economic, and legal activities.” And further: “The breadth of this sphere allows us to distinguish at least three substyles (varieties) of business style: 1) the actual official business style (clerical); 2) legal (the language of laws and decrees); 3) diplomatic."
Standardization of business speech (primarily the language of mass standard documentation) is one of the most noticeable features of the official business style. The standardization process is developing mainly in two directions: a) the widespread use of ready-made, already established verbal formulas, stencils, stamps (for example, standard syntactic models with denominate prepositions in order, in connection with, in accordance with, etc., which is quite is natural, since it greatly simplifies and facilitates the process of compiling standard texts of business papers), b) in the frequent repetition of the same words, forms, phrases, structures, in the desire for uniformity in the ways of expressing thoughts in similar situations, in the refusal to use expressive means of language .
The process of standardization of business speech is closely related to the process of phraseologization. This can be seen in examples of the use of verbonominants (verb-nominal phrases) in numerous documentation, which in business language become a universal means and are often used instead of the actual verb forms parallel to them: provide assistance (instead of help), repair (instead of repair), carry out an investigation (instead of investigating), etc. Verbonominants widely penetrate into business language due to the fact that in some cases their use becomes mandatory (there is no other way to say it): to allow a marriage, to commit a crime, to perform duties, to take a position, to assign responsibility. Their meaning may not coincide with the meaning of the verbs parallel to them: the combination conduct competition is not identical to the verb compete. Verbonominants not only name the action, but also express certain additional semantic shades and accurately qualify certain phenomena. For example, hit-and-run is a terminological phrase that is the official name for a certain type of road accident.
Other features of the official business style (besides standardization) are accuracy, imperativeness, objectivity and documentation, specificity, formality, and conciseness.
The linguistic means of the official business style form a relatively closed system, the basis of which is specific units of three levels: lexical, morphological and syntactic.
At the lexical level, in addition to commonly used and neutral words, we can distinguish: a) words and phrases used mainly in official documents and fixed in administrative and clerical speech (proper, due, above, undersigned, failure to fulfill, forward, bearer, guarantor, protect rights and freedom, ensure equality, etc.); b) terms, professionalisms and phrases of a terminological nature, which is determined by the content of official documents (the most common terms are legal, diplomatic, accounting: act, collection, legislation, respondent, recall (ambassador), ratify, applicant, etc.).
Many of the words with the coloring of an official business style form antonymic pairs: plaintiff ¾ defendant, democracy ¾ dictatorship, punished ¾ acquitted, aggravating ¾ mitigating (circumstances), etc.
In connection with the streamlining of the approach to terminology, two concepts began to be distinguished: “vocabulary with the coloring of an official business style” and “clericalism”. The first name reflects the place of the corresponding words in the system of general literary language, their functional and stylistic coloring. For example, lexical units recipient (this) or due, non-subordinate, undersigned, compensation, appeal, collection, discovery, superior, etc. in business documents should be considered functionally colored. The second name, “clericalisms,” can refer to the same lexical units, but only when they are unintentionally used in a text with a different stylistic overtones, for example, in a journalistic or conversational style, i.e. in cases of functionally unjustified transfer. For example, in N. Kislik’s poem we read: “I am writing to you, ¾ everything to you. I have loaded the communication service to capacity...”. The phrase “communication service” can be attributed to clericalism (though it performs a certain stylistic function in a given literary text). In the lexical system of the official business style, it is not clericalisms that function, but words with the coloring of the official business style. A specific feature of the lexical system of the official business style is also the presence in it of archaisms and historicisms, often used in the nominative function (for example, in the texts of diplomatic documents - assurance of respect, this, such, that, His Majesty, His Excellency, sir, etc. ). This style completely lacks slang, colloquial words, dialectisms, and words with an emotionally expressive connotation. Often used here are complex abbreviations for elephants, abbreviated names of various organizations and institutions (ZhREO, ZhES, research institutes, Central Design Bureau, KTS, Labor Code, student council, trade union committee, workshop, etc.).
