Theory A5 Unified State Exam in Russian. Syntactic norms in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language: analyzing task A5
TASK A5
We introduce students to the type of task:
Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation
syntactic norm).
Let us remember that syntax regulates the construction of phrases and sentences. We draw the children's attention to the fact that there are NO punctuation errors in this task (for some reason, children often think that the commas are placed incorrectly).
When solving this task, you need a “feeling” of the language, but there are some tips that can help even those for whom Russian is not their native language:
1. If there are quotation marks in a sentence, check the form of the name of something that is in quotation marks. There are 2 options here:
- If a generic title (book, newspaper, magazine, painting, etc.) precedes the quotation marks, the title in quotation marks must appear in Im.p. For example, the novel “Eugene Onegin”; painting “Autumn”; song "Dubinushka".
- If there is no generic name before the quotation marks, the name in quotation marks is declined. For example, in “Eugene Onegin”; in "Autumn" by Levitan; in "Dubinushka".
2. If the sentence contains a participle, check its form (ending). To do this, we ask a question from the word being defined to the participle. For example, “there were a lot of guys (who?) came to the forest.”
3. If the sentence contains derivative prepositions “according to”, “thanks to”, “despite”, we check the form (ending) of the noun that comes after this preposition. These prepositions are combined with nouns in Dat.p. (to whom; to what?).
4. If the sentence contains the constructions “all who...”, “those who...”, “the one who...”, etc., it is necessary to check the agreement of the subject and predicate (singular/plural) in the main and in subordinate clauses.
All, who watched at him, no could miss…
plural units units units plural
5. If a sentence contains homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by the conjunction “and”, followed by a common dependent word(s), it is necessary to check whether the first homogeneous member of the sentence is consistent with this common dependent word. For example, in the sentence “we hoped and believed in victory,” the first homogeneous member of the sentence “hoped” does not agree with “in victory,” so there is a grammatical error in this sentence.
6. If the homogeneity of concepts is violated, i.e. Words from different parts of speech are used as homogeneous members of the sentence. For example, “I love drawing and painting”;
7. If in a sentence homogeneous members are connected by double conjunctions “not only - but also”, “as – so and”, “if not – then”, it is necessary to check whether the homogeneous members of the sentence stand immediately after these conjunctions. For example, in the sentence “We waited Not only Waving, but also Vanya” the conjunctions are correct. If we change the place of one of them: “We Not only were waiting for Masha, but also Vanya,” a grammatical error will appear in the sentence.
8. It is unacceptable to violate the uniformity of the syntactic elements of a sentence. For example, in the sentence “Ivan, who studied in the 9th grade and took part in the competition, ...” an error was made. !!! The participial phrase and the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot act as homogeneous syntactic elements.
9. You cannot mix direct and indirect speech. It is unacceptable to use the pronouns “I, WE, YOU, YOU” in the subordinate part of a sentence in indirect speech. For example, “Dima admitted that I I’m not ready for class today.”
10. The prepositions “in moderation, during, in continuation, by force, in conclusion, in the form of, for a reason, like” are combined with the gender case (whom? what?).
11. The prepositions “like, contrary” are combined with the Datum case (to whom? to what?).
For solving A5 Unified State Exam problems in computer science, you must be able to execute algorithms written in natural language. It is also necessary to have.
For example, consider solving problem A5 in computer science from training work 2 from 02/15/2013.
The teacher suggested that the children practice using hexadecimal numbers and play such a game. It presents children with three hexadecimal digits, in non-ascending order. Students must first find the difference between the first and second digits, then the difference between the second and third digits. Both differences must be written as decimal numbers. Then these numbers are written one after another in non-increasing order (the right number is less than or equal to the left).
Example. Initial numbers: A, A, 3. Differences: A - A = 0; A - 3= 10 10 - 3 10 = 7 10. Result: 70.
1) 131 2) 133 3) 212 4) D1
Solution:
The 4th option does not suit us for the reason that the number D1 is not decimal. That is, it contradicts the conditions of the problem in the part “Both differences must be written as decimal numbers.”
Let's consider the 3rd number - 212. This number can be represented as 2 and 12, or as 21 and 2. According to the condition, the final numbers are written in non-increasing order - which means you only need to consider the option 21 and 2. The condition says that the original numbers - hexadecimal. That is, in the decimal number system these are numbers from 0 to 15. It is clear that it is impossible to select such numbers (from 0 to 15), the difference of which will be equal to 21. This option is also not suitable.
