Stylistic features of the artistic style. Artistic style of speech

A linguistic-stylistic feature of an artistic style is called special life of the word in thin work. Its specific. feature is updating internal form(G.O. Vinokur), when the means of language (in particular, lexical) and their meanings turn out to be the basis from which the artist creates a poetic word-metaphor, entirely oriented towards the theme and idea of ​​a particular artist. works. Moreover, the metaphorical meaning of a word can often be understood and determined only after reading the entire work, i.e. follows from the art. the whole.

Formation of artistic meaning. words in the broad context of the whole work noted B.A. Larin, which revealed the systematic relationship of the word with other words of the artist. the whole when expressing a cross-cutting poetic thought-idea, i.e. the leitmotif of the work is a property of the poetic word of B.A. Larin named “combinatorial increments of meaning.”

Concepts of the internal form of art. words and combinatorial increments of meaning are closely related to the concept “general imagery” (A.M. Peshkovsky), which lies in the fact that all linguistic units of a particular work of art are aimed at expressing an artistic image, being at the same time strictly aesthetically and stylistically motivated and justified, and therefore the elimination of any one word from the text already leads to “baldness” » image. The same applies to modifying the forms of a word - it’s impossible to change a word that way. fish on fish in the title and text of Pushkin’s “Tales of the Fisherman and the Fish.”

According to V.V. Vinogradov, artist. the word is fundamentally two-dimensional: coinciding in its form with the word of the national language and relying on its meaning, the artist. the word is addressed not only to the national language, but also to that world of art. reality, which is created or recreated in a work. The semantic structure of the word “expands and is enriched by those artistic and visual “incrementations” that develop in the system of an entire aesthetic object” (Vinogradov V.V.). A more general and precise concept is artistic-figurative speech concretization(M.N. Kozhina).

So, the main style feature is called ARTISTIC-FIGURARY SPEECH CONCRETE, which is expressed by the systemic organization of artistic speech, capable of translating a word-concept into a word-image through a system of linguistic means combined author's image, and capable of activating the reader's imagination. The linguistic means used in artistic texts are intended to serve mainly to express a system of images, since in an artistic context, words express not just concepts, ideas, but artistic images. Therefore, concretization here has a different character, means and methods of expression (not a word-concept or a word-representation is used, but a word-artistic image).

Artist a work is capable of transforming the semantics of any word, including a neutral one, endowing it with textual increments of meaning, primarily emotional, expressive and aesthetic, which is achieved, in particular, by repeating a lexical unit in different contexts. This is related to the manifestation of such an important feature of artistic semantics. works like dynamism of meaning(Vinogradov V.V.). Repeated predication of a repeated nomination leads to the addition of each new feature to the previous ones and the formation of a textual meaning that is more complex than the linguistic one. This phenomenon is typical and of great significance, so some researchers even suggest identifying a special type of lexical meaning - "artistic meaning"(Barlas L.G.). A word with artistic meaning is an element of the text that is significant for the deeper semantic layers of the artist. text – figurative and ideological (Kupina N.A.). A specific feature of the functioning of linguistic means in fiction. style is also the predominance of the meaning of a word over its meaning, which leads to the creation of an implicit ideological and aesthetic content of the work (subtext), requiring special interpretation.

There are many varieties of text styles in Russian. One of them is the artistic style of speech, which is used in the literary field. It is characterized by an impact on the reader’s imagination and feelings, the transmission of the author’s own thoughts, the use of rich vocabulary, and the emotional coloring of the text. In what area is it used, and what are its main features?

The history of this style dates back to ancient times. Throughout time, a certain characteristic of such texts has developed, distinguishing them from other different styles.
With the help of this style, authors of works have the opportunity to express themselves, convey to the reader their thoughts and reasoning, using all the richness of their language. Most often it is used in written speech, and in oral speech it is used when already created texts are read, for example, during the production of a play.