The phraseology of the official business style also has specific features. There are no figurative phrases, no phrases with reduced stylistic coloring, etc. But stylistically neutral and cross-style phraseological units are very widely represented (to have meaning, to play a role, to hold a position, scope of application, to cause damage, location, etc.). There is also a frequent use of expressions related to assessment, but devoid of any expressiveness: to be, to be at the level of something; bottleneck; common place, etc. In the official business style, standard figures of speech are frequent, stable in nature, containing denominative prepositions, indicating the nature of the motivation for actions such as in connection with the instruction, stay, order (Ministry, head office, management), in accordance with the achieved by agreement (agreement), in order to provide technical (material, production) assistance, etc. In the language of official documents, they perform the same function as stable combinations such as take note, take into account, bring to attention, etc. A characteristic feature of this style is the functioning of attributive-nominal phrases such as: conviction, writ of execution, disciplinary sanctions, acquittal, preliminary investigation, cassation appeal, higher authorities, established procedure.
It should also be noted the purely nominal nature of the official business style. The same noun in business texts can be repeated even in adjacent sentences and not be replaced by a pronoun. In colloquial speech or in a literary text, such use would be qualified as a tautology (unjustified repetition of the same word). In an official business style, such repetitions are functionally determined, since with their help it is possible to avoid misinterpretations. For example:
The territory of the Republic of Belarus is a natural condition of existence and the spatial limit of self-determination of the people, the basis of their well-being and sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus.
The territory of Belarus is united and inalienable.
The territory is divided into regions, districts, cities and other administrative-territorial units. The administrative-territorial division of the state is determined by legislation (Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, Art. 9).
In the official business style, nouns are widely used that name people on the basis of some action or relationship: adoptive parent, tenant, plaintiff, defendant, witness, tenant, applicant, etc. The use of nouns denoting positions and ranks in this style is possible only in the masculine form: police officer Lavrenova, witness Vilchinskaya, applicant Fedorova, etc.
Verbal nouns with -nie, -enie are widely represented in the official business style: execution, notification, offense, resolution, resolution (of disputes), subordination, division, etc.; Verbal nouns with the prefix non- are high-frequency: non-election, non-recognition, non-return, shortfall, non-fulfillment, etc.
A striking feature of the official business style is the use of denominate prepositions in it: by virtue of, for the purpose of, in part, on the subject, in the name of, in the course of, etc. (in accordance with the plan of scientific, technical and cultural cooperation; in order to improve the teaching of Russian language in universities; in case of failure by the administration to comply with the decision of the commission; higher authorities in the order of subordination; list No. 2 compared to list No. 1; in case of recognition of valid reasons).
To indicate cause and effect, the preposition by with the dative case is used: for family reasons, for illness, for good reasons, etc.
To indicate a period, the prepositions from - to, and not from ¾ to: from 1983 to 1989 (and not: from 1983 to 1989) are usually used.
Numerals in official business style are written in numbers, with the exception of such monetary documents as bills, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.
A feature of the official business style is also the predominant use of the infinitive compared to other verbal forms. For example:
Everyone has the right to independently determine their attitude to religion, to profess any religion alone or jointly with others or not to profess any, to express and disseminate beliefs related to their attitude to religion, to participate in the performance of religious cults, rituals, and ceremonies not prohibited by law (Constitution of the Republic Belarus, art. 31).
Of the conjugated ones here, the forms of verbs most often used are the present tense, the so-called “present instructions”: If the defense attorney is unable to appear within this period, the investigator takes the measures provided for in part 3 of Article 47 of this Code (Fundamentals of Criminal Proceedings). The meaning of this form is to indicate the action that the law requires to be performed, i.e. on what should be done.
The imperative nature of speech, which presupposes subsequent obligatory actions of the addressee, requires completeness and accuracy of expression in this style. This largely explains the complexity of the syntax of official business speech, which reflects the tendency towards detail and classification, towards consideration in the unity of the stating and prescriptive sides, cause-and-effect and conditional-effect relationships.
