The Tatar Mongol yoke did not exist. Was there really a Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus'?

Nowadays, there are several alternative versions of the medieval history of Rus' (Kyiv, Rostov-Suzdal, Moscow). Each of them has the right to exist, since the official course of history is not confirmed by practically anything other than “copies” of once existing documents. One such event in Russian history is the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Rus'. Let's try to consider what it is Tatar-Mongol yoke - historical fact or fiction.

The Tatar-Mongol yoke was

The generally accepted and literally laid out version, known to everyone from school textbooks and which is the truth for the whole world, is “Rus' was under the rule of wild tribes for 250 years. Rus' is backward and weak - it could not cope with the savages for so many years.”

The concept of “yoke” appeared during the time of Rus'’s entry into the European path of development. To become an equal partner for the countries of Europe, it was necessary to prove one’s “Europeanism” and not “wild Siberian orientality”, while recognizing one’s backwardness and the formation of the state only in the 9th century with the help of the European Rurik.

The version of the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke is confirmed only by numerous fiction and popular literature, including “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamayev” and all the works of the Kulikovo cycle based on it, which have many variants.

One of these works - “The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land” - belongs to the Kulikovo cycle, does not contain the words “Mongol”, “Tatar”, “yoke”, “invasion”, there is only a story about “trouble” for the Russian land.

The most amazing thing is that the later a historical “document” is written, the more details it acquires. The fewer living witnesses, the more little details are described.

There is no factual material that one hundred percent confirms the existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

There was no Tatar-Mongol yoke

This development of events is not recognized by official historians not only throughout the world, but also in Russia and throughout the post-Soviet space. The factors that researchers who disagree with the existence of the yoke rely on are the following:

• the version of the presence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke appeared in the 18th century and, despite numerous studies by many generations of historians, did not undergo significant changes. It is illogical, in everything there must be development and movement forward - with the development of the capabilities of researchers, the factual material must change;
• There are no Mongolian words in the Russian language - many studies have been carried out, including by Professor V.A. Chudinov;
• Almost nothing was found on the Kulikovo field after many decades of searching. The location of the battle itself is not clearly established;
• the complete absence of folklore about the heroic past and the great Genghis Khan in modern Mongolia. Everything that has been written in our time is based on information from Soviet history textbooks;
• Great in the past, Mongolia is still a pastoral country that has practically stopped in its development;
• the complete absence in Mongolia of a gigantic amount of trophies from most of the “conquered” Eurasia;
• even those sources recognized by official historians describe Genghis Khan as “a tall warrior, with white skin and blue eyes, a thick beard and reddish hair” - a clear description of a Slav;
• the word “horde”, if read in Old Slavic letters, means “order”;
• Genghis Khan - rank of commander of the troops of Tartaria;
• "khan" - protector;
• prince - a governor appointed by the khan in the province;
• tribute - ordinary taxation, as in any state in our time;
• in the images of all icons and engravings related to the fight against the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the opposing warriors are depicted identically. Even their banners are similar. This speaks more of a civil war within one state than of a war between states with different cultures and, accordingly, differently armed warriors;
• Numerous genetic examinations and visual appearance indicate a complete absence of Mongolian blood in Russian people. It is obvious that Rus' was captured for 250 - 300 years by a horde of thousands of castrated monks, who also took a vow of celibacy;

• There are no handwritten confirmations of the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in the languages ​​of the invaders. Everything that is considered documents of this period is written in Russian;

• For the rapid movement of an army of 500 thousand people (the figure of traditional historians), spare (clockwork) horses are needed, on which riders are transferred at least once a day. Each simple rider should have from 2 to 3 wind-up horses. For the rich, the number of horses is calculated in herds. In addition, many thousands of convoy horses with food for people and weapons, bivouac equipment (yurts, cauldrons, and many others). To simultaneously feed such a number of animals, there is not enough grass in the steppes for hundreds of kilometers in radius. For a given area, such a number of horses is comparable to an invasion of locusts, which leaves behind a void. And the horses still need to be watered somewhere, every day. To feed the warriors, many thousands of sheep are needed, which move much slower than horses, but eat the grass to the ground. All this accumulation of animals will sooner or later begin to die out from hunger. An invasion of mounted troops from the regions of Mongolia into Rus' on such a scale is simply impossible.

What happened

To figure out what the Tatar-Mongol yoke is - is it a historical fact or fiction, researchers are forced to look for miraculously preserved sources of alternative information about the history of Rus'. The remaining, inconvenient artifacts indicate the following:

• through bribery and various promises, including unlimited power, the Western “baptists” achieved the consent of the ruling circles of Kievan Rus to introduce Christianity;
• the destruction of the Vedic worldview and the baptism of Kievan Rus (a province that broke away from Great Tartary) with “fire and sword” (one of the crusades, supposedly to Palestine) - “Vladimir baptized with the sword, and Dobrynya with fire” - 9 million people died out of 12, who lived at that time on the territory of the principality (almost the entire adult population). Of the 300 cities, 30 remain;
• all destruction and victims of baptism are attributed to the Tatar-Mongols;
• everything that is called the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” is the response of the Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartaria - Mogul (Grand) Tartarus) to return provinces that were invaded and Christianized;
• the period of time during which the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” occurred was a period of peace and prosperity of Rus';
• destruction by all available methods of chronicles and other documents dating back to the Middle Ages throughout the world and, in particular, in Russia: libraries with original documents burned, “copies” were preserved. In Russia, several times, on the orders of the Romanovs and their “historiographers,” chronicles were collected “for rewriting” and then disappeared;
• all geographical maps published before 1772 and not subject to correction call the western part of Russia Muscovy or Moscow Tartary. The rest of the former Soviet Union (excluding Ukraine and Belarus) is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire;
• 1771 - the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica: “Tartary, a huge country in the northern part of Asia...”. This phrase was removed from subsequent editions of the encyclopedia.

In the age of information technology, it is not easy to hide data. Official history does not recognize fundamental changes, therefore, what the Tatar-Mongol yoke is - historical fact or fiction, which version of history to believe in - you need to determine for yourself independently. We must not forget that history is written by the winner.

The campaigns of Batu’s army against the Russian principalities in 1237–1240 are known. The devastation of Ryazan, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Dmitrov, Tver, Chernigov, Kiev by the Mongol army is known... It is known that in 1241 Batu’s troops will march across Europe, destroying Krakow, Budapest and other cities...

What happened next in Rus' is usually called the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The term “yoke” itself is not in Russian chronicles; it appeared much later in Polish historical literature at the end of the 15th century, when the term “yoke” was used by the Polish historian Jan Dlugosz...

When the Horde troops left Rus', they did not leave either the khan’s governors or troops, that is: there was no conquest of Rus' by the Mongols. The principalities were still headed by Russian princes, who preserved the princely dynasties, the church held its services in churches without hindrance... But a certain loss of independence still came: the label for the great reign, meaning vassal-allied dependence on the Horde ruler, was received from Batu by Grand Duke Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich, father of Alexander Nevsky...

At the same time, the main danger for Rus' came not from the Mongol horde, but from the West: the Germans and Swedes rushed to Russian lands...

Here is what Lev Gumilyov writes:

“It would be more correct to call Batu’s great western campaign a great cavalry raid, and we have every reason to call the campaign against Rus' a raid. There was no talk of any Mongol conquest of Rus'. The Mongols did not leave garrisons and did not even think of establishing their permanent power. With the end of the campaign, Batu went to the Volga, where he founded his headquarters - the city of Sarai. In fact, the khan limited himself to the destruction of those cities that, being on the path of the army, refused to make peace with the Mongols and began armed resistance. The only exception can be considered Kozelsk, but, as we remember, the Mongols dealt with it, taking revenge for the murder of their ambassadors.

In its consequences, the western campaign was also a typical nomadic raid, albeit on a grandiose scale. It must be assumed that contemporaries perfectly understood the nature and goals of the campaign. And from this point of view, one should not condemn the Russian people of the 13th century. for such weak resistance to the Mongols. There was no point in carrying out unnecessary military operations when they could have been dispensed with. Indeed, for 20 years after Batu, the Mongols did not collect any tribute, taxes, or taxes from the northern Russian principalities. True, taxes were taken from the southern principalities (Chernigov, Kyiv), but the population found a way out. Russians began to actively move to the north: to Tver, Kolomna, Moscow, Serpukhov, Murom and other cities of Zalesskaya Rus'. So all Russian traditions, together with people, moved from the outskirts of the forest-steppe and steppe to the forest belt. This geographical factor - a change in landscape as a result of migration - turned out to be extremely significant for the further course of the ethnogenesis of our country."

“The Germans and Swedes treated the Russians even more cruelly than the Balts. If, for example, captured Estonians were reduced to serfdom, then Russians were simply killed, making no exception even for infants. The threat of German-Swedish aggression became obvious to Rus', its danger grew day by day”...

“Alexander [Nevsky] had a difficult choice of ally. After all, he had to choose between the Horde, in which his father died, and the West, with whose representatives the Novgorod prince was well acquainted since the time of the Battle of the Ice. We must pay tribute to Alexander Yaroslavich: he perfectly understood the ethnopolitical situation and managed to rise above his personal emotions for the sake of saving the Motherland.

In 1251, Alexander came to Batu’s Horde, became friends, and then fraternized with his son Sartak, as a result of which he became the adopted son of the khan. The union of the Horde and Rus' was realized thanks to the patriotism and dedication of Prince Alexander. In the conciliar opinion of his descendants, the choice of Alexander Yaroslavich received the highest approval. For his unparalleled exploits in the name of his native land, the Russian Orthodox Church recognized the prince as a saint...

The relations between the Russian principalities and the Horde were complex and different. The Horde helped the Russian princes and their fight against the invasions of the Germans, Swedes and Lithuanians. At the same time, the Russian people had to pay taxes imposed by the Horde. Only the church and clergy were exempt from tribute: the Mongols respected all religions of the world.

In general, calling the relationship between Rus' and the Horde the Mongol-Tatar yoke, as an unbearable yoke for Rus', seems incorrect.