The second option, by analogy with the first, we will imagine as 13 and 3. The number 13 can be obtained by subtracting 2 from 15, subtracting 1 from 14, or subtracting 0 from 13. But after that we must subtract more from the subtracted (2, 1 or 0) some number and end up with 3. But this is impossible. The option is incorrect.
Let's imagine the first option as 13 and 1. But here everything is correct. 13 can be represented as 15 - 2, and 1 = 2 - 1 - the original numbers could be like this - F, 2, 1. This is correct option.
Let's consider solution second option:
The teacher suggested that the children practice using hexadecimal numbers and play such a game. It presents children with three hexadecimal digits, in non-ascending order. Students must first find the difference between the first and second digits, then the difference between the second and third digits. Both differences must be written as decimal numbers. Both differences must be written as decimal numbers. These numbers are then written one after another in non-decreasing order (the left number is less than or equal to the first).
Example. Original numbers: B, 3, 3. Differences: B - 3 = 8 10 ; 3 - 3 = 0. Result: 08
State which of the following character sequences might be the result.
1) 122 2) 212 3) 313 4) 3A
Solution:
Option 4 is not suitable because 3A is not a decimal.
Let's imagine option 3 as 3 and 13. 13 can be represented as 15 - 2 (or 14 - 1), but then we will need to subtract an unknown number from the number 2 (or 1) and end up with 3. This is impossible.
Let's imagine the second option as 2 and 12. Then 12 can be represented as 15 - 3, and 2 = 3 - 1. Everything works out - this is the correct option.
The first option is incorrect. Let's imagine the number 122 as 1 and 22. It is clear that by subtracting two numbers, each of which is not more than 15, you cannot get 22.
Let's consider solving problem A5 demo version of the Unified State Exam in computer science 2013
The machine receives two two-digit hexadecimal numbers as input. In these numbers, all numbers do not exceed the number 6 (if the number contains a number greater than 6, the machine refuses to work). Using these numbers, a new hexadecimal number is constructed according to the following rules.
1. Two hexadecimal numbers are calculated - the sum of the most significant digits of the resulting numbers and the sum of the lower digits of these numbers.
2. The resulting two hexadecimal numbers are written one after another in ascending order (without delimiters).
Example. Initial numbers: 66, 43. Bitwise sums: A, 9. Result: 9A.
Determine which of the proposed numbers can be the result of the machine.
1) 9F 2) 911 3) 42 4) 7A
Solution:
Let's consider the first option. Let's imagine the number 9F as 9 and F. Since the original numbers do not exceed 6, it is impossible to find numbers whose sum will be equal to 15 (F 16 = 15 10). This is the wrong option.
Since the original numbers do not exceed 6, their maximum sum will be 6 16 + 6 16 = C 16 = 12 10, which is less than 11 16 = 17 10. Those. the case is similar to the previous one and this is also an incorrect option. In addition, the sum of two hexadecimal numbers not exceeding 6 cannot be two-digit.
The third option is not suitable, since the numbers are written in descending order, which contradicts the condition.
We find that the correct option is 4. Let's check this. Let's imagine the number 7A as 7 and A. Now it is easy to imagine 7 16 as 3 16 + 4 16, and A 16 as, for example, 5 16 and 5 16. Then everything is correct - the two original numbers could be 53 16 and 54 16. If we now fulfill the first point of the condition and add up the high-order digits, we get 5 16 + 5 16 = A 16 , and the sum of the low-order digits is 3 16 + 4 16 = 7 16 and then, after fulfilling the second point of the condition, we get the number 7A 16 . The correct option is the fourth.
The Unified State Exam in the Russian language contains in the first block of tasks a question, the wording of which is not entirely clear to most graduates. The test taker must determine in which of the sentences a grammatical error was made, namely, syntactic norms were violated. In some cases, the answer is obvious, and the graduate intuitively chooses the answer, relying on his “unconscious” knowledge of the language. It is most difficult for those children for whom the language is not native, and they started learning it later than others.
About 20% of those tested fail to cope with this task in one way or another. So, in order to protect yourself from this error in the easiest block of the Unified State Exam - Part A, you need to decide what syntactic norms are. And to do this, you must first remember the broader basic definition.
What is syntax and what do language norms have to do with it?
To answer this question, we need to look at the structure of the language itself. It most closely resembles a multi-layer cake. It contains several layers - sections, the knowledge of which must fit tightly together in the student’s head so that he sees the overall picture. That is why, starting from the 5th grade, the subject is studied in stages. Before the seventh grade, as a rule, children become acquainted with morphology - the section on parts of speech. In high school, syntax is studied in more depth. Naturally, other sections (phonetics, vocabulary, stylistics, etc.) cannot be ignored. But without knowledge of these two “pillars” - morphology and syntax, it is impossible to understand grammar.