The syntactic features of the style under consideration are closely related to lexical and morphological ones. High-frequency constructions are with denominal prepositions:
For the purpose of reviewing the progress made by States Parties in fulfilling the obligations undertaken in accordance with this Convention, a Committee on the Rights of the Child shall be established which shall perform the functions provided for below.
The initial elections to the Committee shall be held no later than six months from the date of entry into force of this Convention (Convention on the Rights of the Child, Art. 43).
It is not uncommon to use constructions containing an infinitive with the meaning of must, for example: Decisions made by the meeting must be announced to everyone working at the enterprise. Simple sentences with homogeneous members are widespread, the number of which sometimes reaches ten or more: Training in higher educational institutions is carried out on the basis of the achievements of modern science and technology, in conditions of close integration of the educational process with the scientific, practical (creative) activities of students and teachers. For this purpose, research institutions, laboratories, educational, production and research enterprises, design, engineering and technological bureaus, workshops, other enterprises and organizations specialized in training specialists are created in higher educational institutions or at them (Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Education in Republic of Belarus”, Article 20).
In the official business style, compared to others, the use of passive constructions increases significantly. For example:
It should be borne in mind that these changes are made only to the birth certificate (in both copies). A new birth certificate is issued (the old one is destroyed) (Commentary to the Code on Marriage and Family of the Republic of Belarus).
Complex sentences (especially with subordinate clauses) are widespread in the style under consideration. For example:
A judge does not have the right to accept an application to establish paternity if a certain person is indicated as the father in the child’s birth record. The application is refused on the basis of clause 9 of Art. 125 Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Belarus.
If the birth of a child has not yet been registered with the registry office, then the application is refused on the basis of clause 9 of Art. 125 Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Belarus (Comments to the Code on Marriage and Family of the Republic of Belarus).
Word order is often used in which the rheme of the preceding sentence becomes the theme of the subsequent one, which contributes to a special logical cohesion of statements in a coherent text. For example: The Executive Committee issues a warrant for the occupation of residential premises. The order specifies its validity period. During this period, the order must be submitted to the house management (from the instructions).
In simple sentences, it is common to: a) place the subject before the predicate; b) definitions ¾ before the word being defined; c) circumstances ¾ closer to the word being defined; d) introductory words ¾ at the beginning of the sentence (see examples above).
The complexity of the syntax of the official business style is most often created due to specific distributors in phrases and the abundance of homogeneous members in the listed series:
States Parties recognize the important role of the media and ensure that the child has access to information and materials from a variety of national and international sources, especially those aimed at promoting social, spiritual and moral well-being, as well as healthy physical and mental health. mental development of the child. To this end, participating States:
a) encourage the media to disseminate information and materials that are socially and culturally beneficial to the child, and in the spirit of Article 29;
b) encourage international cooperation in the preparation, exchange and dissemination of such information and materials from various cultural, national and international sources;
c) encourage the production and distribution of children's literature;
d) encourage the media to pay special attention to the linguistic needs of a child belonging to a minority group or indigenous population (Convention on the Rights of the Child, Art. 17).
In official business documents, coordinating conjunctions are most often found, for example:
Students of higher education and students of secondary specialized and vocational educational institutions have the right to enter into contracts with enterprises and organizations in the manner determined by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus. Contracts may provide for partial or full payment of the cost of training, payment of scholarships and other conditions, as well as obligations of students or students (Law “On Education in the Republic of Belarus”, Article 30).
A feature of the syntax of this style is also the predominant use of indirect speech. Direct speech is resorted to only when legislative acts and other documents are quoted verbatim.
Some syntactic complexity of the official business style is compensated for by clichés and standardization. Sometimes mastering them requires special training. If it is necessary to use clichés on a large scale, printed forms and certain forms are used, which are given in special reference books.
In addition to all these features, the style in question also has some other characteristics. For example, the heading and paragraph division of texts, as well as the so-called details (permanent elements): title of the document, indication of the addressee and author, statement of the essence of the case, date and signature of the author (person or organization), etc., play an important role. The person preparing this or that document needs to know the amount of details, their relationship and sequence of presentation. This forms the form of the document. Below are examples of some business papers.