The relationship between Rus' and the Horde should rather be characterized as allied; but in all unions there are main and satellites...

The term “Tatar-Mongols” is not in Russian chronicles, nor is it in V.N. Tatishcheva, nor N.M. Karamzin... The term “Tatar-Mongols” itself is neither a self-name nor an ethnonym of the peoples of Mongolia (Khalkha, Oirats). This is an artificial, armchair term first introduced by P. Naumov in 1823...

“What kind of dirty tricks will such brute allowed in Russian antiquities do?” - M.V. Lomonosov about the dissertations of Miller, Schlözer and Bayer, which we still continue to teach in schools.

K. G. Scriabin, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences: “We did not find any noticeable Tatar additions in the Russian genome, which refutes the theory of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians. Our differences with the Poles are negligible.”

Yu. D. Petukhov, historian, writer:“It should be immediately noted that by the pseudo-ethnonym “Mongols” we should in no case understand the real Mongoloids who lived on the lands of present-day Mongolia. The self-name, the true ethnonym of the aborigines of present-day Mongolia is Khalkha. They never called themselves Mongols. And they never reached the Caucasus, the Northern Black Sea region, or Rus'. Khalhu are anthropological Mongoloids, the poorest nomadic “community”, consisting of many disparate clans. Primitive shepherds, who were at an extremely low primitive communal level of development, under no circumstances could create even the simplest pre-state community, not to mention a kingdom, much less an empire... The level of development of the Khalhu of the 12th–14th centuries was equal to the level of development of the aborigines of Australia and the tribes of the basin Amazons. Their consolidation and the creation of even the most primitive military unit of twenty to thirty warriors is complete absurdity. The myth of the “Mongols in Rus'” is the most grandiose and monstrous provocation of the Vatican and the West as a whole against Russia! Anthropological studies of burial grounds of the 13th–15th centuries show the absolute absence of the Mongoloid element in Rus'. This is a fact that cannot be disputed. There was no Mongoloid invasion of Rus'. It just wasn't there. Neither in the Kyiv lands, nor in the Vladimir-Suzdal, nor in the Ryazan lands of that era were any Mongoloid skulls found. There were no signs of Mongoloidity among the local population. All serious archaeologists working on this problem know this. If there were those innumerable “tumens” that stories tell us about and that are shown in films, then “anthropological Mongoloid material” would certainly remain on Russian soil. And Mongoloid characteristics would also remain in the local population, because Mongoloid character is dominant, overwhelming: it would be enough for hundreds of Mongols to over-rape hundreds (not even thousands) of women for Russian burial grounds to be filled with Mongoloids for tens of generations. But in Russian burial grounds from the times of the “horde” there are Caucasians...

“No Mongols could ever overcome the distance that separates Mongolia from Ryazan. Never! Neither replaceable, hardy horses nor provided food along the entire route would have helped them. Even if these Mongols were transported on carts, they would not be able to reach Rus'. And therefore, all the countless novels about trips “to the last sea”, along with films about narrow-eyed riders burning Orthodox churches, are simply irrational and stupid fairy tales. Let's ask a simple question: how many Mongols were there in Mongolia in the 13th century? Could the lifeless steppe suddenly give birth to tens of millions of warriors who captured half the world - China, Central Asia, the Caucasus, Rus'... With all due respect to the current Mongols, I must say that this is absolute absurdity. Where in the steppe can you get swords, knives, shields, spears, helmets, chain mail for hundreds of thousands of armed warriors? How can a savage steppe dweller living on the seven winds become a metallurgist, blacksmith, and soldier within one generation? This is just nonsense! We are assured that there was iron discipline in the Mongol army. Gather a thousand Kalmyk hordes or gypsy camps and try to make warriors with iron discipline out of them. It’s easier to make a nuclear submarine out of a school of herring going to spawn...”

L. N. Gumilyov, historian:

“Previously, in Rus', two people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. The khan or “war prince” took the reins of control during war; in peacetime, the responsibility for forming a horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness rested on his shoulders. Genghis Khan is not a name, but a title of “military prince,” which, in the modern world, is close to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most outstanding of them was Timur, it is he who is usually discussed when they talk about Genghis Khan. In surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but completely fits the description of Slavic appearance.”