The laws according to which words are combined into meaningful linguistic segments are considered in syntax. Sentences and phrases do not appear if the units of which they are composed are sketched out in random order. In order to express a certain thought, we all unconsciously use certain linguistic laws. Each of us, while still a preschooler, mastered the bulk of these rules. For example, that the character in a sentence is most often indicated by a word in the nominative case. Long before the child is explained what declination is, he is already actively using it: “Mom, buy me a toy!” Naturally, he does not understand that he used the word “toy” in the indirect case. This happens because speech and its norms are copied by the baby from the conversations of others. Nevertheless, as soon as the child constructed his first sentence, he began to use syntactic norms. These are precisely the same laws that strictly regulate the rules for constructing sentences, as well as phrases.
The most “inconspicuous” errors in task A5
It is quite difficult to fit a list of all the laws of combinability of words in sentences within one article. But let's look at the most difficult cases. Let's start with concepts such as coordination and management. In the Unified State Exam tests in the Russian language, many do not see an error in this option:
- Andrey waited all evening and called his girlfriend.
In this example, syntactic norms associated with control are violated. The first of the homogeneous predicates “waited” does not fit the word “girlfriend”. According to the linguistic norm, both verbs in this case must control it. If this does not happen, then it is necessary to rearrange the phrase so that each predicate is combined with a word in the appropriate case. Pronouns help us with this:
- Andrey waited for his friend all evening and called her.
Another difficult case of management is the correct use of prepositions. Some of them, especially derivatives (thanks to, despite, according to, etc.) are appropriate to use only with words in the dative case. Others, for example “during”, “in continuation”, “in conclusion”, are combined only with R.p. The form of the preposition “on arrival” generally needs to be remembered. The form, somewhat exotic for modern conversational practice, is the only correct one. Grammatical errors are skillfully hidden in the following sentences:
- Everyone who could went home.
- Those who love to read have a good imagination.
In these complex sentences, the word “who” is combined with a plural verb. But the syntactic norms of the Russian language indicate to us that in this case a singular verb is required. The rating of the most “inconspicuous” errors includes an incorrect combination of a verb and a noun. Such cases are numerous. But the most common options are:
- It is difficult to distinguish parts of speech from words that are spelled the same.
- Maria said she would miss us.
In the first case, the verb “to distinguish” requires the construction “what from what.” In the second, the form of the pronoun “us” with the verb “to miss” is used incorrectly. That's right: miss us. Naturally, not all syntactic norms require careful study. But paying attention to them and repeating the main ones when preparing for the exam is completely worthwhile.
PREPARATION FOR THE USE IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE.
TEST TASKS A5.
51 examples with answers.
(these examples of task A5 are included in many Unified State Exam training tests in Russian ; the likelihood of their inclusion in real versions of the Unified State Exam is unlikely; however, solving these examples in preparation for the exam will be very useful in terms of students’ understanding of the general principles of grammatically correct sentence construction and syntactic norms)
1. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Thanks to the increased level of service, there are more customers in company stores.
2) “Moidodyr”, written by Korney Chukovsky and published in the 20s of the twentieth century, became one of the most beloved works by children.
3) M. Gorky in one of his articles notes that poets before Pushkin did not know the people at all, were not interested in their fate, and rarely wrote about them.
4) Those who strive for a dream since childhood often realize their life plans.
2. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) In the play “The Seagull” the storyline develops in several directions.
2) In his articles, this journalist raised questions that worried many of his contemporaries.
3) Science studies the laws of the surrounding world and at the same time relies on the experience of previous generations.
4) Painting not only enriches you emotionally, but also makes you think.
3. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) The lyrical hero is one of the central characters in the novel “Eugene Onegin”.
2) Those who love modern detective stories came to meet the writer.
3) One of the artists who glorified the beauty of the Russian hinterland was Levitan.
4) A chemical reaction shows and helps to understand the composition of a substance.
4. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error.
1) Everyone who came to the match was satisfied with the performance of our team.
2) Blok’s poem “The Twelve” presents a complex system of images.
3) Thanks to the fine arts associated with the Decembrist movement, our contemporaries can expand knowledge about this historical era.
4) Music embodies the most complex feelings in a special form and can convey them.
5. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error.
1) The athletes trained according to the training schedule.
2) No one else read these poems like that!
3) The delegation was heading to the house of a famous scientist, located not far from the main square.