The purpose of artistic style is not to directly convey certain information, but to affect the emotional side of the person reading the work. However, this is not the only task of such a speech. Achieving established goals occurs when the functions of a literary text are fulfilled. These include:

• Figurative-cognitive, which consists of telling a person about the world and society using the emotional component of speech.
• Ideological and aesthetic, used to describe images that convey to the reader the meaning of the work.
• Communicative, in which the reader connects information from the text with reality.

Such functions of a work of art help the author to give meaning to the text so that it can fulfill all the tasks for which it was created for the reader.

Area of ​​use of the style

Where is the artistic style of speech used? The scope of its use is quite wide, because such speech embodies many aspects and means of the rich Russian language. Thanks to this, such text turns out to be very beautiful and attractive to readers.

Genres of artistic style:

• Epic. It describes storylines. The author demonstrates his thoughts, the external worries of people.
• Lyrics. This example of artistic style helps to convey the author's inner feelings, experiences and thoughts of the characters.
• Drama. In this genre, the presence of the author is practically not felt, because much attention is paid to the dialogues taking place between the heroes of the work.

Of all these genres, subspecies are distinguished, which in turn can be further divided into varieties. Thus, the epic is divided into the following types:

• Epic. Most of it is devoted to historical events.
• Novel. Usually it has a complex plot, which describes the fate of the characters, their feelings, and problems.
• Story. Such a work is written in a small size; it tells about a specific incident that happened to the character.
• Tale. It is medium in size and has the qualities of a novel and a short story.

The artistic style of speech is characterized by the following lyrical genres:

• Oh yeah. This is the name of a solemn song dedicated to something.
• Epigram. This is a poem that has satirical notes. An example of artistic style in this case is “Epigram on M. S. Vorontsov”, which was written by A. S. Pushkin.
• Elegy. Such a work is also written in poetic form, but has a lyrical orientation.
• Sonnet. This is also a verse that consists of 14 lines. Rhymes are built according to a strict system. Examples of texts of this form can be found in Shakespeare.

The types of drama include the following genres:

• Comedy. The purpose of such a work is to ridicule any vices of society or a particular person.
• Tragedy. In this text, the author talks about the tragic life of the characters.
• Drama. This type of the same name allows you to show the reader the dramatic relationships between the heroes and society as a whole.

In each of these genres, the author tries not so much to tell about something, but simply to help readers create an image of the characters in their heads, feel the situation being described, and learn to empathize with the characters. This creates a certain mood and emotions in the person reading the work. A story about some extraordinary incident will amuse the reader, while a drama will make you empathize with the characters.

The main features of artistic stylistics of speech

The characteristics of an artistic style of speech have developed over the course of its long development. Its main features allow the text to fulfill its tasks by influencing people's emotions. The linguistic means of a work of art are the main element of this speech, which helps to create a beautiful text that can captivate the reader while reading. Expressive means such as:

• Metaphor.
• Allegory.
• Hyperbola.
• Epithet.
• Comparison.

Also, the main features include the speech polysemy of words, which is quite widely used when writing works. Using this technique, the author gives the text additional meaning. In addition, synonyms are often used, thanks to which it is possible to emphasize the importance of the meaning.

The use of these techniques suggests that when creating his work, the author wants to use the entire breadth of the Russian language. Thus, he can develop his own unique language style, which will distinguish him from other text styles. The writer uses not only purely literary language, but also borrows means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

Features of the artistic style are also expressed in the elevation of emotionality and expressiveness of texts. Many words are used differently in works of different styles. In literary and artistic language, some words denote certain sensory ideas, and in the journalistic style these same words are used to generalize certain concepts. Thus, they complement each other perfectly.

Linguistic features of the artistic style of the text include the use of inversion. This is the name of a technique in which the author arranges words in a sentence differently than is usually done. This is necessary in order to give more meaning to a particular word or expression. Writers can change the order of words in different ways, it all depends on the overall intent.