To the Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov
Professor Smirnov A.I.
Associate Professor of the Department of Computer Science Melnikov F.I.
Official business style (OBC) serves the sphere of official relations in which participants in communication perform certain social functions. Situations during such communication are as typical as possible, which gives rise to the standard speech behavior of their participants, therefore many documents are ready-made forms in which you only need to enter the passport data of the document submitter.
The term “official business style” is usually used to designate the peculiarities of the language of official (organizational and administrative) and diplomatic documents. The main function of the official business style is that, requiring a certain form for the written presentation of the content, it gives the text the character of a document and transfers the various aspects of human relations reflected in this text into the category of official business documents.
The main features of ODS are precision of formulation, standard arrangement of material, regulation (limited set of linguistic means), rigor and simplicity, information richness, written form of presentation and impersonality of the statement.
ODS is divided into three substyles - legal, diplomatic and clerical and business. Each of them is reflected in a number of genres. The genres of the legal substyle include the constitution, code, law, charter, resolution; the genres of the diplomatic substyle include a credential, note of protest, declaration, communiqué; the genres of the clerical and business substyle include orders, contracts, notices, orders, as well as all types of documents. of a personal nature (application, complaint, receipt, power of attorney, letter, report / official / explanatory note, autobiography, etc.).
Among the linguistic features of the official business style, the following should be highlighted. To the lexical features of ODS refers to the presence of stable expressions and terms denoting the realities of social life, as well as clericalisms that immediately catch the eye, are imprinted and later emerge in a spontaneous and unprepared form in colloquial speech ( proper, undersigned, hear, plaintiff, individual, consumer and etc.). ODS texts lack emotionally expressive vocabulary, evaluative and introductory modal words ( good, bad, like, want, probably, maybe, etc.). The words used in the texts are characterized by limited lexical compatibility, for example, official letter not written, A is being compiled.
In morphological terms the use of short forms of adjectives with the meaning of must is noted ( obliged, responsible, accountable) and participles ( the decision was made, the candidacy was supported), an abundance of denominate prepositions and conjunctions ( accordingly, in continuation, for purposes, due to the fact that). To express imperativeness, infinitive constructions are used, reinforced by adverbs and modal words ( repairs must be made, I order that measures be taken, it is necessary to begin... etc.).
On syntactic features ODS texts include the active use of passive constructions ( the order is completed, it is not possible, negotiations are completed) and an abundance of sentences with homogeneous members and isolated phrases, various kinds of cliches and cliches with archaic elements ( according to the act, the punishability of the act).
ODS texts are characterized by sentences with inversion - the subject with an objective meaning follows the predicate ( Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience). Sentences with participial and adverbial phrases make the text information-rich. The texts are dominated by constructions with “stringing” of genitive cases of nouns without prepositions ( Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation is prohibited).
Official business texts are characterized by a high degree of segmentation, which allows you to clearly structure the text, dividing it into articles, paragraphs, paragraphs, and subparagraphs. The text is built according to a template (form), which includes all the elements required for a given genre.
ODS texts, or documents, occupy a significant place in the life of a modern person. They regulate our social life, so we feel the need for them every day. That is why each of us must be able not only to correctly interpret a document, but also to draft it correctly. The author composing this or that document must use in it those linguistic means that the genre of the document requires of him, and not “invent” his own phrases that differ from the standard ones.
The document is created in accordance with the genre model of the text with a constant composition, which includes mandatory thematic blocks, i.e. details.
For example, a job application contains the following details:
1) indication of the addressee (name of the manager and enterprise);
2) indication of the addressee;
3) name of the genre of the document (statement);
4) the main content of the request (please accept me...);
5) indication of the date of preparation of the document;
6) signature (handwritten signature).
It is necessary to strictly observe the requirements for the location of details in relation to each other. In the application, the addressee and addressee are indicated in the upper right corner of the sheet. The title of the document (with a capital letter and without a period at the end, if the addressee uses the preposition “from”, or with a lowercase letter and with a period at the end, if the addressee does not have the preposition “from”) is located in the middle, and the main content is along the width of the sheet. The date is placed at the bottom left, and the signature is placed at the right, on the same line as the date. In this case, empty lines are left between the details. Below the date and signature, free space is left for the resolution. Resolutions are also in the top left corner.