A.D. Prozorov, historian, writer: “In the 8th century, one of the Russian princes nailed a shield to the gates of Constantinople, and it is difficult to assert that Russia did not exist even then. Therefore, in the coming centuries, corrupt historians planned long-term slavery for Rus', an invasion of the so-called. “Mongol-Tatars” and 3 centuries of obedience and humility. What marked this era in reality? We will not deny the Mongol yoke out of laziness, but... As soon as the existence of the Golden Horde became known in Rus', young guys immediately went there to... rob “the Tatar-Mongols who came to Rus'.” The Russian raids of the 14th century are best described (in case anyone has forgotten, the period from the 14th to the 15th century is considered the yoke). In 1360, Novgorod boys fought along the Volga to the Kama mouth, and then stormed the large Tatar city of Zhukotin. Having captured untold wealth, the ushkuiniki returned and began to “drink their zipuns on drink” in the city of Kostroma. From 1360 to 1375, the Russians made eight large campaigns against the middle Volga, not counting small raids. In 1374, the Novgorodians took the city of Bolgar (near Kazan) for the third time, then went down and took Sarai itself, the capital of the Great Khan. In 1375, Smolensk guys on seventy boats under the command of governors Prokop and Smolyanin moved down the Volga. By tradition, they paid a “visit” to the cities of Bolgar and Saray. Moreover, the rulers of Bolgar, taught by bitter experience, paid off with a large tribute, but the khan’s capital Sarai was stormed and plundered. In 1392, the Ushkuiniki again took Zhukotin and Kazan. In 1409, Voivode Anfal led 250 Ushkuis to the Volga and Kama. And in general, beating the Tatars in Rus' was considered not a feat, but a trade. During the Tatar “yoke,” the Russians attacked the Tatars every 2-3 years, Sarai was burned dozens of times, Tatar women were sold to Europe in the hundreds. What did the Tatars do in response? They wrote complaints! To Moscow, to Novgorod. The complaints persisted. The “enslavers” could not do anything else.”

G. V. Nosovsky, A. T. Fomenko, authors of "New Chronology"": "The very name “Mongolia” (or Mogolia, as Karamzin and many other authors write, for example) comes from the Greek word “Megalion”, i.e. “Great.” In Russian historical sources the word “Mongolia” (“Mogolia ") is not found. But “Great Russia” is found. It is known that foreigners called Russia Mongolia. In our opinion, this name is simply a translation of the Russian word “Great”. Hungarian notes were left about the composition of the troops of Batu (or Bati, in Russian) king and a letter to the pope. “When,” the king wrote, “the state of Hungary, from the Mongol invasion, as if from a plague, for the most part was turned into a desert, and like a sheepfold was surrounded by various tribes of infidels, namely, Russians, wanderers from the east, Bulgarians and other heretics "... Let's ask a simple question: where are the Mongols here? Mention is made of Russians, Brodniks, Bulgarians, i.e., Slavic tribes. Translating the word “Mongol” from the king’s letter, we simply get that “the great ones invaded (megalion ) peoples", namely: Russians, Brodniks from the east, Bulgarians, etc. Therefore, our recommendation: it is useful to replace the Greek word “Mongol-megalion” with its translation – “great” every time. The result will be a completely meaningful text, the understanding of which does not require the involvement of some distant immigrants from the borders of China.”

“The very description of the Mongol-Tatar conquest of Rus' in Russian chronicles suggests that the “Tatars” are Russian troops led by Russian princes. Let's open the Laurentian Chronicle. It is the main Russian source about the time of the Tatar-Mongol conquest of Genghis Khan and Batu. Let's go through this chronicle, freeing it from obvious literary embellishments. Let's see what remains after this. It turns out that the Laurentian Chronicle from 1223 to 1238 describes the process of unification of Rus' around Rostov under the Grand Duke of Rostov Georgy Vsevolodovich. At the same time, Russian events are described, with the participation of Russian princes, Russian troops, etc. “Tatars” are mentioned often, but not a single Tatar leader is mentioned. And in a strange way, the Russian princes of Rostov enjoy the fruits of these “Tatar victories”: Georgy Vsevolodovich, and after his death - his brother Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. If you replace the word “Tatar” with “Rostov” in this text, you will get a completely natural text describing the unification of Rus', carried out by the Russian people. Indeed. This is the first victory of the “Tatars” over the Russian princes in the Kyiv region. Immediately after this, when “they cried and grieved in Rus' all over the earth,” the Russian prince Vasilko, sent there by Georgy Vsevolodovich (as historians believe “to help the Russians”) turned back from Chernigov and “returned to the city of Rostov, glorifying God and the Holy Mother of God " Why was the Russian prince so happy about the victory of the Tatars? It is absolutely clear why Prince Vasilko praised God. God is praised for the victory. And, of course, not for someone else’s! Prince Vasilko was delighted with his victory and returned to Rostov.