Also in the literary language there may be deviations from structural norms, which are explained by the fact that the author wants to highlight some of his thoughts, ideas, and emphasize the importance of the work. To do this, the writer can afford to violate phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

The features of the artistic style of speech allow us to consider it the most important over all other types of text styles, because it uses the most diverse, rich and vibrant means of the Russian language. It is also characterized by verb speech. It consists in the fact that the author gradually indicates each movement and change of state. This works well to activate the tension of the readers.

If you look at examples of styles of different directions, then identifying the artistic language will definitely not be difficult. After all, a text in an artistic style, in all of the above listed features, is noticeably different from other text styles.

Examples of literary style

Here's an example of the art style:

The sergeant walked along the yellowish construction sand, hot from the scorching afternoon sun. He was wet from head to toe, his whole body was covered with small scratches left by the sharp barbed wire. The aching pain drove him crazy, but he was alive and walked towards the command headquarters, which was visible about three hundred meters in the distance.

The second example of artistic style contains such means of the Russian language as epithets.

Yashka was just a little dirty trickster, who, despite this, had enormous potential. Even in his distant childhood, he masterfully picked pears from Baba Nyura, and twenty years later he switched to banks in twenty-three countries of the world. At the same time, he managed to masterfully clean them up, so that neither the police nor Interpol had the opportunity to catch him at the crime scene.

Language plays a huge role in literature, since it is it that acts as a building material for the creation of works. The writer is an artist of words, forming images, describing events, expressing his own thoughts, he makes the reader empathize with the characters, plunge into the world that the author created.

Only an artistic style of speech can achieve such an effect, which is why books are always very popular. Literary speech has unlimited possibilities and extraordinary beauty, which is achieved thanks to the linguistic means of the Russian language.

The stylistic stratification of speech is its characteristic feature. This stratification is based on several factors, the main one being the spheres of communication. The sphere of individual consciousness - everyday life - and the unofficial environment associated with it give rise to a conversational style, while the spheres of social consciousness with the accompanying formality feed book styles.

The difference in the communicative function of language is also significant. For the presenter is for book styles - a message function.

Among book styles, the artistic style of speech especially stands out. Thus, his language acts not only (and perhaps not so much) but also as a means of influencing people.

The artist summarizes his observations with the help of a specific image, through the skillful selection of expressive details. He shows, draws, depicts the subject of speech. But you can only show and draw what is visible, concrete. Therefore, the requirement for specificity is the main feature of the artistic style. However, a good artist will never describe, say, a spring forest directly, so to speak, head-on, in the manner of science. He will select a few strokes and expressive details for his image and with their help he will create a visible image, a picture.

Speaking about imagery as the leading stylistic feature of artistic speech, one should distinguish between “image in words”, i.e. figurative meanings of words, and “image through words.” Only by combining both, we get an artistic style of speech.

In addition, the artistic style of speech has the following characteristic features:

1. Scope of use: works of art.

2. Speech tasks: create a living picture depicting what the story is about; convey to the reader the emotions and feelings experienced by the author.

3. Characteristic features of the artistic style of speech. The statement basically happens:

Figurative (expressive and lively);

Specific (this particular person is described, and not people in general);

Emotional.

Specific words: not animals, but wolves, foxes, deer and others; didn’t look, but paid attention, looked.

Words are often used in a figurative meaning: an ocean of smiles, the sun is sleeping.

The use of emotionally evaluative words: a) having diminutive suffixes: bucket, swallow, little white; b) with the suffix -evat- (-ovat-): loose, reddish.

The use of perfective verbs with the prefix za-, denoting the beginning of an action (the orchestra began to play).

Using present tense verbs instead of past tense verbs (I went to school, suddenly I see...).

Use of interrogative, imperative, exclamatory sentences.

Use of sentences with homogeneous members in the text.

Speeches can be found in any fiction book:

Shined with forged damask steel

The rivers are a icy stream.

Don was scary

The horses snored

And the backwater foamed with blood... (V. Fetisov)

Quiet and blissful is the December night. The village sleeps peacefully, and the stars, like guards, vigilantly and vigilantly watch that there is harmony on earth, so that unrest and discord, God forbid, do not disturb the unsteady harmony, do not push people into new quarrels - the Russian side is already sufficiently fed with them ( A. Ustenko).