The official business style is the most common style, which functions not only in clerical work and diplomacy, but also in any official relations, for example, in production, at a university, in medical institutions, in a newspaper, etc.
When drawing up documents, generally accepted stable speech patterns are used: I ask your permission to...; I, who have signed below...; the certificate was given... that... indeed...; let me invite you...; I, who live at the address..., trust...
It is extremely important for documents to use the correct verbs such as trust, assure, guarantee, declare, notify, insist, confirm, notify, offer, order etc. These verbs are used in the first person plural or singular form in sentences without a subject, as well as the third person singular when mentioning the addresser, for example: “I ask”, not “I ask”; “we undertake”, not “we undertake”.
The author of the document must be able to accurately and concisely express his point of view on the issue of interest to him. To do this, he must know linguistic means expressing cause-and-effect and other logical relationships, which, first of all, include complex conjunctions and denominate prepositions: for the reason, for the purposes of, on the basis of, in order to avoid, in accordance with, according to, thanks to, in view of and so on.
In official business papers, you should correctly use etiquette formulas of address, indicating the addressee’s respectful attitude towards the addressee: Thank you for..., We kindly ask you..., Unfortunately... It should be borne in mind that in a business letter the second person pronouns ( You, Your) are written with a capital letter, while in ordinary written speech such spelling contradicts the norms of Russian spelling.
In official business papers, familiar address to the addressee is not allowed ( Expensive…), indication of response time in ultimatum form ( Please answer me immediately...)or refusal to the addressee’s request without specifying reasons.
Typical errors in business speech include the following violations:
1) unmotivated use of foreign words ( prolong instead of extend; appeal instead of address);
2) the use of archaisms ( which instead of which, this year instead of this year);
3) incorrect use of paronyms ( graduated from university instead of graduated from university; introduce the products instead of introduce the products);
4) violation of the norms of using prepositions ( thanks, according to, despite, according to combined with the dative case; as a result, during differ in their spelling from prepositional-case combinations An experienced detective is involved in the investigation; there are rapids along the river).
Here are two options for writing a statement:.
Option 1 (application from whom):
prof. A.M. Shammazov
from a second year student
Faculty of Technology
Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich.
Statement
I ask you to transfer me to part-time study for family reasons. An extract from the academic certificate about the tests and exams I passed is attached.
07/25/2012 Personal signature
Option 2 (whose statement):
Rector of Ufa State
Petroleum Technical University
prof. A.M. Shammazov
second year student
Faculty of Technology
Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich
statement.
In connection with the request of the enterprise, which sent me at its own expense for training, I ask you to transfer me to the specialty “Drilling of oil and gas wells”. A letter from the HR department of Burintech LLC is attached.
Among the bookish styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. The official business style is characterized by the presence of numerous speech standards - clichés.
Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material. It is no coincidence that in business practice ready-made forms are often used that are asked to be filled out. Even envelopes are usually labeled in a certain order; this is convenient for both writers and postal workers.
Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, business papers, etc. Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, official business style is generally characterized by a number of common features. These include:
1) conciseness, compact presentation, economical use of language;
2) standard arrangement of material, frequent use of form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, certificates, monetary documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;
3) wide use of terminology, nomenclature of names (legal, diplomatic, military, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), inclusion of complex abbreviations and abbreviations in the text;
4) frequent use of verbal nouns, denominal prepositions (in basis), as well as various stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (by for the reason that...);
5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with listing;
6) direct word order in a sentence as the predominant principle of its construction;
7) the tendency to use complex sentences that reflect the logical subordination of some factors to others;
8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;
9) weak individualization of style.
There are two types of formal business style: official documentary style and everyday business. In the first, we can distinguish the language of legislative documents related to the activities of government bodies and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations. In everyday business style, correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and private business papers, on the other, differ in content and genre.