Having briefly talked about the Rostov events, the chronicle again moves on to a description of the wars with the Tatars, rich in literary embellishments. The Tatars take Kolomna, Moscow, besiege Vladimir and take Suzdal. Then Vladimir was taken. After this, the Tatars go to the Sit River. A battle takes place, the Tatars win. Grand Duke George dies in the battle. Having reported the death of George, the chronicler completely forgets about the “evil Tatars” and tells in detail, on several pages, how the body of Prince George was taken with honors to Rostov. Having described in detail the magnificent burial of Grand Duke George, and praising Prince Vasilko, the chronicler finally writes: “Yaroslav, the son of the great Vsevolod, took the table in Vladimir, and there was great joy among the Christians, whom God had delivered with his strong hand from the godless Tatars.” So, we see the result of the Tatar victories. The Tatars defeated the Russians in a series of battles and captured several major Russian cities. Then the Russian troops are defeated in the decisive battle of the City. From this moment on, the Russian forces in “Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'” were completely broken. As we are convinced, this is the beginning of a terrible yoke. The devastated country has been turned into a smoking conflagration, flooded with blood, etc. In power are cruel aliens - the Tatars. Independent Rus' ended its existence. The reader is apparently waiting for a description of how the surviving Russian princes, no longer capable of any military resistance, make a forced bow to the khan. Where is his bet, by the way? Since George's Russian troops are defeated, one can expect that a conquering Tatar khan will reign in his capital and take control of the country. And what does the chronicle tell us? She immediately forgets about the Tatars. Talks about affairs at the Russian court. About the magnificent burial of the Grand Duke who died in the City: his body is being taken to the capital, but it turns out that it is not the Tatar Khan (who has just conquered the country!) sitting in it, but his Russian brother and heir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Where is the Tatar Khan?! And where does the strange (and even absurd) “great joy among Christians” come from in Rostov? There is no Tatar Khan, but there is Grand Duke Yaroslav. It turns out that he takes power into his own hands. The Tatars disappeared without a trace! Plano Carpini, driving through Kyiv, supposedly just conquered by the Mongols, for some reason does not mention a single Mongol commander. Vladimir Eykovich calmly remained the Desyatsky in Kyiv, as before Batu. Thus, it turns out that many important command and administrative posts were also occupied by Russians. The Mongol conquerors turn into some kind of invisible people, whom for some reason “no one sees.”

K. A. Penzev, writer:“Historians claim that, unlike the previous ones, Batu’s invasion was especially brutal. All of Rus' was desolate, and the intimidated Russians were forced to pay tithes and replenish Batya’s army. Following this logic, Hitler, as an even more cruel conqueror, had to recruit a multimillion-dollar army from the Russians and defeat the whole world. However, Hitler had to shoot himself in his bunker..."

It has long been no secret that there was no “Tatar-Mongol yoke”, and no Tatars and Mongols conquered Rus'. But who falsified history and why? What was hidden behind the Tatar-Mongol yoke? Bloody Christianization of Rus'...

Exists a large number of facts that not only clearly refute the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also indicate that history was distorted deliberately, and that this was done for a very specific purpose... But who and why deliberately distorted history? What real events did they want to hide and why?

If we analyze the historical facts, it becomes obvious that the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” was invented in order to hide the consequences of the “baptism” of Kievan Rus. After all, this religion was imposed in a far from peaceful way... In the process of “baptism”, most of the population of the Kyiv principality was destroyed! It definitely becomes clear that those forces that were behind the imposition of this religion subsequently fabricated history, juggling historical facts to suit themselves and their goals...

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Skipping scientific research and justifications, which have already been described quite widely, let us summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.”

French engraving by Pierre Duflos (1742-1816)

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Rus', 2 people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in peacetime. The khan or “war prince” took the reins of control during war; in peacetime, the responsibility for forming a horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness rested on his shoulders.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but a title of “military prince,” which, in the modern world, is close to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most outstanding of them was Timur, it is he who is usually discussed when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but completely fits the description of the Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - “Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe.”).

In modern “Mongolia” there is not a single folk epic that would say that this country once in ancient times conquered almost all of Eurasia, just as there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan... (N.V. Levashov “Visible and invisible genocide").

Reconstruction of the throne of Genghis Khan with the ancestral tamga with a swastika

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi Desert and told them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” had created the Great Empire in his time, which they were very surprised and happy about . The word "Mughal" is of Greek origin and means "Great". The Greeks called our ancestors the Slavs with this word. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov “Visible and Invisible Genocide”).

3. Composition of the “Tatar-Mongol” army

70-80% of the army of the “Tatar-Mongols” were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were made up of other small peoples of Rus', in fact, the same as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh “Battle of Kulikovo”. It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

The museum description of the icon reads: “...In the 1680s. an allotment with a picturesque legend about the “Mamaev’s Massacre” was added. The left side of the composition depicts cities and villages that sent their soldiers to help Dmitry Donskoy - Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Rostov, Novgorod, Ryazan, the village of Kurba near Yaroslavl and others. On the right is the Mamaia camp. In the center of the composition is the scene of the Battle of Kulikovo with the duel between Peresvet and Chelubey. On the lower field there is a meeting of the victorious Russian troops, the burial of fallen heroes and the death of Mamai.”

All these pictures, taken from both Russian and European sources, depict battles between Russians and Mongol-Tatars, but nowhere is it possible to determine who is Russian and who is Tatar. Moreover, in the latter case, both Russians and “Mongol-Tatars” are dressed in almost the same gilded armor and helmets, and fight under the same banners with the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands. Another thing is that the “Savior” of the two warring sides most likely was different.

4. What did the “Tatar-Mongols” look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field.

The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Cracow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we see, this “Tatar” has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons.

The next image shows “the Khan’s palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalyk” (it is believed that Khanbalyk is supposedly Beijing).

What is “Mongolian” and what is “Chinese” here? Once again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, Streltsy caps, the same thick beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called “Yelman”. The roof on the left is an almost exact copy of the roofs of old Russian towers... (A. Bushkov, “Russia that never existed”).

5. Genetic examination

According to the latest data obtained as a result of genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very close genetics. Whereas the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost entirely European) and the Mongolian (almost entirely Central Asian) are really great - it’s like two different worlds...”