Note!

It is necessary to be able to distinguish between the artistic style of speech and the language of a work of art. In it, the writer resorts to various functional styles, using language as a means of speech characterization of the hero. Most often, the characters’ remarks reflect a conversational style of speech, but if the task of creating an artistic image requires it, the writer can use both scientific and business in the hero’s speech, and the failure to distinguish between the concepts of “artistic style of speech” and “language of a work of art” leads to perceiving any excerpt from a work of art as an example of an artistic style of speech, which is a gross mistake.

Lecture No. 92 Artistic and conversational style

Typical linguistic features of artistic and colloquial styles are considered.

Artistic and colloquial style

Typical linguistic features of artistic and colloquial styles are considered.

Lecture outline

92.1. Artistic style concept

92.2. The main linguistic features of the artistic style.

92.3. The concept of conversational style

92.4. Linguistic features of conversational style

92.1. Artistic style concept

Art style- this is a type of linguistic means assigned to fiction.

Sphere of communication- aesthetic (fiction).

Speech function- aesthetic (creation of an artistic image).

Specific features- imagery, emotionality, expressiveness, dynamism, inadmissibility of the standard, pronounced author's individuality.

Typical genres- novel, story, story, poem, lyric poem, etc.

Artistic Style Standards

Vocabulary

Heterogeneity of the lexical composition (combination of book vocabulary with colloquial, vernacular, dialectisms, jargon, etc.).

The use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to realize the aesthetic function.

Activity of polysemantic words of all stylistic varieties of speech.

There is a greater preference for using concrete vocabulary and a lesser preference for abstract vocabulary.

Minimal use of generic concepts.

Wide use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.

The general verbal nature of artistic speech and, in connection with this, the widespread use of personal verbs and personal pronouns.

Syntax

Ability to use all types of simple and complex sentences.

Relevance of syntactic constructions with redundant linguistic means, inversion; conversational structures.

Wide usage of dialogue, sentences with direct speech, improperly direct and indirect.

Active use of parcellation.

Inadmissibility of syntactically monotonous speech.

Using poetic syntax.

Use of figurative means

The widest use, compared to other functional styles, of verbal imagery: tropes and figures.

Achieving imagery through the intentional collision of different linguistic means.

Using all means of language, including neutral ones, to create a system of images.

Method of presentation

Multi-subjectivity of artistic speech: a combination of the speech of the author (author-narrator, author-creator) with the speech of the characters.

Example text artistic style:

The Baturin estate was beautiful - and especially this winter. Stone pillars at the entrance to the yard, a snow-sugar yard, cut into snowdrifts by runners, silence, sun, in the sharp frosty air the sweet smell of children from the kitchens, something cozy, homely in the tracks made from the cook's to the house, from the people's to the cook's room, stables and other services surrounding the yard... Silence and shine, the whiteness of the roofs thick with snow, low in winter, drowned in snow, a reddish blackened garden with bare branches, visible from both sides behind the house, our treasured hundred-year-old spruce, raising its sharp black-green top into the bright blue sky from behind the roof of the house, because of its steep slope, like a snowy mountain peak, between two calmly and highly smoking chimneys... On the sun-warmed gables of the porches, jackdaw nuns sit, pleasantly huddle, usually talkative, but now very quiet; old windows with small square frames look out affably, squinting from the blinding, cheerful light, from the icy gem play on the snow... Creaking your frozen felt boots on the hardened snow on the steps, you rise to the main, right porch, pass under its canopy, open the heavy and black door time, an oak door, you pass through the dark long hallway...

(I. Bunin. The Life of Arsenyev)

92.2. The concept of conversational style

Conversational style - This is a type of linguistic means assigned to the everyday sphere of human activity.

Sphere of communication- interpersonal relationships (domestic sphere).

Speech function- establishing interpersonal relationships.

Addressee - anyone.

Specific features- ease, unpreparedness, dependence on the situation.

Genres- dialogue when purchasing, talking on the phone, family dialogues, etc.