4) We loved hiking and often went to the forest.
6. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error.
1) The winter session of students took place according to the schedule.
2) The teacher pointed out that there were a number of errors in the work.
3) This report reflects the problems that concern geneticists around the world.
4) Students received not only dictionaries, but also workbooks.
7. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
8. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error.
1) Those who have been close to me for the last few years came to me.
2) For the first time I listened to the opera “Khovanshchina” with my parents.
3) The patient applied and was treated by this doctor.
4) One of the first scientists to discover the laws of the surrounding world was Newton.
9. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error.
1) The interlocutors reproached each other for insincerity.
2) Archaeological excavations were carried out according to plan.
3) We became interested in books brought from the new publishing house.
4) Wherever I was, I paid attention to the architectural buildings of the 19th century.
10. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) I. I. Firsov’s painting “Young Painter” depicts the artist’s home workshop.
3) Not only abilities, but also hard work will help you achieve success in your work.
4) Everyone who starts learning a foreign language early masters it perfectly.
11. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) The schedule for repair work in the plant’s workshops was violated contrary to the director’s instructions.
2) Those who sat on the bank of the river more than once experienced incomparable bliss.
3) A visitor, apparently a tourist, asked a passerby if there was a post office nearby.
4) My sister likes to play the piano and sing in the choir.
12. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
13. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error.
1) Upon completion of the experiment, scientists will publish an analytical report.
2) Many of those who knew Chekhov recalled his fierce hatred of self-aggrandizement and arrogance.
3) One of the Russian customs valued by many old Muscovites was oral storytelling.
4) The great power of love between Orpheus and Eurydice is described in the book “Myths of Ancient Hellas”, compiled by A.I. Nemirovsky.
14. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
2) Everyone who wrote about Russian nature noted its poetry and picturesqueness.
3) In the painting “Neighbors” by the artist Bogatov, the luxurious interior of the room is striking.
4) None of the passers-by, hurrying to the fair, paid attention to the carts with household utensils standing to the side.
15. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error.
1) Contrary to the rules of punctuation, journalists often use a dash instead of a colon.
2) Yesterday I got to Yalta and met many friends there who came on vacation.
3) Visitors were amazed at the height of the Ostankino tower.
4) The poem “Vasily Terkin” glorifies the feat of a Russian soldier, faithful to duty and the Fatherland.
16. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error.
1) In the village of Olkhovka there were three dozen houses.
2) Children rarely listen to and follow the advice of their elders.
3) Of all those who played in the play, I remember only Mikhail Tsarev.
4) Participants in the first Victory Parade who came to Moscow were given memorable gifts.
17. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Thanks to the sincerity, kindness, and mutual understanding of the parents, peace and harmony always reigned in the family.
2) In Ostroukhov’s painting “Golden Autumn,” the multicolored autumn is like a bright, cheerful carpet with an elegant ornament.
3) The scientist emphasized that Pushkin’s poetic talent blossomed unusually in the autumn season.
4) Great Russian poets and writers, composers and artists visited one of the ancient houses that have been preserved in the center of Moscow.
18. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error.
1) One of the independent types of art that has existed since the end of the 15th century is graphics.
2) Everyone who loves Russian culture knows the names of great poets and writers - Pushkin, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy.
3) Upon arrival from St. Petersburg, Gogol settled in the Aksakovs’ house (now on Suvorovsky Boulevard).
4) V.P. Astafiev wrote about his attitude to classical music in the essay “Postscript”.
19. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error.
1) Thanks to the efforts of doctors, the flu epidemic was avoided.
2) A meeting of school directors was held in Moscow on issues related to final exams.
3) No matter how much we dream about the future, it still remains unknown.
4) Historical documents that are becoming increasingly important are portraits of relatives of the Decembrists.
20. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error.
1) My parents keep and often re-read the “Roman-newspaper”.
2) We paid for our purchases and left the department store.
3) The students happily helped the archaeologists who came from St. Petersburg.
4) We have been subscribing to the magazine “Nature” for a long time.
21. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Lexical repetitions are a means of expressiveness in Lermontov’s poem “Borodino”.
2) Stories can be created not only in written, but also in oral form.
3) Katerina’s protest, defending her human rights, had a public resonance.
4) The Internet stores huge databases on various scientific issues and allows you to use them.
22. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) One of the most famous playwrights who showed the world of merchant Moscow in his plays was Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky.
2) Anyone who is interested in the history of Russian literature is familiar with the work of Russian fiction writers of the nineteenth century.