6. Documents during the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the period of existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents from this time in Russian.

7. Lack of objective evidence confirming the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

At the moment, there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.” Here is one of these fakes. This text is called “The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land” and in each publication it is declared “an excerpt from a poetic work that has not reached us intact... About the Tatar-Mongol invasion”:

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are famous for many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clean fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are filled with everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!..”

There is not even a hint of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” in this text. But this “ancient” document contains the following line: “You are filled with everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”

Before Nikon’s church reform, which was carried out in the mid-17th century, Christianity in Rus' was called “orthodox.” It began to be called Orthodox only after this reform... Therefore, this document could have been written no earlier than the mid-17th century and has nothing to do with the era of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”...

On all maps that were published before 1772 and were not subsequently corrected, you can see the following picture.

The western part of Rus' is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartary... This small part of Rus' was ruled by the Romanov dynasty. Until the end of the 18th century, the Moscow Tsar was called the ruler of Moscow Tartaria or the Duke (Prince) of Moscow. The rest of Rus', which occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia in the east and south of Muscovy at that time, is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire (see map).

In the 1st edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771 the following is written about this part of Rus':

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called Great Tartary. Those Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, those living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China..."

Where does the name Tartary come from?

Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, and man. But, as now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those days. People who went much further in their development than others, and who could control space and matter (control the weather, heal diseases, see the future, etc.) were called Magi. Those Magi who knew how to control space at the planetary level and above were called Gods.

That is, the meaning of the word God among our ancestors was completely different from what it is now. The gods were people who went much further in their development than the vast majority of people. For an ordinary person, their abilities seemed incredible, however, the gods were also people, and the capabilities of each god had their own limits.

Our ancestors had patrons - God Tarkh, he was also called Dazhdbog (the giving God) and his sister - Goddess Tara. These Gods helped people solve problems that our ancestors could not solve on their own. So, the gods Tarkh and Tara taught our ancestors how to build houses, cultivate the land, write and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the disaster and eventually restore civilization.

Therefore, quite recently our ancestors told strangers “We are the children of Tarkh and Tara...”. They said this because in their development, they really were children in relation to Tarkh and Tara, who had significantly advanced in development. And residents of other countries called our ancestors “Tarkhtars”, and later, due to the difficulty of pronunciation, “Tartars”. This is where the name of the country came from - Tartary...

Baptism of Rus'

What does the baptism of Rus' have to do with it? - some may ask. As it turned out, it had a lot to do with it. After all, baptism did not take place in a peaceful way... Before baptism, people in Rus' were educated, almost everyone knew how to read, write, and count (see the article “Russian culture is older than European”).

Let us recall from the school history curriculum, at least, the same “Birch Bark Letters” - letters that peasants wrote to each other on birch bark from one village to another.

Our ancestors had a Vedic worldview, as described above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion comes down to the blind acceptance of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding of why it is necessary to do it this way and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview gave people precisely an understanding of the real laws of nature, an understanding of how the world works, what is good and what is bad.

People saw what happened after the “baptism” in neighboring countries, when, under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population, in a matter of years, plunged into ignorance and chaos, where only representatives of the aristocracy could read and write, and not all of them. ..

Everyone understood perfectly well what the “Greek Religion” carried, into which Prince Vladimir the Bloody and those who stood behind him were going to baptize Kievan Rus. Therefore, none of the residents of the then Principality of Kyiv (a province that broke away from Great Tartary) accepted this religion. But Vladimir had great forces behind him, and they were not going to retreat.

In the process of “baptism” over 12 years of forced Christianization, almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed, with rare exceptions. Because such a “teaching” could be imposed only on unreasonable children who, due to their youth, could not yet understand that such a religion turned them into slaves in both the physical and spiritual sense of the word. Everyone who refused to accept the new “faith” was killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have reached us. If before the “baptism” there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants on the territory of Kievan Rus, then after the “baptism” only 30 cities and 3 million people remained! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, “Orthodox Rus' before the adoption of Christianity and after”).

But despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed by the “holy” baptists, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population formally recognized the imposed religion of the slaves, and they themselves continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, although without flaunting it. And this phenomenon was observed not only among the masses, but also among part of the ruling elite. And this state of affairs continued until the reform of Patriarch Nikon, who figured out how to deceive everyone.

But the Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) could not calmly look at the machinations of its enemies, who destroyed three quarters of the population of the Principality of Kyiv. Only its response could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of Great Tartaria was busy with conflicts on its Far Eastern borders. But these retaliatory actions of the Vedic empire were carried out and entered modern history in a distorted form, under the name of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the hordes of Batu Khan on Kievan Rus.

Only by the summer of 1223 did the troops of the Vedic Empire appear on the Kalka River. And the united army of the Polovtsians and Russian princes was completely defeated. This is what they taught us in history lessons, and no one could really explain why the Russian princes fought the “enemies” so sluggishly, and many of them even went over to the side of the “Mongols”?

The reason for such absurdity was that the Russian princes, who accepted an alien religion, knew perfectly well who came and why...