92.3. Linguistic features of conversational style

Phonetics

Reduction (shortening) of vowels and consonants (/ just like that/ - just, /check/ - Human, /shiisyat/- sixty).

Simplification of consonant clusters (/ when/ - When).

Lengthening consonants as a means of expressiveness ( Yes! Of course!).

Vocabulary

Use of everyday, colloquial vocabulary ( son, window, TV).

Emotional vocabulary ( hands, plank, tiny and so on.).

The use of emotionally charged phraseological units ( no skin, no face, through the stump of the deck and so on.).

Syntax

Use of the vocative form ( mom, Kohl, Ir).

Incomplete sentences ( Are you home? Are you on the tram? I soon).

The predominance of designs with non-union connection.

Specific word order ( She was sent to school in English. Raspberries, I know you don't like).

Use of interrogative and incentive sentences.

Interjective predicates ( The blouse is not ah).

Example text conversational style:

Here's another impression... When I was with a bear for the first time... Once I spent the night in the forest. It's scary, and it's cold - the frost cuts to the bones. That time I met the bear. In the evening I came to the talk to eavesdrop - to listen means. I hear it sounds like someone sat down there. That is, this is the feeling - as if someone is there. Then a shadow covered me - an eagle owl flew three meters above my head, flew up quietly, and only slightly turned its head. Well, I think I’ll slap him now - I don’t need helpers!

(From colloquial speech)

Art style serves a special sphere of human activity - the sphere of verbal and artistic creativity. Like other styles, artistic style performs all the most important social functions of language:

1) informative (by reading works of art, we gain information about the world, about human society);

2) communicative (the writer communicates with the reader, conveying to him his idea of ​​the phenomena of reality and counting on a response, and unlike a publicist who addresses the broad masses, the writer addresses the addressee who is able to understand him);

3) influencing (the writer strives to evoke an emotional response to his work in the reader).

But all these functions in the artistic style are subordinated to its main function -aesthetic , which consists in the fact that reality is recreated in a literary work through a system of images (characters, natural phenomena, setting, etc.). Every significant writer, poet, playwright has his own, original vision of the world, and to recreate the same phenomenon, different authors use different linguistic means, specially selected and reinterpreted.V.V. Vinogradov noted: “...The concept of “style” when applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles and even journalistic and scientific styles... The language of fiction is not entirely correlated with others styles, he uses them, includes them, but in original combinations and in a transformed form..."

Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete imaginative representation of life, in contrast, for example, to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality. The author strives to convey, first of all, his personal experience, his understanding and comprehension of a particular phenomenon. The artistic style of speech is characterized by attention to the particular and random, followed by the typical and general.The world of fiction is a “recreated” world; the reality depicted is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech the subjective element plays the most important role. The entire surrounding reality is presented through the author's vision. But in an artistic text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, etc. Associated with this is the emotionality, expressiveness, metaphor, and meaningful diversity of the artistic style. As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-fiction, constitute two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The number of words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, includes figurative means of literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of usage. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life. For example, L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes. We will find a significant number of words from the hunting vocabulary in “Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Turgenev, in the stories of M. M. Prishvin, V. A. Astafiev. In “The Queen of Spades” by A. S. Pushkin there are many words related to card games, etc.

In the artistic style, the polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and shades of meaning, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, thanks to which it becomes possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meaning. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in a literary text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech act as concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, adjective "lead" in scientific speech it realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech an important role is played by phrases that create a kind of figurative representation.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find a whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, that is, the author’s highlighting of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. This technique is especially often used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image.

In terms of diversity, richness and expressive capabilities of linguistic means, the artistic style stands above other styles and is the most complete expression of the literary language. A feature of the artistic style, its most important feature is imagery and metaphor, which is achieved by using a large number of stylistic figures and tropes.