3) Between the trunks of the pine trees in the forest, a slanting ray of sunset was breaking through here and there.
4) Among the scientific works of F. I. Buslaev, first of all, his book “Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” should be mentioned.
23. Identify the sentence with a grammatical error.
1) Contrary to the patient’s wishes, he was admitted to the hospital.
2) You must pay for the subway fare.
3) The lesson-lecture was held for the first time in our class.
4) The robe dress is washed and put in the closet.
24. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) According to the order of the school principal, all students can take part in sports games.
2) None of those who listened to P. I. Tchaikovsky’s amazing music for the ballet “The Nutcracker” could remain indifferent.
3) No encyclopedia can contain all the accumulated knowledge about the animal world.
4) In the painting “Three Heroes” V.M. Vasnetsov depicted his favorite heroes of Russian epics: Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich.
25. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) A. P. Losenko’s painting “Hector’s Farewell to Andromache” was close and understandable to the artist’s contemporaries.
2) Those who persistently strive for their goals are worthy of respect.
3) Registration of symposium participants was carried out immediately upon their arrival.
4) Every spring, the kiwi lays one (rarely two) greenish-white egg in a flat platform-shaped nest, built among the roots, or in dense bushes, or in a dug hole.
26. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Those whose talent and virtuosity in performing musical works are admired today by millions of grateful listeners have overcome many obstacles on the way to recognition.
2) Full of amazing facts, “The Big Book of the Forest” by Yuri Dmitriev is a work of an encyclopedic nature, at the same time imbued with extraordinary poetry.
3) Large posters attached to two stands standing on both sides of the stage depicted symbols known to all spectators.
4) At the end of the conference, everyone was invited to the hall where the performance of the virtuoso pianist was to take place.
27. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
2) At the end of the 18th century, science became aware of the existence of an unusual mammal that laid eggs and incubated them: it was the platypus.
3) The brave caretaker, risking his life, rushed across the galloping horse.
4) Those who do not give up in the face of difficulties will always be an example for the younger generation.
28. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) If witnesses had not been found, it is unknown how the case would have turned out.
2) Those who have visited Antarctica could see the active volcano Erebus, located on one of the coastal islands.
3) The page of the passport containing encoded information about its owner will be filled out using laser engraving.
4) Thanks to Galileo, humanity received the first optical astronomical instrument in its history - a telescope.
29. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky wrote that the highest and most characteristic feature of the Russian people is a sense of justice.
2) The teacher reminded that abstracts must be submitted no later than March.
3) A.P. Chekhov recalled that he and his sisters knew French, German and English thanks to their father.
4) Those who have read the critical article by N. A. Dobrolyubov are familiar with the critic’s assessment of the “dark kingdom”.
30. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Chekhov believed that the coming true culture would ennoble humanity.
2) One of the main traits characteristic of Natasha Rostova is honesty in relationships with people.
3) In Russian language lessons, insufficient attention is paid to studying the norms of the literary language.
4) In the journal “Ethnographic Review” D.N. Ushakov published a number of articles about the beliefs and customs of Russian peasants.
31. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) According to the rules, introductory words are highlighted in writing with commas.
2) Residents of this area paid special attention to the development of gardening.
3) Due to the complexity of the route, it was decided not to include small children in the tourist group.
4) The international community understands and is concerned about the problems of the economies of developing countries.
32. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Tsiolkovsky wrote that the main goal of his life was to advance humanity at least a little forward.
2) The city has created a special commission for urban planning, which is tasked with coordinating the work of all construction companies.
3) At the end of the practical training, each student must write a report on the work performed.
4) Happy are those who in their lives come closer to the ideal formed in their youth.
33. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Due to the long absence of the boat, which went out on a special mission during a storm, an airplane was sent to search for the ship.
2) Those who work passionately in any field of knowledge are drawn to innovation.
3) When leaving on a business trip, my father promised that he would definitely return for the holidays.
4) The house, which has grown before our eyes in a few months and which the commission has accepted, will soon be inhabited.
34. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Like many other works of Surikov, the painting “Boyaryna Morozova” was created by the artist over a number of years.
2) In autumn, ears of wheat, heavy with ripened grains, wait for the hour when combine harvesters appear in the field.
3) Those who could not understand and appreciate Pushkin’s innovation constantly accused him of being common people.
4) Pushkin challenges society, saying that “in my cruel age I glorified freedom.”
35. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Favorable conditions have been created not only for the publication of scientific works, but also for their implementation in practice.
2) M. Gorky repeatedly said that labor is the basis of culture.