The language of legislative documents includes vocabulary and phraseology of state, civil, criminal law, various codes, as well as vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies and the official activities of citizens.
The language of diplomacy is characterized by bookish, “high” vocabulary, used to create a certain solemnity and give the document emphasized significance. Diplomatic materials also use expressions related to etiquette and representing generally accepted formulas of politeness: I ask you, Mr. Ambassador, to accept...
5. Journalistic style of speech, its main features. The main genres of journalistic style.
The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”.
The words journalistic (socio-political literature on modern, topical topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics) have the same root as the word journalistic.
Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings:
1) visitors, spectators, listeners;
2) people, people.
The purpose of the journalistic style of speech - informing, transmitting socially significant information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.
The scope of use of journalistic style of speech - socio-economic, political, cultural relations.
Genres of journalism - article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.
For journalistic style of speech characteristic:
Logic,
Imagery,
Emotionality,
Evaluativeness,
Callability
and their corresponding linguistic means.
It widely uses socio-political vocabulary and various types of syntactic constructions.
Journalistic text is often is being built as scientific reasoning: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways to solve it are analyzed and assessed, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.
Publicistic speeches distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, strict validity. This also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech.
On the other hand, for journalistic speech is typical
passion, appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is general availability: It is intended for a wide audience and should be understandable to everyone.
The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. To effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and others figurative means, resorts to the help of colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that enhance emotional impact of speech.
The journalistic articles of V.G. Belinsky, N.A. are widely known. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians V.S. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by outstanding Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Gobber.
M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov, I.G. Ehrenburg.
Writers S. Zalygin, V.G. are known for their journalistic articles. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V. Lakshin, academician D.S. Likhachev.
The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory and ability to speak.
6. Artistic style of speech, its main features. Scope of use.
The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.
Artistic style is a way for writers to express themselves, so it is typically used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays) texts written in advance are read. Historically, artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels, novels).
The features of the artistic style are:
2. Language means are a way of conveying an artistic image, emotional state and mood of the narrator.
3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonymies, etc., emotionally expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.
4. Multi-style. The use of linguistic means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subordinated to the implementation of the creative concept. These combinations gradually create what is called the author's style.
5. The use of verbal ambiguity - words are selected in such a way that with their help not only “to draw” images, but also to put hidden meaning into them.
6. The information transfer function is often hidden. The purpose of artistic style is to convey the author’s emotions, to create a mood and emotional state in the reader.
7.Text. Features, text structure. Information processing of text. Paragraph.
Tex-. These are two or more sentences or several paragraphs, connected into a whole by a theme and main idea, forming a statement, a speech work.
Subject- this is a designation of the subject of speech, that is, those life phenomena or issues that are selected by the author and depicted in his work (often the topic is reflected in the title).
Mainsigns of the text are:
1) completeness, semantic completeness, which manifests itself in the complete (from the author’s point of view) disclosure of the plan and in the possibility of autonomous perception and understanding text;
2) connectivity, manifested, firstly, in the arrangement of sentences in a sequence that reflects the logic of the development of thought (semantic coherence); secondly, in a certain structural organization, which is formed using the lexical and grammatical means of language;
3) stylistic unity, which is that text always formalized stylistically: as a colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic or artistic style.
4) integrity, which manifests itself in coherence, completeness and stylistic unity taken together.
The structure of a text refers to its internal structure. The units of internal text structure are:
- statement (implemented proposal);
- a series of statements combined semantically and syntactically into a single fragment;
- block fragments (a set of interphrase unities that provide integrity to the text through the implementation of distant and contact semantic and thematic connections).
Units of the semantic-grammatical (syntactic) and compositional level are interconnected.
Its stylistic and stylistic characteristics are closely related to the semantic, grammatical and compositional structure of the text.
Each text reveals a certain more or less clearly expressed functional-style orientation (scientific text, fiction, etc.) and has stylistic qualities dictated by this orientation and, moreover, by the individuality of the author.
The structure of the text is determined by the topic, the information expressed, the conditions of communication, the purpose of a particular message and the chosen style of presentation.