So, there was no Mongol-Tatar invasion and yoke, but there was a return of the rebellious provinces under the wing of the metropolis, the restoration of the integrity of the state. Khan Batu had the task of returning the Western European province-states under the wing of the Vedic empire and stopping the invasion of Christians into Rus'. But the strong resistance of some princes, who felt the taste of the still limited, but very large power of the principalities of Kievan Rus, and new unrest on the Far Eastern border did not allow these plans to be brought to completion (N.V. Levashov “Russia in Crooked Mirrors”, Volume 2.).

conclusions

In fact, after baptism in the Principality of Kiev, only children and a very small part of the adult population remained alive, which accepted the Greek religion - 3 million people out of a population of 12 million before baptism. The principality was completely devastated, most of the cities, towns and villages were plundered and burned. But the authors of the version about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” paint exactly the same picture for us, the only difference is that these same cruel actions were allegedly carried out there by “Tatar-Mongols”!

As always, the winner writes history. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which the Principality of Kiev was baptized, and in order to suppress all possible questions, the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” was subsequently invented. The children were raised in the traditions of the Greek religion (the cult of Dionysius, and later Christianity) and history was rewritten, where all the cruelty was blamed on the “wild nomads”...

In the section: News from Korenovsk

July 28, 2015 marks the 1000th anniversary of the memory of Grand Duke Vladimir the Red Sun. On this day, celebratory events were held in Korenovsk to mark the occasion. Read on for more details...

While the foreign tradition of studying the history of the Golden Horde dates back to the middle of the 19th century. and grows in an ascending line over time, in Russian historiography the Golden Horde theme, if not forbidden, was clearly undesirable. This feature is explained by the fact that in Russian historical science for a long time the dominant approach was that the Mongol and then the Horde campaigns were a purely destructive, destructive phenomenon that not only delayed universal historical progress, but also “overturned” the civilized world, turning back the historical forward movement back.

Interactions of the Golden Horde with the Russian principalities

The beginning of the closest Horde-Russian relations in science is usually associated with the arrival of Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich in 1243 to the headquarters of Batu Khan, mentioned in the Laurentian Chronicle, where he received a label for reign. Batu, thus, put himself in an equal position with the Mongol khans of Karakorum, although only almost a quarter of a century later under Khan Mengu-Timur it became independent. Following Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the Batu labels were received by princes Vladimir Konstantinovich, Boris Vasilyevich, Vasily Vsevolodovich and the Armenian prince Sumbat.

Before the construction of his own capital, Batu had his headquarters in the “Bulgarian lands, in the city of Bryagov” (Great Bulgar), as the “Kazan Chronicler” calls it. , including the Kyiv land. A year later, all Russian princes received khan's labels for reign. Thus began the process of consolidating Russian lands and overcoming feudal-territorial fragmentation. L.N. Gumilyov saw in these processes a continuation of the tradition of subordination of power among the Russian princes.

In the process of long-term interaction between the Golden Horde and the Russian principalities, a certain system of relations was established between them. Russian imperial church-noble historiography, which created the concept of the (“Tatar yoke”), unilaterally interpreted these relations exclusively from a negative point of view, assessing the Horde factor as the root cause of historical backwardness and all the problems of the subsequent development of Russia.

Soviet historiography (especially the Stalin period) not only did not revise the myth of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also aggravated its vices with class and political arguments. Only in recent decades has there been a change in approaches to assessing the place and role of the Golden Horde in both global and national histories of peoples.

Yes, Horde-Russian (Turkic-Slavic) relations have never been unambiguous. Nowadays there is more and more reason to assert that they were built on the basis of a well-thought-out “center-provinces” scheme and responded to the imperatives of a specific historical time. Therefore, the Golden Horde entered world history as an example of a breakthrough in this direction of historical progress. The Golden Horde was never a colonialist, and “Rus' entered into its composition voluntarily by force, and was not conquered, as was trumpeted at all crossroads. This empire needed Rus' not as a colony, but as an allied power.”

So, the special nature of the Golden Horde’s relations with Rus' is undeniable. In many ways, they are characterized by the formal nature of vassalage, the establishment of a policy of religious tolerance and protection of the privileges of the Russian Church, the preservation of the army and the right to conduct foreign affairs by the Russian principalities, including the right to declare war and make peace. The allied nature of Horde-Russian relations was also dictated by considerations of a geopolitical nature. It is no coincidence that Batu’s army numbered almost 600,000 people, of whom 75% were Christians. It was precisely this kind of power that restrained Western Europe from the desire to carry out a crusade against the Tatars and “Catholicize” Rus'.

An unbiased analysis of the relationship between the Horde and Rus' shows that the Golden Horde managed to create a system of governance in which the traditional power of Russian princes over their subjects even strengthened, relying on the military power of the Horde “Khan-Tsar”. The “Horde factor” moderated the ambition of the appanage princes, who were pushing the Russian lands towards bloody and ruinous strife. At the same time, the tolerant nature of the Golden Horde made it possible to strengthen the influence of the church on the development of centripetal processes in Rus'.