3) Contrary to analysts’ forecasts, this year the airline managed to maintain the volume of traffic at the same level.
4) Those who have never been to the top of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, who have never admired the majestic panorama of the capital, have no idea about Moscow.
36. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) No one, even the best specialists, could initially make the correct diagnosis.
2) I read this work by Vasil Bykov in the summer, dedicated to the Great Patriotic War.
3) The ancient Greek philosopher Socrates once said that “he knows that he knows nothing.”
4) Those who, with the help of facts, can prove the correctness of their own decisions should not put up with the incompetence of others.
37. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Those who think that good manners exist in isolation from real life are mistaken.
2) There are three main groups of human qualities, thanks to which you can increase the level of personal charm: communication skills, reflection, eloquence.
3) Linguist F.I. Buslaev often said that he was convinced of the need for thorough teaching of the native language.
4) F.M. Dostoevsky wrote that a distinctive feature of the Russian national character is a sense of justice.
38. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
2) Of all those who played in the play, Andrei Mironov made a special impression on me.
3) One of the wonders on the Kuril ridge that attracts tourists from all over the world is associated with volcanoes.
4) Upon graduation, our graduates can count on employment in specialized companies.
39. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Many magazine readers are primarily interested in theoretical articles by economists and sociologists who raise problematic issues in their publications.
2) Thanks to synonyms, the same meaning can be expressed in different ways.
3) Yu. Olesha in one of his letters discussed what was the most beautiful thing he saw on earth.
4) Anyone who has studied the process of language development knows about various historical changes at the level of phonetics and grammar.
40. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Environmentalists have repeatedly noted that the problem of forest protection is especially important today.
2) Everyone who loves poetry knows Fet as a subtle lyricist, a singer of art, love and nature.
3) Chekhov wrote about “The Cherry Orchard” that what he produced was not a drama, but a comedy.
4) The discussant supported his conclusions with convincing facts.
41. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) In the poem “The Wisdom of Language” Boris Slutsky recalls the history of the creation of the word “pilot”.
2) The girl who was sitting by the window and who sang well was remembered by everyone.
3) Thanks to hard work and intelligence, the applicant managed to cope with a difficult task.
4) Alekhine, entering the living room, exclaimed that he was very glad to see us all.
42. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) All around were meadows, fragrant with the aromas of flowers and herbs.
2) Everyone who has seen the sea on moonlit southern evenings often remembers it.
3) The officer demanded from the stationmaster that he needed horses.
4) The development of our industry for a long time followed the line of consolidation of enterprises.
43. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Due to heavy rains, the water in the river kept rising.
3) Fyodor Abramov recalled how, upon his arrival in Moscow, all the worst that late autumn concealed fell upon him.
4) Those linguists who have studied the language of fiction do not doubt the special role of the verb in both poetic and prosaic texts.
44. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm ).
1) Thanks to the work of restorers, we can admire the frescoes of the Ferapontov Monastery.
2) Many of those who visited Mikhailovsky Park were amazed at the size of the ancient estate trees.
3) The minibus driver told the newly entered passengers that you will pay for the fare.
4) When you look at the monument to Lermontov, you get the impression that the poet is looking around his beloved city and remembering the happy moments of his life.
45. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) The pilot acted in accordance with instructions received from the airport's chief dispatcher.
2) All students who came to the elective lesson understood the complex topic.
3) M. Gorky ironically noted that “a person will eventually grunt if you keep telling him that he is a pig.”
4) The main thing that needs to be paid attention to is the artistic side of the works.
46. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Paustovsky’s story “Creaky Floorboards” talks about the role of Russian nature in the life and work of the great composer P. I. Tchaikovsky.
2) Among the houses built on this street there were several multi-story ones.
3) Problems of the economy and business were the focus of attention of the host of the TV show “Business Moscow”.
4) Those who do not study a foreign language are deprived of the opportunity to read masterpieces of world literature in the original.
47. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) None of those who played on the school basketball team became a professional athlete.
2) The forest glades were covered with bright strawberry stars, blooming profusely this year.
3) The sisters were fond of and well versed in modern music.
4) “Rovesnik” publishes many interesting articles.
48. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Thanks to an article in the newspaper, we learned about the resumption of the tourist ship route to the “Northern Islands”.
2) Kem is one of the oldest cities in Russia, located on the White Sea.
3) Everyone who wrote an “excellent” review gave an in-depth analysis of the work and substantiated their point of view.
4) Paustovsky’s story “Creaky Floorboards” talks about the role of Russian nature in the life and work of the great composer Tchaikovsky.
49. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Both city economic and medical services are guided by the predictions of meteorologists.
2) Most of the books telling about the life of reptiles were published in our country.
3) Among the scientific works of F.I. Buslaev, first of all, his book “Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” should be mentioned.
4) Everyone who knew the great writer noted his modesty and integrity.
50. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Thanks to his resourcefulness, Alexey emerged from the verbal duel as the absolute winner.
2) The football player who played in attack and who scored two goals was a student of a famous coach.
3) Pausing at the door, the sister waved her hand again and said that she would be glad to see us all on Sunday at her dacha.
4) Those who have admired the sunset at least once have no doubt that this is one of the most beautiful spectacles.
51. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) The animal world, studied by zoology and some other sciences, is extremely diverse.
1. General information
Difficulty: basic.
Approximate solution time (for those who will perform part 2): 2 minutes
Subject: Algorithms and programming
Subtopic: Analysis of the algorithm in natural language
What is checked: Ability to formally execute an algorithm written in natural language. The ability to analyze the many possible results of an algorithm, the many input values leading to a given result.
Comment. A special case of executing the algorithm is checking the truth of a condition.
General view of the task:
An algorithm is described. An example of how the algorithm works for a certain set of input data is given: input data, result, possibly intermediate values.
4 objects are given (numbers, words, etc.).
Examples of questions:
1) Determine which of the given objects can (cannot) be the result of the algorithm.
2) Determine which of the given objects can (cannot) lead to a given result.
Comment. If we impose additional conditions (smallest, largest, etc.), then instead of the task of the format of part A “to indicate who belongs to a given set,” we get the task of the format of part B - to indicate the (only!) element of the set that satisfies the additional condition.
2. Example from the demo version
2.1. The task.
Problem 2012-A5-1.
1. Three numbers are calculated - the sum of the highest digits of the given three-digit numbers, the sum of the middle digits of these numbers, the sum of the lower digits.
2. The resulting three numbers are written one after another in descending order (without separators).
Example. Original three-digit numbers: 835, 196. Place-wise sums: 9, 12, 11. Result: 12119
Determine which of the following numbers could be the result of the machine.
1) 151303 2) 161410 3) 191615 4) 121613
2.2. Solution sketch.
The sum of two single-digit numbers can be either a single-digit number (from 0 to 9) or a two-digit number - from 10 to 9+9=18.
Since all four given numbers are six-digit, all intermediate sums are two-digit. In order for a 6-digit number to be the result of the algorithm, it is necessary and sufficient that its constituent two-digit numbers satisfy the following conditions:
a) they are all in the range from 10 to 18;
b) each next (from left to right) number is less than or equal to the previous one.
Let's consider the numbers indicated in the condition.
1) Doesn't fit. The third pair starts from zero (condition a) is not met)
2) OK. Possible initial three-digit numbers: 875 and 875, 999 and 751, etc.
3) Not suitable. The first pair is equal to 19 (condition a) is not met)
4) Doesn't fit. The second pair is greater than the first (condition b is not met))
A. Strong students .
1. Most likely, they will solve this problem anyway.
2. If not, draw their attention to the key points:
Dividing a six-digit number into pairs;
Which pairs are impossible (19 or more, as well as those that start from zero), it is better if the students themselves formulate these conditions.
3. Come up with your own approaches and try them. J
B. Not so strong students .
1. The first (perhaps the main) difficulty is the condition of the problem itself. Have students run the described algorithm for several inputs. Make sure everything is done correctly.
2. Invite students to come up with a pair of three-digit numbers for a given six-digit number that lead to this result (the problem must be solvable). Offer to come up with several more pairs that lead to the same result.
3. Have students come up with a number that could NOT be the result of the algorithm. Even if they don’t come up with anything, it will help them understand your explanations.
4. Point out to students that six-digit numbers are clearly divided into three two-digit numbers.
5. Find out with your students which pairs are impossible (19 or more, as well as those that start from zero); it is better if the students themselves formulate these conditions.
6. Consider the four given numbers in turn. If a student has difficulty with a certain number, ask the student to come up with a pair of three-digit numbers that lead to the given answer.
7. Come up with your own approaches and try them. J
1. Read the problem statement. Try to come up with conditions that are necessary and sufficient for an object to be the result of the algorithm (for problem 2012-A05-1 these are conditions a) and b)). At worst, formulate the necessary conditions; it is not necessary to prove sufficiency in general terms. If you couldn’t come up with the necessary conditions, don’t spend a lot of time on it (no more than 1 minute). Start looking at candidate objects.