Trails – these are words and expressions used in a figurative meaning in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language and the artistic expressiveness of speech. The main types of trails are as follows:

Metaphor - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other based on their common feature: And my tired soul is enveloped in darkness and cold. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Metonymy - a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object that is denoted by the replaced word: The hiss of foamy glasses and the blue flame of punch. (A.S. Pushkin). The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class, etc.), metaphor is based on the replacement “by similarity "

Synecdoche – one of the types of metonymy, which is the transfer of the meaning of one object to another based on the quantitative relationship between them: And you could hear the Frenchman rejoicing until dawn. (M. Yu. Lermontov).

Epithet - a word or an entire expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) gain color and richness. The epithet is expressed primarily by an adjective, but also by an adverb (to love dearly), noun (fun noise), numeral (second Life).

Hyperbola - a trope based on obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the said idea: Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers with such wide folds that if they were inflated, the entire yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them (N.V. Gogol).

Litotes – a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, or meaning of what is being described: Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, is no bigger than a thimble... (A.S. Griboyedov). Litotes is also called an inverse hyperbola.

Comparison - a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement: Anchar, like a formidable sentinel, stands alone in the entire universe (A.S. Pushkin).

Personification – trope, which is based on the transfer of properties of animate objects to inanimate ones:Silent sadness will be consoled, and joy will be playful and reflective (A.S. Pushkin).

Periphrase – a trope in which the direct name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive phrase, where the characteristics of an object, person, or phenomenon not directly named are indicated: king of beasts (lion), people in white coats (doctors), etc.

Allegory (allegory) – a conventional depiction of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

Irony - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (contrasted) with the explicit meaning: Where can we fools drink tea? Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems.

Sarcasm - one of the types of satirical exposure, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the enhanced contrast of the implied and the expressed, but also on the deliberate exposure of the implied: Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite. Although I have doubts about the first one (A. Einstein). If the patient really wants to live, doctors are powerless (F. G. Ranevskaya).

Stylistic figures – These are special stylistic turns that go beyond the necessary norms for creating artistic expressiveness. It must be emphasized that stylistic figures make speech informationally redundant, but this redundancy is necessary for the expressiveness of speech, and therefore for a stronger impact on the addressee.Stylistic figures include:

Rhetorical appeal – giving the author's intonation solemnity, irony, etc..: And you, arrogant descendants... (M. Yu. Lermontov)

A rhetorical question – this is special construction of speech in which a statement is expressed in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement:And will the desired dawn finally rise over the fatherland of enlightened freedom? (A.S. Pushkin).

Anaphora - a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of related sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning of each parallel series, that is, the repetition of the initial parts of two or more relatively independent segments of speech (hemistymes, verses, stanzas or prose passages):

It was not in vain that the winds blew,
It was not in vain that the thunderstorm came (S. A. Yesenin).

Epiphora - a stylistic figure that consists of repeating the same words at the end of adjacent segments of speech. Epiphora is often used in poetic speech in the form of identical or similar stanza endings:

Dear friend, and in this quiet house
The fever hits me
I can't find a place in a quiet house
Near the peaceful fire (A. A. Blok).

Antithesis - rhetorical opposition, a stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, consisting in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common design or internal meaning: Who was nobody will become everything!

Oxymoron – a stylistic figure or stylistic error, which is a combination of words with the opposite meaning (that is, a combination of the incompatible). An oxymoron is characterized by the deliberate use of contradiction to create a stylistic effect:

Gradation – grouping of homogeneous members of a sentence in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or decreasing emotional and semantic significance: I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry... (S. A. Yesenin)

Default – deliberate interruption of speech in anticipation of the reader’s guess, who must mentally complete the phrase:But listen: if I owe you... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus... (A.S. Pushkin).

Polyunion (polysyndeton) - a stylistic figure consisting of a deliberate increase in the number of conjunctions in a sentence, usually to connect homogeneous members. By slowing down speech with pauses, polyunion emphasizes the role of each word, creating unity of enumeration and enhancing the expressiveness of speech: And for him they were resurrected again: deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love (A.S. Pushkin).