Paragraph - 1) indentation at the beginning of the line, “red” line.. Each new paragraph reflects one or another stage in the development of actions, one or another characteristic feature in the description of an object, in the characterization of a hero, one or another thought in reasoning, in evidence. There are paragraphs consisting of one sentence. Direct speech is often written from a paragraph, as well as the text that follows it.
Information processing of text– the process of extracting the necessary information from the source text.
8. Functional and semantic types of speech. Forms of speech. Types of speech.
Depending on the content of the statement, our speech is divided into three types:
· description;
· narration;
· reasoning.
The description speaks of simultaneous signs, the narration speaks of sequential actions, and the reasoning speaks of the causes of properties and phenomena.
Description: A huge bird swam on the black water. Its plumage shimmered in lemon and pink colors. It was as if there was a beak with a red leather bag glued to the head.
Narration: The pelican hurriedly crawled ashore and hobbled towards our rest stop. Then he saw a fish, opened his beak, snapped it with a wooden sound, shouted “wek” and began desperately beating his wings and stamping his paws.
Reasoning: Pelicans cannot dive. This is due to the special structure of the bones and the presence of subcutaneous air sacs (according to K. Paustovsky).
The description can be used in any style of speech, but in a scientific style, the description of the subject should be extremely complete, and in an artistic one, the emphasis is placed only on the most striking details. Therefore, the linguistic means in the artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific one. In the first there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons and various figurative uses of words are very common.
The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about subsequent actions. The message about changing events is what is “new” in the sentences of such a text. The “data” is the person performing the action. Narratives often use verbs in the past perfect form. But in order to give expressiveness to the text, others are used simultaneously with these forms.
There are two parts to any argument. The first contains a thesis, i.e. a statement that needs to be proven. The second part provides justification for the idea expressed: arguments and examples are given. In reasoning there is often a third part – the conclusion. Thesis and justification are usually connected by the conjunctions because, since. The conclusion is added with the words therefore, thus, therefore. Complete reasoning, the parts of which are connected by conjunctions, is especially common in scientific and business speech. In colloquial and artistic speech, incomplete reasoning is more common, and conjunctions are omitted.
9. The word in the lexical system of the language. Polysemy of the word. Homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and their use.
Word- a special unit of language. It is impossible to imagine a language without words.
The set of words forms the vocabulary of a language, or vocabulary. Vocabulary reflects reality, names various concepts - objects, signs, phenomena, processes: forest, trees, deaf, leaf fall, spinning.
One word can have several meanings. It names a number of interrelated objects and concepts: land is “land”, and “surface”, and “soil”, and “territory”, and “state”, which are located on the planet.
The meanings of the word are also related to its origin. In Latin, a person is called homo (from humus - “earth”, “soil”, “fertile layer”). This emphasizes that man is an earthly creature.
One meaning-concept can be expressed in different words. “The one who teaches” is a teacher, mentor, lecturer, educator.
Ambiguous words- words that have two or more lexical meanings.
Examples of polysemous words:
hand(part of the body - left hand; handwriting, creative style - master's hand).
Homonyms- these are words that have different meanings, but the same spelling:
(example) In fields not mowed with a scythe,
It rained all morning.
Synonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, very close in their lexical meaning. These words are the most precise means of expression:
(example) The sun shone, the steppe sighed, the grass glittered in the diamonds of the rain, and the grass sparkled with gold.
Synonymous series consist of words of one part of speech: face - physiognomy - erysipelas. May include words of different styles.
Synonyms that connect parts of the text, allow you to avoid repetitions of the same word, bring together words that are not synonymous in the language (in the context of the text), are called contextual synonyms:
(example) The blue summer floated by
The blue summer was leaving.
Absolute synonyms are words that completely coincide in meaning.
Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings.
(example)They got along. Water and stone.
Poetry and prose, ice and fire.
Not so different from each other.
Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs by contrast, as in extreme opposites.
Paronyms- these are words with the same root, the same part of speech, close in meaning and sound. The sentences perform the same syntactic functions: deep - deep, heroism - heroism.