2. Consider each candidate object in turn. For each object, try to come up with input data that gives the output of this object. If it works, the problem is almost solved (see point 3). If it doesn't work, try to prove that it's impossible. If proven, we cross the object off the list of candidates and move on. If not, then we will return to this object.
3. What to do if you find an object that satisfies the conditions of the problem. It is better to look at other objects and make sure that they do not meet the conditions. If this doesn’t work out, you can find your mistake and fix it.
4. What to do if it was not possible to cross out all objects except one, and for this one to prove that the condition is met for it. If among the remaining ones there is exactly one object for which you can prove (or are simply sure) that the condition is met, choose it. If there are several or none of these objects, you will have to guess. Good luck!
Comment. Similar considerations apply to many Group A problems. See TacticA.doc.
2.5. Clones of task 2012-A5-1.
Below are four more options for problem 2012-A5-1. Only answer options are given, the main text is the same as in paragraph 2.1.
A. 1) 171511 2) 201615 3) 171618 4) 151309 B. 1) 211610 2) 181415 3) 121008 4) 171110 C. 1) 151314 2) 161101 3) 181614 4) 19 1817
G. 1) 121101 2) 121110 3) 111012 4) 221211
Right answers:
A: 1; B: 4; AT 3; G:2.
3. Other tasks
Problem 2012-A5-2.
The machine receives two three-digit numbers as input. Using these numbers, a new number is constructed according to the following rules.
1. If the numbers contain a digit that is greater than 7, then the machine stops working without producing a result.
Three numbers are calculated - the sum of the highest digits of the given three-digit numbers, the sum of their middle digits and the sum of their lowest digits.
2. The resulting three numbers are written one after another in ascending order (without separators).
Example. Initial three-digit numbers: 153, 351. Place-by-digit sums: 4, 10, 4. Result: 4410.
A. 1) 131207 2) 141210 3) 111012 4) 151211
B. 1) 131211 2) 171412 3) 141112 4) 121009
V. 1) 16131 2) 141113 3) 131107 4) 12121
G. 1) 121011 2) 121101 3) 12111 4) 21121
Right answers:
A:2; B: 1; AT 4; G: 3.
Problem 2012-A5-3.
The teacher asked the children to practice using hexadecimal numbers. The teacher presented the children with three hexadecimal digits. Students first had to find the sum of the first and second digits, then the sum of the first and third digits. Both amounts must be written as hexadecimal numbers. These numbers are then written one after another in descending order.
Example. Initial numbers: A, A, 3. Amounts: A+A = 14; A+3 = D. Result: D14.
Indicate which of the following numbers can be obtained as a result (4 variants of the problem are given).
A. 1) 812 2) AC 3) 86 4) 1F1
B. 1) 905 2) F5 3) G6 4) 211
B. 1) G3 2) 1F1 3) B0B 4) 1A10
G. 1) 1B11 2) 11B 3) 707 4) 1F10
Right answers:
A:3; B: 2; AT 4; G: 1.
Problem 2012-A5-4.
Sasha and Zhenya play such a game. Sasha writes a Russian word. Zhenya replaces each letter in it with another letter so that the following rules are fulfilled.
- A vowel changes to a consonant, a consonant changes to a vowel.
- The letters in the resulting word are in alphabetical order.
Example. Sasha wrote: MOM. Zhenya can write, for example, RACCOON or IKUTS. But he cannot write PAPA or EAGLE.
Options for tasks.
A. Sasha wrote: ASYA.
1) CAT 2) CANCER 3) SOY 4) COURT
B. Sasha wrote: TIM.
Indicate which of the following words Zhenya can write
1) ANT 2) ANOUSH 3) ANYA 4) OLYA
V. Sasha wrote: SOY.
Indicate which of the following words Zhenya can write
1) EL 2) ICS 3) LAWSUIT 4) CASE
Right answers:
A: 1; B: 3, V: 2.
Problem 2012-A5-5.
The machine receives a three-digit number as input. Based on this number, a new number is constructed according to the following rules.
- The first and second, as well as the second and third digits are multiplied.
2. The resulting two numbers are written one after another in descending order (without separators).
Example. Original three-digit number: 157. Products: 1*5 = 5; 5*7 = 35. Result: 355.
Determine which of the following numbers can be the result of the machine (4 variants of the problem are given).
A. 1) 197 2) 187 3) 186 4) 777
B. 1) 1214 2) 1612 3) 3512 4) 555
V. 1) 2112 2) 1221 3) 2212 4) 2512
G. 1) 1514 2) 8824 3) 2428 4) 2821
Right answers.