Asyndeton (asyndeton)– stylistic figure: construction of speech in which conjunctions connecting words are omitted. Asyndeton gives the statement speed and dynamism, helps to convey the rapid change of pictures, impressions, actions: Swede, Russian, chops, stabs, cuts, drumming, clicks, grinding... (A.S. Pushkin).

Parallelism – a stylistic figure representing the arrangement of identical or similar in grammatical and semantic structure elements of speech in adjacent parts of the text. Parallel elements can be sentences, their parts, phrases, words:

The stars shine in the blue sky,
In the blue sea the waves are lashing;
A cloud is moving across the sky,
A barrel floats on the sea (A.S. Pushkin).

Chiasmus – a stylistic figure consisting of a cross-shaped change in the sequence of elements in two parallel rows of words: Learn to love art in yourself, and not yourself in art (K. S. Stanislavsky).

Inversion – a stylistic figure consisting of a violation of the usual (direct) word order: Yes, we were very friendly (L.N. Tolstoy).

In the creation of artistic images in a literary work, not only visual and expressive means are involved, but also any units of language, selected and organized in such a way that they acquire the ability to activate the reader’s imagination and evoke certain associations. Thanks to the special use of linguistic means, the described, designated phenomenon loses its general features, becomes more specific, turns into an individual, particular - the only thing the idea of ​​which is imprinted in the mind of the writer and recreated by him in a literary text.Let's compare two texts:

Oak, a genus of trees in the beech family. About 450 species. It grows in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere and South America. The wood is strong and durable, with a beautiful cut pattern. Forest-forming species. English oak (height up to 50 meters, lives from 500 to 1000 years) forms forests in Europe; sessile oak - in the foothills of the Caucasus and Crimea; Mongolian oak grows in the Far East. Cork oak is cultivated in the subtropics. English oak bark is used for medicinal purposes (contains astringents). Many types are decorative (Encyclopedic Dictionary).

There was an oak tree on the edge of the road. Probably ten times older than the birch trees that made up the forest, it was ten times thicker and twice as tall as each birch tree. It was a huge oak tree, two branches wide, with branches that had apparently been broken off long ago and with broken bark overgrown with old sores. With his huge clumsily, asymmetrically splayed arms and fingers, he stood like an old, angry and suspicious freak between the smiling birch trees. Only he alone did not want to submit to the charm of spring and did not want to see either spring or the sun (L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”).

Both texts describe an oak tree, but if the first one talks about a whole class of homogeneous objects (trees, the general, essential features of which are presented in a scientific description), then the second one talks about one specific tree. When reading the text, an idea arises of an oak tree, personifying self-absorbed old age, contrasted with the birch trees “smiling” at spring and the sun. Concretizing the phenomena, the writer resorts to the device of personification: at the oak tree huge hands and fingers, he looks old, angry, contemptuous freak. In the first text, as is typical in the scientific style, the word oak expresses a general concept, in the second it conveys the idea of ​​a specific person (the author) about a specific tree (the word becomes an image).

From the point of view of the speech organization of texts, the artistic style is opposed to all other functional styles, since the fulfillment of an aesthetic function, the task of creating an artistic image, allows the writer to use the means of not only the literary language, but also the national language (dialectisms, jargon, vernacular). It should be emphasized that the use of extra-literary elements of language in works of art must meet the requirements of expediency, moderation, and aesthetic value.Writers’ free use of linguistic means of different stylistic colors and different functional-style correlations can create the impression of “multiple styles” of artistic speech. However, this impression is superficial, since the involvement of stylistically colored means, as well as elements of other styles, is subordinated in artistic speech to the fulfillment of an aesthetic function : they are used for the purpose of creating artistic images, realizing the ideological and artistic concept of the writer.Thus, artistic style, like all others, is formed on the basis of the interaction of extralinguistic and linguistic factors. Extralinguistic factors include: the very sphere of verbal creativity, the peculiarities of the writer’s worldview, his communicative attitude; to linguistic: the ability to use various units of language, which in artistic speech undergo various transformations and become a means of creating an artistic image, embodying the author's intention.