Mixing paronyms- a gross violation of literary forms of word usage.
Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative and public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, courts, as well as in various types of business oral communication.
Among book styles, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic phrases - give it a generally conservative character.
The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally charged words, conciseness, and compactness of presentation.
In official papers, the set of linguistic means used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is linguistic cliches, or so-called cliches. A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author; on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use.
Official business style is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:
- 1). accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;
- 2). locale standard.
These traits find their expression:
- a) in the selection of linguistic means (lexical, morphological and syntactic);
- b) in the preparation of business documents.
Let's consider the features of official business style.
The main area in which the official business style operates is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication.
Texts of official business style of speech represent a huge variety of genres: charter, law, order, regulation, contract, instruction, complaint, recipe, various kinds of statements, autobiography, explanatory note, questionnaire, statistical report, etc.
The expression of legal will in business documents determines the properties, main features of business speech and the social and organizational use of language. The genres of official business style perform informational, prescriptive, and ascertaining functions in various fields of activity, therefore the main form of implementation of this style is written.
Despite the differences in the content of individual genres and the degree of their complexity, official business speech has common stylistic features: accuracy of presentation, which does not allow the possibility of differences in interpretation; detail of presentation; stereotyping, standard presentation; the dutifully prescriptive nature of the presentation. To this we can add such features as formality, rigor of expression of thought, objectivity, logic - which is characteristic of scientific speech.
The function of social regulation, which plays the most important role in official business speech, imposes on the corresponding texts the requirement of unambiguous reading. In this regard, each text should be characterized by such accuracy in the presentation of information that would not allow the possibility of different interpretations. An official document will serve its purpose if its content is carefully thought out and its language is impeccable.
It is this goal that determines the standard design of many business documents (personnel records sheet, questionnaire, receipt for payment of housing and communal services, etc.).
Consider an example: “When studying any international agreement, and in particular an agreement on the elimination of double taxation, it is first necessary to clearly define its scope in two aspects:
- - taxes covered by the agreement;
- - territories covered by the agreement.”
Even in this short passage there are words and phrases with an official legal connotation (international agreement, double taxation, taxes), the phrase “needs to be determined” expressing the obligation, such features as the severity of expression of thought, impartial statement, complete impersonality of presentation.
The official business style is characterized by a tendency to reduce the number of meanings of words, up to narrow terminology. Therefore, texts of this style often provide precise definitions of the words and concepts used. Polysemy (polysemy), metaphorical use of words, use of words in figurative meanings are unacceptable, synonyms are used to an insignificant extent (as a rule, they belong to the same style).
Typical for business language are complex words formed from two or more words: tenant, employer, material and technical, above, below, etc. The formation of such words is explained by the desire of business language to accurately convey meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The same purpose is served by phrases of a “non-idiomatic” nature, for example, destination, higher education institution, tax return, joint-stock company, housing cooperative, etc. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the clichédness of the linguistic means used, which gives the texts of an official business style a standard character.
Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized in semantic terms, i.e. Everything that is sharply unique, concrete, and unique has been eliminated, and the typical has been brought to the fore.
Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns (replenishing the budget, providing housing, serving the population, taking measures) and participles (given, indicated, above-named). Complex denominative prepositions are widely used (in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, upon reaching, upon returning).
Typically, a sentence contains a fairly large amount of information and is designed to be read again. Simple sentences are often complicated by homogeneous members, which is due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. Passive structures are actively used; complex sentences with a subordinate clause: “The procedure for conducting the meeting and examining additional evidence, if it was presented, to the appellate instance is determined by the presiding officer. As a general rule, explanations from the persons participating in the case and their representatives are first heard. First, the person who filed the appeal and his representative speak. In the event of an appeal by both parties, the plaintiff will act first.”
In this passage, the first sentence is a complex sentence with a subordinate clause. The following sentences contain several participles (participating, submitting), a passive verb (being heard), and a complex denominative preposition (in the case). Strict logic and precision of presentation determine the sequence of actions in the presented situation. This text acts as a regulation and establishes the procedure for considering an appeal.