The role of the Golden Horde in the transformation of the Russian church system

The Orthodox Church in the Middle Ages was one of the state-forming principles. Its capabilities increased as it received within the Golden Horde what it could not receive from its spiritual foremother - the Byzantine Church. We are talking about a shortage (lack) of living space, which delayed the process of transformation of the basis of Russian spiritual culture - the church and its transformation from a local-regional value system into a universalist one.

It is known that one of the factors in the death of Byzantium was the internal contradiction between the universalist intention of Christianity and the growing localism of a shrinking space, ultimately reduced to a singular point - Constantinople. “The very geographical location of Constantinople-Istanbul seems to have been specially designed to demonstrate Byzantine uniqueness - and therefore doom: Christian universalism, which does not have an adequate form for itself and therefore finds itself in a local shell, is essentially reduced to the localism of Asian civilizations.”

It’s paradoxical, note Yu. Pivovarov and A. Fursov, but it’s a fact: it was the Mongol-Horde who provided the Russian church with living space and created the conditions for its transformation. They were not just ordinary steppe conquerors, another release of “social radiation” from the nomadic zone. The gigantic scale and global scope of the Mongol-Horde conquests (the Mongol Empire and the Golden Horde were the first truly global empires that united the then Eurasian Universe) were also due to the fact that the conquests were based on all the main Asian settled societies, on their military, social and organizational and cultural achievements. In this sense, if the Great Mongol Empire, having become the Great Steppe summing up the results of the Asian civilized world of the Coastal Belt, achieved by it by the 12th century, created the possibility of transforming the Russian church system, then the Golden Horde “did for the Orthodox Church the work that the latter was not able to do it yourself." She broke “for her and for her the original factual localism, gave her a universalist intention.”

Horde-Russian relationships and mutual influences

When assessing the nature and consequences of Horde-Russian relations, it is important to emphasize that over the centuries of cohabitation and mutual assimilation, especially in the elite strata of society, there was an interpenetration of some very significant mental traits. Interesting are the thoughts of one of the pillars of the concept of Eurasianism, Prince N.S. Trubetskoy, who argued that the “huge Russian power” arose “largely thanks to the grafting of Turkic traits.” As a result of being under the rule of the Tatar khans, a “wrongly tailored” but “strongly sewn” was created. Yuri Pivovarov and Andrei Fursov are right when they claim that “Rus borrowed the technology of power, fiscal forms, and centralized structures from the Horde.” But the technology of power, the centralized government of the country, the tolerant nature of the Horde civilization also influenced the choice of direction for the development of Russian statehood, the Russian language, and the national mentality. “The Horde fracture of Russian history,” they wrote, “is one of the richest, if not the richest in terms of abundance of rocks.”

The nature of the Golden Horde favorably distinguished it from the colonialist policies of Rus''s Western European neighbors, from the aggressive German and Swedish feudal lords who sought a crusade to the East - to the Orthodox Russian lands of Pskov, Novgorod and other adjacent Russian principalities. In the 13th century Rus' faced a choice: who to rely on in the struggle to preserve national identity - on Catholic Europe in the fight against the Golden Horde or on the Golden Horde in opposition to the crusade from Europe. Europe saw the conversion of Rus' to Catholicism or at least recognition of the supremacy of the Pope, that is, the union of Orthodoxy and Catholicism under its rule, as a condition for the union. The example of Western Russian lands showed that such a union could be followed by foreign feudal-religious interference in secular and spiritual life: land colonization, conversion of the population to Catholicism, construction of castles and churches, i.e. strengthening of European cultural and civilizational pressure. An alliance with the Horde seemed less of a danger to Russian princes and church hierarchs.

It is also important to note that the Horde-Russian model of interaction ensured not only intrastate autonomy and independence from the outside world. The Golden Horde influence was broad and multifaceted. It “settled” in the deep niches of the historical memory of the Russian people and was preserved in its cultural traditions, folklore, and literature. It is also imprinted in modern Russian, where a fifth or sixth of its vocabulary is of Turkic origin.

The list of elements that make up the Horde heritage in quantities significant for the formation and development of Russian statehood, culture and civilization is wide and voluminous. It can hardly be limited to noble families of Tatar origin (500 such Russian surnames); coats of arms of the Russian Empire (where three crowns symbolize, and); linguistic and cultural borrowings; the experience of creating a complex centralized state in ethno-confessional, economic, cultural and civilizational terms and the formation of a new ethnic group.

Avoiding the temptation to enter into the discussion field of the problem of Horde-Russian mutual influence, we will try to formulate a generalized opinion. If the Russian factor contributed to the flourishing of the Golden Horde and the duration of its influence on the course of world development, then the Golden Horde, in turn, was a factor in the “gathering” of Russian lands and the creation of a centralized Russian state. At the same time, it should be noted that the path to the unification of Russian lands began with Moscow - the region where the closest fruitful bilateral (Horde-Russian) ties developed and where the course of history predetermined the minimum level of xenophobia among the Russian principalities - hostility to foreign things, including first of all to the Horde beginning. The cultural layer of Horde tolerance was most concentrated, settled and strengthened at the Moscow “point” of Russian civilizational growth.